Course Tutor
Dr. Md.Kamal Uddin Sarker
Professor
Dept. of Agricultural and Industrial
Engineering (AIE)
HSTU, Dinajpur
Bangladesh
Course Introduction
Course Title: Thermodynamics and Heat
Engine
Course Code: AIE 203
Credit Hour: 3.0
Total Marks: 150
Course Introduction
Marks distribution
Class Attendance : 10% =15
Quiz Tests : 10% = 15
Mid Term Test : 20% = 30
Final Exam : 60% = 90
Total : 100% = 150
Course Introduction
Course Title: Thermal Engineering
Course Code: AIE 213
Credit Hour: 3.0
Total Marks: 150
Course Introduction
Marks distribution
Class Attendance : 10% =15
Quiz Tests : 10% = 15
Mid Term Test : 20% = 30
Final Exam : 60% = 90
Total : 100% = 150
Course Content
• Heat Engine
– Basic definition
– Classification
– Basic terminology
– Operating principles
– Power calculations
– Problems solving
– Engine systems
• Fuel system
• Cooling system
• Lubrication system
Course Content
• Thermodynamics
– Definition and applications
– Basic terminology
– Different types of thermodynamic processes
– Work done in different thermodynamic processes
– Laws of thermodynamics and applications
– Carnot’s theorem
– Mathematical problems related to thermodynamic
processes , laws of thermodynamics and Carnot's theorem
Course Content
• Different thermodynamic air cycles
– Carnot’s cycle
– Otto cycle
– Diesel cycle
– Mathematical problems related to thermodynamic
cycles
• Entropy of perfect gases
– Description, derivation and related problems
• Thermodynamic processes of vapour
- Description, derivation and related problems
Heat Engine
Engine
• Engine is a mechanical device which converts
chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical
energy for useful work. Diesel engine, petrol
engine and gas engines are examples of heat
engine.
• Classification of engine
– Engines are mainly two types:
• Internal combustion (IC) engine and
• external combustion (EC) engine
Internal Combustion (IC) Engine
The engine in which the combustion of the fuel
takes place inside the cylinder is called an
internal combustion engine. For example; petrol
engine, diesel engine and gas engine etc.
External Combustion Engine
The engine in which the combustion of the fuel
takes outside the cylinder is called an external
combustion engine.
Example; steam engine.
Classification of IC engine
IC engine can be classified as follows;
1. On the basis of number of cylinders;
§ Single cylinder engine and
§ Multi cylinder engine
2. On the basis of number of strokes per cycle;
§ Four stroke cycle engine and
§ Two stroke cycle engine
3. On the basis of arrangement of cylinders;
Classification of IC engine
– Horizontal cylinder engine
– Vertical cylinder engine
– Radial engine
4. On the basis of cooling system use’;
- Air cooled engine
- Water cooled engine
5. On the basis of type of ignition system used;
- Spark Ignition (SI) engine (i.e., petrol engine)
- Compression Ignition ( CI ) engine ( i.e., diesel engine)
Classification of engine
6. on the basis of type of fuel used
- Petrol engine
- Diesel engine
- Gag engine
7. On the basis of speed of engine;
- High speed engine (1000 rpm)
- Low medium speed engine (350-1000 rpm)
- Low speed engine (<350 rpm)
Terminology
• Piston Speed (Sp): This is the linear distance travelled
by the piston in a period of one minute.
Sp= 2LN
L= Stroke length
N= RPM ( engine speed, revolutions per minute)
Terminology
• TDC: This is the position of the TDC
piston when during its linear travel,
it is closest to the top of the cylinder.
• BDC: This is the position of the
piston when during its linear travel, BDC
it is farthest from the top of the
cylinder.
• BDC and TDC are points of the
cylinder of an engine from where
the piston changes its direction of
linear travel.
Terminology
• Bore (D): The inside diameter of the
cylinder is called the bore and measured D
in cm.
•
Terminology
• Stroke length: The linear of the piston
travelled between BDC and TDC of the
cylinder is termed as stroke length. TDC
• Stroke: The occurrence of the L
movement of the piston from BDC to TDC
or from TDC to BDC is termed as a BDC
stroke.
Terminology
• Stroke-bore ratio: The
ratio of stroke length (L) TDC
and cylinder diameter (D) L
is called the stroke-bore BDC
ratio.
• Stroke-bore ratio = L/D
Terminology
Clearance volume
• Clearance volume (Vc):
The volume contained in the
TDC
cylinder above the piston when
the piston is at TDC is called the Swept volume
clearance volume and is
measured in cubic centimetre. BDC
• Swept Volume (Vs): The
volume contained in the cylinder
between TDC and BDC is called
the swept volume. It is also
termed as piston displacement.
Terminology
Clearance volume
• Compression Ratio (CR): The ratio of
the volume when the piston is at BDC to the
volume when the piston is at TDC is called TDC Total
volume
the compression ratio. In other words the
ratio of the total volume to the clearance Swept
volume
volume of the cylinder is termed as
compression ratio. BDC
• CR= Total Volume/Clearance volume
• The compression ratio of Compression
Ignition (C I) engines or diesel engine varies
from 14:1 to 20:1 and that of Spark Ignition
(S I ) engine or petrol engine varies from 4:1
to 9:1.
Terminology
RPM : Revolutions per minute.
The rpm of an engine is the number of TDC
revolutions of the flywheel or
crankshaft of the engine in one
minute time. BDC
Terminology
• Indicated Mean Effective Pressure ( IMEP): It is the
average net pressure in kg/cm2 on the piston during the power stroke only. It is
measured by an engine indicator diagram and expressed by Pm.
•
Terminology
• Displacement volume (Vd):
This is the total swept volume of all the pistons during power strokes occurring in
a period of one minute.
Vd= Aln
Where,
A= Area of the cylinder, cm2
L = Stroke length, cm
N= number of power strokes per minute
• Power: It is the rate of doing work, that is how much of work can
be done in a given unit of time.
• Indicated Horse Power (IHP): It is the total power
developed inside the cylinder by burning the fuel disregarding
friction and the losses within the engine.
Terminology
• Brake Horse Power (BHP): It is the horsepower available at
the engine crankshaft and is measured by a suitable dynamometer.
This is the actual power delivered at the crankshaft. It is obtained
by deducting various power losses in the engine from the indicated
power. It is always less than the indicated power due to frictional
and pumping losses in the cylinders and the reciprocating
mechanism. In metric system, it is known as Pferdekraft or PS.
• Mechanical Efficiency ( ηm): The ratio of brake horse
power to the indicated horse power is known as mechanical
efficiency of engine.
Terminology
• Volumetric efficiency (ηv): It is defined as the ratio of
actual weight of air indicated by the engine on the intake stroke to
the theoretical weight of air that should have been indicated by
filling the piston displacement volume with air at atmospheric
temperature and pressure.
•
• Specific fuel consumption (SFC): It is the quantity of fuel consumed
by an oil engine on the basis of per horse power hour. It is
expressed in terms of lb-per brake horse power hour or lb-per
indicated horse power hour. In metric system it is expressed in
kg/hp-hr or litre/hp-hr.
•
Terminology
• Thermal Efficiency (ηth): It is the ratio of horse power
output of an engine to the fuel horse power (FHP).
• Engine Torque (T)
It is the force of rotation acting about the crankshaft axis at any given
instant of time. It is given by,
T=Fr
Terminology
• For one revolution of Valve
the crankshaft or Cylinder
flywheel the piston
Flywheel
makes two strokes. Piston
Connecting
rod
Bearing
Crankshaft
Crankcase
Terminology
Four Stroke Cycle Engine: The
engine in which four strokes of the
piston completes a cycle and TDC
produces power once is called a
four stroke cycle engine.
Two Stroke Cycle Engine: BDC
The engine in which two strokes of
the piston completes a cycle and
produces power once is called a
two stroke cycle engine.
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle
petrol engine
Four strokes are;
• Suction stroke TDC
• Compression stroke
• Power stroke and BDC
• Exhaust stroke
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle petrol
engine
Suction Stroke:
- Piston moves from TDC to BDC TDC
- A vacuum is created in the
cylinder
- The inlet valve is opened BDC
- The exhaust valve is closed
- Air-fuel mixture enters into the
cylinder through inlet valve
- Suction stroke ends when piston
reaches BDC and Both valves are
closed.
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle petrol
engine
• Compression Stroke:
- The piston ascends from BDC to TDC TDC
- Both the valves remain closed
- Air –fuel mixture is compressed inside
the cylinder
- Compression temperature: 250-300oC BDC
- Compression Temperature : 7-10 kg/cm2
- Compression stroke ends when the
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle petrol
engine
• Power stroke:
• The compressed air fuel mixture is TDC
ignited by an electric spark from spark
plug.
• Due to combustion of the air-fuel
mixture, a high pressure is exerted on BDC
the piston
• The piston descends from TDC to BDC.
• The combustion temperature: ~1200 o
C
• Combustion pressure: 20-30 kg/cm2
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle petrol
engine
Exhaust Stroke:
• The exhaust valve is open and TDC
inlet valve is closed.
• The piston moves from BDC to
TDC BDC
• Burnt gases escapes to the
atmosphere through the silencer via
the exhaust valve and exhaust
manifold.
• The exhaust stroke ends when
the piston reaches TDC.
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle diesel
engine
Suction Stroke:
- Piston moves from TDC to BDC
TDC
- A vacuum is created in the cylinder
- The inlet valve is opened
- The exhaust valve is closed
BDC
- Clean fresh air enters into the cylinder
through inlet valve
- Suction stroke ends when piston reaches
BDC and Both valves are closed.
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle diesel
engine
Suction Stroke:
- Piston moves from TDC to BDC TDC
- A vacuum is created in the cylinder
- The inlet valve is opened
- The exhaust valve is closed
BDC
- Air-fuel mixture enters into the cylinder
through inlet valve
- Suction stroke ends when piston
reaches BDC and Both valves are closed.
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle diesel
engine
• Compression Stroke:
- The piston ascends from BDC to TDC
TDC
- Both the valves remain closed
- Air –fuel mixture is compressed inside
the cylinder
- Compression temperature: 650-800oC BDC
- Compression Temperature : 40-45
kg/cm2
- Compression stroke ends when the
piston reaches TDC
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle diesel
engine
Power stroke:
• Diesel fuel is injected on the hot
TDC
compressed air and the ignition of the
fuel occurs.
• Due to combustion of the fuel , a high
pressure is exerted on the piston
BDC
• The piston descends from TDC to BDC.
• The combustion temperature: ~2000 o C
• Combustion pressure: 55-60 kg/cm2
Operating principles of a four stroke cycle diesel
engine
Exhaust Stroke:
• The exhaust valve is open and inlet
TDC
valve is closed.
• The piston moves from BDC to TDC
• Burnt gases escapes to the
atmosphere through the silencer BDC
via the exhaust valve and exhaust
manifold.
• The exhaust stroke ends when the
piston reaches TDC.
Operating principles of a two stroke cycle petrol
engine
• There are no valves
• Instead of valves, there are TDC
ports
• There are three ports, namely
BDC
inlet port, exhaust port and
transfer port.
• Fresh charge is inducted to the
crankcase and not to the
cylinder
Operating principles of a two stroke cycle petrol engine
Suction and Compression Stroke:
- during this stroke, piston ascends from
BDC to TDC
- The inlet port is open and the exhaust
and transfer port is closed
- Fresh air-fuel mixture enters into the
crankcase
- On the other hand, the fresh charge
which is already in the cylinder is
compressed.
- Thus suction and compression occurs at
the same time.
TDC
BDC
TDC
BDC
TDC
BDC
