INTRODUCTION

The Qur'an is divided into two categories of surahs: Makki and Madani. These categorizations are based
on the historical context in which the surahs were revealed. Understanding the characteristics of Makki
and Madani surahs provides valuable insights into the themes, style, and content of these surahs.

**Makki Surahs**

1. **Historical Context**: Makki surahs are the ones that were revealed before the Prophet
Muhammad’s migration (Hijrah) to Madinah. They were revealed during the Makkan period when the
Islamic community faced opposition and persecution from the polytheistic Quraysh tribe.

2. **Themes**: Makki surahs mainly focus on matters of faith, belief in the oneness of God (Tawhid),
accountability, and the importance of adhering to moral and ethical values. They emphasize the unity of
God, the Day of Judgment, and the necessity of submission to Allah's will. These surahs also highlight the
stories of the previous prophets and their struggles against disbelief and social injustice as lessons for
the community.

3. **Style**: Makki surahs often use poetic language and employ rhetorical devices such as repetition,
metaphors, and vivid imagery. These surahs convey a sense of urgency, calling people to reflect upon the
signs of God in nature and their own souls. They aim to awaken people's hearts and minds, urging them
to abandon idolatry and embrace monotheism.

4. **Characteristics**: Makki surahs are generally shorter in length and have a more lyrical and spiritual
tone. They focus on spiritual development, inner purification, and establishing a strong connection with
Allah. These surahs also emphasize patience, perseverance, and trust in God's guidance despite facing
adversity.

**Madani Surahs**

1. **Historical Context**: Madani surahs are the ones revealed after the Prophet's migration to
Madinah. This period witnessed the establishment of a Muslim community and the collaboration
between the Muslims and other tribes. The challenges faced by the community were more
socio-political in nature.

2. **Themes**

2. : Madani surahs cover a wide range of topics, including governance, family and social issues,
legal matters, warfare, and relations with other communities. These surahs address the practical
challenges faced by the Muslim community, providing guidance on various aspects of daily life,
community affairs, and establishing a just society.
3. **Style**: Madani surahs are more legalistic and procedural in nature. They provide detailed
instructions and regulations for matters such as prayer, fasting, charity, inheritance, criminal
justice, and international relations. These surahs also contain narratives related to the Prophet
Muhammad’s interactions with the Jewish and Christian communities of Madinah.
4. **Characteristics**: Madani surahs are generally longer and have a more didactic and
legislative tone. They focus on establishing a well-organized society based on the principles of
justice, compassion, and equality. These surahs highlight the responsibility of the Muslim
community to fulfill its duties and obligations both to Allah and fellow human beings. **
Conclusion
** The characteristics of Makki and Madani surahs reflect the unique historical context in which
they were revealed. Makki surahs primarily emphasize spiritual development, faith, and belief in
God’s oneness while facing persecution. On the other hand, Madani surahs focus more on
matters of governance, legislation, and establishing a just society after the migration to
Madinah. Together, these surahs provide a comprehensive guide for individuals and
communities, guiding them towards spiritual growth, moral excellence, and social harmony.

FIFHTH STAGE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE HOLY QURAN

**Introduction** The Qur'an is divided into two categories of surahs: Makki and Madani. These
categorizations are based on the historical context in which the surahs were revealed.
Understanding the characteristics of Makki and Madani surahs provides valuable insights into
the themes, style, and content of these surahs. **Makki Surahs** 1. **Historical Context**:
Makki surahs are the ones that were revealed before the Prophet Muhammad’s migration
(Hijrah) to Madinah. They were revealed during the Makkan period when the Islamic community
faced opposition and persecution from the polytheistic Quraysh tribe. 2. **Themes**: Makki
surahs mainly focus on matters of faith, belief in the oneness of God (Tawhid), accountability,
and the importance of adhering to moral and ethical values. They emphasize the unity of God,
the Day of Judgment, and the necessity of submission to Allah's will. These surahs also highlight
the stories of the previous prophets and their struggles against disbelief and social injustice as
lessons for the community. 3. **Style**: Makki surahs often use poetic language and employ
rhetorical devices such as repetition, metaphors, and vivid imagery. These surahs convey a sense
of urgency, calling people to reflect upon the signs of God in nature and their own souls. They
aim to awaken people's hearts and minds, urging them to abandon idolatry and embrace
monotheism. 4. **Characteristics**: Makki surahs are generally shorter in length and have a
more lyrical and spiritual tone. They focus on spiritual development, inner purification, and
establishing a strong connection with Allah. These surahs also emphasize patience,
perseverance, and trust in God's guidance despite facing adversity. **Madani Surahs** 1.
**Historical Context**: Madani surahs are the ones revealed after the Prophet's migration to
Madinah. This period witnessed the establishment of a Muslim community and the collaboration
between the Muslims and other tribes. The challenges faced by the community were more
socio-political in nature. 2. **Themes**: Madani surahs cover a wide range of topics, including
governance, family and social issues, legal matters, warfare, and relations with other
communities. These surahs address the practical challenges faced by the Muslim community,
providing guidance on various aspects of daily life, community affairs, and establishing a just
society. 3. **Style**: Madani surahs are more legalistic and procedural in nature. They provide
detailed instructions and regulations for matters such as prayer, fasting, charity, inheritance,
criminal justice, and international relations. These surahs also contain narratives related to the
Prophet Muhammad’s interactions with the Jewish and Christian communities of Madinah. 4.
**Characteristics**: Madani surahs are generally longer and have a more didactic and legislative
tone. They focus on establishing a well-organized society based on the principles of justice,
compassion, and equality. These surahs highlight the responsibility of the Muslim community to
fulfill its duties and obligations both to Allah and fellow human beings. **Conclusion** The
characteristics of Makki and Madani surahs reflect the unique historical context in which they
were revealed. Makki surahs primarily emphasize spiritual development, faith, and belief in
God’s oneness while facing persecution. On the other hand, Madani surahs focus more on
matters of governance, legislation, and establishing a just society after the migration to
Madinah. Together, these surahs provide a comprehensive guide for individuals and
communities, guiding them towards spiritual growth, moral excellence, and social harmony.

The fourth stage for the preservation of the Holy Quran

**Introduction** The preservation of the Holy Quran is one of the remarkable aspects of Islam,
ensuring the integrity and authenticity of its text from the time of revelation to the present day.
The process of preservation involves multiple stages, each playing a crucial role in safeguarding
the Quranic text from any alteration. The fourth stage, oral transmission and memorization,
holds immense significance as it ensures the preservation of the Quran through the hearts and
minds of believers.
**Oral Transmission and Memorization**
1. **The Power of Oral Transmission**: Oral transmission played a vital role in preserving the
Quran during the time of the Prophet Muhammad. In the early days of Islam, the majority of the
companions were illiterate, making written records less common. Therefore, the primary mode
of preserving the Quran was through the oral transmission of its verses. The companions would
listen carefully to the Prophet's recitation and commit it to memory, ensuring that the Quran
was accurately preserved.
2. **Dedicated Memorization**: The companions of the Prophet, known as Hafiz (memorizers)
of the Quran, exercised remarkable dedication and commitment in memorizing the entire
Quran. They would repeat the verses numerous times, recite them to the Prophet for
verification, and ensure the correct pronunciation and intonation. This ensured that each verse
and chapter was precisely memorized and transmitted to subsequent generations.
3. **Strengthening Oral Tradition**: The oral transmission of the Quran was further reinforced
through community gatherings and congregational prayers. Mosques served as centers for
recitation and study, where the Quran was frequently recited aloud during prayers and other
religious gatherings. This collective engagement with the Quran ensured its continuous
transmission and memorization.
4. **Verification by the Prophet**
: The Prophet Muhammad played a pivotal role in verifying the accuracy of the oral transmission.
He would frequently listen to the recitations of his companions, correcting any errors and
confirming the authenticity of the Quranic verses. The companions would recite the Quran back
to the Prophet in times of revelation, ensuring precise preservation under his direct supervision
 . 5. **Chain of Transmission**: The oral transmission of the Quran continued through a
meticulously maintained chain of transmission. Each memorizer would pass down the Quran to a
trusted and qualified student, who would, in turn, memorize it and transmit it further. This
careful chain of transmission established a reliable and traceable lineage, ensuring the accuracy
and authenticity of the Quran throughout the generations.

Conclusion

The fourth stage, oral transmission and memorization, has been a pivotal means of preserving the Holy
Quran. The devotion and dedication of the companions in committing the entire Quran to memory, the
constant recitation in mosques and gatherings, and the verification by the Prophet Muhammad all
contributed to ensuring the accurate preservation of the Quranic text. The oral transmission and
memorization of the Quran continue to this day, with millions of Muslims worldwide fulfilling the role of
Hafiz. This emphasizes the remarkable nature of the Quran's preservation, as it has been faithfully
transmitted through the hearts and minds of believers, ensuring its unchanged and the thirdentic
message for generations to come.

Third stage for the preservation of the Holy Quran

**Introduction** The preservation of the Holy Quran is one of the remarkable aspects of Islam,
ensuring the integrity and authenticity of its text from the time of revelation to the present day. The
process of preservation involves multiple stages, each playing a crucial role in safeguarding the Quranic
text from any alteration. The fourth stage, oral transmission and memorization, holds immense
significance as it ensures the preservation of the Quran through the hearts and minds of believers.
**Oral Transmission and Memorization** 1. **The Power of Oral Transmission**: Oral transmission
played a vital role in preserving the Quran during the time of the Prophet Muhammad. In the early days
of Islam, the majority of the companions were illiterate, making written records less common. Therefore,
the primary mode of preserving the Quran was through the oral transmission of its verses. The
companions would listen carefully to the Prophet's recitation and commit it to memory, ensuring that
the Quran was accurately preserved. 2. **Dedicated Memorization**: The companions of the Prophet,
known as Hafiz (memorizers) of the Quran, exercised remarkable dedication and commitment in
memorizing the entire Quran. They would repeat the verses numerous times, recite them to the Prophet
for verification, and ensure the correct pronunciation and intonation. This ensured that each verse and
chapter was precisely memorized and transmitted to subsequent generations. 3. **Strengthening Oral
Tradition**: The oral transmission of the Quran was further reinforced through community gatherings
and congregational prayers. Mosques served as centers for recitation and study, where the Quran was
frequently recited aloud during prayers and other religious gatherings. This collective engagement with
the Quran ensured its continuous transmission and memorization. 4. **Verification by the Prophet**:
The Prophet Muhammad played a pivotal role in verifying the accuracy of the oral transmission. He
would frequently listen to the recitations of his companions, correcting any errors and confirming the
authenticity of the Quranic verses. The companions would recite the Quran back to the Prophet in times
of revelation, ensuring precise preservation under his direct supervision. 5. **Chain of Transmission**:
The oral transmission of the Quran continued through a meticulously maintained chain of transmission.
Each memorizer would pass down the Quran to a trusted and qualified student, who would, in turn,
memorize it and transmit it further. This careful chain of transmission established a reliable and
traceable lineage, ensuring the accuracy and authenticity of the Quran throughout the generations.
**Conclusion** The fourth stage, oral transmission and memorization, has been a pivotal means of
preserving the Holy Quran. The devotion and dedication of the companions in committing the entire
Quran to memory, the constant recitation in mosques and gatherings, and the verification by the
Prophet Muhammad all contributed to ensuring the accurate preservation of the Quranic text. The oral
transmission and memorization of the Quran continue to this day, with millions of Muslims worldwide
fulfilling the role of Hafiz. This emphasizes the remarkable nature of the Quran's preservation, as it has
been faithfully transmitted through the hearts and minds of believers, ensuring its unchanged and
authentic message for generations to come.