THE DAWN

OF ART
ZtPEBHEE
M C KYCCTB O
 The authors of the Album, research students on the staff
of the Department of Prehistoric Cultures in the Hermitage,
Leningrad, present 114 specimens of ancient artistic crafts-
manship, selected from the fabulously rich collections in
their care. The objects illustrate an extensive period in the
early history of many peoples, both settled and nomadic,
which once inhabited the territory now belonging to the
Soviet Union.
A brief survey of the history of the Hermitage collec-
tion, with special reference to the complexes from which
the materials published are derived, is given in the Intro-
duction. The Notes contain the usual data (material, size
etc.), accompanied by scholarly comment.
Beautiful examples of man's creative activity, from the
earliest productions of the Stone Age to masterly works by
mediaeval craftsmen, have been chosen to give the reader
an idea of the gradual development of aesthetic feeling in
our ancestors, and the evolution of the content and form
of their art.

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THE DAWN OF ART
PALAEOLITHIC, NEOLITHIC
BRONZE AGE
AND IRON AGE REMAINS
FOUND IN THE TERRITORY
OF THE SOVIET UNION
THE HERMITAGE COLLECTION

AURORA ART PUBLISHERS

LENINGRAD
 80104-027
^ 023 (00-74

Edited by M. Artamonov
Introduced by G. Smirnova, Y. Domansky
Compiled by E. Oy at leva
Notes by
N. Anisiutkin, O. Davidan, Y. Domansky, N. Kachalova,
Z. Lvova, A. Mikliayev, E. Oyatleva, G. Smirnova,
I. Zasetskaya, M. Zavitukhina

Translated by N. Strelkova
Designed by G. Volfovsky
Photographs by L. Tarasova

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© Aurora Art Publishers. 1974

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ArLinong the priceless treasures of the Hermitage (Leningrad), a place of honour is occupied by

and most representative in the

the rich collection of archaeological antiquities, one of the richest
Soviet Union. The greater part of it (more than 400,000 items) is preserved at the Department of
Prehistoric Culture, and contains objects found over the entire vast territory of our country, from
the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Pacific Coast in the east, from the Black Sea and
Tien Shan Mountains in the south to the Taimyr Peninsula in the north. The finds illustrate the
period from the Old Stone Age down to the formation of the Russian state.
The collection was started at the beginning of the nineteenth century. One of the first com-
plexes which came to the museum was the set of gold and silver articles from a "prince's" burial
of the fourth century discovered in 1812 near the village of Concesti, on the right bank of the
river Pruth. Somewhat later, in the middle of the nineteenth century, the Hermitage acquired
the famous Stone of Tmutarakan bearing the oldest Russian inscription dated in 1068. It was
also in the middle of the nineteenth century that the so-called Siberian Collection of Peter I, the
earliest accumulation of archaeological artifacts in Russia, was transferred to the Hermitage from
the Kunstkammer, the first Russian public museum. The Siberian Collection consisted of gold
objects obtained as far back as the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries by grave rob-
bers who plundered the ancient barrows of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan. A large number of
these articles fell into the hands of Nikita Demidov, the eighteenth century industrialist of the
Urals, who presented them to Catherine I, Peter I's wife, on the occasion of the birth of their son.
Peter was much impressed and ordered that similar objects be collected in the future. After that
one gold ornament after another found its way to St. Petersburg, forming in a few years a unique
collection, which included more than 250 items.
But the main part of the Hermitage collection of ancient gold consists of objects recovered
during many years of systematic research which was carried out in Russia late in the nineteenth
and early in the twentieth centuries. After 1859, when the Imperial Archaeological Commission -
a governmental body controlling excavation work - was set up, the finest objects of art from the
barrows and burial grounds of the northern Black Sea coastal area and the North Caucasus were
handed over to the Hermitage, forming the world's fullest and most artistically valuable col-
lection of Scytho-Sarmatian antiquities. Most notable among these were the superb finds from
the barrows of the Scythian and Sarmatian aristocracy, such as the Solokha Barrow, the Cher-
tomlyk Barrow, the Khokhlach Barrow, and others. Some important complexes came from monu-
ments of still earlier times, the most noteworthy being that of the Maikop Barrow where several
rare examples of ancient metalwork were found, dating back to the third millennium B.C. Other
archaeological material from the North Caucasus, reflecting the early history of this area,
included a most remarkable collections of metal objects associated with the Koban culture
dating back to the Late Bronze Age.
In those years the museum acquired a large amount of early mediaeval material, including
ancient Russian objects. There was much of great artistic value: the hoard of gold and silver
articles found outside the village of Malaya Pereshchepina in the Poltava area, the Nevel,
Gniozdovo and other treasures containing numerous examples of gold- and silverwork and
jewellery.
It was only after the Great October Socialist Revolution when the Hermitage collections

were properly systematized, and the museum's acquisition policy was subjected to scientific
requirements, that it became a truly scientific repository of archaeological remains. A new depart-
ment was opened, first known as the Department of Pre-Class Society, and later as the Depart-
ment of Prehistoric Culture. It was formed on the basis of the archaeological materials contained
in the Graeco-Scythian and partly in the Byzantine Sections of the former Department of Anti-
quities, and at the time of its foundation in 1931 numbered about 20,000 items.
The aim of the new department in building up its collections was to illustrate the history of
the peoples of our country in all its stages. The exhibits, at this period, arrived from a variety of
sources, mainly by transfer of archaeological collections formed before the Revolution and
hitherto preserved in other museums and institutions of Leningrad and Moscow: materials of
the Archaeological Commission and the Russian Archaeological Society, antiquities of the
Brandenburg Collection in the Artillery Museum, some of the collections of the Moscow
Museum of Local Studies, the Institute of Anthropology of the Moscow University, and the
History Museum. Many specimens came from private owners, some as parts of entire collections,
as for example the Stroganov, Romanchenko, Alexeyev, or N. Roerich Collections. Numerous
finds were obtained by archaeological expeditions sent out by the Hermitage and other organiza-
tions in the 1920s and 1930s.
Of the materials acquired in the 1930s and early 1940s, the most notable was a unique complex
from the Palaeolithic site at Malta (Eastern Siberia). Specimens of Neolithic rock drawings were
brought to Leningrad from the shores of Lake Onega.
The end of the Great Patriotic War in 1945 ushered in a new important phase in the formation
of the Museum's collection. Augmented by the accession of the entire archaeological collection
of the former Ethnography Department of the Russian Museum, the Hermitage stock of archaeo-
logical material, in some of the sections, almost doubled, the most important additions being the
Palaeolithic artifacts from the Shigir peatbog near Sverdlovsk, the large collection of examples
of the so-called Animal Style from the Minusinsk depression, from the Altai area and from Tuva,
and also some art objects of the Turkic tribes of the Altai.
And yet the main source of material over the past twenty-five years has been the work of
archaeological expeditions organized by the Hermitage and the Institute of Archaeology.
In an effort to fill in the gaps in its collection the Hermitage gradually widened the scope of
its planned archaeological research. Materials of value for exhibition purposes and scientific

study were also acquired from other institutions which conduct excavations of their own. This
policy brought to the Hermitage collection large numbers of objects illustrative of the achieve-
ments of Soviet archaeology: modern methods of field work have helped to bring to light com-
plexes of objects which surpass the materials of earlier excavations both as regards quantity and
quality. Work is carried out on strictly scientific principles, the largest possible area being un-
covered on each site, and each newly found item carefully recorded. Complexes from the sites
which have been fully, or even totally, excavated over their whole area, occupy an important
place among the collections of the Department. Such is the collection from the ancient Russian
town of Staraya Ladoga, rare both from the point of view of its scientific importance and its
state of preservation. Of the same nature is the collection from the almost fully excavated Novo-
troitsk site, one of the settlements of the early Slavs in the Dnieper area, and that of the finds
from the Khazar fortress of Sarkel (Belaya Vezha), the history of which has been studied in
great detail thanks to the vast amount of successful archaeological research in this area.
Alongside with entire collections of great scientific importance, the post-war accessions in-

cluded individual objects of high artistic quality: clay statuary and painted pottery of the earliest
agricultural tribes in the south of Turkmenia and the Ukraine, realistically shaped female
figurines from the burials of the Okunevo culture on the Middle Yenisey, and stone slabs with
rock drawings of early pastoral tribes from Siberia, distant relatives of the petroglyphs in Karelia.
The collections of Scythian and Sarmatian gold were supplemented by some excellent examples
of the Animal Style. A number of ancient Scythian articles came from the Chilikta Barrow,
large
while the collection of Sarmatian antiquities was enlarged by gold ornaments from the rich
burials near the villages of Kalinovka and Verkhneye Pogromnoye in the Lower Volga area.
Also brought to the Hermitage were valuable objects in the polychrome style dating from the
fourth to the seventh centuries, from the same burial ground at the village of Verkhneye Pogrom-
noye and from the burial at the village of Tugozvonovo in the Altai. The collection of articles in
the polychrome style was started in the past century and continued after the October Revolution.
A special place is held by the collection, noted for its variety and excellent state of preserva-
tion, from the rich Altai barrows of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C., excavated near the village
of Tuekta and in the valleys of Shibe, Bashadar and Pazyryk. Such superbly worked fabrics,
articles of wood and fur, felt and leather, as were preserved in the conditions of permanent frost
in these barrows, are not to be seen in any other museum.
In 1969 another collection of articles in an excellent state of preservation was brought to the
Hermitage from a burial of the first century B.C., excavated by an expedition of the Moscow
University in the Oglakhty mountains on the Middle Yenisey. The log chamber contained mum-
mies dressed in fur garments, with painted plaster masks on their faces, and two full-sized dolls
similarly dressed. Also found here were a fur-lined quiver trimmed with silk and some wooden
and clay vessels. This discovery offered for the first time material for studying the clothing of the
tribes of the Tashtyk culture, the ancestors of the Khakassians.
The collections of the Department of Prehistoric Culture have grown approximately twenty
times since the date of its foundation. Now they cover all the principal stages of the history of
our country's population in ancient times,and show the place its culture holds in the history of
mankind. Not all the collections are complete, and there are still some gaps in our knowledge,
which can be attributed at least in part by the Imperial Her-
to the acquisition policy followed
mitage of the old, pre-revolutionary days. It should also be noted that the Hermitage is by no
means the only repository of archaeological material excavated in the territory of the USSR.
Since most of the sites are represented in the collection of the Department of Prehistoric
Culture by tools of labour and household utensils, we shall confine our description only to those
of the complexes which contain important objects of art.
The oldest of the remains in our collection belong to the Lower Palaeolithic period. It is
represented by obsidian tools found on Mount Satani-Dar Armenia. The most outstanding
in
monument of the Upper Palaeolithic, when the progress economic and social life of man
in the
was accompanied by the emergence of representational art, is the site at Malta near Irkutsk, in
Eastern Siberia. For the wealth and variety of Stone Age art objects Malta holds one of the
foremost places in the world. The site, abandoned by its inhabitants, hunters of the glacial
period, about 20,000 years ago, yielded, along with stone implements, numerous objects of art.
There were female figurines, dressed and naked, and birds, carved out of mammoth tusk, repre-
sentations of snakes and a picture of a mammoth engraved on mammoth tusk, and a multitude
of articles with carved ornament. Numerous bone decorations - a rich necklace of beads and
pendants, bracelets, a diadem, a bird figurine, a plaque with a zigzag ornament - were all part of
the attire of a child buried under the floor of a dwelling.
The objects of art found at Malta fully reflect the specific features of the Palaeolithic art of
Eastern Siberia. The nude figures of women from Malta are treated very schematically, the pro-
portions of the body are distorted but the head and facial features are clearly modelled. They
differ markedly from the naturalistic European "venuses" in which the characteristic features of
motherhood in a mature woman are exaggeratedly in evidence.
 Dressed female figurines - and the ones at Malta have clothing represented by an ornament
of horizontal lines - are extremely rare in the art of the Upper Palaeolithic and have, so far, been
found only in Siberia. The group of zoomorphic objects recovered at Malta is also highly unusual.
Malta is the only place where engraved drawings of a mammoth and snakes, and figures of
flying geese and swans, have ever been found. The statuettes of standing and swimming birds are
also unique.
In their purpose and meaning the artistic creations of the Stone Age are connected with the
ideology of the primitive people, which was conditioned by their productive activity and by their
social relationships. The matriarchal system of clan organization in the conditions of a settled
way of life, and the important role played by battue hunting in the economy of the Late Palaeoli-
thic, explain the meaning of female figurines, one of the principal subjects in the art of that
period.The female image projected the idea of woman as progenitrix, mistress of the house and
guardian of the hearth, who embodied the unity and kinship of the primitive community.
Female statuettes were also believed to possess magic force which could bring luck to the hunters
whose success was essential to the well-being of the whole clan.
Another theme of Palaeolithic art, representation of animals, is associated with animal cults
and hunting magic. Many of such representations were created for rituals performed to assure
success in the hunt.
Another big and varied collection, that of the Neolithic Age, illustrates the cultures of the
New Stone Age over vast and widely separated territories, such as the forest zone of the European
part of the Soviet Union, Eastern Siberia and the North Caucasus. The materials of this collection
have made it possible to understand better the economic activity of Neolithic man, the technical
progress achieved in the production of stone implements, and certain aspects of the spiritual life
of that age.
Especially well represented in the Hermitage are archaeological complexes from the forest
zone of European Russia, which characterize the life of the Neolithic tribes of this area from the
fourth to the middle of the second millennia B.C., the time when pottery was first made, when
tools began to be fashioned in a new way out of flint and various kinds of stone hitherto not
used in their production, such as slate; when wide use was made of chopping tools. These phe-
nomena in the development of Neolithic cultures are illustrated by the finds in the basin of the
Upper Volga, in the area between the Volga and the Oka, in the south of Pskov Region and in
Karelia.
The collection includes numerous implements: stone axes, adzes, arrow-heads, spear-and
javelin-heads, scrapers, knives, net weights, tool blanks, clay vessels; arrow-heads and harpoon
heads made of bone and horn; wooden axe-handles, oars, scoops and bowls. Works of art
occupy an important place in Neolithic complexes.
Many articles from the Neolithic forest zone were made with fine artistic taste. The pottery
of some of these cultures was covered with a pit-comb ornament and sometimes decorated with
figures of water-fowl. It is not, however, pottery, but objects of wood, horn, antler and stone that
best illustrate the art of Neolithic tribes. Wooden articles, of which only a few have come down
to us, testify to a high degree of perfection in wood carving and the wide diff"usion of this tech-
nique. Articles in horn and elk antler are representations of animals and anthropomorphic idols.
Stone was also used in fashioning animal figures. The polished stone axes with one end terminat-
ing in the head of an elk or a bear, realistically and expressively executed, had a ritual function.
Rather schematic and stylized are the small, carefully treated flint figurines of people, animals,
birds; most probably, they served as amulets.

8
 The monumental art of the ancient population of the European forest area is exemplified by
drawings on granite, - chipped pictures of people and animals: elk, deer, swans with long necks,
a scene of a hunter and an animal fighting, long narrow boats, their prows decorated with a head
of a deer or elk, men sitting in the boats. Some representations are naturalistic, others convention-
al; most are in silhouette, but there are also some contour figures. Petroglyphs, outstanding
monuments of Neolithic art, occupy a central place in Neolithic research. Widely different
opinions have been formulated concerning their functions and meaning.
The collection of Neolithic remains from the forest zone of European Russia characterizes
the culture of its population as that of hunters and fishermen. While the hunter-fisher economy
was flourishing in the north, the tribes of the south, having passed through this phase, were
developing farming and cattle breeding. This uneven development of the northern and southern
cultures was due to the difference in the natural environment, and resulted in the formation of
two types of cultures, the southern, - those of the steppeland, - and the northern - those of the
forestland, which seriously differed, and even opposed one another in many essential respects.
The archaeological material of the same date from the north and the south shows up the
differences and makes it possible to study the ways in which the cultures developed.
The earliest food-producing economy to appear in the territory of our country was in the
south of Central Asia which was close to and in contact with the oldest areas of a similar economy
in the Near East. A number of archaeological complexes refer to the most ancient farmers to live
in this territory (Southern Turkmenia). A large part of the material consists of painted pottery
and small-scale sculpture. Pottery and animal figures are decorated with geometrical ornaments,
often composed of straight lines. The terracotta female statuettes are colourful and relatively
large. There are also male statuettes.
The Tripolye culture (the third millennium and the first half of the second millennium B.C.)
was Eneolithic (mostly stone with occasional copper articles). Existing west of the river Dnieper
in the Ukraine and in Moldavia, it was the culture of the first farming tribes in the European
part of the USSR. The Tripolye cultural complexes consist of tools made of flint, slate, bone, and
horn, pottery vessels, querns, personal adornments, weapons and ornaments of copper, clay
statuettes - mostly female and figures of domestic animals. Among this mass of material, the
pottery and statuettes are of the greatest interest.
The variously shaped large and small vessels are of excellent workmanship, well-proportioned
and decorated with a variety of designs executed in mineral paint, white, brown and black on a
red or yellow ground, and consisting of spirals, concentric circles or ribbons of double lines;
sometimes schematic figures of animals and human beings also occur.
The terracotta figurines representing standing or seated women, decorated with painted or
impressed geometric patterns, have neither hands nor feet. Most of the animal figures are bulls.
All the terracotta statuary of the southern farming cultures, expressive and skillfully made,
are similar in treatment: highly conventionalized, stylized, with details rendered in a generalized
manner. Only a small group of Tripolye figures are naturalistic in treatment.
The sculptured representations of women are connected with the cult of the mother-deity,
or goddess of fertility. By the same token, the designs on the painted vessels were not mere
decoration, but had a certain meaning and content, determined by various cults which held an
important place in the life of primitive society.
One of the most important and interesting complexes, not only in the Eneolithic collection of
the Hermitage but in all its archaeological collections, is the complex of the Maikop Barrow in
the North Caucasus (the middle of the third millennium B.C.). Under the barrow which was
about eleven metres high, was a large, broad pit containing several burial chambers divided by
timber walls and covered over by a log roof. Lying in the largest chamber was the skeleton of a
tribal chief, sprinkled with a red pigment, a symbol of life and fire.
The grave of the chieftain was very rich. Two gold and fourteen silver vessels were among his
grave goods. One of the vessels was embossed with figures of animals set against a mountainous
landscape. The head-dress of the chief had two gold bands with double rosettes of gold attached
to it. He wore several necklaces made of gold, silver, carnelian and turquoise beads, and a dress
trimmed with gold plaques in the shape of lions and bulls; the dress had not survived but there
were a multitude of plaques. Lying next to the chieftain were silver and gold figures of bullocks,
and pieces of gold pipe for the decoration of the poles which had once supported his funeral
canopy.
The contents of the Maikop Barrow, showing what great wealth had accumulated in the
hands of the towards the third millennium B.C., also revealed the existence of
tribal aristocracy
the connections between the Caucasus and the advanced centres of civilization in the Orient at
that early date: some of the objects found in the barrow come from the Near East. They also
surprised the world with some brilliant examples of ancient metalwork. No monument to com-
pare with the Maikop Barrow has been recorded in the territory of our country either for this
period or for several centuries after it.

The Eneolithic culture known as the Maikop culture after the Maikop Barrow is also re-
presented by materials from various ancient sites and settlements. Naturally much more modest,
these materials nevertheless give a fair idea of the life of the people who had created all this

wealth. The finds from a settlement of this group, once situated near the village of Meshoko in
the Maikop area, included pottery, implements in stone and bone, axes, stone bracelets, and a
variety of other objects.
Remains of the Bronze Age, which form a large part of the Hermitage collections, come from
different areas of the southern steppes, the Caucasus and the Transcaucasus, from the forest-
lands of the north, from Kazakhstan and Siberia. The study of these collections has shed light
on many aspects of the cultures of the Bronze Age, when the diffusion of tools and other objects
made of an alloy of copper and tin, or other metals, brought about important changes in the life
of the ancient peoples. Production of objects in old and well-known materials also reached a high
degree of perfection.
The head of a female from the Shigir peatbog is a highly expressive creation which testifies
elk
to the fact that the art of bone carving continued to develop in the forest zone. The convention-
alized fantastic figure of a bronze idol from the Galich Hoard is an example of advanced metal
working. Examples of pottery in a number of cultures give an idea of the art of ornamentation
at the period.
The art of the Bronze Age is Hermitage by the material of the Okunevo
well illustrated in the
culture (Middle Yenisey, first half of the second millennium B.C.) and the Koban culture (North
Caucasus, end of the second and first half of the first millennium B.C.).
The Okunevo culture is represented by stelae hewn out of granite or sandstone, and showing
mythical creatures executed in relief or engraved; bone plaques with engraved designs, small stone
sculpture, and petroglyphs on large slabs cut out of the cliff in ancient times, and used in making
cists, The rock drawings show animals, real or fantastic, human faces with three
- stone coffins.
eyes, etc. The small-size sculpture is represented mainly by female heads carved at the ends of
steatite bars in a distinctly realistic manner, with eyes, eyebrows, mouth hair and earrings shown
by means of incised lines, and the nose in relief.

10
 The Koban culture which emerged at the concluding stage of the Bronze Age, survived it and
continued into the Iron Age. Its bronzes are the distinguishing feature of the Koban culture. The
Hermitage material which forms one of the finest collections of ancient Caucasian bronzework,
fully reveals the high skill and artistic sense of Koban masters. The collection also includes a large
group of similar bronze of the neighbouring Colchidic culture which existed at the same
articles
time. The ancient craftsmen produced a wide range of objects original in form and of superb
workmanship: weapons (battle-axes, spears, daggers), details of horses' harness, belts made of
thin sheet metal, belt buckles, variously shaped pins, - some of them very large, - fibulae, brace-
lets and armlets made of springy spirals, ornaments in the shape of pendants, plaques and chains,

and vessels of sheet bronze.

Many of these objects are decorated with geometric designs and figures of domestic and wild
animals, sometimes rather fanciful but always graceful and eflfective. Anthropomorphic motifs
also occur, though less frequently than in small bronze sculpture. It should be noted, however,
that even in the latter branch of art the animal theme is predominant. Animal shapes are given
to pendants, buckles, etc. Horses, dogs, stags, rams, snakes, birds, fishes, whether engraved or
carved in relief or in the round, are executed in the same manner characteristic of the Caucasian
Animal Style. Works in this style, severely laconic and schematic in treatment, are nevertheless
expressive and vivid, dynamic and true to life. All the articles clearly show the high level of
craftsmanship attained in metalwork by the Caucasian tribes in the first centuries of the first
millennium B.C.
The Iron Age is represented in the Hermitage by articles coming from almost the entire ter-
ritory of the Soviet Union. There are many thousands of ancient objects here, illustrating the
cultures of dozens of peoples, some of whose names are known in history. Without the Hermitage
material our knowledge of the large ethnic groups of that time, such as, for instance, the nomads
of the Early Iron Age who roamed the steppelands of Europe and Asia, from the Danube to the
Altai mountains, would be far less complete. Some of the collections which deal with nomad
cultures are unrivalled for their scientific value in the study of the past; and some of the individual
articles belonging to them rank among the masterpieces of world art.
The section opens with the collection of objects of ancient Scythian art. Antiquities left by the
Scythians and other peoples who lived in the steppes in the second quarter of the first millennium
B.C. illustrate some of the major changes in the life of the primitive society: the wide diffusion of
iron, the production of iron weapons and tools, the development of nomad pastoralism, con-
tinuous military conflicts, accumulation of wealth in the hands of chieftains, the growth of inter-
tribal relations, and the formation of mighty kingdoms and tribal unions.
The Scythians occupied the steppes of Southern Russia. The archaeological complexes from
the Dnieper area, the Kuban region and the Crimea disclose diflFerent aspects of Scythian life.
The collections are made up mainly of material from barrows, the most important among which
are the complexes from the Kelermes, Ulsky, Elizavetinskaya and Karagodeuashkh Barrows in
the Kuban area, from the Solokha and Chertomlyk Barrows, the Bolshaya Tsimbalka, the
Krasnokutsk, Alexandropolsk in the Dnieper area, the Zolotoy and Talayev Barrows in the
Crimean steppelands.
All these and similar barrows, some of them of large size, contained vaults or catacombs with
burials of kings, or tribal chieftains. The grave goods included numerous articles of great artistic
value. Unfortunately, in many cases the barrows had been found robbed in antiquity. Never-
theless, much of the material which came into the possession of archaeologists and entered
museum collections, was rich and varied: household utensils (bronze cauldrons, pottery vessels);

11
personal ornaments (gold rings, bracelets, necklaces, pendants, headgear); decorations and details
of clothing (first of all, gold costume plaques); weapons (swords, battle-axes, spears, arrows,
quivers, sheaths); horse trappings; and ritual and cult objects. They are made in a variety of
materials: besides gold, bronze and clay, there are articles in iron, silver, bone and stone. Some of
the articles are of local provenance, others bought, taken in war, or brought from distant places
and acquired by trade or intertribal barter.
Scythian times were marked by wide contacts between various ethnic groups over vast
territories, which led to the development of similar processes in the material culture of the
Scythians and their neighbours. North of the steppe area inhabited by nomad Scythian tribes,
over a large territory of the wooded steppes lived a population engaged in field farming and

settled pastoralism. The had many affinities with that of the nomad
culture of this population
Scythians, mainly in the sphere of weapons, horses' harness, and objects of art. This permits us
to use the term "Scythian Period" when deahng, not only with the history of Scythia proper, but
also with that of other tribes similar to the Scythians.
The cultures of the wooded steppes in Scythian times are well represented in the Hermitage,
whose collections include objects found in the area between the North Donets and the river Tissa
and dated between the seventh and fourth centuries B.C. Complexes from barrows are numerous,
but do not form the entire mass of the archaeological material. There are also articles recovered
from the ruins of ancient fortified settlements, the gorodishches, such as those that have been
found at Nemirovo, Grogorovka, and other places.
Exploration of the settlements has provided material on the way of life of the Scythian popula-
tion which lived in the wooded steppes. Some of the objects are associated with agriculture,
primarily field farming; others, with hunting, fishing, gathering and crafts, including the working
of iron and bronze. The most numerous finds were of hand-made pottery. Most of it is of excellent
workmanship, done in perfect proportions, with a polished surface ornamented with fluting or
incised bands of geometric designs.
Among the vast amount of archaeological material which comes from the steppes and from
the forest-steppes, not a few objects are distinguished for their highly artistic execution. Some of
them come from well-known handicrafts centres of the Orient (weapons) or from Greece (pottery
and metalwork), others were made in the Greek colonies on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
Notable among the objects of Greek workmanship are those with representations of Scythians
and scenes from their life. Besides being of great aesthetic significance, these examples of Greek
toreutics give a good idea of the weapons used by the Scythians, their appearance, dress and
jewellery. Objects known to us from excavations as grave goods, are here shown in actual use,
and the Scythians themselves appear, as it were, "in action".
Among the finds from the northern Black Sea coastal area are articles made right here, in
Scythia. The most vivid manifestation of Scythian culture, and the apex of its artistic develop-
ment, was achieved in the works of what is known as the Animal Style*. The animal figures or

* The Hermitage collection contains many worlds of the Animal Style, and those not only of Scythian origin.

The Animal Style was evolved in a number of cultures existing over a vast territory simultaneously or at different
time. Its carriers might have been similar or different in their mode of life, - as, for instance, the settled population
and the nomad tribes, the steppe dwellers and the forest dwellers, - but they were mostly at the same or nearly
the same stage of social development. Apparently, in their religious beliefs and mythology animals held a place
of special importance and this was invariably reflected in the visual arts. Also, the Animal Style of individual
tribes shows the presence of outside influence. Ideas born in one place could penetrate into other cultures and
develop there, like the motifs of fairy tales.

12
parts of them - heads, horns or antlers, paws, claws, etc., carved, engraved, embossed or sculp-
tured, decorated many and especially weapons and horses' harness. The materials used
objects,
were gold, silver, bronze, iron, bone or ivory. Remarkable expressiveness was attained by
exaggeration, by giving prominence to the characteristic features of an animal (its muzzle, horns
or antlers, ears, hooves, beaks), in which lies its strength and its ability to fight. This feature, seen
in many works of the Animal Style, is connected with the magic or religious content of Scythian
art. Images of strong, fleet and agile animals on weapons and horse harness were expected to

impart the qualities of these animals to the warrior himself and to his horse, and protect them
from evil.
This tendency to enhance the magic power of the animal image became stronger and stronger,
to the detriment of the realistic element in Scythian art. In the first works of the Scythian Animal
Style belonging to the sixth century B.C., animal figures were vivid, clear-cut and true to life.
The productions of its closing phase (in the third century B.C.) show complete disintegration of
the old realistic forms which, through schematization, turned into mere ornament. The decorative
aspect of the Animal Style thus won out.
Animal combat scenes are frequent in Scythian art. The motifs of animals tearing each other
reflect the cruelty which tinged the outlook and character of the Scythian warrior. This feature

of the Animal Style belongs to the past; it does not exist for us. The value of Scythian art in the
eyes of the modern generation lies in the accurately captured and vividly outlined animal images,
inventively decorated, perfectly balanced and gracefully executed. The brilliant artistry with
which the Scythian goldsmiths worked is truly remarkable. Their art has stood the test of time.
It has been mentioned earlier that the Scythian is the first in a long series of collections illustrat-

ing the history of the cultures of the steppe zone of Eurasia. To the east of the Scythians, in the
steppes beyond the Don and along the Volga, lived the Sarmatians. Further east, in Central Asia
and Southern Kazakhstan, lived the Sakas, the territory of some of the related tribes extending
further still to include part of the Altai region.
early nomad cultures in the Altai date from the middle of
The archaeological remains of the
the millennium B.C. In the normal course of events, archaeologists recover objects made of
first

stone, clay, metal and bone, the kind of material that could survive long centuries underground
in a good state of preservation. Articles made of other, more perishable materials, such as wood,
seldom fall into the hands of the archaeologists. It is not difficult to imagine what a wealth of
material has never been found, - how many aspects of ancient culture and life are forever lost
to us. In the Altai region, however, everything that was ever placed in the barrows has survived.
The ancient Altaians used to spend their summers wandering over the steppes at the foot of
the mountains. In winter, they would retreat into the mountains themselves, to the snowless
valleys that lay between them. And here it was they dug their tombs, the Barrows of the Pazyryk,
Bashadar, and Tuekta. These were the final resting places of wealthy tribal chieftains of the
fifth and fourth centuries B.C. The mounds that marked these graves were made up, not of earth,

but of boulders. The stone heap was a poor conductor of heat, but easily let in the cold winter air,
which froze the earth under the barrow. The water which penetrated inside turned to ice, which
never melted even in summer. Thus at this high altitude, and with an extreme continental climate,
the grave became a kind of refrigerator which kept intact all that had been put into it.
The Altai barrows are twenty-five centuries old, and in the burials beneath them have been
preserved textiles, woollen and felt rugs, clothing, shoes, articles of wood. The embalmed bodies
of the deceased lay in the log chambers, and carcasses of horses occupied a part of the grave. In
one of the Pazyryk barrows was found the Pazyryk carpet, a multi-coloured rug with trimmed

13
pile,an example of a heretofore unknown art of antiquity. Of the famous Persian rugs mentioned
by ancient Greek authors, not one has been preserved, the oldest surviving rug, before the dis-
coveries at Pazyryk, being six hundred years old. Today, the Pazyryk carpet, made in Central Asia
or Iran in the fifth century B.C., is the oldest known rug in the world. It is not very large, only
1.83 by 2 metres. There is another rug, very large, 4.5 by 6.5 metres, made of light-coloured felt

and apparently used as a tent. This rug has sewn onto it two rows of felt cut-outs in bright colours,
showing a goddess seated on a throne with a flowering branch in her hand, and a horseman before
her. One of the most interesting finds from these barrows is a tall chariot of wooden poles, made
without a single nail. Its parts were fastened together with leather straps. In addition to these,
there were other finds, very unusual, not to be met with among the articles generally yielded by
excavations. These were linen shirts, kaftans - one of felt, another of fur, - felt stockings, a leather
and a felt headdress, soft fur and leather boots; also wooden tables with removable legs and tray
tops, leather and fur bags, leather wooden jugs and bowls; musical instruments
flasks, (a tam-
bourine and a harp); leather saddles made for the burial (the saddle-cloth for one of them is made
of silk), with felt saddle covers and pendants of various designs; horses' ritual masks of wood,
leather, felt and fur; carved wooden plaques, sometimes overlaid with sheet gold, used as saddle
and bridle ornaments; shields, greaves and various other articles of wood, including huge hol-
lowed-out tree-trunk coffins. These objects form only a part of the Altaic collection.
In addition to the materials already mentioned, bronze, copper, tin, clay, horn and antler,
animal tusks, pyrites, diff"erent textiles, horsehair, bast and bark, were used, in a variety of
combinations, to make them; and finally the articles were often painted or dyed with vegetable or
mineral pigments.
Many of the finds were decorated with figures of animals, real or fantastic, shown singly or
in combat scenes. They were executed in round sculpture, relief or drawing, or cut out of felt,

leather or fur and applied to surfaces of other material. The

were purposely distorted,
figures
heads returned, hind quarters twisted, the proportions altered, one characteristic feature always
outstanding. Such handling gave a strongly dynamic quality to the representation. In their
mastery in revealing the character of an animal in terms of visual art, the craftsmen of ancient
Altai were beyond compare. Boundless imagination and a superb sense of the decorative went
into every figure.
The Altaic finds, a unique phenomenon in world archaeology, preserving all their pristine

beauty and freshness of colour, were at the moment of their discovery a veritable revelation to
historical science.
The Altaic Animal Style has some analogies among the works of art from the neighbouring
regions which are represented by materials far less rich and varied. The most important of the
works of this kind in the Hermitage are those which belong to the so-called Siberian Collection
of Peter I. They mainly date from the third quarter of the first millennium B.C. There are gold
bracelets, necklaces, earrings and finger rings, brooches, pins, belt buckles and horse trappings,
all decorated with representations of animals, sometimes, as in the belt buckles, in intricate com-

positions involving animals in combat, or one animal tearing another. The poses of the figures
and the devices used to convey motion recall Altaic art.
The Siberian Collection of Peter I is splendid, but neither the places nor the conditions under
which the items were found are known. The territory they come from can be but broadly defined
as within Southern Siberia and Eastern Kazakhstan. Some of the recent finds differ from the old
collections in this respect. Today we have at our disposal fresh material from Eastern Kazakhstan,
obtained through scientifically conducted excavations. This is the complex of the Chilikta

14
Barrow (sixth century B.C.), featuring gold plaques in the shape of stags, eagles, panthers, and
boars. These objects illustrate the earliest stage of the so-called Scytho-Siberian Animal Style.
This class of works also comprises the bronzes from Minusinsk, made by the tribes who
inhabited the steppes of the Minusinsk depression in the eighth to the third centuries B.C. and
who belonged to the Tagar culture. A territory rich in ores, and with a developed metallurgy, the
Minusinsk depression provided favourable conditions for the flowering of the art of bronze
working. Sculptural and relief representations of animals were used to decorate bronze articles,
produced mainly by casting: knives, daggers, battle-picks, mirrors, plaques, finials, etc. The
bronzes of the Tagar culture are elegant in form, the animal figures treated laconically, with the
most characteristic details emphasized. With the passage of time, however, a tendency towards
flat, decorative treatment began to prevail. The traditions of Tagar art and its distinctive features

were inherited by the Tashtyk culture which succeeded it in the Minusinsk area.
The culture of the Sarmatian tribes, the eastern neighbours of the Scythians, is also well
represented in the Hermitage. The Sarmatian collections (fourth century B.C. - fourth century
A.D.) were formed in much the same way as those of Scythian antiquities. The study of Sarmatian
remains began at approximately the same time; barrow finds play as great a role as among Scy-
thian material; and they also comprise objects of great artistic value.
But as time elapsed the Sarmatians ceased to be merely the Scythians' neighbours living on
the other side of the Don. They were transformed into a formidable aggressive power. The
nomadic Sarmatian tribes crossed the Don and began moving westward. By the second century
B.C. they had occupied the steppes on the Black Sea coast, driving out the Scythians. And it is
over this vast territory that the Sarmatians left their monuments. Among these the complex
known as the Novocherkassk Treasure occupies a special place. It was found in the Khokhlach
Barrow, in the Novocherkassk area, and comprises one of the richest collections of gold and
jewellery work preserved in the Hermitage.
The barrow contained the grave of a Sarmatian woman of the nobility, possibly a queen, who
lived in the first century A.D. The grave had been robbed in ancient times, but objects placed
outside the burial were untouched. Varied as to purpose and material (gold, silver, bronze, clay),
they also have different origin, some coming from the Black Sea coastal steppes, others from the
Bosporan Kingdom, still others, from Asia Minor or Italy.
The burial was one of exceptional splendour. It contained a gold diadem decorated with
insets of garnets and glass, with a female head carved in quartz in the centre. The diadem was
probably made in a Greek workshop in Panticapaeum, capital of the Bosporus. And yet the
most important and historically valuable objects in the Novocherkassk Treasure are those which
exemplify the art of Sarmatian goldsmiths and jewellers. These include a torque with reliefs of
fantastic animals fighting, spiral bracelets showing scenes of animal combat, perfume flasks,
costume plaques in the form of a stag, a cup with the handle shaped as the figure of an elk. All
these articles are of gold, many with insets of precious stones or glass.
The animal theme was predominant in Sarmatian art. This is beautifully exemplified by the
Novocherkassk Treasure, and confirmed by numerous works of the Sarmatian Animal Style,
widely spread in the steppes of the Volga region and on the northern Black Sea coast. Articles
of the Animal Style form a part of the complex of finds at the Kalinovka burial ground and the
barrow near the village of Verkhneye Pogromnoye in the Lower Volga area; there are also a
number of single finds from various places.
The Sarmatian art is a highly individual form of the Animal Style, differing from its other
varieties, either of earlier date or contemporary with it. The animal figure is, more fully than in

15
any other Animal Style, subjugated to the shape of the article, the proportions purposely distorted,
and parts of the body greatly shortened or elongated, or grotesquely twisted; in articles of
circular shape the animal's figure was bent into a ring.
Specific devices were used to render details: thus, insets of precious stones served to emphasize
shoulder blades, eyes, ears, horns and hooves; dot and comma markings, to indicate the fur, and
incised lines - the ribs.
Sarmatian pottery also provides examples of the Animal Style. Vessels were decorated with
figures of rams, boars, horses and dogs. However schematic in treatment, these representations
invariably emphasize some characteristic feature of the animal, by which it may be easily recog-
nized. Metal vessels were also given zoomorphic handles.
In the fourth century A.D. the history of the Sarmatian tribes drew to a close, and with it the
Sarmatian culture. The new masters of the steppes were the Huns who came to Europe from the
East - a movement which marked the beginning of the Migrations Period. Numerous remains
from this time have been found over vast areas of Eurasia. The Hermitage collections
include materials from Asia and from Eastern Europe, or more exactly from the steppes of
Southern Russia.
The mass migration of different tribes led to a great expansion of contacts, and was attended
by the rise of new cultural phenomena. Art objects in a new style, that of polychrome encrusta-
tion, spread among different peoples inhabiting a vast area of Eurasia. The centre for the pro-
duction of much of seems to have been at Bosporus (formerly Panticapaeum) with
this jewellery

its rich traditions of gold and jewellery work.

A wealth of colour effects and a strongly decorative quality characterized the ornaments that
came from Bosporan workshops. They were decorated with colourful insets of semi-precious
stones set off" by a gold ground. The spaces between the insets were filled with designs in filigree
and granulations soldered on, or with stamped ornaments imitating these techniques. Figure
subjects hardly ever occur.
There was yet another technique, in which the surface was completely covered with garnet,
almandine or red glass inlays in cloisons formed by thin metal bands soldered on edgewise. By
the late fourth and early fifth century the art of polychrome encrustation was at its height. It was
a conglomerate of the classic tradition of the northern Black Sea area, and the influences of the
barbarian world. Certain features of this art were to Middle Ages.
last right into the
The traditions of Bosporan craftsmanship are felt in many of the finds from the Crimea of the
early Middle Ages, - objects left primarily by the Alans and the Goths, tribes that survived the
ravages of the Huns. Their culture (the collection contains material from the Suuk-Su burial
ground of the sixth - seventh centuries), despite a strong Byzantine influence, remained true to
its roots, related as it was to the culture of the barbarian world, especially the Dnieper region.

On the Middle Dnieper were buried many early mediaeval hoards of precious objects, the
most famous of which was found by chance in 1912 at the village of Malaya Pereshchepina near
Poltava. It remains a mystery to this day who had collected and hidden such untold wealth, and
why. Neither is it known in what way this strange assortment of objects - gold and silver vessels,
weapons mounted in gold, personal ornaments, horse trappings (including cast silver stirrups) -
of different periods and different places of origin, ever came into the hands of a single owner.
Apart from the works of local masters who continued the tradition of the polychrome style,
the treasure contained a number of church vessels and coins from Byzantium, vessels made for
the court of the Sassanides, objects associated with the Turkic-speaking nomads of Eurasia in

the early Middle Ages, and a group of articles of an unusual type combining features of Turkic

16
toreutics with those of Central Asian metalwork where the tradition of Sassanian craftsmen,
though transformed and adapted to local tastes, was still alive. The earliest piece in the hoard
is a plate with a picture of the Iranian king Shapur II who reigned from 310 to 363, while the

latest is a coin minted by a Byzantine emperor who ruled until 668.

Authorities disagree as to the nature of the Pereshchepina complex. Some see in it a hoard,
others a set of grave goods placed in the chieftain's burial in the late seventh century, which seems
the more plausible theory.The last owner of the treasures collected by several generations of men
was probably a Bulgar or Khazar prince, a representative of one of the Turkic-speaking tribes
dominating the steppes of the northern Black Sea area after the Hunnish invasion, which were
constantly at war with one another.
Among the Eastern European remains from the Iron Age, owned by the Hermitage, there is,
in addition to the finds from the steppe and wooded steppe zones, an excellent collection of
objects from the forest zone. This includes extremely interesting materials from the north-eastern
regions of the USSR. A burial ground near the village of Zuyevo and other similar clan ceme-
teries and hill-forts of the Ananyino culture (eighth - third centuries B.C.), also sites of the Pyany
Bor and Gliadionovo type (second century B.C. - fifth century A.D.) and the Lomovatovka cul-
ture (sixth - ninth centuries A.D.) illustrate the evolution of the ancient tribes of the Kama and
Urals areas.
Up to the last quarter of the first millennium, the ancient Finno-Ugrian population (tribes
of sylvan pastoralists who also practised agriculture, hunting, fishing, food gathering etc.)
retained to a great extent the forms of everyday life and culture which had taken shape early in
the Iron Age. Among the numerous archaeological finds that help reveal the distinctive character
of the culture of the forest dwellers, there is a group of cast bronze plaques, solid or in openwork.

These objects, highly original in style and subject matter, are good examples of the art of the
peoples of the Kama and the Urals areas, known as the Kama or Perm Animal Style. Its principal
trait is the representation of fantastic creatures combining the characteristics of beasts, birds, and

human beings; a bear-man, elk-man etc. may be endowed, in addition, with features of birds, or
of other animals. It is to be noted that the earliest of these articles, those of the Ananyino culture,
are metal plaques executed in a realistic manner, and remind one of early Scythian Animal Style.
Later examples become more schematic in treatment; new subjects are evolved; the composition
grows in complexity. The fact that wild animals from the local forests are represented much more
frequently than domesticated animals shows that the Kama Animal Style took shape at an earlier
period, amongst hunters.
In scholarly literature the Kama bronzes are referred to as shaman (witch doctor's) images,
while among the local population they are called Chud icons {Chud being an old Russian word
applied to Finnish tribes), a name suggested both by their subject matter and the conditions
under which they are usually found: on sacrificial sites, in ancient cemeteries and places of wor-
ship. It is clear that the objects had ritual or magic functions.
The meaning of the representations on Chud icons has not yet been fully revealed. Many
motifs peculiar to the Kama Animal Style still survive in the contemporary crafts of the peoples
of the Urals.
The collections which reflect the material culture of the population of Eastern Europe in the
second half of the and the beginning of the second millennia A.D. illustrate a sequence of
first

important phases in ancient Russian history: the rise and spread of Slav tribes, the replacement
of the clan system by a class society, the formation of a state in the ninth century, and the brilliant
flowering of culture, interrupted by the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century.

17
 The materials from that period forming the Department collections are limited to archaeo-
logical finds obtained by excavation of settlements and cemeteries, or else contained in hoards. Yet
they provide valuable historical evidence that helps in the reconstruction of many aspects in the
life of Eastern Slavs and their neighbours, on which written records preserve but inadequate
information.
Objects from early Slav settlements in the Bug and the Dniester areas, and those of the Romny-
Borshevo culture, illustrate the successive stages in the development of the material culture of
Eastern Slavs up to the time they united in a single state.
Remains of the ancient Russian culture of the period from the tenth to the thirteenth cen-
tury, apart from common everyday objects, include a large proportion of specimens of highly
developed artistic craftsmanship. Among the latter are various types of personal ornaments:
gold and silver diadems, kolt temple pendants, chains and torques, bracelets, rings, and other
details of the rich attire of the nobles and wealthy townspeople, along with the more modest
bronze and adornments worn by common folk.
silver

The most and widespread kind of ornament in use among the Slav women of
characteristic
the time were pendant rings worn at the temples. They were cast and chased or engraved by
village craftsmen. The forms and style varied with the locality. Each local type is found within
the tribal area of one of the Slav peoples: the Krivichi, Radimichi, Poliane, Severiane and others.
On the Upper Volga and the Oka, where the Russian chronicles place the Viatichi, there were
seven-bladed pendants. The Radimichi on the river Sozh had a seven-pointed ring, the Severiane
on the Desna and the Seim had a spiral-shaped pendant. Rings with pendent beads, decorated
with large granulations, were found along the Pripiat, where the Dregovichi lived. Most of these
ornaments come from the barrow cemeteries of rural population. The expensive jewellery of the
city nobility has survived in hoards, many of which were buried during the troubled years of the
Mongol invasion. These hoards are evidence, not only of the wealth of their owners, but also of
the high level of craftsmanship of ancient Russian jewellers who worked in a wide range of
techniques, from forging, casting and wire drawing, to the most elaborate forms of niello, filigree,
enamel and granulation work.
The highest point of the jeweller's art in ancient Russia was achieved in the technique of
cloisonne enamel. Russian enamels are characterized by an effective combination of the glittering
gold ground and polychrome decoration, by vivid, clear colours, by faultless elegance of outline,
and perfect harmony of the ornamental composition and the shape of the article. Having mastered
the basic techniques of Byzantine craftsmen, the goldsmiths of Kiev and other ancient Russian
cities were not content merely to copy the foreign originals. They adopted the use of stencils,

modified the palette, and changed the type of the images, lending Slavonic traits to the severe
ascetic faces of the saints. They created a number of original ornamental compositions, each
associated with a certain class of objects.
Magnificent examples of enamel work are provided by gold kolt pendants which formed part
of the sets of jewellery worn by Russian townswomen with the ceremonial dress. The kolt pendant
was decorated on both sides with bird figures, plant motifs and geometric designs. These pagan
symbols were superceded in later kolts by images of Christian saints. But both the Sirin birds,
and the images of saints on secular jewellery, occur only on Russian enamels.
The niello work of ancient Russian masters was also famed in Russia and abroad. This
technique was used to decorate silver bracelets, kolts, rings, reliquary crosses and other objects.
Because of the contrast between the black ground and the light-coloured, finely engraved silver
design, these articles looked very decorative indeed.

18
 Supreme refinement and delicacy mark the ornaments enriched with fiUgree and granulation
work, the favourite techniques of ancient Russian goldsmiths. The main element of filigree work
was which was shaped into the desired pattern, and then either soldered on to
thin twisted wire
the surface of the object or used by itself as a piece of openwork. This technique was employed
in the making of three-bead temple rings, remarkable for exceptionally fine workmanship.
Filigree ornaments were often combined with granulations, as in richly decorated silver lunnitsas
(crescents), kolts and other types of pendants which were set with a multitude of gold or silver
granules.
Besides the mass-produced handicraft articles made by unknown Russian masters, the hoards
contained jewellery and coins brought from Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea coastal area, Byzantium
and other countries.
The urban culture of ancient Russia is illustrated by rich archaeological collections from
Staraya (Old) Ladoga and Sarkel, or Belaya Vezha (White Tower), - two Russian towns which
sprang up in the tenth century, under different historical conditions, at the opposite ends of the
Russian state.

Ladoga, one of the oldest towns in Northwestern Russia, arose on the banks of the Volkhov,
a few kilometres from Lake Ladoga, on the site of an ancient non-Slavonic settlement of the
eighth - ninth centuries. Situated as it was at the crossing of important waterways on the route
"from the Varangians (the ancient Russian word for Scandinavians) to the Greeks", it played
a major role in the development of trade and cultural ties between ancient Russia and Western
European countries.
Excavations on the site known as Zemlianoye Gorodishche (Earth-walled Town) give us a
vivid picture of life in this trade-and-crafts centre at different periods of its The greatest
history.
interest attaches to the early stage in the evolution of Ladoga when it changed from a village
into a town. This period is by a large number of finds including implements of labour,
illustrated
objects of everyday use, ornaments, and a few examples of local art. Objects of wood and
leather, preserved in the specific conditions of damp soil, have come down to us in an excellent
state. Among the various works of craftsmanship are specimens of Scandinavian origin. The

Scandinavians' presence in Ladoga at an early phase of its existence is also attested by their
funeral monuments, the conically shaped sopka barrows with stone circles at the base, which
rise in the vicinity of the ancient site.

Many problems of the Russian history of the time cannot even be approached without
reference to the development of Staraya Ladoga, the key monument in the study of Slavonic-
Varangian (Norse) relations. Ladoga is a valuable source of material for the study of the Slav
settlement in the northern areas of the ancient Russian state.
The material culture of the old Baits and Finno-Ugrians, the Khazars, Torki, Pechenegs
and Polovtsy - neighbours of the Slavs at different stages of their movement to the north
and the south - is very well illustrated in the collections of the Department. Some of these
tribes subsequently joined the Russian state, and their descendants live here to this day, while
others were unable to get a foothold in the whirlpool of events of that troublous epoch, and
vanished without a trace.
Bronze and silver dress decorations are among the most interesting articles that reveal the
peculiarities of the culture of the Finno-Ugrian population in the northern areas of Eastern
Europe, and the Baits of the eastern Baltic Sea coastal area at the end of the first and the begin-
ning of the second millennia A.D. These objects differ from the Slav-Russian jewellery in both
style and technique.

19
 With costume Latgahan women wore an elaborate headdress of ribbons
their ceremonial
adorned with little tubes and bells, several massive necklaces of twisted wire, and cast bracelets
(up to nine on each arm), chains and plaques, fibulae and clasps.
A distinctive feature in the costume of the Finnish woman were zoomorphic "jingling"
pendants. The zoomorphic motifs were mainly horses and ducks. Each tribal group wore its
own variety of "jingling" pendants. Decorations of this type were known among the Finno-
Ugrian population as far back as the Early Iron Age, and continued in use until the late Middle
Ages. The images of the horse and the water-fowl are very ancient, being reflexions of pagan
beliefs.

Throughout the entire period of Kievan Russia, struggle with the nomad tribes of the steppes
was carried on unremittingly. Whatever might be the balance of forces among the steppe tribes,
the danger of sudden attack always remained. After the Khazars, other Turkic tribes were a con-
stant menace: in the late ninth century, the Pechenegs, then the Torki, and from the middle of
the eleventh century, the Polovtsy.
The cultureand life of the nomads of the ninth to the thirteenth centuries was reflected in the
rich grave goods found in numerous barrows scattered all over the steppes of Southern Russia.
There was usually a set of weapons consisting of swords, spears, remains of bows and quivers
with arrows, sometimes accompanied by leather helmets with an iron framework, iron masks
and coats of mail.
A valuable source for the study of the outward appearance of the Polovtsy and their dress
is to be had in the stone idols known as "stone babas", which make up a part of the collections

of nomad antiquities from the late period. Most of them seem to have been executed according
to a definite canon, showing the figure of a man or woman facing front, with the traditional
drinking cup held in both hands. The details of the rich clothing and the jewellery are precisely
rendered. The idols were set up at some distance from the grave, usually on a natural eleva-
tion or at the top of some ancient barrow, as monuments in honour of dead Polovtsy nobles.
The monuments of ancient art collected in the Department of Prehistoric Culture at the
Hermitage enable us to trace the long and complex development of art from the first examples of
artistic activity of Stone Age men to the work of mediaeval Russian craftsmen. These articles,

illustrating the different art forms of the past, reveal the great world of art of many peoples and
their spiritual culture down the ages and help recreate the picture of their life in times gone by.
c,<peAM 6ecueHHbix coKpoBHiu, FocyAapcTBeHHoro 3pMHTa>Ka aoctohhoc MecTO saHHMaex
GoraxeMiuee coGpaHHe apxeojiorHnecKHx ^peeHOCTeM, KOTopoe no CHCTeMaTH3HpoBaHHOCTH h
nojiHore asjiaeTCJi o^hmm m3 jiyniuHx b Cobctckom CoK)3e. BojibmyK) nacxb ero ~ CBbiuie ne-
TbipeXCOT TbICHH npe^MeTOB COCTaBJIHK)T KOJlJieKUHM OTACJia HCTOpMH nepB06bITH0H Kyjibxy-
pbi. B OTAejie xpaHHTca naMaxHHKH, HaH/ieHHbie na oGujMpHbix npocxpaHCTsax HameH cxpaHbi -
ox KapnaxcKHx rop Ha sanaAe ao TMxooKeaHCKoro no6epe)Kba na bocxokc, ox GeperoB MepHoro
Mopa H npearopnH TaHb-llIaHa Ha K)re jxo TaHMbipcKoro nojiyocxpoBa na ceBepe. Ohm npea-
cxaBjiHiox orpoMHbiH nepHO/], ApeBHeMmeH Hcxopun napoaoB, >khbiiihx na xeppHxopHH CCCP,
c ApeBHCKaMCHHoro BBKa Ao o6pa30BaHH5i PyccKoro rocy^apcxBa.
Bo3HHKHOBeHHe coGpaHHH oxHOCHxcH K HaMajiy npoiujioro cxojiexHa. O^hhm h3 nepBbix no-
cxynHJi B My3eH BejiHKOjienHbm naGop 30Jioxbix h cepeGpanbix HSflejiHH h3 „KHJi>KecKoro" no-
rpeGeHMH IV BCKa y ce/ia KoHueiuxbi, oxKpwxoro na npaBOM Gepery peKH Flpyx b 1812 roAy.
HecKOjibKO no3>Ke, b cepeAnne XIX seKa, 3pMHxa)K npHo6peji 3HaMeHHXbiM TiviyxapaKaHCKHH
KaMCHb c ApeBHeiiiiieM pyccKon HajxnacbK) 1068 rozia. Tor^a >Ke m3 KyncxKaiviepbi Gbijio nepe-
jiano B Myseii cxapeiiLuee apxeojiorHHecKoe coGpaHHe b Pocchh - xaK Ha3biBaeMafl CHGHpcKaa
KOJiJicKUHH riexpa I, cocxoHBLuaa m3 MHoroHHCJieHHbix 30Jioxbix Bemeii, aoGbixbix eme b Koniie
XVII - Hanajie XVIII BCKa rpa6HxejTHMH-6yrpoBmHKaMn b apeBHWx Kypranax 3anaflHOH Ch-
6hph h Ka3axcxaHa. SnaHMxejibHaa nacxb xaKHx M3flejiHH nonajia k ypanbCKOMy 3aB0AHHKy
H. /IcMMflOBy, KOxopbiH npenoflHcc hx ^ene Hexpa, EKaxepMne, no cjiynaK) po^fleHHH nape-
BHHa. Ohh 6biJTH BbicoKo oucHeHbi nexpoM
pacnopHxiHBmHMCH o ziajibHeHuieM npnoGpexe-
I,

HHH no;io6Hbix naxoflOK. Bcjie^ 3a 3xhm b cxojiHuy HanajiH nocxynaxb HOBbie h hobbic 30Jioxbie
yKpameHHH. TaK cjio>KHJiacb yHMKajibHan KOJiJieKUHH, BKUKJMaiouaaji CBbiuie ^Byxcox naxn-
ACcaxH 30jT0Xbix npe/iMexoB.
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syjibxaxe cncxeMaxHHecKHX HccjieaoBaHnH, npoBO/iHBUJHxcji b Pocchh bo BxopoH nonoBHHe
XIX - Hanajie XX BCKa. Flocjie 1859 roAa, Koraa GbiJia yHpexjtena HMnepaxopcKaa Apxeojio-
XHHCCKaji KOMHCCHH, jiyHUJHe BeuiH, HaH/ieHHbie B Kypranax n norpeGennax CeBepnoro DpHHep-
HOMopbH H Cesepnoro KaBKa3a, nepeaaBajincb b Bpivinxa^c. Bjiaroflapa xieaxejibnocxH 3Xoh
KOMHCCHH My3eH o6oraxHJiC5i eflHHCXBennoH b ivinpe no nonnoxe h xyAO^KecxBennoH uen-
HocxH KOJiJieKnneH CKH(J)o-capMaxcKHX flpeBHOcxeii. CpeAH nnx - nepBOKjiaccnbie naxoAKH h3
KypranoB ckh4)ckoh h capMaxcKoii 3HaxH, xaKHX KaK KejiepMec, Cojioxa, MepxoMjibiK, Xox-
jian H MHorne apyrne. B hhcjio 3xhx nonojiHennn bohijih xaK>Ke naiviJixHHKH Gojiee pannen no-
pbi, H3 Koxopbix ocoGoro ynoMHnanHH 3acjiy)KHBaex KOMnjieKC MaHKoncKoro Kyprana c peA-
HaHUJHiviH o6pa3uaMH xopeBXHKH xpexbero xbiCHHCJiexHH jio n. 3. C xeppnxopHH Cesepnoro
KaBKa3a nocxynajin b 3pMMxa5K n apyrne apxeojrorHMecKne Maxepnajibi no HcxopHH 3xoro Kpaa.
OcoGenno nnxepecnbiMM OKa3ajiHCb KOjiJieKunn MexajumnecKHx Bemen KoGancKon Kyubxypbi,
OXHOCHUIHeCH K KOHUy 6pOH30BOn 3nOXH.
B xe >Ke roAbi Myicewi npnoGpexanncb pannecpeaneBeKOBbie h ApcBnepyccKne Maxepnajibi,
HMCBUJHe B ocHOBnoM xyAOJKCCXBenHoe 3naHeHne. K HHCJiy nx oxhochxcjj rpoMaAnbin KjiaA h3-
AejiHH H3 Aparouennbix MexajiJiOB, naMAennbiH 6jth3 cejra Majian nepemennna noA FIojixaBOH.
OAHOBpeMCHHO nocxynajiH KjiaAH ApeBnen Pycn - HeBeubCKnii, rHe3A0BCKnH n Apyrne, bkjtk)-
HaBuine 6ojibuioe KOjrnHecxBO lOBejinpHbix npon3BeAeHHH.
HayHHbiM xpaHHjiHuj,eM apxeojiornHecKHx naMaxnHKOB 3pMHxa>K cxaji xojibko nocjie Be-
AHKOH OKxnGpbCKOH couHajiHCXHHecKOM peBOjnouHH, KorAa Gbijia npoH3BeAena CHCxeMaxH3a-
UHH MaxepnajTOB n nanajTOCb hx nuanoMepHoe nonojinenne. B 3pMHxa)Ke 6bm opranH30Ban
HOBbiH oxACJi, Ha3BaHnbiH oxACJiOM AOKjiaccoBoro oGmecxBa, a 3axeM nepenMenoBannbiH b

21
OTflejT MCTopMH nepBo6biTHOH Kyjibxypbi. Ero a/ipo cocxasMjiH apxeojiorHHCCKHe KOJiJieKUMH
3JTJIHHO-CKH(J)CKOrO H OTHaCTH BH3aHTHHCKOrO OTflejieHHH npC^HCrO OTJiejia J^peBHOCTCM, Ha-
CHHTbiBaiomHe k MOMCHTy co3AaHHji, 1931 rofly, okojio aBaAuaxM xbicjiH 3KcnoHaTOB.
CoGHpaxejibCKafl AeaxejibHOCTb hobofo oxaejia nojiynHjia nexKyio HanpaBjiCHHOcxb; uejibio
ee cxajio HaynHoe KOMnjieKxoBaHHe 4)ohaob b cooxbcxcxbhh co bccmh nepMO^aMM McxopHM Ha-
poflOB Hauieii cxpaHbi. Hcxohhhkh nocxynjieHHM 3xmx nex 6bijiH BecbMa pa3HOo6pa3Hbi. Hhxch-
CHBHoe nonojiHeHMe (J)OHflOB BCJiocb b ochobhom 3a cnex nepcAanH apxeojiorMMCCKHX coGpaHMii
AopcBOJiiouHOHHbix pacKonoK, xpaHHBiuHxcH paHce b flpyrHx Myseax h ynpoK/ieHMHx JIchmh-
rpazia h MocKBbi. 3xo MaxepHajibi, npHHaAJioKaBiuHe panee ApxeojiorMHecKofl kommcchh h
PyccKOMy apxeojiorHHecKOMy o6mecxBy, h3 pacKonoK H. E. BpaH^eHGypra (nepcAaHbi ApxHjiJie-
pHHCKHM MyseeM), a xaKjKC HeKoxopBie kojijickuhh h3 6biBiiiero Mockobckofo oGjiacxHoro My-
sea, HHCxHxyxa anxponojiorHH Mockobckofo rocyflapcxBCHHoro yHHBcpcHxexa h Focyflapcx-
BCHHOXO HcXOpHHCCKOrO My3eH. OflHOBpeMCHHO npHHHManHCb BeiUH H3 MacxHbix coGpaHHii,
uejibie KOJiJieKUHH (CxporanoBbix, PoMaHHCHKo, AjicKcecBbix, H.K.PepHxa) m MaxepHajibi, ox-
Kpbixbie B 20-30-e roflbi apxeojiorHHecKHMH 3KcneAHUHHMH 3pMHxa>Ka h /ipyrnx ynpoKAeHMH.
Hs nocxynjiCHMH 30 - Hanajia 40-x foaob, cymecxBCHHO oGoxaxHBiiiHx (jjoH^bi, oco6o cjie-
flyex oxMCXHXb nepBOKjiaccHtie Haxo^KH najieojiHXHHecKofi cxojihkh Majibxa c yHHKajibHOH
cepHCH npoH3BeAeHHM nepBo6biXHoro HCKyccxBa. B xe jkc ro^bi c GeperoB Ohokckofo 03epa
5biJiH AocxaBJicHbi B JlcHHHFpaA HacKajibHbic pHcyHKH - 3aMeHaxejibHbie naMHXHHKH H3o6pa-
3HXeJIbHOFO XBOpweCXBa HCOJlHXHHeCKOH 3n0XH.
B HcxopHH KOMnjiCKxoBaHHa oxACJia 3HaMHxejibHoe mccxo npHHa/iJie)KHX nepHO^y nocjie
OKOHMaHHH BCJIMKOH OxeHeCXBCHHOH BOHHbl. B 3XO BpCMH B COCXaB CFO GblJIO BKJIIOHeHO BCC ap-
xeojiOFHHecKoe co6paHHe GbiBuieFO 3XHOFpa4)HHecKOFO oxjiejia FocyAapcxBeHHOFO PyccKOFO
My3e5I, nOCJie HCFO oGtCM XpaHCHHH HCKOXOpblX CCKUHH yBCJlHHHJlCSf nOHXH B/lBOe. KpOMe KOM-
njiCKca HaxoAOK Ha HeojiHXHnecKHx cxoaHKax LUhfhpckofo xopcjjHHHKa uop, Cbcpajiobckom, k
HaH6ojiee HHxepecHbiM nocxyiuieHHaivi 50-x fo/iob mo>kho oxhccxh o6iuHpHbie kojijickuhh xyflo-
>KecxBeHHbix H3;iejiHH xaK nasbiBacMOFO 3BepHHOFO cxhjih h3 MHHycHHCKOH KoxjTOBHHbi, Ajixaa
H TyBbi, a xaKKC o6pa3Ubi H3o6pa3HxejibHOFO XBopnecxBa ajixaftcKHx xiopoK.
OflHaKO OCHOBHbIM HCXOMHHKOM pOCXa CoGpaHHH 3a nOCJlCAHHC ABa/IuaXb HHXb JICX aBJlHfOX-
CH apxeojTOFHHecKHe 3KcneAHUHH, nocxoHHHO npoBOAHMbie KaK caMHM 3pMHxa>KeM, xaK h
HncxHxyxoM apxeojiOFHH AKaACMHH nayK CCCP.
CxpCMHCb K BOCnOJIHCHHFO npoGcjIOB, HMCJOIHHXCH B CoGpaHHHX, OXACJI LUCJI OyXCM HJiaHO-
MCpHOFO pa3BepxbiBaHH5i apxeojTOFHMecKHx HccjicAOBaHHH. npH npHoGpexcHHH KOJIJICKUHH ox
3KCUCAHUHH ;ipyFHX opFaHH3auHH xaK>Ke yHHXbiBajiacb 3Kcno3HUHOHHaji H oAHOBpcMCHHO ua-
ynuaH 3HaHHM0cxb npuHHiviaeMbix komujickcob.
B03pOCUJHH uayHHblH ypOBCHb nOJICBblX HCCJlCAOBaUHH AaJI HOBbIC uocxynjicHHa, Koxopwc
npCBOCXOZlHJIH MHOFHC UpCiKHHC HC XOJlbKO KOJIKHCCXBCHHO, HO H KaMCCXBCHHO. CuCXCMa paCKO-
noK cxajia cxporo HayHuoH, npcAycMaxpHBaiouicH H3yHCHHC naMaxHHKOB ujhpokhmh njioma^a-
MH H XOHHOC /lOKyMCHXHpOBaUHC BCCFO HaH/lCHHOFO. Hc CJiyHaHHO 3HaHHXCJIbHOe MCCXO B CO-
GpaHHHX OXACJia 3aHajlH BCUIH H3 UaMHXHHKOB, paCKOnaHHblX C HCHCpUblBaiOHlCH nOJlHOXOH.
K xaKHM KOMUJicKcaM oxHOCHXCH pc^Kaa no 3HaHCHHK) KOJTJICKUH5I ^pcBHcpyccKOFO Fopo/ia
Cxapaa JlaAOxa, F;;e QjiarojxapyL ocoGum ycjiOBHHM Bjia>KHOFO Fpyuxa xopouio coxpanujiHCb
H3;iCJlHH H3 ACpCBa H K0>KH. B HOJIHOM o6bCMC BOUIJIH B COCXaB CoGpaHHH MHOFOHHCJlCHUblC
Maxcpuajibi HoBoxpoHUKOFO ropoAuma - oahofo h3 3aMeHaxejibHbix naiviHXHUKOB pauHux
cjiaBHH B noAHcnpoBbc, a xaKxe xa3apcKOH Kpenocxu CapKcn (Bcjiaa Bc>Ka), Hcxopua h cyAb6a
KOXOpoii npCACXajTH bo BCCM MH0F006pa3HH.

22
 B nocneBoeHHbie roAti, Hapa^y c KOJiJieKLiMjjMH Gojibiuoro HaynHoro SHaneHHa, nocxynajiH
OTAeJibHbie naMHTHHKH H BemH, npeACxaBJiJiiomHe xyAOKecxBeHHbiH HHxepec. 3xo rjiHHflnaa
njiacxHKa h KpacoHHO pacnHcaHHaa nocy^a ApeBHeitiuHx scMjieAeiibHecKHX njieMeH lora TypK-
MCHMH H YKpaHKbi, peajiHcxMHCCKHe xeHCKHe (j)HrypKH H3 norpeGeHHH OKyHeBCKoii xyjibxypbi
Ha Cpe/iHeM EHHcee h opHrHHajibHbie HacKajibHbie pHcyHKH paHHHX ckoxoboaob Ch6mph, Aa-
jiCKHe coGpaxbH nexporjiH4)OB KapejiHH. HpeBocxoAHbiMH oGpasuaMH 3BepHHoro cxhjih ;;o-
nojiHHjiHCb KOJiJieKiiHH CKH4)o-capMaxcKoro 30Jioxa. B hhcjio naMHXHHKOB CKH(|)CKOH apxaHKH
5bm BKjiK)HeH KOMnjreKc naxoAOK ^HJiHKXHHCKoro Kyprana, a b coGpanHe capiviaxcKHx Apes-
Hocxeft BomjiH 30Jioxbie yKpauieHMH h3 Goraxbix norpeGcHHii HH)KHero FIoBOJDKbH y ceji KajiH-
HOBKa H BepxHce FIorpoMHoe. I_I,eHHbiMH npeAMexaMH h3 xoro >Ke MorHJibHMKa y cejia BepxHce
riorpoMHoe, a xaK^ce H3 norpeGcHHa y cejia TyrosBOHOBO na Ajixae o6oraxHjiacb kojiackdjih
lOBCJIMpHblX H3AeJIHH nOJlHXpOMHOFO CXHAH IV-VII BCKOB, (J)OpMHpOBaHHe KOXOpOH HaHaJIOCb
eme B npoLujioM cxojicxhh h npoAOJi^ajiocb nocjie BejiHKOH OKxaGpbCKoft coiiHajiHcxHHecKOH
peBOJlKJUHH.
OcoGoe Mecxo npHHaAJie>KHX HCKjiioMHxejibHOH no coxpaHHOCXH h pasHooGpasHio kojijick-
LIHH H3 Goraxbix KypraHOB FopHoro Ajixaa V-IV bckob ao h. 3., pacKonaHHbix 6jih3 cejia TysK-
xa H B ypoHHiuax IllM6e, BamaAap h na3bipbiK. nopa3HxeAbHbie no cBoeo6pa3HK) h Macxep-
cxBy HcnojiHeHHH xKaHH, npcAMexbi h3 Aepesa n Mexa, BOHJioKa n ko5KH, yuejieBmne b OACAene-
jibix KaMepax KypranoB, ne nivieiox ce6e noAoGnbix hh b oahom h3 My3eeB MHpa.

B 1969 roAy b 3pMHxa>K 6bijia AOCxaBjEena eme OAna napxHH Bemeii yAHBHxejibHO xoponieii
coxpaHHOCXH. Ohh npoHcxoAHx H3 norpeGeHHH I BeKa ao h.3., pacKonaHHoro 3KcneAHUHeH
MocKOBCKoro rocyAapcxBeHHoro yHHsepcnxexa b ropax Orjiaxxw na CpcAHCM EnHcee. B ac-
peBSHHOH KaMcpe Jie>KajiH norpeGennbie c rnncoBbiMH pacKpauienHbiMH MacKaMH b 3hmhhx mc-
xoBbix OAe>KAax, a xaK>Ke abc KyKjibi b pocx nejioBCKa, OAexbie b myGbi. TaM >Ke naHAen MexoBoii
KOjiHan, o6uiHXbiH mejiKOBon xKanbio, naGop AepeBJiHHOH h rjiMnanoH nocyAW. 3xo oxKpbixHe
Aajio Bnepsbie Maxepnajibi ajih H3yMeHHH OAe»:Abi nACMCH TauixbiKCKoii Kyjibxypw - apcbhhx
npcAKOB xaKacoB.
B oGmeii cjio>khocxh 3a roAW cymecxBOBaHna nepBoGbixnoro oxACJia ero coGpanHH bo3-
pocjiM npHMepno b ABaAuaxb pa3. Pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie Maxepnajibi xapaKxepH3yK)x Bce ochobbhc
axanbi ApeBHeii HcxopnH nacejienHH Haujeii cxpanbi, noKa3biBaK)x yAejibHbin bcc ero Kyjibxypbi
B HcxopHH HCAOBeHecxBa. Pa3yMeexca, ne Bce coGpanHa oxACJia yKOMnjieKxoBaHbi c >KejiaeMOH
nonHoxoH. no HCKOxopbiM HcxopHHCCKHM nepHOAaM HMCioxca cymecxBeHHbie npoGejibi,
B onpeACJieHHOH Mepe o6ycjioBjieHHbie eme cneuH(J)HKOM (j)opMHpoBaHHH (J)ohaob HMnepaxop-
CKoro 3pMHxa)Ka. CjieAyex xaK^Ke noMHHXb, hxo oxacji ncxopHH nepBoGbixHon Kyjibxypbi - jxa-
jieKo ne eAHHCXBenHoe b Cobcxckom CoK)3e xpaHHunme, KyAa nepeAaioxca BemecxBeHHbie Ma-
xepHajibi apxeoAornnecKHx 3KcneAHUHH.
B cocxaBe coGpannH ne see rpynnbi naiviHXHHKOB, npeACxaBjiaKDuine onpeAeAeHHyio Kyjib-
xypno-HcxopHHecKyjo o6niHOcxb, coAep>Kax npon3BeAeHHa ncKyccxBa. B ochobhom ohh cocxohx
H3 BeujeH npOH3BOACXBeHHoro H GbixoBoro Ha3HaHeHHa. no3xoMy b ajibGoMe Aaexca xapaKxe-
pncxHKa xojibKO xex KOMnjieKCOB, Koxopwe BKjnoHaiox npcAMexbi Gojibuioii xyAO>KecxBeHHOH
3HaHHMOCXH.
^peBHeHHine ocxaxKH MejiOBenecKOH Kyjibxypbi, oxHOcamneca k 3noxe nn^nero naACOAHxa,
npeAcxaBjieHbi b coGpanMH opyAHaMH xpyAa h3 oGcHAnaHa, oGHapy^KennbiMH b Apmchhh Ha
rope CaxaHH-^ap. HanGojiee apKHM naiviaxHHKOM Bepxnero naneojiHxa - nepHOAa, KorAa napa-
Ay C KpynHblMH H3MeHeHHaMH B X03aHCXBeHH0M H oGnieCXBeHHOH ^H3HH nepBOGblXHOrO HCJIO-
BCKa 3apo>KAaexca H3o6pa3HxejibHoe HCKyccxBO, - aBJiaexca cxoanKa Majibxa 6jih3 HpKyxcKa.

23
Ona saHHMaex o^ho h3 nepsbix mcct b MHpe no GoraxcxBy h pa3HOo6pa3HK) xyAOJKecxBeHHbix
H3flejiHH KaMCHHoro BeKa. Baccb, na Mecxe cxofiGHma oxoxhmkob jieAHMKOBoro nepnoAa, cy-
mecxBOBaBuiero okojio AsaAUaxH xhchh jiex Ha3aA, BMecxe c KajvieHHbiMH opyAMHMM HaHACHbi
npcAMcxbi HCKyccxBa. CpeAH hhx - Bbipe3aHHbie m3 Ghbhh MaiviOHxa (f)HrypKM o6Ha>KeHHbix m
OAexbix >KeHmHH, nxMu, BbirpaBHpoBaHHbie na njiacxHHax h3 cjiohobom kocxh H3o6pa)KeHHH
3MeH H MaMOHxa, a xaK>Ke pa3JiMHHbie H3AejiHH c pe3HbiM opHaivieHxoM. MHOroHHCJiCHHbie Kocxa-
Hbie yKpameHHa - Goraxoe o>Kepejibe M3 6ycHH h ysopnaxbix noABCCOK, Gpacjiexbi, AHaACivia,
CKyjibnxypKa rxkhkh, 6jiHxa c pe3HbiM opHaivieHXOM b bhab 3Hr3aroB - bxoahjih b y6paHCXB0
peGeHKa, norpeGcHHoro noA nojioM oahofo h3 >KHjiHm.
XyAO)KecxBeHHbie npoH3BeAeHH5i cxohhkh Majibxa AOCxaxoHHO nojino oxpa>KaK)x cneuH(j)H-
necKHC ocoGeHHOCXH naneojiHXHHecKoro HCKyccxBa Bocxohhoh Ch6hph. V >KeHCKHx cxaxy3XOK
H3 Majibxbi o6Ha>KeHHbie (})Hrypbi xpaKXOBaHbi cxcMaxMHHO, nponopunH hx HapyiueHbi, a rojio-
Bbi H jTHua nexKO MOAejiHpoBaHbi. 3xh H3o6pa>KeHHJi cyinecxBCHHO oxjiHHaioxcH ox Gojiee na-
xypajiHCXHHecKHX eBponeiicKHX ,,BeHep", nbiiuHbie (j)opivibi Koxopbix hochx npcAHaiviepeHHO
noAHcpKHyxbie npM3HaKM 3pejioH ^eHLUHHbi-MaxepH.
HcKjiK)HHxejibHyK) peAKOCXb cpeAH naMsixHHKOB BepxHCxo najieojiHxa npcACxaBjiJiiox Majib-
xHHCKHe (j)HrypKH >KeHmHH B OAe>KAax, nepcAaHHbix b bhac opHaivieHxa H3 nonepenHbix jihhhh.
noAoGHbie >KeHCKHe CKyjibnxypKH HaMAeHbi xojibKO Ha cxojiHKax ChGhph. CBoeo6pa3Ha xaKxe
rpynna 300Mop(j)Hbix xyAOJKecxBCHHbix npcAMCXOB h3 Maubxbi. JlHiiib 3Aecb oGnapyKeHbi h30-
Gpa^eHHH MaMOHxa h 3MeM, BbinojiHeHHbie rpaBMpoBKOH, a xaKxe (J)HrypKH jiexamMx ryceii hjih
jieGeACH. CoBepmeHHO yHHKajibHbi cxaxyaxKH cxohluhx hjih nubiBymHX nxHU.
Ha3HaHeHHe h CMbicji xyAO^KecxBCHMbix npoH3BeAeHHH KavieHHoro BCKa cucAyex CBa3biBaxb
c HAeojiorHeii nepBoGbixHbix jhoach, o6ycjiOBjieHHOH hx npoH3BOACxBeHHOH AcaxejibHocxbio h
onpeAejieHHbiMH oGmecxBenHbiMH oxHomennjiMH. MaxepHHCKHH cxpoH poAOBofi opraHH3a-
UHH B ycjioBHHx occAJioro o6pa3a >kh3hh, Gojibiiiaa pojib oGjiaBHOH oxoxbi oGbacHaiox cmhcjio-
Boe 3HaHeHHe mcchckhx H3o5pa>KeHHH - oahofo h3 ocHOBHbix CK)>KexoB HCKyccxBa nosAHexo
najieojiHxa. Ohh npcAcxaBJiHiox >KeHHiHHy-npapoAHxejibHHuy, xo35iHKy AOMa h xpaHHxeAbHHuy
AOMamnero onara, ojiHuexBopHBUjyK) cahhcxbo h poAcxBO nepBo6bixHbix oGmnn. Bmccxc c xcm
CHHxajiocb, Hxo B )KeHCKHx cxaxy3XKax 3aKjiK)HeHa MarHHecKaa cnua, Koxopan bjihhcx na yAan-
Hblii HCXOA OXOXbl.

C KyjibxaMH 3BepeH h oxoxHHHbeii MarHeii CBa3aHbi H3o6pa>KeHHa >KHBOXHbix - Apyraa xeMa

HCKyccxBa najieojiHxa. Mnorne h3 3xhx naMHXHHKOB co3AaBajiHCb jxjin oGpjiAOB, coBepmaeMbix
AJIH AOCXHJKCHHH ycHcxa B oxoxc.
OxACJi HcxopHH nepBo6bixHOH Kyjibxypbi 3pMHxa)Ka pacnojraxaex GojibujHMH, pa3HOo6pa3-
HbiMH no cocxaBy KOJijieKUHJiMH MaxepnajioB anoxn neojinxa. FlpeAcxaBjieHbi Kyjibxypw hobo-
KaMCHHoro BCKa, pacnpocxpaneHHbie na orpoMHbix h oxAajienHbix Apyr ox Apyra xeppHxopnax
(jiecHaa nojioca CBponeHCKOH nacxH CCCP, BocxoHHaa CnGnpb, CcBcpHbiH KaBKa3). Maxepna-
jibi 3XHX Kyjibxyp no3BOjiaK)x pacKpwxb xo3aHcxBeHHyK) AeaxcjibHocxb HeojiHxnnecKoro hcjio-

BCKa, nporpecc b npoH3BOACXBe KaivieHHbix opyAHH xpyAa. BbiHBHXb HCKOxopbie cxopoHbi AyxoB-
HOH )KH3HH 3nOXH.
OcoGcHHO nojiHO noKa3aHbi b 3pMHxa^e apxeojTorHHecKHc KovinjieKCbi, npoHcxoAaniHC h3
jiecHbix oGjiacxcH EsponeHCKOH Pocchh h pacKpbmaioniHe 5KH3Hb neojinxHwecKHx njicMCH 06-
mnpHOFO KpaM HexBepxoro - cepeAHHbi Bxoporo xbicflHejiexna ao h. 3. 3xo 6biJio Bpeiviji nojiBjie-
HHH H paCnpOCXpaHCHHH KepaMHKH, p0)KAeHHH HOBblX npHCMOB H3rOXOBJieHHa opyAHH H3 KpCMHH
H paHce He ynoxpeGjiaBuinxcH nopoA KaMHH (nanpniviep, cjianua), ujHpoKoro npHMeneHHa py6H-
mnx opyAHH. 3xH xapaKxepHbie nepxbi pa3BHXHJi hcojikxhwcckhx Kyjibxyp noAXBcpjKAajoxca

24
HaxoAKaMH B GacceHHC BepxHCH Bojifm, Bojiro-OKCKOM Me>KAypeHbe, K»KHbix paiiOHax
riCKOBCKOH o6jiacTH, KapejiHH.
3th kojijickuhm BKjiK)HaK)T MHoroHHCJieHHbie npeflMexbi MaxepHajibHOH Kyjibxypbi caMoro
pa3JiHHHoro HaBHaneHMJi: KaivieHHbie xonopbi h xecjia, HaKOHenHHKH cxpen, KonHM h apoxhkob,
CKpeGKM H HOXH, rpysMJia ajth cexeii, saroxoBKH opyAHii, ruHHHHbie cocyabi, KocxaHbie h poro-
Bbie HaKOHeHHHKH cxpeji M rapnyHOB, /^epeBaHHbie pyKoaxH xonopoB, BCCJia, kobujh m naiuH.
rienaxb xyflOKecxBCHHoro xBopnecxBa Jie>KHx Ha mhophx MSAejiHax jiecHoro HeojiHxa.
rjiHHHHaH nocy^a HCKOxopbix Kyjibxyp noKpbiBajiacb xaK Ha3biBaeMbiM aMOHHO-rpeGeHHaxbiM
opHaivieHxoM m HHorfla yKpamajiacb H3o6pa)KeHH5iMH BO^onnaBaioLUHx nxHU. Ho 06 HCKyccxBe
HeojiHXHHCCKMx njieMCH 6ojibLue roBopax npoH3Be/ieHHa H3 AepcBa, pora h KaiviHH. ^epeBHHHbie
H3flejiH5i (hx floiiijio AO Hac HeMHoro) Aaiox npeACxaBJieHHC o iiiHpoKOM pacnpocxpaHCHMH
o6pa6oxKn AcpeBa. Por Hcnojib30BajicH ajih co3flaHHH cKyjibnxypHbix H3o6pa>KeHMH >KHBOXHbix
M HejiOBeKOo6pa3Hbix haojiob. KaMeHHbie iiiJiH(J)OBaHHbie (j)HrypHbie xonopu-MOjioxbi, oamh h3
KOHUOB Koxopwx 3aBepmaexcH rojiOBoii noca hjih mcabcah, nepeAaHHoii c HCKjiioMHxejibHOH
BbipasHxejibHOCxbio h npaBAonofloGHeM, oneBHAHO, ynoxpe6jiHJiHCb npH cosepmeHMH pejiH-
rH03Hbix oGpaAOB. BecbMa cxeMaxHMHbi, CTHUHSOBanbi ManeHbKHe, xmaxejibHO o6pa6oxaHHbie
KpeMHCBbie (j)HrypKH jiioAeH, jkhbothux, nxHii, cjiyjKHBiuHe yKpameHHaMH-aMyjiexaMH.
IlpeAcxaBjieHbi b 3pMHxa>Ke m o6pa3i];bi MOHyMCHxajibHoro HCKyccxBa ApeBHCHiiiero Hace-
jicHMJi jiecHOH eBponeMCKoii nojiocbi - pHcyHKH Ha o6jiOMKax rpaHHXHOM CKajibi. Oahh pncyHKH
BbinojiHCHbi peajiHcxHHHO, ApyrHe - ycjiOBHo; GojibuiHHCXBO - CHnyaxHbi, ecxb h KOHxypnbie.
neTpor;iH(j)bi - BbiAaioHiHeca naMaxHHKH H3o6pa3HxejibHOFO XBopnecxsa HeojiHXHHecKOH
3noxH - npoAOjDKaiox ocxaBaxbCH oGteKxoM npncxajibHoro HccjieAOBanHH coBpeivieHHOH nayKH,
nopo^Aaa npoxHBonojio>KHbie B3rji5iAt.i m KOHuenuHH HcxojiKOBaHHa hx CMbicjia h HasHaMenHJi,
MX CeMaHTHKH.
3pMHxa)KHoe coGpanHe HeojiHXHHCCKHX naMHXHHKOB JiecHbix xeppHxopHH eBponeHCKoM
PoccHH pacKpbiBaex Kyjibxypy nacejieHHa, b xo35iHCXBe Koxoporo BeAymee nojio^eHHe 3aHH-
MaAH oxoxa h pbiGoAOBCXBO. B nepHOA cyiijecxBOBaHHH 3xhx njieMCH oxoxhhkob m pbiGonoBOB
Ha lore nameH cxpanbi pasBHBajiacb Kyjibxypa 3eMJieAejibHeB h ckoxoboaob. TaM yjKe na CMeny
npHCBaHBaiomeMy xo35iMCXBy (oxoxa h pbiGojiOBCXBo) npHiujio xo3mhcxbo npoH3BOAHiuee
(scMJieAeAMe h ckoxoboacxbo). FesKwe pa3JTHHHji b reorpa4)HHecKOH cpeAe co3AajiH nepaBHO-
MepHOcxb B pasBHXHH Kyjibxyp CeBepa h lOra, nopoAHjiH pa3AejieHHe b xy 3noxy nepBo6biXHbix
Kyjibxyp Ha K)>KHbie (cxennbie) h ceBepnbie (jiecHbie), oGycjiOBHjiH cymecxBOBaHHe AByx pa3Hbix,
npOTHBOnOJ10>KHbIX BO MHOrHX C4)epax )KH3HH oGuieCXBa MHpOB.
CHHxpoHHbie apxeojTorHHecKHe Maxepnajibi CeBepa h K)ra, co6paHHbie b My3ee, noKasbiBaiox
oxjiHHHH H no3BOJiJiK)x H3yHHXb nyxH pa3BHXH5i oxAejibHbix KyAbxyp. PaHbine Bcero npoHSBOAa-
uxnQ Kyjibxypbi Ha xeppHxopHH HameH cxpanbi bo3hhkjih na lore CpcAHCH A3hh, roGahsocxh
H b KOHxaKxe c ApcBHeHujHMH ueHxpaMH 3xoro XMna xo35!HCXBa nepeAHCH A3HH. P51A apxeojTO-
THHecKHx KOMHncKCOB paccKa3biBaeT o ApeBHHx 3eMJieAeJibHax, oGHxaBUJHX na xeppHxopHH
K))KHOH TypKMeHHH. 3HaHHTejibHbie rpynnbi Maxepnajia - pacnHCHaa KepaMHKa h iviejiKaH
HjiacxHKa. CocyAbi opnaMeHXHpoBaAHCb (j)HrypKaMH 3BepeH m reoMexpHnecKHMH, npeHMyniecx-
BeHHo npaiviojiHHeHHbiMH ysopaMH. TeppaKoxoBbie JKencKMe cxaxyaxKH oxjiHnaKJxcji cpaBHH-
XejlbHO 6ojlbUJHMH pa3MepaMH H KpaCOMHOCXbK).
3HeojiHXHHecKaji (MeAHOKaMCHHaa, x. e. BKjHOHafomaa nepBbie iviexajiJiHHecKHe npeAMexbi)
TpHHOjibCKaa Kyjibxypa (xpexbe - nepBaa nojiOBMHa Bxoporo xbicaHejiexHH ao h. 3.), BbiHBJien-
naa na 6ojibmoM xeppHxopHM npaBo6epe>KHOH YKpaHnbi h MojiAaBHH, npeAcxaBjiaex nAcivieHa
nepBbix seMjieAeJibueB eBponcHCKOH nacxH CCCP. TpHnojibCKHe KOMnjieKCbi C0Aep>Kax opyAHH

25
M3 KpeMHH, cjiaHua, KOCTH H pora, ruMHHHyK) nocyAy, 3epHOTepKH, yKpameHHa, noaenKH H3
MeflH, CTaTy3TKH H3 rjlHHbl - H3o6pa>KeHHH >KeHCKHX (j)Hryp, a XaKXe AOMaiUHMX >KHBOTHbIX.
B 3T0H Macce Maxepwajia cjieAyex BbiAejiHTb nocyAy w cKyjibnxypKM.
BojibLUHe H MajieHbKHC cocyAbi caivibix pa3JiHHHbix (J)opM, nopoii npHnyAJiMBbix, coBepmeH-
Hbi no xexHHKe H3roxoBjieHMH, H3HujHbi M pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi no opnaMeHxauMM. Pocnwcb KepaviMKH
B BMAe pMXMMHHo noBxopjnouiMxcH cnwpajieM, KOHueHxpHwecKnx KpyroB hjih jienx, BbinojiHen-
naa MHHepajibHbiMH KpacKaMH Gejioro, KopHnneBoro h Hepnoro ubcxob no KpacHOBaxon huh
>KejixoBaxoH nosepxHOCXH, HHOrAa BKJHonajia cxeiviaxHHHbie H3o6pa>KeHH5i >KHBOXHbixHAK)AeH.
TeppaKOxoBbie cxaxy3XKH H3o5pa)KaK)x cxoamnx hjih chahuxhx xeHmnn. V cj^nrypoK nex
pyK, cxynnen. nosepxHOcxb hx nacxo yKpamena pocnncbK) huh yrjiy6jieHHbiM reoMexpHHecKHM
y3opoM. CpeAH (j)HrypoK xHBOxnbix npeoGjiaAaiox H3o6pa)KeHMH GbiKOB.
TeppaKOxoBbie cxaxyaxKH to^nbix scMjiCAejibHecKHx Kyjibxyp, oxjiMHatomnecH Gojibmon
Bbipa3HxejibH0cxbK), CACAanbi c HecoMHennbiM MacxepcxBOM. Hx oGtcAHHjnox oGuine nepxbi:
OHH xpaKxoBanbi Hpe3BbiHaHHO ycjioBHO, CHjibHO cxeiviaxH3HpoBaHbi, AexanH nepeAanbi 0606-
meHHO. JlHUJb He6ojibUjaH rpynna xpnnojibCKHx cxaxyaxoK pemeHa HaxypajincxHMecKH.
CKyjibnxypHbie H3o6pa>KeHHa xenninH cBH3aHbi c 3eMjieAejibHecKHM KyjibxoM, c o6pa30M
GorMHH-MaxepH, Gofhhh njiOAopoAHa. Tohho xaK xe opnaMeHxauHH cocyAOs ne Gwjia npocxo
yKpameHHCM, a HMena onpeAejiennbiH CMbicn, necjia coAep>KaHHe, o6ycjioBjieHHoe pa3JiHHHbiMH
KyjTbxaMH, 3aHMMaBmHiviH 3HaHHxejibHoe mccxo b 5KH3HH nepBo6bixHoro HejioBeKa.
OaHHM H3 CaMblX Ba>KHbIX H HHXepeCHblX KOMHJieKCOB He XOJlbKO CpCAH 3HeOJlHXHHeCKHX
coGpaHHH 3piviHxa>Ka, ho h bccx ero apxeojiorHMecKHX kojijickuhh aBjiaexca KovinjieKc MafiKon-
CKoro Kyprana na CeBepnoM KaBKa3e (cepeAHwa xpexbero xbiCHMejiexna ao h. 3.). Flpn pacKon-
Kax Kyprana noA 3eMji5iHOH nacbinbK) bwcoxoh okojio OAnnnaAuaxH MCxpoB b myGoKoii aivie
6biJi oGnapyxen AepeBannbiH cpy6, KoxopbiH cBepxy noKpbiBajica HaKaxoM h3 GpeBcn. B caivioM

6ojibujOM oxAeJieHHH cpyGa oGnapyiKeno 3axopoHeHHe njieivieHHoro bo>kah. OorpeGenHbiH 6biJi

oGcbinan KpacHosaxon KpacKOH - oxpoH (chmboji xh3hh h orna).
HcKjHOHHxejibHO 6oraxo yGpancxBO MorHjibi. ^Ba 30Aoxbix h nexbipnaAUaxb cepeSpaHbix
cocyAOB cocxaBjiHjiH napaAHbiH cepBH3. Oahh h3 HaHAennbix cocyAOB opnaMeHXHpoBaH neKan-
HbiMH H3o6pa>KeHHHMH >KHBOXHbix Ha (|)OHe popHOPO neH3a5Ka. FojioBy B05KAH yKpaujaji y6op
C AByMH 30JI0XbIIVIH JlCHXaMH H npHKpenjieHHblMH K HHM 30JI0XbIMH ABOHHblMH p03eXKaMH,
HieK) M rpyAb - necKOJibKo o>KepejiHH h3 MHO^ecxBa 30jioxbix, cepeGpanux, cepAOJiHKOBbix h
6HpK)30Bbix 6ycHH. Ha noKOHHHKe ne>KajiH 30Jioxbie Gajhukh - (jjHrypKH JibBOB h Ghkob.
Pjiaom c HHM - cepeGpjiHbie n 30JT0Xbie 6biHKH h nojibie, BcxaBjiaBmnecfl OAna b Apyryio xpy6KH
ox GajTAaxHHa.
KoMHjieKC MaiiKoncKoro Kyprana, noKasaBUJHH 6oraxcxBa, Koxopbie naKanjinBajincb b
pyKax poAOHJieivreHHOH snaxn b xpexbCM xbicaneAexHH ao n. 3., pacKpbiJi cbh3h Hainero KaBKa3a
c nepeAOBbiMH nenxpaiviH UHBHjiH3auHH BocxoKa, oxKyAa nponcxoAHJin MHorne naHAennbie
B Kyprane xyAO^KCCXBennbie npcAMexbi. 3xh GjiecxHuine o6pa3nbi xopcBXHKH CAenajin kom-
njieKc MatiKoncKoro Kyprana oahhm H3 caMbix H3Becxnbix h 3HaHHxejibHbix b Cobcxckom
CoK)3e naMHXHHKOB ApeBHCH Kyjibxypbi.
3HeojiHXHHecKaH ManKoncKaa Kyjibxypa, k Koxopon npHnaAJie^KHx KOMnjicKc Kyprana.
xapaKxepH3yexcH n MaxepnajioM pacKonoK coccahhx nocejiennn, ecxecxBcnno, 3naMHxeAbno
6ojiee CKpoMHbiM, no xeM ne Menee noKa3biBaK)niHM )KH3Hb nacejiennji, xpyAOM Koxoporo
co3AaBajiocb 3x0 orpoMnoe GoraxcxBO. HaxoAKH h3 yKpenjiennoro nocejienna MeuioKo,
pacnojiaraBHierocH b OKpyre ManKoncKoro Kyprana, BKjiK)HaK)x KepaMHKy, KaMennwe h kocxh-
Hbie opyAHH xpyAa, xonopbi, Gpacjiexbi h3 Kaivrna n Apyrne npcAMexbi.

26
 naMHTHMKM 9nOXH 6pOH3bl, COCTaBJlHK)mne 3HaHHTeJlbHyK) HaCTb CoGpaHHH no MCTOpHM
nepBoGbiTHOH Kyjibxypbi, npoHcxo/iJiT h3 pasjiHMHwx paMOHOB KOKHbix cxeneH, KaBKa3a h
3aKaBKa3b5i, JiecHoro CeBepa, Ka3axcTaHa n Cn6HpH. BnaroAapa hx H3yHeHHK) BbiacHeHO
MHoroe B oGjiHKe Kyjibxyp xoro BpeivieHH, Kor/ia pacnpocxpaHeHne opyjiHvi m MHbix H3/iejiHH h3
cnjiasa mc^h c ojiobom h apyrMMH Mcrajinawin BbOBajio cymecxBeHHbie nepcMCHbi b >kh3HH
ApcBHcro HaceJieHHH. Bojibiuoro coBepmeHcxBa AocxHrjiH m HCKOxopwe npoHSBOflcxBa, Mcnojib-
30BaBLui4e cxapbie, ;^aBHO M3BecxHbie MaxepManbi. 06o bccm 3xom mokho cyAHXb no 3pMnxax-
HblM C06paHHJIM.
HcKjnoHHxejibHO Bbipa3MxejibHaH CKyjibnxypnaa rojioBa jiocmxm (lUnrMpcKHH xop(J)hhmk)
npoaojDKaBmeM >Knxb b jiecnon nojioce ncKyccxBC pe3b6bi no kocxh, a yc-
CBH/iexejTbcxByex o
jiOBHO pemennaH 4)aHxacxHHecKaH 6poH30Boro HAOJia („raJiHMCKHH KnaA") HBjrjiexcH
(j)HrypKa
npHMepoM flocxM>KeHMH B xyflo>KecxBeHHOH o6pa6oxKe MexajiJia. 06pa3Ubi KepaMHKM pa^a
KyjTbxyp Aaiox npezicxaBjTeHHe 06 ncKyccxBc opnaivieHxa xoro speivieHH.
McKyccxBO 6poH30Boro BCKa b co6paHHM 3piviMxa>Ka apKo pacKpbiBaiox Maxepnajibi /jsyx
Kyjibxyp - OKyneBCKOM (CpeaHHH EnnceH, nepBaa nojiOBnaa Bxoporo xbiCHHejiexna /^o n. 3.)
H KoGancKOH Kyjibxypbi (CeBepHbin KaBKa3, Konen Bxoporo - nepsaji nojiOBHna nepBoro xbica-
HejiexHH ao u. 3.).
HocnxejTH OKyneBCKOH Kyjibxypbi ocxaBHJiH MHoroo6pa3Hbie naiviHXHMKH H3o6pa3HxejibHoro
XBopnecxBa: H3BaaHMa m3 rpannxa h necnahMKa, yKpauienhbie pejibe(j)HbiMH m rpaBnpoBaHHbiMH
H3o5pa>KeHM5iMH Mn{j)MHecKHx cymecxB, Kocxanbie njiacxHHKH c rpaBnpoBaHHbiMM pncyHKaiviH,
MejiKyK) KaMCHHyK) njiacxHKy, nexporjiH(f)bi. H3 BbiJioMannbix b CKajiax njinx c M3o6pa>KeHH5iMH
GbijiH coopy>KeHbi eme b zipeBHOCxn jmxHKH-rpo6bi. Ha noBepxHocxn njinx coxpaHMjincb pH-
cyHKH: (j)Mrypbi xHBoxHbix, HejiOBCHecKMe Jinua c xpeivia rjia3aMM, cJ)aHxacxHHecKne 3BepM. /1,jih

MCjiKOM njiacxMKM xapaKxepHbi M3o6pa>KeHMa >KeHCKHx fojiobok. Ohm Bbipe3aHbi na Konuax

cxeaxHXOBbix cxep>KeHbKOB h oxjiHHahoxcH peajincxHHHOCxbK) McnojiHeHHa. Tojiobkh o6i.eMHbi;
ymax nepe/],aHbi xohkhmm pe3HbiMH jihhhhmh.
JiHUO, BOjiocbi, cepbrn b
KoGancKaa Kyjibxypa, 3aBepujaH 6poH30BbiM nepnoa, nepexo^nx b cjie/iyiomyK) 3noxy.
riaMJixHnKM ee ijocxaxonno pa3Hoo6pa3Hbi, ho nanGojiee xapaKxepHbi 6poH30Bbie M3/iejiMfl.

3pMHxa>KHoe coGpanne apcbhmx KaBKascKMx 6poH3, ojxho h3 jiyHmnx b ivinpe, yGe/iHxejibHO

pacKpbiBaex xyAoxecxBeHHbie flocxoMHCXBa npoH3BefleHHH KoGancKnx iviacxepoB. 3xy kojijick-
UMK) /lonojinaex Gojibmaa rpynna cxo/iHbix 6poH30Bbix M3aejiHH 3aKaBKa3CKOH Kojixh^ckoh
KyjTbxypbi, coceAHeii c KoGancKon m cnnxpoHHOM en. JXpenuHe jiMxenniMKH co3AaJTM npeAMexbi
caMoro pa3jiMMHoro Ha3HaMeHMH, opnrHHajibHbix (|)opM, xexHMHecKM 6e3ynpeHHOM BWAejiKM.
OGninpHbiH Kpyr 6poH3 BKjifOHaex opy>KHe (GoeBbie xonopw, Konba, KMH>Kajibi), npMHaAJie>K-
HocxH KOHCKOH c6pyn, noHca m3 xohkofo jiHcxoBoro Mexajina, nojJCHbie npH>KKH, GyjiaBKM
pa3Hbix cJjopM H Macxo orpoMHbix pa3MepoB, 4)M6yjibi, ocoGbie Gpacjiexbi (napyHMbie h najio-
KoxHbie H3 npy>KMHHniHx cnnpajien), BceB03ivio>KHbie yKpamenMH b bmac noABecoK, GjiaujcK,
nenen h CKjienannbie h3 6poH30Bbix jimcxob cocyAbi. MHorne npcAMexbi yKpamenbi opna-
MeHXOM: reOMexpHHeCKMMM (j)MrypaMH, M3o6pa>KeHHJIMM )KHBOXHbIX - AOMauiHHX H AHKHX.
CjiO)KHbie coHCxanHfl 3JieMeHX0B opnaivieHXHKH nopoii npHnyAJiMBbi, ho Bceraa M3amHbi.HHorAa
noHBjiHFoxcjr H aHxponoMop(j)Hbie MOXHBbi. OAHaKO H3o6pa>KeHMfl MejiOBCKa Bcxpenaioxca name
B MenKOH 5poH30BOH njiacxHKC, xoxa n b 3xom bmag XBopnecxBa rocnoACXByiox H3o6pa)KeHHa
SBepefi (noABecKH, npH>KKH b bmac MajieHbKMx (J)MrypoK). Kohh, coGaKH, ojichh, Gapanbi, 3MeH,
nxHnbi, pbiGbi, HcnojiHCHHbie rpaBMpoBKon, b pejibe(l)e n cKyjibnxype, Aanbi b cahhoh ocoGoh
Manepe, oGteAMnaiomeH hx b rpynny npoH3BeAeHHH KaBKa3CKoro 3BepHHoro cxnua. BceM mm
CBOHCxBeHHbi cxporaH AaKOHHHHOcxb, onpeAeJieHHaa cxeMaxH3auHa b xpaKxoBKe {j)Mryp n b xo

27
>Ke BpeMH - HenOCpCACTBeHHOCTb H nOJIHOKpOBHOCTb 06pa30B. ^OCTOMHCTBa MHOrMX npoH3-
BQJlQHim KaBKaSCKOrO 3BepMHOrO CTHJIH - B o6o6lUeHHOCTH H 0;iHOBpeMeHHO >KM3HeHHOH AOCTO-
BepHOCTH, a HHor;ia b apKofi AHHaiviHHHOCTH. H3AeJiH5i noKa3i>iBaK)T, KaKoro BbicoHaMiiiero pac-
UBCxa flocTHrjia xy/ioMcecTBCHHaa o6pa5oTKa MexajiJia y flpcBHHx njieivieH KaBKa3a b nepBO-
GbiTHyK) anoxy.
HaMHTHMKH 3noxH JKCJiesa B coGpaHHH 3pMHTa)Ka npoHcxoAHT noHTH CO Bceii reppHTopHH
CoBexcKoro Coiosa. KoMnjieKCbi coctoht H3 mhofhx thchh ^peBHHx npeAMeroB. B hhx orpa-
>KeHbI AeCHTKH KyjIbXyp, HCXOpHH HapOflOB (Ha3BaHH5I HCKOXOpblX H3 HHX H3BeCXHbl). Be3 apMH-
xa^Hbix MaxepHajioB HaiiiH npcAcxaBJieHHa o 3HaHHxeiibHbix axHOKyjibxypHbix o6mHocxax xoro
BpeMCHH, B nacxHOcxH o KOHCBHHKax paHHero ^ejie3Horo sena, BjiaaeBiuHX rpoMa/iHbiM noacoM
cxencH ox /lynaH ao AjixaiiCKHX rop, Ghjih 6bi naMHOxo Ge^Hee. BojibuiHC pasAenbi coGpaHHa
no HcxopHH Kyjibxyp paHHHX kohcbhhkob He snaiox ce6e paBHbix h MHoroe aajiH fljia Hayinoro
no3HaHHH npomnoro. HeKoxopbie npeflMexbi xyAO^ecxBCHHoro XBopnecxBa cxoax b pajxy
uieACBpoB MHpoBoro MCKyccxsa.
3XM KOJIJieKUHM OXKpblBaiOXCH CKH(j)CKHMH ApeBHOCX^MH. Co CKHcJjaMH H ApyrHMH COBpC-
MeHHbiMH HM oGHxaxejiHMH cxeneH cBH3aHbi Ba>KHbie HSMeHeHHa b «h3hh nepBoGbixHOFO
oGiuecxBa bo Bxopoii nexBepxH nepBoro xbiCHHCJiexHa ao h. 3. CKH4)CKaH anoxa 6biJia BpeMeneM
lUHpoKoro pacnpocxpaHCHMH 5Kejie3a, H3roxoBiieHHa »ejie3Hbix opyAHH h opy>KHji, pa3BHXH5!
KOHCBoro CKoxoBOACXBa, HenpepbiBHbix BoeHHbix cxojiKHOBeHHH, HaKonneKHH GoraxcxB B pyKax
BO^ACM, pocxa MOKnjieMCHHbix cB}i3eii, o6pa30BaHHH MorymecxBeHHbix oGteAMHeHMH-uapcxB
H C0K)30B nJICMCH.
CKM(|)bi sacejiHJiH K))KHopyccKHe cxenH. ApxeojiornMecKHe KOMnneKCbi, npoMcxoAamHe h3
ripHAHenpoBbH, ripHKyGaHbJi h KpbiMa, pacKpbiBaiox mhofhc cxopoHbi >km3hh m 5bixa ckh(J)-
CKoro o6mecxBa. KojijieKUHH cocxoax b ochobhom h3 jviaxepMajiOB KypraHHbix MorHJibHHKOB.
CpcAH HHX HanGojiee SHaHHxejibHbi KOMnjieKCbi KypranoB KejiepivreccKHX, Yjibckhx, EjiHsa-
BexHHCKHx, KaparoAeyaujx b RpHKyGaHbe, KypranoB Cojioxa, HepxoMJibiK, Bojibuiaa L[hm-
GajiKa, KpacHOKyxcKHH, AjieKcanAponojibCKHH b HpHAHenpoBbe, 3ojioxoh h TaAacBCKHH b
cxennoM KpbiMy.
Bee 3XM H Apyrne, mm noAoGHbie naiviaxHHKH - ycbinajibHHUbi BOXAen hjih uapefi. FIoa
3eMjiHHbiMH, HHOH pa3 GojibLUHMH HacbinHMH, B MorHjiax Hacxo cjioxHoro ycxpoiicxBa, b BHAe
CKjienoB H KaxaKOMG, naxoAHJiHCb norpeGennbie h MHoroHncjieHHbie pa3HOo6pa3Hbie BemH.
Eme B ApeBHOcxH HeKoxopbie Kypranbi noABeprjiHCb orpaGjieHMfo. OAHaKo n xo, mxo cxaAO
AocxoHHHeM apxeojioroB, Gbijio BecbMa SHanHxenbHo. FIpexAe Bcero HeoGxoAMMO Ha3Baxb
npeAMexbi noBceAHCBHoro oGnxoAa (GpoH30Bbie Koxjibi, rjiKHJiHaa nocyAa), yKpaiueHHa (30J10-
xbie Kojibua, Gpacjiexbi, o>Kepejiba, noABecKH, rojiOBHbie yGopbi), MexajiJiMHecKHC AexajiH kocxk)-
MOB (b ochobhom HauiHBHblC 30JI0Xbie GjiaUIKH), Opy>KHe (mCHM, CeKHpbl, KOnbH, cxpcAbi,
KOJinaHbi, HOiKHbi, oGopoHHxejibHbie AOcnexH), kohckoc yGpancxBO, oGpHAOByio yxBapb. JXo-
Gbixbie B Kypxanax Bcmn H3roxoBjieHbi h3 pa3JiHMHtix MaxepwajioB (homhmo sojioxa. GpoH3bi
H rjiHHbi - >Kejie30, cepeGpo, Kocxb, KaMCHb), pa3jiHHHO m mx npoHcxo^ACHHe. Oahh CACJiaHbr
Ha Mccxe, ApyxMC npHBe3eHbi - Kynjienbi, saxBaneHbi b noxoAax, AOCxaBJienbi M3AajieKa Gjiaro-
Aapa xoproBjie h MOKnneMCHHOMy oGMeny.
B cKH(j)CKoe BpcMH conpHKOCHOBeHHH, KOHxaKXbi pa3Hbix 3XHHHecKHX rpynn npMHHMaJlH
AOBOJTbHo mnpoKHH xapaKxep. Ohh oxsaxbiBajiH GojibuJHe xeppHxopHH h bcjih k o6pa30BaHHK)
CXOAHblX HBJieHHM B MaXCpHajlbHOH KyjlbXypC CKHCJDOB H MX COCeACH. CeBepnee KOHCBblX CKHCJ)-
CKHx njicMCH, Ha oGiHHpHbix HpocxpaHCXBax jiecocxenH, oGnxajio oceAJioe HacejieHHC, 3aHHMaB-
LueecH 3eMAeAejiHeM h ckoxoboacxbom. B KyAbxype 3xoro HaceACHHa Ghjih oGuihc nepxbi c

28
KyjibxypoH KoneBbix ckh(|)ob, rjiasHbiM o6pa30M b ochobhbix (J)opMax opyjKMH, kohckhx y6opax
H npcAMerax HCKyccTBa. TaKoe cxoactbo 3jTeMeHT0B Kyjibxypbi m no3BOJiHeT BKJiioHHTb b noun-
THe CKH(j)CKaH 3noxa, mjih ckm(J)ckhh nepHO/i, He xojibKO coGctbchho CKH(j)CKHe, ho h Apyrne,
cxoAHbie c HHMH njieMCHa.
naMJiTHHKH Kynbxypbi cKH4)CKoro BpeMCHH c xeppHTopHM jrecocxenH b 3pMHxa^e npea-
cxasjieHbi flocxaxoMHO nojino. Ohh npoHcxoAHx h3 paiioHOB, pacKHHysiuHxcfl ox CeBepcKoro
/loHua AO Thccbi, h oxhochxch k VII-IV BCKaM ao h. 3. KypraHHbie KOMnjieKCbi AOBOAbHO
MHoroHHCjieHHbi, oAHaKO He HCHepnbiBaK)x Bcero MHorooGpasHa apxeojiorHHCCKHx MaxepnajiOB
M AonojiHHioxcH HaxoAKaMH Ha yKpenjieHHbix nocejieHHHX (ropoAHmax), xaKHX KaK HeMHpoBCKoe,
FpHropoBCKoe m Apyrne.
HccjieAOBaHHH ropoAHux no3BOJTHjin B iiiHpoKOM oGteMe cyAHXb o 3aHHXH}ix H o6pa3e
5KH3HH jiecocxenHoro HacejienHa Ckh({)hh. Pha hexoaok cBH3aH c cejibCKOxosaHCXseHHbiM,
npexAe Bcero 3eMjieAeJibHecKHM npoH3BOACXBOM, pa3JTHHHbiMH npoMbicAaiviH h peMecjiaMH,
c o6pa6oxKOH >Kejie3a h 6poH3bi. MaccoBbiM apxeojiorwHecKHM MaxepHajioM aBJiaexca rjiHHa-
Haa JiennaH nocyAa. BojibuiaH nacxb ee - npeKpacnoM BbiAejiKH, coBepmeHHbix nponopuHH,
c jioiueHHOH AO GjiecKa noBepxnocxbK), yKpaiueHHoii KaHHejiiopaMH h pe3HbiM opnaMcnxoM B
BHAe noHcoB H reoMexpHHecKHx (|)Hryp.
CpcAM Bcero o6hjihh apxeojiorwHecKoro MaxepHajia ckh(J)ckoh 3noxH KaK b KOMHAeKcax,
npoHcxoAHuiHx M3 cxeHHOH 30Hbi, xaK H jiecocxeHH, BbiACAaioxcH BemM BbicoKoro xyAo^ecx-
BeHHOro HcnojTHeHHa. HeKOxopbie h3 hhx BbiujjiH h3 peMecjiennbix uenxpoB cxpan BocxoKa
(opyjKMe) H FpeuHM (KepaiviHHecKHe h MexaAAHHecKMe HSACJiHa), Apyrne co3AaHbi MacxepaMH
rpenecKHx ropoAOB-KOjiOHHii na cesepHbix Geperax HepHoro Mopa. CpeAH nocjieAHMX oGpa-
maiox BHMMaHHe npeAMexbi c H3o6pa>KeHHeM cuen h3 5kh3hh ckh(})ob. BenHKO ne xojibKo acxexH-
lecKoe 3HaHeHMe 3xhx BbiAaiomHxcH npoM3BeAeHHH rpenecKOH xopeBXHKH. Ohh a^iox bo3mo^-
HOCXb n03HaKOMMXbCH C KaKHMH-XO MOMeHXaMM >KM3HM CKHCJJOB, n03BOJlflK>X „yBHAeXb" HX B
AeiicxBHH, narjiHAHO npcAcxaBHXb hx oGjtmk, oAe^Ay, Boopy>KeHHe.
B pHAy npeBOCxoAHbix H3AejiHH, oGHapy>KeHHi>ix b CcBepHOM npHHepnoMopbe, hmcioxch
BemH, cAejiaHHbie b caMoii Ckh4)hh. ilpHaiimee npoaBJicHHC ckm(J)ckoh Kyjibxypbi, Bepuinna ee
xyAOKecxBeHHoro xBopnecxBa, - naMJixHMKH ncKyccxBa xaK Ha3biBaeMoro 3BepMHoro cxhjih*.
McKjHOHHxejibHa MX Bbipa3HxejibH0cxb. Onrypbi ^khboxhhx hjih H3oGpa)KeHHa hx rojiOB, poroB,
jian, rjTa3, Korxeii yKpamaAH MHorne npeAMexbi, b nepByio onepeAt., opy)KHe HKOHCKyiocGpyK).
MaxepnajiOM cjiy>KHjiH 30aoxo, cepeGpo, GpoH3a, >Kejie30 h kocxb. XapaKxepHbie npH3HaKH
XHBOXHoro (nacxb, pora, yiuH, Konbixa, kjhob) noAHepKMBajiHCb npeyBejinneHHeM, hxo
A0Ji>KH0 Gbijio roBopHXb o CHJie 3BepH, o chocoGhocxh ero k GopbGe. 3xo acHO Bbipa>KeHO
B pHAe naMflXHHKOB 3BepHHoro cxHJia H Gbijio oGycjTOBjieHO MarHHecKMM, KyjibX0B0-pejiHrH03-
HblM COAep>KaHHeM CKH(})CKOrO MCKyCCXBa. M30Gpa)KeHM5I CHJlbHblX, JIOBKHX 3BepeH Ha opy^HH
H cGpye AOJi^Hbi Gwjih npuAaBaxb xaKHe xe KanecxBa BOHHy-BcaAHHKy, kohk) h oGeperaxb hx
OX HecnacxHH h 3Jia.

* B 3pMHTa)KH01VI Co5paHHH npCflCTaBJieHbl MHOrOHHCJieHHbie npOH3BefleHHH 3BepHHOrO CTHJIH, H He

TOJibKO CKH4)CKoro. 3BepHHbiH cTHjib 6biJixapaKTepeH ann HCKyccTBa paaa KyjibxypHo-HcxopHHecKHx o6mHOcxeH,
paBBHBaaiuHxcfl b oziho hjih paiHoe BpeMa. 05pa3 >kh3hh 3thx 3THOKyjibTypHbix rpynn Mor 6biTb oflHHaKOB,
a Mor 6biTb H HHbiM (ocezmoe nacejieHHe h kohcbhhkh, )KHTe;iH cxenen h jiecoa). Ho GoJibiUHHcxBO Haxo-
flHJlOCb Ha OflHOH HHH 6jlH3KHX CXaflHflX pa3BHTH5I. OhCBHAHO, B HX peJlHrH03HbIX npeflCTaBJlCHHaX, B MH(J)0J10rHH
>KHBOTHbiH MHp 3aHHMaji oco6oe MccTo. Ero
pojib Morjia 5biTb pa3J7HHHOH, HO BCHDfly OTpaa<ajiacb B H306pa3H-
TCJibHOM TBopnecTBe. K TOMy
Gujih bjihahhs h 3aHMCTBOBaHHJi. Kpyr npeflcxaBneHHH, pouhbluhhch b
>Ke
oflHOM Mecxe, no/io6HO CK»KexaM cKa30K, Mor npoHHKaxb b apyryio cpeay h xaM pa3BHBaxbCfl.

29
 TcHaeHUMfl ycMjiMTb CBepxtecxecTBeHHoe SHaneHHC H3o6pa>KeHHfl co speivieHeM BOspacTajia,
nocxencHHO npHBoaa ko Bce 6ojibiueMy oxxoAy or hchmx cxporHx (J)opM. PaHHHe npoH3Be/ieHHH
CKH(})CKOrO 3BepHHOrO CXHJIH (VI B. ao H. 3.) - HpKHe, HeXKHC, )KM3HeHH0 AOCXOBepHblC. Ero
3aBepmeHHe (III b. ro h. 9.) - nojiHoe pa3pyiiieHHe npoKHHx 4)opM H3o6pa>KeHHH, cxeivraxH-
3auHH H npcBpameHHe hx b opnaivieHx. Pe3yjibxax - xop>KecxBO zieKopaxMBHOH cxopoHbi
B npOH3BeaeHHHX 3BepHHOrO CXHJIH.
B CKM([)CKOM MCKyCCXBe Mbl BHAHM o6pa3bI, »HBO CXBaHeHHbie H MeXKO OHepneHHbie H OflHO-
BpeMCHHO H3o6pexaxejibHO acKopaxHBHbie, noAHHHCHHbie 6e3ynpeHHOMy pHXMy. CKH(J)CKHe
npoH3BeAeHHa BbiAep>KajiH HcnbixaHHe BpcMCHeM. b nojiHoii Mepe coxpaHHB jio HauiHX unePi
OHapoBaHHC nofljiHHHoro HCKyccxBa.
KaK oxMenajiocb, CKH(})CKHe apeBHOcxH oxKpbiBaiox pa^ coGpaHWH no HcxopMH Kyubxypw
HacejiCHHH cxenHoro noaca EBpa3HH. BocxoHHee ckhcJ)ob, b cxenax 3a XIohom m b FIoBOJUKbe,
oGHxajiH capMaxbi; /janee, b Cpe^HeH A3hh h hd^khbix paiioHax Ka3axcxaHa, ^hjih njieMena
caKOB. BjiaACHMH poflCXBeHHbix KOHCBbix njiCMCH npocxnpajiHCb Bnjioxb ao Ajixaa.
KoMnjieKCbi Kyjibxyp paHHHx komcbhhkob Ajixaa oxhochxcji k cepeAMHe nepBoro xbicanejie-
XHH Ao H. 3. B pe3yjibxaxe pacKonoK nayKa name Bcero pacnojiaraex jiHiub BemaMM h3 xopomo
coxpaHHKDiuHxcH B 3eMjTe MaxepHajTOB - KaMHH, rjiHHbi, Mcxajijia, KocxM. OpeAMexbi »e, HanpH-
Mep, H3 ;iepeBa njioxo coxpaHaioxca h pcAKO o6Hapy>KHBaK)Xca HccjieziOBaxejiHMH. Ha Ajixae
Bce Kor^a-xo noMeiucHHoe b KypraHbi coxpaHMJiocb, see. 3a HCKjihOHeHneM noxHmeHHoro
rpa6HxejiHMH eme b nepBo6bixHbie BpcMCHa.
^peBHHe ajixaiiubi KoneBajTM JiexoM no cxennoM paBHWHe y noAHO>KMa rop, a 3mmom yxoannn
B ropbi, B Geccne^Hbie AOJiHHbi, r^e naxoAHJiHCb h hx ycbinajibHHUbi - Mormibi npeAKOB. Kyp-
raHbi B ypoHHmax na3bipbiK, BaHja^ap h y cejia Ty3KXbi b ropHON4 Ajixae GbiJin hmchho xaKHMH
KJia/i5HmaMH Goraxbix nueMenHbix BoyKnePi (V-IV bb. ao h. 3.). Kyprannbie nacbinn coopy-
McajiMCb 3/iecb He h3 3eMjiH, a h3 KaMHeH. Hacbinb njioxo npoBOAHJia xenjio, ho nponycKana
XOJIOAHbTH 3HMHHH B03AyX, KOXOpblH 3aMOpa)KHBajI 3eMJIK) HOA KypraHOM npOHHKaBluaH B
;

MorHUbHbie coopy>KeHHH Boaa 3aMep3ajia, npeBpauiaacb b BCHHbiH jiea, ne oxxaHBaBUJHH h Jie-

xoM. TaK B ycjioBHHX BbicoKoropba, npw pe3KO KOHXHHenxajibHOM KjiHiviaxe Mornjia cxanoBH-
JiaCb JieZlHHKOM, COXpaHHBUJHlVI CXOJieXHHMH BCe, HXO B HCM 6blJIO.
KypranaM Ajixaa - iiBa/iuaxb naxb bckob. B hx MornjibHbix aiviax, b SpeBCHHaxbix cpy6ax-
ZlOMax (Kaivrepax) coxpanHjiHCb c/jejiannbie na Ajixae hjih AOCxaBjieHHbie h3 jipymx Mecx xKaHH,
ujepcxaHbie h BOHJioHHbie KOBpbi, o/ie>KAa h o6yBb, H^nesmn h3 aepcBa, a xaK>Ke MyviHH norpe-
GcHHbix, xpynbi jiomaaeH.
B na3bipbiKe HaH^en pa3HouBexHbiH BopcoBbiii cxpH)KeHbiH Kosep - o6pa3eH panee
6biji

HeH3BecxHoro MCKyccxsa /^pcbhocxh. Jlnmb b np0H3BeAeHHax flpeBHerpenecKHx nHcaxejieHCOoG-

ujajTocb o nepcMflCKHx Kospax. nojib30BaBUJHXCH b anxKHHyro 3noxy cjiaBon. OxiHaKO ohh ne
COXpaHHJTHCb. CxapeHUJCMy H3 H3BeCXHblX KOBpOB HaCHHXblBaJlOCb UJeCXbCOX Jiex. KOBep H3
na3bipbiKa - caMbiH jxpeBHviPi. Oh H3roxoBjieH b Cpezmen A3hh hjih Mpane b V bckc jio h. 3.

O/iHa H3 caMbix HHxepecHbix naxo/joK b Kypranax - BbicoKaa pa36opHaa KOJiecHHua, c^ejiaH-

naa h3 /lepesHHHbix >KepAeH 6e3 e/iHHoro rB03Aa.
K 3XHM 6e3ycjioBHO BbiAaiouiHMCH Haxo/iKaM oxHOCHxcH H /xpypHC, BecbMa CBoeo6pa3Hbie,
He BcxpewaiomHecH cpe/jn oGbiHHbix naxoAOK: nojioxHHHbie py6axH, BOHHOHHbiH h MexoBofl
KoxaHbiH H BOHjiOMHbiH rojioBHbie yGopbi, MeXOBbie H KOKaHbie
Ka(j)xaHbi, BOMJiOHHbie MyjiKH,
cano^KH; ^epeBannbie pa36opHbie cxojihkh, cyMKH jxjifi npo/iyKxoB h3 vrexa h ko>kh, Ko>KaHbie
(jjjiHrH, AepcBa; My3biKajibHbie HHCxpyivieHXbi - xaivi6ypHH h ap(j)a; ciiejiannbie
cocyzibi H HaujH h3
cneunajibHO ajih 3xoro norpeGeHna KOKaHbie cejxna (nenpaK o/iHoro h3 hhx - meJiKOBbin)

30
C BOHJlOHHbllVIM nOflBeCKaMH H nOKpHLUKaMH, KOHCKHC pHTyaJlbHbie MaCKH H3 ACpesa, KO^H,
BOHjioKa H Mexa; cejiesihuhie a ysACHHwe yKpameHMH b bhab AepeBSHHtix pesHbix 6jihx, HHor^a
noKpbiTbix 30JiOTbiMM jiMcxaMM; LUMTbi, noHO>KJrt H /^pyrHc pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie H3AejiH5i H3 Aepesa,
BnjiOTb AO orpoMHbix AOJiGjieHbix rpo6oB-KOJiOA. nepeHMCjieHHbie bclum AaJicKO He Hcnepribi-
BawT Bcex npeAMexoB ajixaHCKOH kojijickuhh. rToMHMO ynoMaHyxbix MaxepMajiOB, Ha hx npOH3-
BOACXBO UJJIH 6pOH3a, CepcGpO, OJIOBO, rJIMHa, por, KJIWRH >KHBOXHbIX. HHpHX, pa3JlMHHbie
XKaHH, KOHCKHH BOJioc, ujcpcxb ojiCHH, 6epecxa. Ohh ynoxpeGjiajiMCb b pa3Hbix conexaHRHx;
Macxo AJia HX pocnHCH Hcnojib30BajiHCb pacxHxejibHbie h MHnepajibHbie KpacKH.
3HaMHXejibHaji nacxb BeiHeii yKpamajiacb H3o6pa>KeHH5iMH >KHBOXHbix - peajibHbix h (J)aH-
xacxHHCCKHX, B OAHHOHKy H B cucHax 6opb6bi. Ohh BbinojiHCHbi B KpyrjTOH CKyjibnxype h 6ape-
jibe(J)e, B pHcyHKe h annnHKauHax. Onrypbi 3BepeH HaiviepeHHO ncKa>KajiHCb, BcerAa noAHcpKH-

Bajiocb Hxo-xo xapaKxepHoe bo BHeujHeivi oGjihkc ^khboxhopo, oxAejibHbie nacxH xejia ASBajiHCb
B pa3Hbix paKypcax, nepeBepHyxbiMH. TaKne npneMbi AeJiajiM bo3mo>khoh nepeAany ABH>KeHHH.
B H3o6pa>KeHHH >KHBOXHbix ApcBBMe ajixattubi AOCXHrjiH coBepuieHCXBa. Mx npoH3BeAeHHH
oxjiHHafox 6e3yAep>KHaji (})aHxa3Hfl, napHAHOcxb, meApaa MHorouBexHocxb.
CoxpaHMBlHHe npa3AHHHHbIH oGjIHK, AaHHblH HM npH pOKACHHH, aJIxaMCKHC naxoAKH
HBHJiHCb nojiHbiM oxKpoBCHHeivi asisi HayKW, yHHKajibHbiMH B MHpoBOM Macuixa6e.
npoH3BeAeHna 3BepMHoro cxhjih ApeBHero Ajixaa hmcfox aHajiorHH b xBopnecxBe napoAOB
6jiH3Jie>KaLUHx xeppHxcpnii, Koxopoe, OAHaKO, He npeACxaBjieno cxojib pa3HOo6pa3HbiiviH
HaxoAKaMH. Ms apiviHxajKHbix KOJiJieKUHH SAecb npoKAe Bcero AOJi>KHa 6bixb HasBana CnGnp-
CKaa KOJUTCKUHH nexpa I. BnaMMxenbHaa nacxb ee npHHaA-ne)Knx xpexbCH nexBepxH nepBoro
xbicHHCAexHa Ao h. 3. H cocxoHX H3 30Jioxbix BeiueH (Gpacjiexbi h o>KepejibH, cepbrn h nepcxHH,
3aCXe>KKH H npaXKH ox nOHCOB, ACXajlM KOHCKHX ySACMeK) C H306pa>KeHHHMH >KHBOXHbIX.
no3bi 3BepeH, npHCMbi nepeAanH ABH>KeHH5i nanoMHHaiox ajixaiicKHe npoH3BeAeHHH.
CH6npcKaH KOJiJieKUHJi nexpa I - HCKAHDHHxeAbHoe coGpaHHe nepBOKjiaccHbix 30jioxbix
HSAejiHH, HO, K co^aneHHK), Mecxa h ycjioBHH naxoAOK BemeM HeH3BecxHbi. MoacHO roBopnxb
B uejiOM o BecbMa oGmnpHOM panone pacnpocxpanenHH npeAMexoB - o xeppHxopHH K))khom
Ch6hph h BocxoHHoro Kasaxcxana. HeKoxopwe HaxoAKw neAaBHero BpeivreHH b 3xom oxho-
uieHHH BbiroAHO oxjiHHaK)xc5i ox npeALuecxByFOLUHx. M3 BocxoHHoro Kasaxcxana 3pMHxa>K
HOJiyHHJi HOBbie HayHHO o6pa6oxaHHbie Maxepnajibi - KOMnjieKC HnjiHKXHHCKoro Kyprana
(VI B. AO H. 3.). OCHOBHOe B 3XOM HOCXynJieHHH - 30JIOXbie GjIHUJKH B BHAe OJICHCH, OpJIOB,
nanxep, (l)HrypKH Ka6aHOB. Ohh HBjiaioxca nanGojiee panHHMH oGpasuaMH ncKyccxBa xaK nasbi-
BaeMoro CKH(j)o-cH6HpcKoro 3BepHHoro cxhjiji.
K 3XOMy >Ke Kpyry naMflXHHKOB npHHaAJie>KHx KOjijieKUHa MHHycHHCKOH xyAoxecxBCHHOH
6poH3bi. TBopHbi ee - HAeMewa TarapcKOH KyAbxypbi, saceJiaBLune b VII-III BCKax ao h. 3.
CTCHH MHHyCHHCKOH KOXJlOBHHbl. BoraXCXBO KpaH pyAaMH, pa3BHXaH MCXaJlJiyprHH nOCAy)KHJIH
ocHOBOH pacHBexa xyAO>KecxBeHHOH o6pa6oxKn 6poH3bi. CKyjibnxypHbiMH n3o6pa>KeHH5iMH
3BepeH yKpameHbi 6poH30Bbie, rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M jiHXbie HSACJiHa: ho>kh, KHH>KajTbi, GocBbie
HeKaHbi, 3epKajia, Gjihxh, HaBepmna n Apyrne npeAMexbi. BpoH30Bbie npcAMexbi TarapcKoft
Kyjibxypbi oxjiHHaex Hsamecxso 4)opivi, a ({)MrypKH 3BepeH, nepeAannbie JiaKOHHMHO, c noAHepKH-
BaHHCM xapaKxepHbix Aexajiew, - MOHyivieHxajibHOCXb. FIocxeneHHO pasBHBaexca GoJibuiaa opna-
MeHxajibHOcxb, ynjiomeHHOcxb H3o6pa>KeHHJi. TpaAHUHH xarapcKoro HCKyccxBa, ero xapaKxep-
Hbie nepxbi HamjiH npoAOji>KeHHe b TauixbiKCKOH Kyjibxype, CMCHMBiueH TarapcKyio b XaKaccKo-
MwHyCMHCKOH KOXJIOBMHC.
Kyjibxypa capMaxcKHx njieMen, BocxoMHbix coceAen ckh4)ob, lUHpoKO oxpa^Kena b apxeojio-
FHHecKHx coGpaHHHx My3eji. CapMaxcKHe apcbhocxm b 3pMHxa)Ke (IV b. ao h. 3.-IV b.) Hiviefox

31
CXO/lHyK) CO CKm4)CKHMH HCTOpHK) KOJIJieKUHOHHpOBaHHH. CxOHb XC ASBHO HaHaJlOCb MCCJIC/^O-
BaHHC capMaTCKMx naMHTHHKOB, CTOJib )Ke BejiMKO 3HaHeHHe KypraHHbix HaxoflOK B o6iueH
Macce Maxepnajia, Koxopbie xaK^e C0Aep)Kax bciuh BbicoKoro xyao^ecxBCHHoro HcnojiHCHMJi.
CapMaxbi CO BpeMCHCM nepecxajiM 6bixb jiHiub 3aA0HCKMMH cocc/ihmh ckh(})ob. KoncBbie
capMaxcKHe njiCMena nepeiujiH /],oh, ABHHyjiHCb Ha 3anaA h iamum ko II BCKy ;^o h. 3. ceBepo-
HepHOMOpCKHe CXenM, BblXeCHHB CKH(|)OB. Ha 3XOH oGmUpHOH XeppHXOpHH COXpaHHJIMCb naMHX-
HHKH Kyjibxypbi capMaxoB. Oco6oe mccxo npHHafljie^HX xaK Ha3biBaeM0My HoBonepKaccKoiviy
KjiaAy - KOMnjiCKcy HaxoAOK b Kyprane Xoxjian. 3xo oflHa H3 GoraxeHuiHX ioBejinpHbix koji-
jieKUHH 3pMHxa>Ka.
IloA HacbinbK) HaxoAHJiacb MorHJia 3HaxH0H capMaxcKoii ^eHLUHHbi, bo3moxho uapHUbi,
jKHBiucH B I bckc. MopHJia OKasajiacb pa3rpa5jTeHHOM. Ho xo, hxo 6biJT0 nojio^eHO b6jih3h
MorHJibHOM HMbi, coxpaHHjiocb. Pa3JiMHHbie no Ha3HaHeHHK) H Maxepnajiy (sojioxo, cepe6po,
6poH3a) BCLUH xapaKxepH3yK)xca h oGmnpHOH reorpacjjHeii npoHcxo^^eHHa (cxenH OpMHcp-
HOMopbH, BocnopcKoe uapcxBO, Majiaa A3mji, HxajiHJi).
KaK 5bi CHMBOjioM HCKjiKJHHxejibHOH pocKOLUH norpcGeHHH jiBHjiacb sojioxaa AHa/ieMa,
pacuBeHCHHaa jipkhmh BcxasKaMH rpanaxoB m cxcKjia c pe3HOH >KeHCKOH fojiobkoh m3 KBapua
B iicHxpe. ^Ha^eMa, oneBHAHO, 5biJia HsroxoBJicHa b oahoh H3 rpenecKnx MacxepcKHx OanxH-
Kanen (cxojiHua Bocnopa). OAHaKO HanGojiee cymecxBeHHoe b cocxaBC „HoBOHepKaccKoro Kjia-
Aa" H onpcAejiaiomee exo 3HaHeHHe b HcxopnH ApeBHew Kyjibxypbi 3aKjiK»HeHO npe>KAe Bcero
B o6pa3uax coGcxbchho capiviaxcKoxo lOBejiMpHoro MCKyccxBa. K hhm npHHaA^e^ax uieHHaa
rpHBHa c peAbe(|)HbiMH H3o6pa^eHHHMH GopiomMxca (J)aHxacxHHecKHX >KHBOXHbix, cnHpajibHbie
GpacAexbi, yKpameHHbie cucHaMH 6opb5bi 3BepeH, 4)JiaK0HHHKn, Gjihlukh ((J)HrypKH ojieHeii),
cocyA c pyHKOH b bhac (J)Hrypbi jioca. Bee 3xo 30Jioxbie npcAMexbi, MHorne - co BcxaBKaMH h3
KaMHH H CXCKJia.
OcHOBHbiM coAepjKaHHCM HCKyccxBa capMaxoB, exo rjiaBHoii xeMoii GbijiH H3o6pa>KeHHa
jKHBOXHbix. M3AejiHH capMaxcKOFO 3BepHHOxo cxHJiH nojiyHHjiH LUHpoKoe pacnpocxpaHCHHe B
exenax DoBOji^bJi m CesepHoro HpHHepHOMopbH. „HoBOHepKaccKHH KjiaA" - AHiub oahh h3
HaHGojiee apKHx npniviepoB. npoH3BeAeHHH 3BepHHoro cxhjih bxoahx b cocxaB KOMnneKcoB
KajiHHOBCKoro MorHjibHHKa H Kyprana y cena BepxHce noxpoMHoe b HH>KHeM noBOJi>Kbe h
npeAcxaBjicHbi xaK)Ke oxAejibHbiMH HaxoAKaivrH.
CaMo6bixHbie npneMbi o6ycjioBHJiM CBoeo6pa3He capiviaxcKoro SBepHHoro cxmjih, oxjihhhoxo
KaK ox npeALuecxByioLUHX, xaK h ox coBpeivieHHbix eivry exHAeii. H3o5pa>KeHHH jkhboxhhx noA-
HOcxbK) noAHMHCHbi (j)opMe yKpaiuaeMoro npcAMCxa. HapoHHXo HapyuiajiHCb, pesKO BbixaxH-
BanHCb HjiH Hpe3MepH0 yKopaHHBajiHCb nponopuMH xeji, h cJjHrypbi BOHCbiBanHCb b (Jjopiviy
BcmeH, KaK 6bi cjiMBaacb c Hefi. Bee xa >Ke 3aBHCHMoexb H3o6pa)KeHHH ox (|)opMbi npcAMexa
AHKXOBajia MCKaKeHHa no3 3BepeH, npHnyAJiMByio hx H30xHyxocxb.
^exajiH, oxACJibHbie naexM xejia jkhboxhoxo xaKxe nepcAaBajiHCb ocoGhmh npHCMaiviH:
BcxaBKaMH H3 UBexHbix KaMHeH BbiAejiHJiM JionaxKH, xjia3a, yiuH, pora, Konbixa; 6opo3AKH hjth
XOHKH noAHepKHBajiH mepcxb, Bpe3Hbie jiwhhh - pe6pa.
XapaKxepHbie Mepxbi capMaxcKoro 3BepMHoro exHjia npocite>KHBaK)xcH h b H3AeAHJix h3
rjiHHbi. MnorHe cocyAbi yKpaiiieHbi (j)HrypKaMH GapaHOB, KaGanoB, JiomaAeM, co6aK. H3o6pa-
xeHHH oneHb exeMaxMHHbi, ho b Ka^KAOM noAHepKnyxbi AexajiH, no3BOj]JiK)mHe ysnaxb ^'hbox-
Hoe. MexajiJiHHecKHe eocyAW CHa6>KajiHCb noAoGnbiMH >Ke (})HrypaiviH-pyHKaMH.
B IV BCKe 3aBepuiaexcH McxopHa capiviaxcKHx njieivieH. Bmccxc c hhmh xhGhcx capiviaxcKaH
Kyjibxypa. HoBbiMw xo3HeBaMM cxeneii cxajiH xyHHbi, npmueALUMe b EBpony c BoexoKa, oxKpbiB-
lUHe 3noxy ,,BejTHKoro nepeeejieHHa HapoAOB". OaiviaxHHKH 3xoro BpeivieHM o6Hapy>KeHbi Ha

32
oGiuHpHbix npocxpaHCTBax EspasHH. B apMMxajKHbix coGpaHHax HaxoAHXca KaK MaxepMajibi
asHaxcKoro npoHcxoMCAeHHH, xaK h BocxoMHoeBponeiicKoro (K))KHopyccKHe cxenH).
riepHOA MaccoBMx nepcABH^eHMH njieivieH conpoBOMCAajica HHXCHCHBHbiM pacmHpeHHeM

CBHseH, B03HHKH0BeHHeM HOBbix KyjibxypHbix HBjieHHH. V pasHbix HapoAOB Ha lUHpoKOH xeppH-

xopHH EBpasHH pacnpocxpaHHK)xcH H3AejiH}i xyAo^ecxBCHHoro peMecjia, BbinojiHCHMbie b no-
JlHXpOMHOM CXHJie. BcpOJIXHO, MCCXOM HSrOXOBJieHHH SHaHHXejlbHOH naCXH 3XHX npCAMCXOB
6bui ropoA Bocnop, Goraxbiii xpaAHii,HflMH lOBejiHpHoro HCKyccxsa.
MHorouBexHocxb, noAHepKHyxaa aeKopaxHBHOcxb CBOHCXBCHHbi npoH3Be;],eHHJiM, BbimcA-
iiiHM H3 GocnopcKHX MacxcpcKHX. Ohh yKpamajiHCb BcxasKaMH h3 ubcxhmx nojiy/^paroueHHbix
KaMHCH, KOXOpbie OXXeHHJlHCb 30J10XbIM 4)OHOM. DpOMexyXKH SanOJlHHJlHCb OpHaMCHXCM H3
HanaHHHbix (J)HJiHrpaHHbix hhxch h sepmi, a HHorAa luxaMnoBaHHbiM opHaMCHxoM, hmhxh-
pyiomHM (j)njinrpaHb h sepHb. CioacexHbie H3o6pa^eHiw hohxh hc BCxpenaioxcH.
Bbijia H3BecxHa h Apyraa xexHMKa noBepxHOCXb HSACJiHa ciuioiub noKpbmajiacb HanaaHHbiMH
:

MexajiAHHCCKHMH nepcropoAKaMH. 06pa30BaBiiJHecH „rHe3Aa" sanojiHsiJiHCb BcxaBKaMH rpa-

Haxa, ajibMaHAHHa hjih KpacHoro cxeKjia.
HcKyccxBO noAHxpoMHoro cxhjih npoiiBexano b kohuc IV-V bckc. Oho sasepuiHAO pa3-
BHXHe B KyAbxype CeBepnoro npHHepnoMopbH aHXHMHbix xpaAHAHH, conexaBiuHXCH c BapBap-
CKHMH BAHHHMHMH. OxACAbHbie 3JieMeHXbI 3XOrO HCKyCCXBa COXpaHaJIMCb H n03)Ke - B HCKyCCXBe
CpeAHCBeKOBbH.
K xyAO>KecxBeHHbiM H3AeJiHHM Bocnopa bocxoahx MHorHe naxoAKM h3 paHHecpeAHCBeKOBbix
naMflXHHKOB Kpbijvia, npuHaAAe^KamMx npeHMymecxBCHHo aAaHaM h roxaM - njieivieHaM,
yueACBuiMM Ha noAyocxpoBe nocjie ryHHCKoro HamecxBHa. Hx KyAbxypa (b oxacac naxoAaxcH
apxeonorHHecKHe MaxepHajibi MorHjibHHKa CyyK-Cy, VI -VII bb.), necMOxpa na CHJibHoe bo3-
ABHCXBHe BHsanxHH, ocxaBajiacb caMoGbixnoH, poACXBeHHoii Kyjibxype BapBapcKoro MHpa, b
OCOGCHHOCXH rioAHenpOBbH.
H3 CpcAHero FIoAHenpoBbH npoMcxoAHX MHoroHHCAennbie KjiaAbi AparoHCHHbix Bemeii
paHHecpeAHeBCKOBOrO BpCMCHH, H3 KOXOpblX HaHGoAbUiyK) H3BeCXHOCXb nOJiyMHJlH COKpOBHUia,
cjiynaHHo oxKpbixbie b 1912 roAy y cejia Majraa nepemenwHa 6ah3 FIoAxaBbi. FlepemenHHCKHe
HaxoAKM Ao CHX nop ocxaioxca 3araA0HHbiMH, nopo>KAaH mho^kccxbo BonpocoB. Kxo h noMeiviy
cnpHxaji HecMCXHbie 6oraxcxBa, cocxoauiHe h3 30Aoxbix h cepeGpjiHbix cocyAOB, opy>KHH b
30JIOXOH onpase, AoporHX yKpameHHH oaokah h KOHCKoro CHapa^KenHH? KaK coGpaAHCb b
OAHOM Mecxe bcuih, pa3Hbie no bpcmchh h npoHcxo^ACHMio?
HapHAy C MeCXHblMH XyAOXeCXBeHHblMH npOH3BeAeHHHMH, BOCXOAHHIHMH K HCKyCCXBy
nojiMxpoMHoro cxHjia, „KjiaA" coAep>KHx HaGop nepKOBHOH yxBapn h mohcx BM3aHXHHCKoro
npoHcxo)KAeHHH. rioMHMO cocyAOB, H3roxoBjieHHbix juia cacanHACKoro ABopa, b hcm npcA-
cxaBJiCHbi BeuiH, xapaKxepHbie jinn xK)pK0H3biHHbix kohcbhhkob EBpa3HH pannero cpeAHeBe-
KOBbH, a xaK)Ke rpynna CBoeo6pa3Hbix H3AeAHH, b Koxopbix xpaAHHHH xiopKCKoii xopcBXHKH
coMexaKJXCJi c nepxaMH HCKyccxBa oceAAbix napoAOB CpeAHefi A3hh, b cbohd onepcAb xBop-
HecKM BocnpHHHBHiHX HacjieAHC cacaHHACKMx MacxepoB. CaMbiM ApeBHHM naMaxHMKOM „KjiaAa"
flBJiHCxcH 6jik)ao c H3o6pa>KeHMeM HpaHCKoro napa lUanypa II, npaBUBuiero b 310-363 roAW,
caMbiM no3AHHM - MOHexa, BbinynieHHaa HMnepaxopoM BHsanxnH, npaBHBUJHM ao 668 roAa.
B cneuHajibHOH AHxepaxype BbicKa3biBajiHCb pa3Hbie MHCHHa o Gmaoh npHnaAJiOKHOcxH
nepenienHHCKHx naxoAOK, b Koxopbix oahh HCCJieAOBaxejm ycMaxpHBajiH KjiaA, Apyrne, hxo
Gojiee BepoHXHO, - norpeGajibHbiii HHBenxapb MorHAbi KaKoro-xo bo>kah, noxopoHennoro c
BapBapcKOH nbiuiHocxbK) B KOHue VII BCKa. CKonjieHHbie noKOACHHaMH AparoueHHbie bcuhi
MorAH npHHaAJiexaxb GojirapcKOMy hjih xasapcKOMy khji3K) - npeACxaBHxejiio XK)pKOfl3biHHbix

33
njieiMCH, saHRMaBiuMx rocnoflcxByiomee nojiojKCHMe b cxenax CeBepHoro HpHHepHOMopbH co
BpeivieHM ryHHCKoro HamecTBMH h GopoBiuHxca Apyr c apyroM.
K naMHTHHKaivi >Kejie3Horo BCKa Boctohhoh Esponbi, KoxopbiMM pacnojiaraex 3pMMTa>K,
KpoMe y^e ynoMHHaBuiHxca cxenHbix h jiecocxenHwx, npMcoeaMHJiJoxcH GoraxeHiuMe Ma-
xepHajibi, xapaKxepn3yK)mHe Kyjibxypy oGHxaxejieii jicchoh 30Hbi. Cpe/iH hmx HpeiBbinaMHo
HHXepeCHbl KOJUICKUHH M3 CeBepO-BOCXOHHblX o6jiaCXeH EBponeflCKOH HaCXH CCCP. MorMJlbHMK
6jim3 ^epeBHH 3yeB0 m aHajiorHHHbie eiviy poAOBbie KjiaA5Haia m ropoAnma AHaHbMHCKOH
Kyjibxypbi (VIII-III BB. AO H. 3.), naMHXHKKH xHna FlbjiHbiH Bop h TjiHAeHOBO (II b. ao h. 3.-
V B.) H KOMnjiCKCbi JloMOBaxoBCKOH Kyjibxypbi (VI-IX BB.) noKa3biBaK)x cjio^HbiH nyxb pa3-
BHXHH B AaJlCKOM npOlUJlOM HapOAOB FIpHKaMbH M flpHypajibJi.
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MCHa jiecHbix CKOXOBOAOB, 3HaKOMbix H c 3eMjieAejiHeM, KoxopoMy conyxcxBOBaAM oxoxa, pbi6-
Haa jioBjin H pa3JiHHHbie npoMbicjibi) b 3HaHMxejibHOH Mepe coxpaHajio (})opMbi 5bixa m Kyjib-
xypbi, CAO)KHBlilHeCH ClUe B HaHaAC >KeAe3HOrO BCKa. CpCAH MHOrOHMCJieHHblX apxeOJIOPHMeCKHX
HaxoAOK, pacKpbiBaioLUHx caivioGbixHbiH xapaKxep Kyjibxypw oGnxaxejieH jiecHoro Kpaa, npn-
BACKaex BHHMaHMe rpynna jimxbix 6poH30Bbix M3AejiMH - a>KypHbix njiacxHH b bmac 3ooMop(j)-
Hbix H aHxponoMopcj)Hbix (J)HrypoK h 5jihx. CBoeo6pa3Hbie no cfo>KexaM m cxHJiHCXHHCCKOMy
pemcHMK) npoH3BeAeHMH xyAO>KecxBeHHoro JiHXba aBjiflroxcH xapaKxepHbiMH o6pa3uaMM
npMKjiaAHoro HCKyccxBa npHKaivrcKHx h npnypa/ibCKHx HapOAOB, HCKyccxBa, H3BecxHoro noA
Ha3BaHMeM KavicKoro, hjih nepivicKoro 3BepHHoro cxhjih. Oco6eHHOCxb 3xiix H3AejiHH - conexaHMe
B OAHOM H306pa^eHHH npH3HaKOB pa3JIHHHbIX 3BepeH, nXMU H HeJlOBCKa. MeJlOBeKO-MCABeAb,
HCAOBeKO-Jiocb H HHbic (j)aHxacxHHecKHe cymecxBa HaAeJienbi KpoMe xoro nepxaMH nxHU m Apy-
THX ^HBOxHbix. flpaBAa, ApeBHefimHe aHaHbHHCKHe o6pa3Ubi MexajiJiMHecKoii njiacxHKH Bbi-
nojiHeHbi peajiHcxHHHO n nepeKjiHKaioxca b KaKOH-xo Mepe c H3AejiHHMM paHHero CKHc{)CKoro
3BepHHOrO CXHJIH. n03AHHe BeiUH XpaKXOBaHbl CXCMaXHHHO. CK»KeXbI M3MeH51K)XCH, KOMnO-
3HUHH CXaHOBHXCH 6oAee CJlOXHblMH. M3o6pa>KeHMe AHKHX 3Bepeil, a He AOMaiUHHX )KMBOXHbIX,
CBHACxcAbcxByex o xoM, Hxo KaMCKMH 3BepMHbra cxHjib (})opMHpoBajica B 6oAee paHHHDK) 3noxy
B CpCAe OXOXHHKOB.
KaMCKHe xyAO>KecxBeHHbie H3Ae;iHH b HaynHOH jiHxepaxype nojiywMJiH Ha3BaHMe ,,ujaMaH-
CKHX H3o6pa5KeHMH", a y MecxHoro HacejicHHa - ,,HyACKHx o5pa3KOB". TaKoe Ha3BaHMe Gbijio
nopOJKACHO CK)>KexaMH H306pa>KeHMH H yCJIOBHSMH MX HaxOAOK - B 3anOBeAHbIX KepXBeHHblX
Mecxax, Ha apcbhmx KocxMmax h MOJibGHuiax. MecxonaxojKAeHHe yKa3biBaex na pnxyajibHO-
MarnnecKoe 3HaHeHHe 3Xmx Bemefl. CeMaHXMKa ,,HyACKHx o6pa3KOB" euae OKOHnaxejibHO He pac-
Kpbixa. Mhofmc MOXMBbi KaMCKoro 3BepHHoro cxMjiH AO CMX nop >KMByX B npMKJiaAHOM HCKyc-
cxBe coBpeMCHHbix HapoAOB Ypajia.
BaxHyjo rpynny coGpanHH oxAejia cocxaBJiHJOx KojiJieKumi, oxpa>KaK)inMe MaxepHaAbHyio
Kyjibxypy HacejienMa Bocxohhoh EBponw BxopoH nojioBHHbi nepBoro - nanajia Bxoporo xbicane-
jiexMH. 3xo BpcMH oxBaxbiBaex uejibiii paA Ba>KHeHiiiHX 3xanoB ApeBnepyccKofi ncxopHn: no-
HBJieHHe H paccejieHHe cjiaBancKHx njicMen, CMena poAOBoro yKjiaAa KjiaccoBbiM cxpoeivi, o6pa-
30BaHHe B IX Bene rocyAapcxBa, GjiecxamnH pacuBex Koxoporo 6biji npepBan b XIII BCKe moh-
rOAbCKHM HaiuecxBHeM.
Kpyr ApcBHOCxeii axoro nepHOAa b coGpannH oxACJia orpaHMMen BemecxBenHbiMM
HaxoAKaMH, o5Hapy>KeHHbiMM b ochobhom npH pacKonnax nocejicHMH h MornjibHHKOB,
a xaK>Ke b cocxaBe naHAenHbix KjiaAOB. TeM ne Mcnee HMeiomnecH iviaxepHajibi HBjiHfoxca
UeHHblMH HCXOpHHeCKHMH AOKyMCHXaMH A-TIH BOCC03AaHM5J MHOrMX CXOpOH )KH3HH BOC-
xoHHbix cjiaBHH M HX coceAeH, neAOCxaxoHHO ocBemenHbix nHCbMeHHbiMM McxoHHMKaMM.

34
 HaxoflKH H3 paHHHX, AOCTOBepHO cjiaBHHCKHx noccjieHHH VI -VII BCKOB Ha K)>KHOM Byre H
Ha XlnecTpe, a TaK>Ke naMjiTHHKM PoMeHCKo-GopiiieacKOH Kyjibxypbi nocjie/iOBaTejibHO pacKpbi-
BaKDT OCHOBHbie 3TanbI pa3BHTHfl MaTepMaJlbHOH Kyjlbjypbl BOCTOHHblX CJiaBHH BnjlOTb flO oGtjC-
AHHCHHa Hx B e^HHOM rocyflapcTBC.
riaMjiTHMKH ApeBHepyccKOM Kyjibxypbi X-XIII bckob, napa^y c GbixoBbiMW npeAMexaMH, co-
Aep>KaT GojibLuoe KOJTHHecTBo npoH3BeAeHMH BbicoKopasBHToro xyAO^KecTBCHHoro pcMecjia.
CpcAH HMX 3HaHHTejibHoe MecTO 3aHHMaHDT pa3JiMHHoro po^a yKpaLueHHH. 3to, c oahoh CTopo-
Hbi, 30JioTbie H cepeGpaHbie Anafleivibi m KojiTbi, Harpy^Hbie
uenH h nepcxHH,
h rpHBHbi, Gpacjiexbi
a xaKxe MHorwe ApyrHe npHHaAJiexHocTM nbiujHoro y6opa KH5i>KecK0H 3HaTH m 3a)KHTOHHbix
ropoKan, c ApyroH 6ojiee cKpoMHbie 6poH30Bbie h cepeGpanbie yKpaiuenHH paaoBoro Hace-
jTCHHa. HaHGojiee pacnpocTpaneHbi BHCOHHbie KOJibua, H3roTOBjieHHbie ccjibckhmh MacxepaiviH
B xexHHKe JTHTbH H HCKaHKH. OopMbi KOJicu pa3JiHHHbi H xapaKTcpHbi jijiii onpeACJTeHHbix reo-
rpa({)HHecKHx paiiOHOB. coBna/iaiomHx c TeppHTopHCH paccencHHa cjiasHH - KpHBHMeH, pajmMU-
HeH, nojiHH, ceBcpan h ^pyrnx. Ha BepxHeft Bojire h Okc, rjie, no pyccKOH jieJonHCH, >khjih bhth-
HH, BCTpeMaKJTca y3opHbie ceiviHjionacTHbie noABecKH. V paAHMHHefi na Co>Ke 3th H3/ie-nH5i hmciot
ceMH/iyneByK) cJ)opMy, y ceBepan na CeiiMe h J^ecne - cnHpajibHyK). BHCOMHbie KOJibua c na-
nycKHbiMH GycHHaMM, yKpameHHbiMH KpynnoH 3epHbK), pacnpocTpaneHbi Ha FIpHnaTH, tjiq
oGHxajiH AperoBMHM. BojibuiaH nacTb 3thx yKpamenHH naHAena b Kyprannbix MornjibHHKax
cejibCKoro nacejieHHH.
/IparoueHHbie H3/iejiMa ropo/icKOH 3HaTH BxojiaT b cocxaB Kjia^OB, MHorHe h3 KOToptix Gbijih
3apbiTbi B roAbi MonrojibCKoro 3aBoeBaHH5i. 3th KnaAbi roBopHT ne TOjibKO o GoraxcTBC hx
BJiaACJibucB, HO H 06 HCKyccTBe ApcBHcpyccKHx lOBCJiHpoB, 3HaBLUHX pa3JiHHHbie npHCMbi o6pa-
6OTKH NfexaJIJlOB - OT KOBKH, JIHTbJI, BOJIOHCHHa npOBOJIOKH AO CJlO^HeHUieH xeXHHKH HCpHH,
CKaHH, 9MaJlH H 3epHH.
TexHHKa neperopoAHaxbix 9MajieH - HaHBbiciuee AOcxHXCHHe KOBCJinpoB ApeBHCH PycH.
PyccKHM 3MajTHM CBOHCXBCHHbi 3(})(})eKXHoe coHCxaHHe 30JTOXoro cBcpKaiomero (J)OHa C MHOrO-
UBCXHbiM H3o6pa>KeHMeM, HpKHe H HHCXbie KpacKH, xoHKOcxb pHcyHKa npH rapMOHHMHOM cone-
XaHHH (})OpMbI C K0Mn03HUMeH OpHaMCHXa. VCBOHB OCHOBHbie XeXHHMeCKHe npneMbl BH3aHXHM-
CKHx MacxepoB, 3JiaxoKy3Heubi KneBa h ApyrHx ropoAOB PycH He holuah no nyxH noAHoro
KonnpoBaHHa HH03eMHbix opHrHnajioB. ripn H3roxoBAeHHH 3MajieH ohh cxajiH npHMCHjixb uja6-
jTOHbi, H3MeHHAH raMMy KpacoK H xapaKxep H3o5pa>KeHHH, npHAas acKexHHCCKH cxporHM jih-
naivT CBHXbix nauHOHajibHbie, CAaBHHCKHe nepxbi, co3AajiH cBoeo6pa3Hbie opnaMeHxajibHbie kom-

no3HnHH. 3aKpenHB onpeACJienHbie H3o6pa5KeHH5i 3a xeMH hjih HHbiMW xHnaiviH yKpamenHH.

BejiHKOjienHbiMH o6pa3LiaMH 3MajieH aBjiflKDxca sojioxbre Kojixbi, BXOAHBUiHe b napaAHbin
y6op pyccKHx ropo^KanoK. C oGenx cxopoH ohh HCKycHO yKpamajiHCb napnbiMH KOMno3HitHfl-
MH nxHU b coHexaHHH c pacxHxcAbHbiM H reoMexpHMecKHM opHaMCHxoM. Ha KOAxax 6oAee
no3AHeH nopbi bmccxo a3biMecKHx chmbojiob noHBjijnoxca H3o6pa>KeHHa xpHCXHancKHX CBHXbix.
MoxHBbi nxHn-CMpHHOB, ACKopHpoBKa cBexcKHx BeniCH H3o6pa5KeHHaMH cBflXbix - Bce 3XO xapaK-
xepno xojibKo jinn pyccKHx 3MajieH.
FOBejinpHbie H3AeJiHa apcbhhx MacxepoB b xcxhhkc nepHH xaKxe cjiaBHAHCb na PycH h 3a ee
npeACJiaMH. M3roxoBjiajiHCb caivibie pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie npeAMexbi h3 cepeGpa GpacAexbi,
: KOjixbi,
nepcxHH, Kpecxbi-cKjiaAHH. BjiaroAapa KOHxpacxHOMy conexanHK) Mepnoro cj)OHa co cbcxabim,
xoHKO rpaBHpoBaHHbiM cepeGpjiHbiM y3opoM, ohh BbirjiaACJiH onenb napaAHO.
M3bICKaHHOCXb H H3aUieCXBO OXJTHMaHDX K)BejTHpHbie H3AejTHa, BbinOJlHeHHbie B XeXHMKe CKa-
HH (cj)HjiHrpaHb) H 3epHH - H3JiK)6jTeHHbix npneviax AeKopnpoBKH ApeBHepyccKHx 3jiaxoKy3He-
UOB. OcHOBOH CKaHH cjTy>KHjia xoHKaa Kpynenaa npoBOJiOKa, h3 xoxopoH co3AaBajiH KaKOH-nHSo

35
y3op. B oflHHX ysop npHnaHBajiH k nosepxHOCXH yKpamaeMOH
cjiynajix HaKjiaAHoii CKaHbiii
BeiuH, B ApyrHX - M3 npoBonoHCK ACJiajiH a>KypHbiH KapKac hsacjimh. AxypHaa CKaHb
npHMCHHiiaCb AJIH M3rOTOBJieHHH Tpex6yCHHHbIX BHCOHHblX KOJieU, OTJTHHaiOmHXCfl TOHHaHUieH
paGoTOH. Ysop Hepej],KO coneTajica c opHaivieHTOM h3 3epHH. MejibMaHiuHMH 3epHaMH h3 30jT0Ta
MJTH cepeGpa, c yAHBHxejibHbiM MacrepcTBOM HanaaHHbiMH hb AeKopHpyeMyio noaepxHOCTb,
6oraTO yKpamajiH cepeGpaHbie jiyHHHUbi, KOJixbi, no/^secKH.
KpoMe MaccoBbix peMCCJienHbix H3/iejiHH GesbiMCHHbix pyccKHX MacrepoB b cocxaBe Kjia/toB
BCXpeHaHDTCH yKpamCHMH H MOHeXbl, npHB03HBmHeCH H3 CKaH/IHHaBHH, npHGajIXHKH, BH3aH-
XHH H jipyrHX cxpaH.
Fopo/icKyK) Kyjibxypy PycH xapaKxepHsyiox 6oraxeHiiiHe kojijickuhh apxeojiorHHecKHx Ma-
xepwajTOB AByx ropoAOB - Cxapoii Jla;iorH h CapKejra (Bejiaa Be>Ka), bo3hhkiiihx b X bckc
B pa3JiHHHOH HcxopHMecKOH oGcxaHOBKc Ha npoxHBonojio^Hbix OKpaHHax flpcBHepyccKoro
rocy/],apcxBa.
Jlaflora - cxapewLUHH ropofl ceBepo-3anaaa PycH, BbipociuHH Ha Gepery BojixoBa b necKOjib-
KHx KHJiOMCxpax OX JIaAO>KCKoro 03epa na Mecxe /ipeBHero HecjiaBHHCKoro noceneHHa VIII-IX
BCKOB. Haxo^HCb Ha nepcKpecxKe Ba>KHeHmHX boahmx nyxeft Bocxohhoh Esponbi, na nyxH ,,h3
Bapar b rpeKH", oh Hrpaji orpoMnyio pojib b pa3BHXHH xoproBbix h KyjibxypHbix cbjisch apcbhch
PycH CO cxpanaMH SanaAHofl EBponw.
ApxeojiorHHecKHe HccjiCAOBaHHa cxapojia^o^CKoro BcMjianoro ropo/iHma pacKpbreaiox
apKyK) KapxHHy xh3hh xoproBO-peMecjieHHoro uenxpa b pa3JiHMHbie nepnojihi ero HcxopHH. Han-
GojibUJHH HHxepec npcAcxaBjiJiex HanajibHbiH 3xan pasBHXHH Jlajiorn - npespameHHe cejibCKoro
nocejTKa b nocejicHHe ropoflCKoro XHna. 3xox nepnoji xapaKxepHsyexca MHoroHHCJieHHbiM Ma-
xepnajiOM, cocxoamHM h3 opyjiHii xpy^a, npe^MexoB 6bixa, yKpamenHH h pe^KHx o5pa3UOB
MecxHoro xyAO)KecxBeHHoro XBopHecxaa. B MHCJie pa3HOo6pa3Hbix H3AejiHH peMecjia - bcu^h
CKaHAHHaBCKoro npoHcxo>KAeHHH. O npeGbiBaHHH CKanAHnaBOB b Jla^ore b paHHHH nepHOfl
HcxopHH xopo^a CBHAexejibcxByiox h hx KjiaA6Hma - Kypranbi („conKH") c KaMCHHbiMH KjiaA-
KaMH, pacnojioxeHHbie b OKpecxHOcxax ropoAnma.
Mhofhc npo6jieMbi ApcBHcpyccKOH HcxopHH Hejib35i paccMaxpHBaxb b oxpbme ox HcxopHH
pa3BHXH5i CxapoH JlaAOFH. JlaAora aaex ueHHbiH Maxepnaji jiJin pemenHH Ba^KHbix BonpocoB
CJiaBHHO-BapjI^CKHX (HOpMaHHCKHX) OXHOUieHHH H saceJICHMH CJiaBHHaMH CCBCpHblX oGjiacxcH
ApcBHepyccKoro rocy^apcxBa.
MaxepHajibHaH Kyjibxypa apcbhhx 6ajixoB h 4)HHHO-yrpoB, xasap, xopKOB, neneHcroB h
nojiOBueB - coccACH cjiaBHH B pa3Hbie nepnoAbi hx paccencHHa - hojiho ocBcmaexca KOJiJieKUHH-
MH oxACJia. Oahh h3 3XHX HJieMCH BHOcjie/icxBHH BouijiH B cocxas pyccKOFO rocyAapcxBa (no-
xoMKH HX cymecxByiox h noHbme), jxpyrne HCAOJiro y^ep^ajiHCb b BOAOBopoxe GypHbix coGbi-
XHH xoH anoxH H Geccjie^HO HCHe3JiH.
Cpe^H BemcH, noKa3biBaK)mHX axHHHecKoe CBoeo6pa3He Kyjibxypw (JiHHHO-yropcKoro na-
cejiCHHH ceBepHbix oGjiacxeii Bocxohhoh Esponbi h GajixoB Bocxohhoh npnGajixHKH b kohuc
nepBoro - Hanane Bxoporo xbicanejiexHa, npHBUCKaiox BHHMaHHC 6poH30Bbie h cepeGpanbie
yKpameHHH oflOKflbi, Koxopbie oxjinnaioxca ox cuaBHHO-pyccKHX m ho ^JopMaM, h no xcxhhkc
H3rOXOBJTeHHH.
napa;iHbiH napjiA JiaxrajiOK cocxohji H3 cjto^khofo fojiobhofo yGopa b hujie jichx c xpy6oH-
KaMH H 6y6eHMHKaMH, H3 HecKOJibKHX MaccHBHbix BHXbix OKepejiHH H jiHXbix 6pacjiexoB (HHOr-
m no ACBHXH Ha KaxAoii pyKc), narpy/^Hbix uenoHCK h Gjtjix, (J)H6yji h npH^KCK.
XapaKxepHbiM h caMoGbixHbiM yKpaiueHHCM oaokah (|)hhckoh >KeHmHHbi GbiJin pa3JiHMHbix
XHHOB 3ooMop(j)Hbie „myMHmHe" no/fBCCKH. Hame Bcero Bcxpenafoxcji HsoGpajKcnHJi kohh h

36
yxoHKH. JXjihKa>KAOM njieMeHHOH rpynnM 6biiiH xapaKxepHii H3JiK)6jieHHbie 4)opMbi 3thx h3-
flejiHH. „lIIyMamHe" MexajiJTHHecKHe yKpameHUJi (f)HHHO-yropcKoro HacejieHHH GbiTOsajiH eme
B nepHo;; paHHero JKejiesHoro BCKa m, necKOJibKO HBMCHJifl cboh (|)opMbi, npocymecxBOBajiH
BnjioTb AO no3AHero cpeAHeseKOBba. H3o6pa>KeHMH kohh h Bo^onjiaBaioLueH nxHUbi b XBop-
HecxBC 3XHX njieMCH xaK>Ke rjiyGoKO xpaAHiiHOHHbi h oxpajKaiox /^pcBHHe 5i3biHecKHe KyjibXbi.
BopbGa KOHCBHHKaMH KpaCHOH HHXbK) npOXO/^HX Mepe3 BCK) HCXOpHK) KneBCKOH PycH.
C
MeHHjiHCb xo3HeBa cxenHbix npocxopoB, ho onacHOCxb BHesanHbix Bxop)KeHHH ocxaBajiacb.
riocjTe xa3ap nocxoaHHyio yrpo3y uanajxeuviH cosAasajiH Apyrne xiopKCKHe njieMena: b KOHue
IX BCKa - neneHerH, 3axeM - xopKH, a c cepeAHffbi XI BCKa - nojiOBUbi.
Kyjibxypy h 6bix kohcehmkob IX-XIII bckob xapaKxepH3yex GoraxbiH HHBCHxapb h3 mhofo-
HHCJieHHbix KypraHOB, paiGpocaHHbix no bcch xeppuxopHH K)>KHopyccKHX cxeneii. H3 Bemefi,
HaHfleHHbix B norpeGeHHHX, BbiACJiaexca o6biMHO aaGop opy>KHa, cocxohiuhh H3 OAHOJie3BHH-
Hbix caGejTb, koohh, ocxaxKOB jiyKOB h KOJinaHOB co cxpejiaMH, HHorAa AonojiHeHHbm KOKa-
HbiMH lujieMaMH Ha )Kejie3H0M KapKace, >Kejie3HbiMH MacKaiviH m KOjibnyraMH.
LI,eHHbiM HcxoHHHKOM flJTM HsyHCHHH BHeujHero oGnHKa nojioBUCB VL Kx KocxFOMa cjiy^ax Ka-
MCHRbie M3Ba5iHHH, xaK HasbiBacMbie KaMCHHbie 6a6bi, BxoAamHe b cocxaB ApeBHocxeii hosakhx
KOHCBHHKOB. BojibiuHHcxBO CKyjibHxyp BbinojiHCHO HO CAHHOMy KaHOHy: (|)poHxajibHoe nocxpo-
CHHe 4)Hrypbi My)KHHHbi hjih >KeHLUHHi,i c xpaAHUHOHHbiM axpnGyxoM - KyGKOM B pyKax. JXejann
H yKpameHHH Goraxoro KOcxioMa BocnpOH3BeAeHbi noApoGno, c Gojibuioii xoHHOCXbio. „Ka-
MCHHbie GaGbi" - naMHXHHKH yMepuiHM npeAcxaBHxeAaM hoaobchkom 3HaxH. Ohh cxaBHAHCb
oxAejTbHo ox MOFHjibi, Hauje Bcero na ecxecxBCHHbix B03BbimeHMHX hjih BepnjHHax Gojiee ApcB-
HHX KypraHOB.
CoGpaHHbie b oxacjic HcxopHH nepBoGbixHOH Kyjibxypbi 3pMHxa^a naiviHXHHKH ApcBHcro
xyAOJKecxBCHHoro XBopnecxBa no3BOJisiK)x npocjieAHXb A-nnxeAbHbiH h cjio>KHbiH nyxb pasBH-
XHH HCKyCCXBa ox npOH3BeAeHHH KaMCHHOrO BeKa AO BeJlHKOJienHblX H3AeAHH CpeAHCBeKOBbfl.
CpcAH HHx - npcAMexbi, cAejiaHHbie h3 KaMHH m rjiHHbi, kocxh h AepeBa, h3 ko^h h xKann,
GpoH3bi H AparoHCHHbix MexajiJTOB. Co3AaHHbie pasHbiMH njieMenaMH h HapoAaMH b pa3Hbie
HcxopHHCCKHe HepHOAbi, OHH ACMOHCxpHpyiox MHorooGpa3He BHAOB, cxHAeii H HanpaBAeHHH
B HCKyCCXBe ApeBHOCXH.
Ha HpoxH>KeHHH xbicjiHejiexHH HCKyccxBO He BbiAeAHAOCb B caMocxoHxejibHyK) c4)epy AyxoB-
HOH )KH3HH HeJIOBCKa. MHOrHC HaMflXHHKH XyAOiKeCXBCHHOrO XBOpneCXBa, OCOGCHHO Ha paHHHX
3xanax HcxopHMecKoro pa3BHXHH, HBjiJijiHCb MaxepnaAbHbiM BonAomeHHCM oxpa^CHHbix b
HAeoKorHH oGmecxBennbix oxHouieHHH, hmch y oahhx nACMen h napoAOB MarHMecKoe, oGpa-
AOBoe 3HaMeHHe, y Apyrnx - MH(})OJiorHMecKoe, AereHAapnoe. He BcerAa yAaexcK nocxHHb bck)
CAOXHOCXb CMblCAOBOrO C0Aep>KaHH5I 3XHX HaMHXHHKOB H BOCC03AaXb XOXH Gbl npHGjIH3HXeAb-
HO BHyXpeHHH MHp HaUIHX HpeAKOB. OAHaKO, nOKa3aHHbie B CBOeM HCXOpHHeCKOM KOHXeKCXe,
OHH oxpaxawDX bcxh orpoMHoro, nenpepbiBHoro nyxH scxexH^ecKoro ocBoenna neAOBeKOM
OKpyxaiomero MHpa, CBHAexeAbCXByK)x o ero GoraxoH AyxoBHOH Kyjibxype.

37
 PLATES

HJlJltOCTPAUMH
FEMALE STATUETTES
Sile of Malta. About twentieth tuillennium B.C.

)KEHCKI4E CTATYSTKH
CmoHUKu Ma.ihfiia. Oko.w deadiiam(),*i) nihicHHejiemuH do h. 3.
 FIGURLS OF BIRDS
Site of Malta. Ahinii iwciificth millennium B.C.

nTMUbl
Cnui.'iuKu Ma.ihina. Okdio i)ntt()iiaiiia.-fi nihn uHcwniwi ()o h. j.
3,4
PLAQUE (obverse and reverse)
She of Malta. About twenticlh iml/cniniini B.C.

nJlACTMHA (jlHUCBaH H OOOpOTHUH ClOpOHbl)

Cnio-HHKa Ma.ih/iia. Oko.io deadua/no.'it nihn 'lue.U'/na.H do u. J.
 inoi ROCK DRAWINGS
Pile seirlemcni u/ UsvUily IV. SecomI hull ol tliinl millennium B.C. Be.mv Nii.'^. Second lialj of third - early second millennia B.C.

MAO;i HACKAJlbHblE M30BPA)KEHMfl

lloee.ienue ycH'imhi I\ Bmiipari nii.KiHiiiia inpemhe.-o mhu.i'ie.icinu.'i Heciw Hoc. Bmo/uiM mpenibe.-o
. <ki n. j. no.iouiiiia - iiirui.io emopo.-o nihiciieieiini'l <)o ii. j.
 hISH
\ crkholensk hiiiiul ground. I /iird niilU'tiuinni B.C.

PblBA
Bcp.xo.wncKitu Md.-ii.ibiiuK. Ipc/iihc nihi( •I'lC-icnun' <)(> ii. >.
 8
HANDLE FROM A DIPPER STONE AXE
Pile M'Uk'nwnt a} Vsvinly l\ . Second hall of ihiril niilU'ilfliutii B.C. KcircUan .ASSR. fir\t Jialf oj second tuilU'nninni B.C.

PyMKA KOBIUA TOnOP-MOJlOT

fJoce.ieHlic yie'iniht II'. Bitiopu'i tin.iomina nipt'nihc.^n rtihic.*i<ie.temiit do n. j. Kdpc.lhCKtti .4CCP. flepetii no.ioenna uninpmo nible^'ie.ientn.*! do ti. 3.
 10. 11.12
BOWLS
Ancient silc t/J Karci-Dcpi'. Third nuUcnninni B.C.

MHCKM M MAUJH
floit'.H'inw h'apa-JIfnc. Tprnihc iiii>i(u'ii'-lf'nint' lio n. j.
 '

r^^^^^^^^^^^^^f^^^ '^^—^^Br^^ 1''

9^
' _

ff^^M

'\-h. •

^^m mm m J^^^^^^^^^^l

k,-^'
\

^ l^ifc^B^y^^ ^ '*
•
^
r- - —^^^^^M^^B
^1
 13
SEATED FEMALE FIGURE
AncU'nl site near Yahitisocli-Depc . St'tttntl halt ot tonrth tnilh'nnitint B.C.

CTATy3TKA CH;i«lUEM >KEHmMHbl

1 liHclt'iiiic }i.i(imcni-.Jcnc. Bnuifxi'i /ni.Kftiitnn 'ii'nificpnKt.'o nihu 'I'lC.Jcniii't do li. 3.
 14 75
SEATED FEMALE FIGURE STANDING MALE FIGURE
Ancient site near Beinovo-Litka. hirst half of third niH/enniiint B.C. .Ancient site of Kiira-Depe. Early third nittlenniiini B.C.

CTATy3TKA CMAJHUEPi )KEHlHMHbl CTATYSTKA CTO^mEFO MV^KMHHbl

noce-iemie Bepuoeo-JlyKa, Uepecifi no.ioeuna inpenihe^o nibic.uue.ieniu.'i Oo //. j. noce.icHne Kapa-JJene. Ha^a.io nipetube^o tnhic.H'ie.tetniifi do «. 3.
 16 17
ANIMAL FIGURES PART OF A STANDING FEMALE FIGURE
Anciein site new Neiiiiiovo. .Second halj oj third millennium B.C. Ancient site near Krinichki. Second liall ol third niilU'nniiini B.C.

CTATySTKM >KMBOTHbIX )KEHCKA>I CTATy3TKA

IloccAenue Me.Mlipofitj. Hmopa.'t no.tosunci niffennA\'(i nihivM^n'AenniM do if. j. floce.iennc Kpinm'iKti. Bnjopu.'i no.ioatnia nificnibCt'o nihUM'H'.temti-t do n. 3.
/*
HEAD FROM A FEMALE STATUETTE
Anck'tit site near Krinichki. Seeoiul hall of third niiUcnniunt B.C.

XEHCKAfl rOJlOBKA
fJoce.ieHlic K/HifiuuKU. Btnopu.H na.loeniiu ^nf>l'lHhC^o ttlblcn^eACiittl.^ do il. j.
 19
TWO VESStLS AND A HELMET-SHAPED LID
Aiuicnr sites near ZItttry ami Po]ivtnwv-Yur. Second fitilfo/ tliircl millenniitni B.C.

COCyabl M mJlEMOBMUHAM KPblQlKA

lIoce.ientiM H\yi)hi: Ud.nttuiiitifi-H i). Unrnfht:/ no.iofinnci nipenihet'o nihiciue.U'nnt.'t (Ui n. j.
20
TWO VESSELS AND AN INCENSE BURNER
Burial ground near Stirnnv lilus: Kcirusuk III hurkil grounil. Line r/iird inillcnnium B.C.

COCyflbl M BA30MKA-KyPMJIbHMUA
MoeUjtbHUK y yjycti Cap^os u Mocu.thniiK KuiymyK III. Hoiwii Dipcnihco iithn 'ru'wiuufi do ii. i.
 21

DhCORAlION OF A FUNfRAI CANOPY: FlUURh OF A BULLOCK

Maikop Barrow. Mitl-third millenniuin B.C.

bblHOK. yKPAUlHHME nOPPEBAJlbHOFO BAJlilAXHHA

MaiiKoncKim Kyp^all. Cepeduiia iiipeiiibe^o iiihu.-i'ir.ifnut.-i do /(. J.
22
VASE WITH ANIMALS AND A HILLY LANDSCAPE
Maikop Barrow. Mhl-third niillenniuni B.C.

COCyn. C MSOBPA^KEHM^MM JKHBOTHBIX ha OOHE rOPHOrO JlAHflUlAOTA

MauKOficKuu Kypzaii. Cepeditna mpcmbeeo inbWHueAemu.H do n. 3.
 23
TOOL
"Calicli Hoard ".
Seconil lialj nj ihe second millennium B.C.

MflOJl
,r(i:iiiieKim K.md" . BmopriM no.iomiim emopoco mhic.ticjiemii.i do li.3.
 24
BARS WITH FEMALE HEADS
Syda V and Chcrnovaya VUl burial grounds. First half of second njillennium B.C.

CTEPXEHbKM B BMAE )KEHCKHX FOJIOBOK

Moen.ihiniKu Cbida V, 'Icpnoeufi \ III. fJcpaa.i no.ioeuiia emopoeo mbtCftHCAemun do h. o.

25 26
SLAB WITH A REPRESENTATION OF A FANTASTIC ANIMAL HEAD OF A FEMALE ELK
Chernovaya VIII burial ground. First half of second millennium B.C. Sliigir peatbog. Second millennium B.C.

nJlMTA C M30BPA>KEHMEM (DAHTACTHHECKOFO 3BEPfl rOJlOBA JIOCMXH

MocujjbHUK Wepuoea.'i i'lll. Flepea.n noAoeuna emopo^o mbics^aemun do h. j. UIueupcKuit niop<fi/iHUh'. Bniopoe mbicH^CAcmue do n. o.
27,28
AXE-HEADS
Caucasus. Early first niillcmiiiiin B.C.

Tonopbi
Kaenai. Hana.lo ncpeo^o fithlci'ieAeiuufi do li. 3.
 29
RHYTON
Bomhoro Glade. About eighth century B.C.

PMTOH
EoMoopcHu.'i noA.'tua. Okoao Mil e. do u. 3.
30
HORSE CLASPS
Caucasus. Early first tniltcnniiim B.C.

KOHM. nP^^KM
KaeKai. Haua.io ncpeoco tubic.'me.ieniu^ do n. 3.
 31
HAND-MADE VESSELS
Karasitk I burial ^rtittntl, Thirlcrntlf - tenth centuries B.C.

COCVAbl JlEnHblE
Xio.'ii.ihHUK KupiuyK I. XIII-X ee. do u. o.
32
VESSEL WITH A POINTED BOTTOM
Ancient site near Grigorovka. Seventh - sixth centuries B.C.

COCYR OCTPOflOHMblR
^pu^opoecKoe <^opodiiUfe. \'1I-\'I ss. do h. j.
 33
SCOOP AND CUP
Barrow No. 455 near Makeyevka. tale seventh - curly sixlh centuries B.C.

MEPOAK M KVEGK
Kypt'tiii M>455 y ce.ia MtiKeeeHa. Koiicii 11/ - iiwta.io \ I «. do n. j.
34
SCOOP
Barrow No. 455 near Makeyevka. Lute seventh - early sixth centuries B.C.

MEPnAK
Kypean J^Q 455 y ce.ia MaKccgKa. Koneif Vll - naia.to VI e. do «. 3.
 35
POLE-TOP
UkUy Burrow II. lijlli cciiliiry B.C.

HABEPUIHE
y.thCKUU Kyp^OH jV» -'. I 8. ()o II. 3.
 36
STAG PLAQUE
Kostroniskuya Bnrrnw. Early sixth century B.C.

OJlEHb. BJIMXA
KcxnipoMCKoii Kypeaii. Haia.io I / e. do ii. 3.
57
PANTHER PLAQUE
Kelernies Barrow I. Early sixth century B.C.

RAHTEPA. BJlflXA
KejiepAteccKui'i Kypean N9 1. Ha^a.io I / e. do ii. 3.
 38
MIRROR
Stavropol Jerri lory. Six ill century B.C.

3EPKAJ10
CmaeponojhCKuu Kpau. y/ g. do it. 3.

i
39
POLE-TOP WITH THE FIGURE OF A STAG
Makhoshevskaya. Sixth century B.C.

HABEPIUHE C <t>MryPKOM OJIEHS

CniuHUi^a MaxoiueecKan. VI e. do h. 3.
 40
PLAQUE: CURLED-UP ANIMAL
Kulakovsky Barrow. Fifth century B.C.

CBEPHyBlUMflCfl SBEPb. BJlflXA

Kypt'tfH KyjiuKoecKO^o. V ft. do h, 3.
41
PLAQUES: PANTHER AND A LION'S HEAD
Zhiirovka Barrows. Sixth - fiflh centuries B.C.

HAHTEPA, rOJlOBA JTbBA. BJlflXM

}Kypo8CKtie Kvp^cmbi. II- I fie. do h. 3.
 42.43 44
PLAQUES VESSEL
Baby Barrow; barrow at Ak-mcchet. Fifth century B.C. CItastye Barrows. Fourth ccniury B.C.

nJlACTMHtl COCVA
KypeaH Baobt; Kyp^all 6au3 AK-Mem'inii. V e. do u. 3. Wacrubie Kypeaubt. IV e. t)o n. 3.
 45
COMB
Solukha Burrow, Late fifth - early /ourlii eenturics B.C.

rPEBEHb
Kypean Cojoxa. Kiiiwif V - HunaAO IV e. do n. j.
46
REVERSE OF THE COMB
Soloklta Barrow. Late fifth - early fourth centuries B.C.

rPEBEHb (o6opoTHa)i CTopona)

Kypeau CoAOxa. Koueii V - iiauajto IV e. do h. 3.
 47
AMPHORA
Chertonilyk Barrow, First halj of Jourlh century B.C.

AM*OPA
Kyp^-an ^c'ptnoM.tbiK. flepeuji nojioeuna IV e. do h. 3.
DETAIL OF THE AMPHORA
AMctOPA. AeraJib
49
VESSEL
Solokha Barrow. Late fifth - early fourth centuries B.C.

cocy;i
Kyp^aH Co.ioxa. Koiiei4 I' - na^ia.io IV e. do h. 3.
 50
CHEEK-PIECES
EUzavetinskaya Barrows, Fourth century B.C.

nCAJIHH
EjiuiaeetmiHCKUc Kyp.'tiuhi. I\' e. do h. 3.
51
FINIAL WITH THE FIGURE OF A STAG
Pazyryk Barrow II. Fifth -fourth centuries B.C.

OJIEHb. HABEPUIME
na3btpbiKCKUu Kyp^ilH A^ 2, V~iy 33. do H. 3,
 52
FINIAL SHAPED AS A GRIFFIN HOLDING A STAG'S HEAD IN ITS BEAK
Pazyryk Barrow II. Fifth -fourth centuries B.C.
rPMcboH c ro;ioBOM ojiehji b kjiiobe. habepuime
lluiupbiKLKUu Kyp.'aii Ail .'. \ -IV ee. do ii. 3.
 53
SWAN FIGURES
Razyryk Barrow V. tijtii ~ loiirth centuries B.C.

JlEBEilM
llti thiphiKCKUN f<yp<'atf N9 5. V-IV He. do ii. 3.
 54 55
I'l AQUh HROM THE POMMEL OF A SADDLE FOREHEAD PLAQUE
Basluiiliir Burrow If. Fifth century B.C. Tuekia Barron- I. Fi/lfi century B.C.

HAKJIA/IKA HA JIVKV CEflJlA HAJIOBHAJI BflflXA

EauuiOiifKKNU Kyp^a}l Ai* 2. V a. do u. j. Ty3KinuncKuii Kvp.^au TV? /. ( h. do u. j.
 56
SADDLE COVER
Pazyryk Burrow I. f 11 lit fourth centuries B.C.

nOKPbllUKA CEflJlA
nuTbiphtKCKUu KyP'''ait ./V« /, I'-ll' ffe. do h. 3.
 57,58
FLASK (obverse and reverse)
Pcfzyryk Barrow I, Fiffh - fourth tc/ilurics B.C.

OJI^FA (jIHIieBilH H oflOpOTHaH CTOpOHbl)

llti ihiphihi Kuu Kvpraii N'J I. Ill ee. do ii. ).
59
HORSE PLAQUE
Sagly-Bazlii 11 burial ground. Filth - thin! centuries B.C.

JlE>KAmAJI nOUiAJXh. njIACTMHA

MoiHiAbHUK Ca^jibi-EcuKit If. I '-/// ee. do h. 3.
 60
BELT BUCKLES
Siberian Collection of Fcier 1. Founh - third centuries B.C.

nO^CHblE BJlflXM
CnSupcKa.'i Ko.i.teKtfU'i Ilenipa /. Il'-lll ee. do h. j.
61
BELT BUCKLES
Siberian Colleclion ol Pcier I. Foiirtli - lliircl centuries B.C

nOJICHblE BJiaXM
CtioupcKa.R KO.lAet<liU.<i flenipa I. IV-III ee. do H. 3.
 62.63 64
BRACELET STAG PLAQUES
Siberian Collection of Peler I. Fourth - third centuries B.C. Chilikta Barrow r. Si.xth century B.C.

BPACJTET OJIEHM. BJlflUJKM

CudupcKU.i KOjiACKiiun flenipa I. I i '-III ee. do u. 3. ^UAUKnntncHuu Kvpeau Ni? 5. I '/ «. do it. i.
 65
FINIAL WITH THE FIGURE OF AN IBEX
Krasnoyarsk Territory. Sixth - fifth centuries B.C.

HABEPIUME C *HryPKOPl FOPHOrO K03J1A

KpatifO.'ipcKNN spafi. \1~\' ne. do it. d.
'PWjWWJWHW ! iW'ii
 66
TWO DAGGERS AND A KNIFE
Krasnoyarsk Territory. Sixth - third centuries B.C.

KMHaCAJlbl M HO)K
h'piUIIO^pi KUil Kpciil. I '/-/// fifl. do H. 3.
67
BELT PENDANT
Zliycvo biiriul gioliiul. fi/lli lolirlh iciuurie!, B.C.

nOflCHAJI nOABECKA
3yC8CHUtl .UO^N.lhtmK. 1-/1 66. do II. 3.
 68
CAULDRON
Ahua-Atii area. Fifth - Ihird centuries B.C.

KOTEJl
B.mj .A.l.\HI-.4nibl. I'-lII 66. do H. 3.
 69
BRACELET WITH THE HGURE OF A FEMALE ELK
Ktilinovkii burial ground. Late first century B.C. -first century A.D.

BPAC/IET C M30BPA>KEHMEM JIOCMXM

Ku.HiHoecKuu .^1o^UJlbHUK. Koiteif / s. do h. i. - I e.

70 71

BRACELET WITH THE SCENE OF A SNOW LEOPARD ATTACKING A STAG BELT PLAQUE
Verkhneye Pogromnoye burial ground. First century B.C. Verkhneye Pogromnoye burial ground, hirst century B.C.

BPACJIET C M30BPA>KEHHEM BAPCA, TEPSAIOmEFO OSIEHU noacHA^ BJiaxA

Moeu.ibHUK y ce.ia Bep.xnee flmpoMHoe. I e. do h. 3. Moeu.ihHUK y ce.ia Bepxnee ^o^po^tHoe. I a. r^o n. i.
 72
TORQUE
Khokliluch Buirow near Novocherkassk. First century A.D.

rPMBHA.
Kypt'an Xn.wra'f 6-un Hfxtt/'u'pKaccKU. I n
 73

DETAIL OF THE TORQUE

rPMBHA. Aerajib

»
 74 75, 76
JUG WITH A ZOOMORPHIC HANDLE CUP WITH A ZOOMORPHIC HANDLE
Provenance unknown. First century A.D. KhokhlacJt Barrow near Novocherkassk. First century A.D.

KyBUIHH C PVHKOf^ B BHZIE KAEAHA COCVjl C PYHKOPi B BM^E JIOC^

llpoucxo.wdemic HeU3«ecniiio. I «. Kypi^an Xo.x.tau 6.iu3 HoeoyepKaccKU. I e.
 77

MUMMIFIED HEAD WITH A hUNhRARY MASK

Oglakhty I'/ burial ground. First century B.C.

MyMH<DMUMPOBAHHA« TOJIOBA ^KEHIUMHbl C HOrPEBAJIbHOM MACKOM

Mo>'U.tbHUK O.'.Ht.Xtflht VI. / e. do H. 3.
 7S, 79

HAIRPIN
Noyaya Chonmyu IV hnrial urouml. First century B.C.

BVJIABKA. YKPAUJEHME nPMHECKM

Mopii.JhHliK Homi'i '-Icpiian I\ . I e. do ii. >.
80.81
DIADEM AND A PAIR OF KOLT PENDANTS
yerkhne-Yahlochnoye farm. Lale fourth -first hal) ol fitih centuries

;iHAflEMA M nAPHblE BMCOHHblE nOflBECKM

FloepeoeHue y xyniopa Bepxne-Jlo.ui'iuoe. Koueu IV - ncpea^ no.ioeifua V
 82 8J
TORQUE TERMINAL BRACELET WITH DRAGON HEADS
Stavropol urea. Late Jourth -first half of fifth centuries Kerch. Lale fourth -first hall of fit ih centuries

HAKOHEHHMK rPMBHbl BPACJIET C rOJlOBAMM /IPAKOHA

h.tU3 CmagponoAft. KoHeit I V ~ nepna.t no.ioduna V a. h'cpib. KoHctf IV - nepnafi no.ioeuna V a.
 84 85
PAIR OF FIBULAE PART OF A BRIDLE
Kerch. Laic fourth - jint halj of fifth centuries Kerch. Late fourth - first halj oj fifth centuries

OAPHblE <I>HByjlbl HACTb ysabi

Kepuh. KoHcit IV ~ nepea.i no.toeuHa V a. Kep'ib. Koueii JV~ nepea.t noAOeuHa V e.
 86
PATL
Cuncesii, Late fourth - first fluff ofji/tli centuries

BEaPO
KoHi/euiinbi. Knneij H ~ tiepea.t no.ioeuua l' e.
 87
DETAIL OF THh PAIL: HYLAS AND THE NYMPHS
BEZIPO. ilerajib (..FRJiac cpenH HHM<t)")
88
DETAIL OF THE PAIL: DAPHNE PURSUED BY APOLLO
BE/IPO. JXeianh (,,Zla<i)Ha, npecjienyCMaa AnonnoHOM")
 89
MIRROR HANDLE IN THE SHAPE OF A FEMALE FIGURE
Kara-Bulak burial s>'ottmi. Third - early lourtli centuries

PVMKA SEPKAJIA B BMAE KEHCKOPl ctHfyPKH

Kapa-EyAaKCKiu'i Mo^u.'ibnuK. Ill - iia^ajio IV e.
90
PLAQUE FROM THE POMMEL OF A SADDLE
Kudyrghe burial ground. Sixth -~ seventh centuries

HAKJIAflKA HA JIVKV CEflJIA

MoeujibHUK Kydbipej. VI~- VII ee.
 91
TORQUE
" Pereshchepina Treasure". Late seventh century

rPHBHA
,,nepeutenuncKuu KjtiK)" . Koneu I'll 0.
 92 93
LION PLAQUE BRACELET
Ancient site near Skibintsy. Sixtli - seventh centuries " Pereshchepina Treasure''. Late seventh century

nJIACTMHA B BHJIE JlbBA BPACJIET

TlQceAeiine Cf<n6NH[fhi. 1 7- VII se ..nepeutenintcKiiu Kjad" . Koueif I'll e.
 94 95
BRACELETS OF TWISTED WIRE TEMPLE RINGS
Hoard from the Sikorsky eslale (Kiev). Tenth - eleventh centuries Alexeyev Collection. Hoard from the Yesikorsky estate (Kiev). Twelfth - thirteenth centuries

BMTblE BPACJlETfcl BHCOHHblE KOJlbUA

Kjiad e ycadbde CuKopcKoco, Hitee. X-Xl ee. Codpanue A.teKceeea; K/iad ycadbde EcuKopcKoeo, Kuee. Xll-Xllt ee.
96
TEMPLE RINGS
"Borshchevo Hoard". Tenth century

BMCOHHblE KOHbUA
,,EopuieecKuu KAad". X e.
 97
LUNNITSA AND PENDANTS
"Gniozdovo Hoard". Tenth century

;iyHHMUA M no;iBECKM
,,rne30uecKuu K/iad" . X e.
98
NECKLACE
"Shalakhovo Hoard". Tenth century

0)KEPEJIbE
,,UlaAaxoecHUu xjiad" , X e.
 101
BRACELET WITH STAMPED ORNAMENT
Ludza burial ground. Tenth - eleventh centuries

bPACJlET
,llOliUUCKUi4 MO^U.lbfUIK. X-XI ffff.

99, JOG 102

KOLT PEhiDANT WITH ENAMEL (obverse ;imJ reverse) NECKLACE
Hoard from the Yesikorsky estate (Kiev). Eleventh - tivcllth centuries Novo-Toninikovo burial ground. Eighth - tenth centuries

KOm, VKPAIUEHMblM SMA/IbK) (jiHueBa« h o5opoTHaa ciopoHbi) BVCbl

K.iad 8 ycadb6e EcuKopcKoeo, Kuee. XI-XII ee. ToMUUKoecKuti MOi'u.thuuK. 1 Ill-X ee.
;,.^}m-^r-''m.i
 103 104
BAR WITH THE HEAD OF AN ANIMAL ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURE
Staraya Ladoga. Ninth century Staraya Ladoga. Tenth century

CTEP^EHb C rOJlOBKOK 3BEPi] AHTPOnOMOPOHAfl OMrVPKA

Cniapaa Jladoea. IX e. Cmapaa Jladoca, X e.
105
ANIMAL HEAD
Staraya Ladoga. Ninth - tenth centuries

rOJIOBA 3BEP>1
Cmapan JJadoea. IX-X ee.
 706
CARVED COMB
Site oj Belaya Vezha. Eleventh century

PE3HO{t rPEBEHb
I'opodume Be/iaa Beiica. XI e.
107
REVERSE OF THE COMB
Site of Belaya V'ez/ia. Eleventh century

PE3HOM rPEBEHb (o6opoTHa!i CTopoHa)

Vopoduuie BcjtuH Bejica. XI e.
 108
CLASP
centuries
"Akhlial HoanI". Firsl - second
3ACTEaCKA
,.AxmuaAbCKUU KJiad". I-II ee.
 109 IW
PLAQUt. FIGURE OF A MAN WITH A BEARSKIN ON HIS HEAD CLASP WITH "JINGLING" PENDANTS
Ust-Garcvaya. Fhst - third ccnrurU's Liada burial Rrottnil. Tenth eleventh eenlttries

<I>HryPKA MEJIOBEKA C MEflBEaCbEM UIKyPOfl HA FOJIOBE. HJIACTMHA 3ACTE)KKA C ..UIVM jmiMMM' HOZIBECKAMU
ycmh-Fapi'mtM. I-NI ««. JlMduncKtni MmuAi^nnK. X-XI ««.
77/
PLAQUE: BIRD IDOL
Nizhue-Moshi'YO, Sixth - ninth centuries

nTMUEBM/lHblM M/IOJI. nJlACTMHA

Hu^i/ie-Mouit'eo. 17-/ A' ee.
 112
PLAQUE
Nyrgymla. First century A.D.

njlACTMHA
HbipebiH()<i. I e.
113
BROOCH WITH PENDANTS; CROSSES AND FIGURE OF A HORSEMAN
Chehmtzhi. Eleventh - twelfth centuries

3ACTE5KKA C HO/IBECKAMM
^e.iMyjfCU. Xl-XU ee.
 114

"STONH BABA"
Ktasnoday Tcrriiory. Eleventh - twelfth centuries

..KAMEHHAM BABA"
KpacHodapcKUU Kpaii. XI-XII ee.
NOTES ON THE PLATES
AHHOTAUHM
FEMALE STATUETTES. Mammoth tusk. Height of a) 4.1 cm, b) 13.6 cm. Site of Malta. Irkutsk
Region. Siberia. Excavated by M. M. Gerasimov. 1929-30. Late Palaeolithic, about 20,000 B.C. (3701747.
370/753)*.

a) This miniature statuette is, except for the face, completely covered with parallel horizontal incised lines.

The head is separated from the body by a slight indentation, the arms, by two incised lines. The flattish
face has eyes and nose crudely rendered. The legs taper somewhat; they are rounded off at the bottom,
with a small space between the ankles. Behind is a clearly indicated tail. The mode of decoration suggests
that the figure is shown wearing a fur dress time among Siberian peoples. This is one of the
known at the
distinguishing features of the statuettes from Malta and the neighbouring Buret.
b) Nude female figure, the proportions greatly distorted: the head is nearly the same size as the torso, the
legs three times as long. The face has no features. The crown of the head is smooth. Lower down, the head
is covered with deeply incised wavy lines. The small breasts are scarcely indicated. The thin arms are folded

over the abdomen. The legs are tapering, divided in the lower part by an elongated oval space, and rounded
at the ends.
These images reflect the high status of the woman in Palaeolithic society. They embody the notion of the
woman as the mistress of the hearth and home, the ancestress of the tribe, possessing the power to ensure,
by magic means, success in the hunt which was the tribe's main source of food.

}KEHCKME CTATy3TKH. Eueeub MaMouma. Bbicoma: a) 4,1 cm; 6) 13,6 cm. Cmomma MoAb-
ma. MpKymcKan o6Aacmb. PacKOUKu M. M. FepacuMoea, 1929-1930 zz. Tloidmm na/ieoAum. Okoao dead-
iiamoao mbiCHHCAemua do h. 3. (3701747; 370/753)**.

a) MHHHaxKipHaji craxyaTKa noKpbira (Kpowe nnua) pe3HbiMH nonepeiHbiMH napaJiJiejibHbiMH jihhhamh.

FojiOBKa OTflejiena ot TyjiOBHma neGojibuiHivi npoPHGoM, pyKH - AByMH pe3HbiMM jihhhhmh. Ha djiockom
jiHUe HaMCMeHbi rjiasa h hoc. Hofh cjierKa cy>KaK)Tca KHHsy. Ha Mecxe crynHett cflenaHo oxBepcxHe. Csa-
flH oxnexjTHBO o6o3HaMeH xbocx. OpHaMCHxauHH (J)HrypKH nosBOJiaex BH^exb 3flecb H3o6pa>KeHHe neno-
BeKa B MexoBOii oaejKzie, hxo sfsnueTca o^hoh h3 ocodeHHocxeft cxaxy3xoK Majibxbi h coce^aHefi BypexH.
6) OHpypKa oGnajKeHHOH JKeHuiHHbi aHcnponopuHOHajibna: rojioBa h xopc uomxh paBHbi, hofh b xpw
pa3a AJiHHHee xyjiosHma. JIhuo hc flexajiH3HpoBaHO. FojiOBKa b xeMCHHOH MacxH rnaman, bhckh h saxbi-
jiOK cnjiouib noKpbixbir;iy6oKHMH nonepeHHbiMH bojihhcxwmh jihhhhmh. He6oJibmaa rpy/ib nyxb o6o-
3HaHeHa. Tohkhc pyKH cjio^enbi Ha ^hboxc. Horn cy^Keabi KHH3y h 3aKaH4HBaK)xcji 3aKpyrjieHHeM b hh»c- ;

HeK HacxH ohh pa3flejieHbi y/iJiHHeHHbiM, OBaJibHofl 4)opMbi oxbcpcxhcm.

Cxaxy3XKH yKasbiBaiox na Gonbuiyio pojib ^KeHuiHHbi-iviaxepH b >kh3hh naJieojiHXHMecKoro o6mecxBa.
B HHX BonJioxHJiHCb ope^icxaBJieHHH o )KeHuiHHe-xo3HHKe flOMamnero onara h ornji, xceHiUHHe-npapoflH-
xejibHHue c ee oco6oh MarHnecKOH chjioh, o6ecneHHBaK)meH ycnex b ochobhom HcxoHHHKe cymecxBosa-
HHH - oxoxe. Cxaxy3XKH ocMbicjiHBaioxcji KaK H3o6pa>KeHHfl ooKpoBHxejieH oGuihh.

FIGURES OF BIRDS. Mammoth tusk. Length of a) 11.9 cm. b) 10.2 cm. c) 7.7 cm. Site of Malta.
Irkutsk Region, Siberia. Excavated by M. M. Gerasimov in 1929. Late Palaeolithic, about 20,000 B.C.

(370/739, 370/740. 370/742).

a) Elongated figure of a flying bird, with a small egg-shaped head and a long neck. The rounded end of the
body has a hole drilled from one side. The outside rim of the hole is damaged. On either side of the body
are short, broad projections representing the outspread wings. Despite the conventionalized mode of
treatment, the resemblance to a swan in flight is obvious.
b)The neck of the bird, which is longer than the body, ends in a comparatively large, lozenge-shaped head.
There are small oval wings and a round hole, drilled from both sides, in the end of the body.
c) This figure of a bird in flight is more schematic in treatment than the other two. It has a lozenge-shaped
head at the end of a long neck. The feet stretched out behind form a sort of loop, with a hole drilled from
both sides.

Museum Inventory numbers.

**3flecb H flajibiue b cKo6Kax yxasan HHseHTapHbiii HOMep.

147
The figures were worn around the neck, with the bird's head hanging down. One bird-figure of this sort
was found on the rib-cage of a child in a burial at this same site. This suggests that the objects were
amulets reflecting certain aspects of the world outlook of the primitive man.

OTHLibl. Biweiih Ma.MOiima. JJjiii/ia: a) 1 1 ,9 cm; 6) 10,2 cm: a) 7,7 cm. Cmo.iiiKa Ma.ihma. MpKymcKa.'i
oo.iacmh. PacKoiiKu M. M. FepacuMoea, 1929 e.fJojdiiuu najieo.ium. Okojio daadiiamoeo mbic.'iue.iemii'i
do H. 3. (3701739; 3701740; 370J742).

a) <t>HrypKaJiernmeM oTHUbi OTJiMMaexcJi BbiTflHyxbiMH nponopuHJiMH: MaJieHbKan rojiOBKa mux&BwjxHoVi

Ha saKpyrjieHHOM kohuc ryuoBHiua - OTsepcTHe, noJiyneHHoe OflHOCTopoHHHM
(jjopMbi, iiieH /iJiHHHafl.
CBepjieHHCM. BHeiuHHii Kpaft OTBepcxHa noBpejKflCH. Flo oGchm CToponaM ryjiOBHiina 3aMeTHbi KopoTKHe,
ujHpoKHC Bbicrynbi - pacnjiacraHHbie KpbiJiba. HecMOTpn Ha ycJiOBHOcxb MOflejiHpoBKH, a 3xoh (})HrypKe
yra/ibiBaexcfl H3o5pa)KeHHe Jiexamero ;ie6eflH.
5) lllefl c|)HrypKH 6ojiee ajiHHHaa, hcm xyjiOBHuie, saKaHHHBaexcn pomGobhahoh cpasHMxenbHO KpynHofi
rojiOBKOH. KpbiJibiiuKH noKa3aHbi b bhac HeGoJtbiuHX OBa.nbHbix BbicxynoB. B hh^khch nacxH xyjiOBHiua
pacnojio>KeHO oKpyrnoe oxBepcxne, nojiyHCHHoe aBycxopoHHHM csepjieHHeM.
b) OwrypKa xpaKxoBaHa 6ojiee cxcMaxHHHO, neivi npeabi/iymHe. FojiosKa pomGobhahoJi 4>opMbi, iiie«
fl.rTHHHa5i. BbixHHyxbie hojkkh, CMbiKaacb, oGpasyrax nexjiio - oxBcpcxHC, Koxopoe noJiyneHO flaycxopoH-
HHM CBCpjieHHeM.
OHrypKH HOCHJiH Ha rpyziH, fojiobkoh bhh3. Ha 3xoh >Ke cxoflHKe b norpe6eHHH 6biJia Hnvmsna noflo6Ha«
CKynbnxypi<a hxhmkh na rpy/iH pe5eHKa, mxo naex ocnoBaHHe CMHxaxb 3xn npenMcxbi aMyjiexaMH, oxpa-
^KafOU^HMH KaKHC-XO OCoGcHHOCXM MHpOB033peHHfl HCpBoGblXHOrO MCHOBCKa.

3.4
PLAQUE. Mammoth tusk. Length 13.6 cm. height 8.2 cm. Site of Malta. Irkutsk Region, Siberia. E.xca-
vated by M. M. Gerasimov in 1929. Late Palaeohthic. about 20,000 B.C. (370/732).

The plaque has The decoration on the outward, slightly convex side is composed
a round hole in the centre.
of round pits running one around the centre hole being the longest. The other side, slightly
in spirals, the
concave, has three engraved snakes on it. Gerasimov justly points out that this object was not merely
ornamental. It probably had a ritual function connected with the cult of the elements.

nJlACTMHA. Eueeub MaMOuma. Jlnuua 13,6 cm, mupuua 8,2 cm. Cmo.iHKa Ma/ibma. Mpi<ymcKa.i o6-
yiacmt. Paci<oni<u M. M. FepacuMoea, 1929 z. TloidHuii noAeonum. Okojw deadiiamoeo mbicfiMejiemu.H do
H.3. (3701732).

HjiacTHHa HMeex Kpyrjioe oxBepcxne b uenxpe. OpHaMCHx jihucboh, BbinyKJiovi, cxopoHbi cocxohx h3
Kpyxjibix HMOK, o6pa3yK)uiHX cnnpaJiH. CaMaa Kpynnaa h3 hhx pacnojTO>KeHa BOKpyr oxBcpcxwa. Ha
o6opoxHOH, c;ierKa Bornyxofl, cxopone BHUHbi cxeMaxHHHbie, nepeaaHMbie rpaBHpoBKOH H3o6pa)KeHH5i
xpex 3MeH. M. M. FepacHMOB cnpaBezuiHBO oxMewaji, mxo 3xox npe;iMex 6biJi ne xo;ibKO yKpameHHCM.
njiacxHHa HMcna, BepoaxHO, MarHHecKoe 3HaHeHHe, CBJi3aHHoe c KyjibxoM cxhxhh.

IDOL. Elk antler. Height 9.3 cm. Pile settlement of Usviaty IV, Pskov Region. Excavated by A. M. Mik-
liayev in 1966. Neolithic, second half of third millennium B.C. (2419/1).

Carved nude male with a small waist, sloping shoulders and disproportionately large head. The
figure of a
face has protruding lips, a curved nose, and deep-set eyes. The ears are shown by knobs with a hollow in
the centre. The arms are bent at the elbows, the hands resting on the hips. The surface is polished.
Finds of Neolithic anthropomorphic sculpture in clay, bone, wood, horn, antler, and amber occur in the
north-west regions of our country, at sites in Vologda and Leningrad areas, Karelia, Byelorussia and the
Baltic littoral. Crude wooden anthropomorphic idols have also been discovered in the peatbogs of the
Urals. The figure from Usviaty stands out for its skillful execution and natural treatment. The date of the
settlement, established by means of radio-carbon analysis, shows that the Usviaty idol is the oldest known
sculpture of a man found in the forest zone of the European part of the USSR.

148
H/JOJT. Poc loci. Bhicoma 9,3 cm. Ceainioe noce.ieinie Vcefimbi IV. rfcKOftcKa.i oSjiacmb. Pockohkii
A.M. MuKji.ieea, 1966 ^. Heojium. Bmopaa iio/ioaiiiia mpembe^o niMC.'iyejiemii.'i do ii. o. (2419/ J).
Pe3Haa (})HrypKa npeflCTaB/iaeT o6Ha)KeHHoro My>KHHHy c HenponopuHOHaiibHO GojibiuoH fojioboh, toh-
KOH TajiHCH H noKaxbiMH njienaMH. Ha JiHue Bbi/iejiflKDTCfl nyxjibie ry6bi, rop6aTbm hoc, rjiy6oKO noca-
jKCHHbie rna3a. Vuih nepeaaHbi 6yropKaMH c yrjiyGncHHAMH s ucHrpe. PyKH, corHyxbie a jioktjix, JioKar
Ha 6e;ipax. noeepxHocxb CTaryaTKH sanoJiHposaHa.
HaxoAKH HeojiHTHHCCKHx aHTponoMop(j)Hbix cKynbniypoK, HsroxoBJieHHWx h3 paiJiHMHbix MarepMajioB -
rjiHHbi, KocTH, iiepesa, pora h aHxapji, - HSBecTHu na ceBepo-3anafle Haiueii crpaHbi. Ohh HaflfleHbi na
CTOHHKax B BojioroflCKoii h JleHHHrpa/icKOH oGjiacxax, b KapejiHH, BejiopyccHH h pecny6jiHKax FIpHGan-
THKH. Fpydbie aepeBHHHbie H^iojibi o6Hapy>KeHbi xaKSKC b Top(J)5iHHKax Vpana. OanaKO ycBHTCKaa (J)Hryp-
Ka BbiflejiaeTCH cpe^H flpyrHx peajiHcxHHHocTbio h BbipasHxejibHocxbio HcnonHeHHsi. Mcxoah h3 asthpob-
KH Bcero nocejieHHJi, ycTanoBJieHHOH Merofloivi paflHoyr;iepo/iHoro aHanM3a, ee cjieayer CHHxaTb noKa
;ipeBHeMiiiHM CKyjibnrypHbiM M3o6pa)KeHneM My>K4HHbi, HaHACHMbiM Ha leppHTopHH jicchom nojiocbi
CBponeHCKOH HacTH CCCP.

ROCK DRAWINGS. Piece of granite. Height 308 cm. width 240 cm. Broken off from a cliff' on

Cape Periy, near the village of Besov Nos (Cape Demon) on Lake Onega. Brought to the Hermitage
by F. M. Morozov in 1935. Neolithic, second half of third - early second millennia B.C. (1509/1).

This piece of rock has over sixty chipped drawings on it: figures of men, deer, eltcs, birds, boats with people
in them, circles and semicircles with long projections.
The Onega petroglyphs were discovered in the middle of the nineteenth century. There have been many
attempts to decipher their meaning. Some specialists think that they record the annual economic cycle of
the ancient inhabitants of Karelia, and that the large circles and semicircles with their projections represent
animal traps. Others see no united compositions here, and regard the drawings as mythological scenes
connected with sun worship (circles and semicircles) and ancestor cult (boats carrying men).
The dating of the rock drawings is controversial, too, but Y. A. Savvateyev has recently suggested a date
that seems sufficiently well-grounded: the second half of the third - the early second millennia B.C.

HACKAJlbHblE M30BPA>KEHH.a. 06aomok epanumHOu CKa.ibi. JJjiuua 308 cm. uiupuiia240 cm.
Omdejieii om CKajibi e ypo^uufc Hepuii mmc, Eecoe Hoc na Ohcokckom 03epe; docmaejieu e 3p-
6jiu3 depeenii
Miima.w 0. M. MoposoehiM a 1935 e. HeoAum. Bmopa.'i no.ioeuna mpembeeo - iiata.io emopoco mbicme-
Aemu.i do n. i. (1509/1).

Ha o6j70MKe CKajibi BbiceneHo Sojiee uiecTHflecflTH H3o6paaceHHH : ^HrypKw nioaeii, ojienH, jtoch, nrHUbi,
JlOflKH CCHflHUIHMH B HHX JlKJ^bMH, 3araflOHHbie KpyFH H nojiyKpyjKHfl c orpocTKaMH.
Ohokckhc neTporjiH(})bi 6bi;in OTKpbiTbi b cepe^HHe XIX seKa. C rex nop npeflnpHHHMaK)TCH nonwTKH
pacuiHcJjpoBaTb hx. Flo mhchhio o/ihhx cneunaJiHCTOB, ua 3tom oGjiomkc 3anHcaH fo/ioboh xo3flticTBeH-
HbiH UHKH apeBHHx oGHTaTencH KapenHH. BojibuiHe KpyrH h nojiyKpyjKHn c orpocTKaMH TOJiKyioTCfl KaK
H3o6pa>KeHHa KanKanoB. ^,py^v\e CMHTaK>T, mto 3aecb uer 3aKOHHeHHbix KOMno3HUHH h orpa^KeHbi pa3-
JTHHHbie MH4)0J10rHHeCKHe CKD^KCTbl, CBa3aHHbie C KyUbTOM COJlHUa (KpyrH H nOJiyKpy>KHfl) H C KyjIbTOM
MepTBblX (jIOflKH C JlKJAbMH).
XpoHOJiorHfl oue^KCKHX neTporjiHCJ)OB xaKiKe BbnbiBaer pa3HorjiacHJi, ho b nocJie/iHee BpeMH K). A. Cas-
BareeBbiM Gwjia npefl.no5KeHa floCTaxoHHO oGocHOBaHHaa Aara - BTopaa noJiOBHna iperbero - uanajio
BTOpOrO TblCaHCJieTHH flO H. 3.

FISH. Slate. Length 30 cm. Verkholensk burial ground, Irkutsk Region. Siberia. E.xcavated l)y A. P. Okladni-
kov in 1951. Neolithic, third millennium B.C. (1791/1).

The fish is carved out of greenish slate.The ancient sculptor has succeeded in representing some species
of the salmon family. All the then known ways of working stone: sawing, drilling, grinding, polishing,
engraving, were used in the production of this figurine. The hole in the back is carefully centred so that
the fish would stay in a horizontal position when hanging. The object was probably used as a decoy in

149
 .

harpoon fishing, and also served as an amulet. Sculptural representations of fish were characteristic of the
Neolithic Age in Siberia, being widely distributed in the Angara valley, the upper reaches of the Lena, and
Lake Baikal area.

PblBA. Cianeif. JJ/iuna 30 cm. BepxojtencKuu MoeuAbiiuK. MpKymcKon o6/iacmb. Pqckohku A. IJ. OKjiad-
HUKoea, 1951 ^. Heojiiim. Tpembe wbicmiejiemiie do h. 3. (1791/1).
CKyjibnrypKa HsroTOBJiena h3 sejienoBaxoro CJianua. /Jpcbkhh pcsmhk cyMCn oepe/iaTb bh/i pbi6bi Jioco-
CCBOH nopoflbi. 3/iecfa ynorpeG/iCHbi Bce HSBCCTHbie xorzia npHCMbi o6pa6oTKH KaMHJi - nMjreHHe, CBepjie-
HHe, ujJiH(JDOBKa, nojiHpoBKa, rpaBHpoBKa. FFpocBepjieHHoe na cohhc otbcpcthc crporo ueHTpHpoBano,
HTO no3BOJTJiJio 4'nrypKe coxpaHaxb ropn30HTaJibHoe noJio^CHHe npw noABeuiHBaHHH. 3to HSACJiHe,
BepoHTHo, cjiy>KHiio npHMaHKOH BO BpcMfl oxoTbi Ha pbi6y c rapnyHOM, a TaKJKc aMyjieroM. CKyjibnxyp-
Hbie H3o6pa>KeHHH pbi5 xapaKxepHbi ana chGhpckofo HeojiHxa. Ohh 6bijui imipoKO pacnpocxpaHeHbi b ao-
jiHHax pcK Anrapbi, JIchw (BepxoBbe), na 03epe BaiiKan.

8
HANDLE FROM A DIPPER. Wood. Length 9.5 cm. Pile settlement of Usviaty IV, Pskov Region.
Excavated by A. M. Mikliayev in 1967. Neolithic,second half of third millennium B.C. (A 314-70).

The handle of the dipper ends in a bear's head. The ears of the animal are pressed closely to the head. The
eyes are not rendered, but the nostrils are precisely modelled, the lower jaw emphasized, the snarling mouth
shown as a slit. Stylistically, this bear's head is similar to that on the stone axe from Karelia (see PI. 9).
The Neolithic peatbogs of the European forest zone mostly yielded dippers with handles shaped as birds'
heads. Handles with bears' heads had previously been known only in Finland.

PVMKA KOBIUA. ffepeeo. JfAuna 9,5 cm. Ceaunoe noce/tenue Ycenmbi IV. TIcKoecKaH oS/iacmb.
PacKonKu A. M. MiiK/ifieea, 1967 z. HeoAum. Bmopan nojioeima mpembeeo mbicfiHeAemufi do h. j.
(A 314-70).
PyiKa KOBuia pemena b BH^e rojioBbi MeaBejifl. YraH SBcpa npH^caxw, rjia3 Hex, 3y6bi omepeHw, nexKO
npopaGoxaubi ho3aPh, pejibe(J)HO noKa3aHa HHJKHaa Henrocxb, nacxb o6o3HaHeHa npope3bio. CxHnHCXH-
necKH 3xa ronoBa ananorHiHa H3o5pa)KeHHK) na (})HrypHOM xonope-MOJioxe h3 KapenHH (cm. N° 9).
Hame Bcero na neojiHXHHecKHx xop4)HHHKOBbix naMflXHHKax JiecnoH nojiocw eBponeftcKOH nacxH CCCP
BCxpenaioxcH kobiuh c pyHKaMH b bh^c fojiob nxHu. Panee pyHKH c ronoBaiviH MCABCfleH 6bi;]H n3BecxHi>i
xojibKO Ha xeppHxopHH Ohhjihhahh.

STONE AXE. Slate. Length 22.7 cm. Chance find. Karelian ASSR. Entered the Hermitage in 1855.
Neolithic, first half of second millennium B.C. (1518/1).
A carved and" polished axe made of greenish-gray slate, of a variety found only in the vicinity of Petro-
zavodsk. The butt end shaped as the head of a bear. The ears are shown as knobs; the eyes are not indi-
is

cated; the nostrils are represented by dots, the mouth by a groove, the lower jaw is accurately modelled,
with careful attention to its anatomical structure.
Great numbers of such objects have been found in Karelia, Finland and Sweden. Usually it is the head of
an elk that appears on the axe, though sometimes it is a bear's head. The structure of the figure axes shows
that they could not have been used as tools or weapons. They were almost certainly objects of animal cults.
The earlier figure axes of this sort refer to the first half of the second millennium B.C.; nearly all of them
are chance finds, and their absence in settlements and burial grounds precludes a more exact dating.

TOnOP-MOJIOT. CAaueif. JjAuua 22,7 cm. C.'iynauna.i uaxodKo. KapeAbCKon ACCP. IJocmynuA
e DpMumaoK e 1855 e. HeoAum. Uepean noAoeuna emopozo mhicHHeAemuH do n. 3. ( 1518/1)

IUjiH(})OBaHHbiH (j)HrypHbm mojiox H3roxoBJieH h3 seJienoBaxo-ceporo cnanua, BCxpenaiouierocH xojibKO

B OKpecxHocxflx nexpo3aBOflCKa. Ero oGyuinaH nacxb aana b bh/jc ronoBbi MCABe^ifl. Yiuh noKa3aHbi 6y-
ropKaMH. Fjias Hex. ToneMKaMH HaMeneHbi ho3APH, npopesbio o6o3Ha4eHa nacxb, xiuaxejibHO npopaGo-
xana HH>KHfla nejiiocTb.

50
TaKHe Tonopbi-MOJiOTbi b 6ojibmoM KOJiHHecTBC HaiiaeHbi Ha xeppHTopHH KapejiHH, Omhjimhahh h
IIIbcuhh. Mame Bcero mojiotm saKaHHHeaKDTCH fojiobom jioch, HHor/ia - Mcaseafi. KoHCTpyKTHBHbie oco-
6eHHOCTH ({)HrypHbix mojiotob noMorarox onpeaejiHTb, hto ohm hc mofjih 6biTb opyaHaMM hum opy>KHeM.
BepojiTHee Bcero - 3to npeflMCTbi Kyubxa ^hbothux. Bee ohh, 3a peflKHM HCKJiioHeHHeM, oGnapyjKeHbi
cnynaHHO. Hanajio npoHSBOflcxBa (})HiypHbix ronopoB othocht k nepBOtt nonoBHHC BToporo Tbicflne-
JieXHfl ^.0 H. 3. OxcyXCXBHC 3XHX naMJJXHHKOB Ha nOCeJlCHHflX H B MOFHJIbHMKaX He n03B0Jlflex /laxHpoBaxb
Hx 6oJiee tohho.

10, 11. 12
BOWLS. Pottery. Height of a) 8.5 cm, b) 13.5 cm, c) 6.5 cm, d) 8.5 cm. Ancient site of Kara-Depe near
Artyk, Southern Turkmenia. Excavated by V. M. Masson in 1955-57. Eneolithic, third millennium B.C.
(Kd P3 MC-1161; Kd P-2169; KdjVO ; Kd P^ MC-21150).
a) Part of a deep bowl with gently rounded sides and a small flat bottom. The upper part of the outer
surface is painted in black pigment with outline figures of animals arranged in two tiers encircling the

vessel.The animals have long tails and four bird-like feet with three toes. Both ears are shown; the^mouth
is shaped like a beak. The space inside the .body contours is filled with round spots.

b) Deep bowl with a small flattened bottom and slightly rounded sides. Most of its surface is taken up by
a broad ornamental band painted in black. It consists of alternating rhombs and triangles with apices
nearly touching. The spaces between them are filled with a saw-tooth pattern.
c) Shallow bowl with a slightly thickened bottom and almost straight sides. Both the inner and outer
surfaces are red-slipped and polished. The upper part of the inside surface is decorated with a frieze of
goats painted in black, each with an elongated body, a beard and long curved horns.
d) Deep bowl with slightly rounded sides and a small flat bottom, decorated with a frieze of geometrical
ornament painted in dark brown and divided into separate panels by double vertical lines. The main motif
is a rhomb with a pattern of jagged lines inside.
Such vessels are typical specimens of the pottery of early agricultural tribes of Southern Turkmenia in the
third millennium B.C. Zoomorphic decoration, with both realistically painted animals (goats) and fantastic
creatures (spotted animals), is of the greatest interest to the scholar. The fantastic animals have analogies
in the decoration on pottery made at that time in the territory of present-day Iran. Specialists regard these
figures as a conventional rendering of snow leopards.

MHCKM M HAllIH. FAuna. Bucoma: a) 8,5 cm: 6) 13,5 cm; 0) 6,5 cm; e) 8.5 cm. Hocejieiiue
Kapa-Jlene y ApmbiKa. lOMCiiafi TypKMenu.i. PacKoniai B. M. Maccona, 1955-1957 ^^. Dneojium.
Tpembe muiciwAemue do h. o. (Kd P3 MC-1161; Kd P-2;69; Kdl70; Kd Pi MC-2il50).
a) Macxb rjiyGoKOii mhckh c OKpyrjieHHbiMH cjierKa sarnyxbiMH cxemcaMH h He6ojibmHM yojiomeHHbiM
flHOM. Ho KpaK), c HapyKHOil cxopoHbi, HepHOii KpacKoii HaneceHbi H3o6pa>KeHHa naxHHCXbix xcHBOXHbix,
pacnoJio>KeHHbie ^ByiviJi paaaMH, ono»CbiBaiomHMH cocya. OHrypw ^hboxhmx 3aKaHHHBaK)xcfl ajihh-

HbiMH XBOcxaMH H HMeKJx Mcxbipc jpcxnajibie nxHHbM Jianbi. Ha rojiOBC - yiuH h pox b BH^e KJiiOBa. Ty-
jiOBHUie noKpbixo KpynnbiMH xoHKaMH.
6) TjiyGoKaa MHCKa c neGojibiuHM ynjiomcHHbiM ahom h cjierKa OKpyrjienHbiMH cxeHKaMH. Bojibuiyio
Hacxb noBcpxHOCXH 3aHHMaex BbmojiHeHHbitt Hepnoii KpacKoii opHaMeHxajibUbui (J)pH3. Oh cocxohx h3
BiiHcaHHbix Apyr B flpyra nepe/iyiomHXCH pomSob h xpeyrojibHHKOB, coeflHHCHHbix BepuiHnaMH. FIpo-
cxpancxBO ivie^fly hhmh 3anojiHeHO H3orHyxbiMH nHJiOBHflHbiMM jihhhjimh.
b) HerjiyGoKaa nama co cuerKa ynnomeHHbiM ahom h hohxh npaivibiMH, kohmhcckh pacmHpjiiouiHMHCH
KBepxy cxeHKaMH. KaK BHyxpeHHJiJi, xaK h Hapyacnaa nosepxHOCxH noKpbixbi KpacHbiM anroGoM h sajio-
meubi. M3o6pa>KeHHfl K03noB, HanecenHbie HepnoH KpacKoH, pacnojiarajiHCb b bhab ^pH3a, onoacbiBa-
lomero sepx BHyxpeHHeft MacxH. OnrypKH MMewx yAJiMHCHHwe npaMoyrojibHbie xyjiOBMma, AJiHHHbie
M3orHyxbie pora h GopoAbi.
r) FjiyGoKaH nama co cjierKa OKpyrjiCHHbiMH cxcHKaMH h neGonbuiMM ynnoureHHbiM ahom. CocyA yKpa-
uieH 4)pH30M, cocxoflmHM H3 reoMcxpHHecKHx y3opoB H pasAejiCHHbiM Ha oxAeJibHbie naHHO BepxHKajib-
HbiMH (})OHOBbiMH npocBexaMH. OpHaMeHx HaneceH xeMHO-KopHHHeBoii KpacKoft. OcHOBHbiM ero moxhbom
SBJiJiexcfl pom5 c 3y5HaxbiM oGpaMJieHHCM, o6pa3yK)mHM HHorAa BHyxpH Kpecx.

HoAoGnbie cocyAw xapaKxepnbi ansi paHHeseMJieAejibnecKHx nucMeH KD>KHoii TypKMCHHH xpexbero xbica-
HejiexHfl Ao H. 3. B opnaivieHxauHH HHxepec npeAcxaBAflnax 300Mop(l)Hbie (K03Jibi) h (J)aHxacxHHecKHe

151
(njiTHHCTbie cymecTBa) cK)>KeTbi. MoxHBbi (J)aHTacTHHecKHx >KMBOTHbix HaxofljiT napajiJiejiH b KepaMHKe
MpaHa 3Toro >Ke bpcmchm MCCJieAOBaTCJiH onpeAeJiflKar mx KaK ycjiOBHoe H3o6pa>KeHMe 6apcoB.
;

13

SEATED FEMALE FIGURE. Clay. Height 14 cm. Ancient site near Yalangach-Depe, Southern
Turkmenia. Excavated by I. N. Khiopin in 1957. Eneolithic, second half offourth millennium B.C.
I Ha. I
\noM 10/12
This figure of a seated woman is highly schematic. The head is cylindrically shaped, with two depressions
for the eyes, and a nose indicated by pinching in the clay. The slender waist is in contrast to the markedly
steatopygious lower part of the body. The statuette is decorated with black paint. In addition to the purely
ornamental motifs (concentric circles on the thighs), colour is used to emphasize eyebrows and eyes,
nipples and pubis. Two horizontal lines on the neck imitate ribbons; three others stand for strings of
beads.
Female statuettes of this type were widespread in the Geoksiur oasis, Southern Turkmenia, in the fourth
millennium B.C. They represented the goddess of fertility and were used in the magic rituals of ancient local
land-tillers.

CTATy3TKA CM/l>imEM >KEHmMHbI. F^una. Bbicoma 14 CM. noce.wnue n.iaman-Uene.

lOMcua.H TypK.Mcnu.'i. Pockouku M. H. Xjionuna, 1957 e. Dneo.nim. Bmopaa noAoeuna uemeepmoeo mucMue-
Ha.I \
AemuH do H. 3. \
v
\noM 10112/
Onrypa cHflameii jKCHuiHHbi CHJibHO cxeMaTHinpoBana. FojioBa noKasana b bvuxq UHJiHHflpHMecKoro Bbi-
cryna. rna3a o5o3HaMeHbi yrjiy5jieHHfliviM, hoc - He5o.obmHM lauiHnoM. PyKH orcyrcTByiOT. ToHKaa la-
HHH pe3KO nepexoAHT b \\wmhk>\o HacTb lyjioBHUia c npKO BbipaKCHHoK CTeaxonHrHeH. CxaxyaTKa no-
Kpbixa pocnncbK). rioMHMO opHaMeHxajibHbix moxhbob (KOHucHxpHHecKHe Kpyrn na 6e/ipax), KpacKOH
noAHcpKHyxbi 6poBH, rjia3a, cockh h jio6ok. ^Be ropH30HxaJibHbie oojiockh na mee HMMXHpyiox Jienxbi,
KpacKOH ace o6o3HaHeHbi xpH hhxkh 6yc.
>KeHCKHe n3o6pa>KeHHH nofloGnoro xnna 6biJiH mnpoKO pacnpocxpaneHbi b FeoKcropcKOM oa3Hce KDac-
HOH TypKMeHHH H cymccxBOBanH 3flecb Ha npoxH5KeHHH HexBepjoro xbicHHeJiexHA no h. 3. FIofloGHbie
CTaTy3XKH npeacxaBJiJiJiH Goxhhio njioflopo^Hfl h Gwjih CBflsanbi c MarHnecKHMH oGpniiaMH apeBHHX scm-
jieaejibueB.

14

SEATED FEMALE FIGURE. Pottery. Height 12 cm. Ancient site near Bernovo-Luka, Chernovtsy
Region. Excavated by T. S. Passek in 1951. Eneolithic, first half of third millennium B.C. (EPHJ555).

This figure is highly schematic in execution. is shown by a cone, and the nose scarcely indicated.
The head
The shoulders end in a point, the breasts are rendered as low mounds. The wide hips taper ofl" into legs
which are extended in front of the figure. The statuette is ornamented with deeply incised horizontal and
slanted lines. The area of the breasts and the abdomen is covered with oval pits, and that of the thighs,
with short notches arranged fanwise.
The shape of modelling and ornamentation are typical of the early (A) period of the Tri-
the statuette, its

polye culture, according to T. S. Passek's periodization. Throughout their entire history the Tripolye

tribes worshipped a female goddess, guardian of the home, who was also associated with the fertility cult.
Different stages of this culture produced variations in form and decoration, but the emphasis on sexual
characteristicsremained unchanged. Since the statuettes were connected with ancient agricultural rituals,
the clay ofwhich they were made had grains of wheat added to it, especially in the early period. Sometimes
these grains were imitated by oval-shaped pits.

CTATy3TKA CH^iHUEM >KEHmMHbI. r.mna. Bbicoma 12 CM. Hoce.ieHue y ce.ia Eepnoeo-

JlyKo. '^epuoeutfKa.i odAacmt. PacKonnu T. C. Haccen, 1951 e. DueoAum. Hepeaft no.weuua mpetnteeo
mbicaueAemuH do n. 3. (EPH/555).

152
CKyjibntypKa BbinojiHena oneHb cxeMaxHMHO. TojiOBa noKasana b BH;ie KOHHHecKoro Bwcxyna, c CflBa Ha-
MeHCHHbiM HOCOM. FIjieMH TaKKc o(j)opMJieHbi BbicTyndMH. rpy;ib o6o3HaHeHa GyropKaiviH. CHJibHO pas-
BHTbie Ge^pa nepexo^HT b BbixflHyrbie Bnepea hoph. CTaTy3TKa opHaivieHTHpoBaHa yrjiyGjiCHHbiMH jihhh-
HMH, pacnojio)KeHHbiMH ropH30HTanbHO H HaKJiOHHO. Ha rpy^H h jkhbotc nosepxHOCTb HMcer oBa;ibHbie
BbieMKH, Ha 5e/ipax - Beepoo6pa3HO pacxoaamHecfl kopotkhc HaceHKH.
OopMa CTaTy3TKH, ee MOAe:iHpoBKa u opHaMCHT THnHHHbi ana naMflXHHKOB paHHero (A) 3xana TpHnojib-
CKOH KyjTbxypbi (no nepHOjjHsauHH T. C. FlacceK). JXnn xpHnojibCKHX nueivieH Ha BceM npoxflJKCHHH mx
cymecxBOBaHHJi Gmjih xapaKxepHbi H3o6pa)KeHMfl >KeHCKoro 5o>KecxBa - xpaHHTejibHHUbi flOMaiuHero
onara, - CBniaHHwe c KyjibxoM njiOAopoflHfl. Ha pasHbix 3xanax pasBHXHfl 3xoh Kyjibxypbi MeHanHCb
(})opMbi H opHaMCHxauHa JKCHCKHX cxaxy3xoK, HO HeMBMCHHO noAHcpKHBanHCb npH3HaKH nojia. noCKOJlb-
Ky cxaxy3XKH CBasanbi c seMJie/iejibHecKHMH oGpa/iaMH, b rjiHHJiHyK) Maccy, h3 KoxopoM ohh jienmiHCb,
ocoGeHHO B paHHCM nepMOAC, ao6aBJifljiH sepna nmcHHUbi. Mnor/ia sepaa HMHxapoBajiHCb oBajibHbiMH
yrjiy6;ieHMaMH.

15

STANDING MALE FIGURE. Pottery. Height 15 cm. Ancient site of Kam-Depe near Artyk,
Southern Turkmenia. Excavated by V. M. Masson in 1955-57. Eneolithic, early third millennium B. C.
/ KMP^ MC 2 \

\ 140 I'

The rounded cylindrical base. The lower part of the statuette seems to suggest long clothes
figure has a
falling smoothly over the legs and feet. The face is very schematic, the clay merely pinched in to mark the
nose. The eyes are indicated by vertical notches. The long beard is parted in two, the strands reaching down
to the waist. The massive rectangular shoulders end in short stumps representing the arms. The head is
topped with a cylindrical cap from which a plait hangs down the back. A strip of clay glued on over the
beard represents a neckring. The cap and the beard bear traces of black paint.
Male statuettes of this type are characteristic of the early land-tilling cultures of Southern Turkmenia, but
in certain features of the man's appearance and dress they have analogies in Near Eastern art.

CTATy3TKA CTOiimErO My>KMHHbI. FAuna. Bucoma 15 CM. noccAcnue Kapa-^ene y

ApmbiKa. lO.vcna.'i TypKMeuu.i. PacKonKU B. M. Maccoiia, 1955-1957 ee. 3HeoAum. Hanano mpembeeo

mbicHHCAemuH do n. o.
(KJlPi MC 2^

\ 140
<I>HrypKa HMeex unjiHH/ipH4ecKyio no/icxaBKy. Cy/ia no (jjopivie HH>KHeH nacxH cxaxysxKH, mo>kho npea-
nojiaraxb, mxo My>KHHHa H3o6pa>KeH oaexbiM b ^.HHHHbie HMcnaAatomne o/jokaw. Hhuo nepe^aHO cxeivia-
xHHHo: HOC o6o3Ha4eH 3amHnoM, r.na3a - flByM« BepxHKajibHbiMH naceHKaiviH. /l,jiHHHaji 6opofla, pa3/ie-
jieHHaa yrjiy6;ieHneM na abc npHAn, aoxoiiHX jxo nonca. MaccHBHbie npaivioyroJibHbie njicMH saBepma-
loxca KopoxKHMH KOHHHecKHMH oxpe3KaMH, H3o6pa>KaK)mHMH ooymeHHbie pyKH. C saxbiJiKa Ha cnwHy
cnycKaexca Koca, uHJiHH;ipHHecKHM BbicxynoM noKasana manoMKa. OBajibHbiH najien na mee, HflymHfl
riOBcpx GopoAbi, nepeaaex o>Kepejibe. Ha manoHKe h Gopoae 3aMexHbi cntjihi wepHOM KpacKH.
noAoGnoro XHna MyjKCKHe cxaxy3XKH H3BecxHbi b paHHCseMJie/iejibHecKHX Kyjibxypax KD^khoh TypKMe-
HHH, HO no HeKoxopbiM HepxaM BHeujHcro oGjiHKa h oaokam ohh HMeK)x H GAH^KHCBOCxoHKbie aHa.norHH.

16
ANIMAL FIGURES. Clay. Height of a) 6 cm, b) 3.5 cm. Ancient site near Nemirovo, Vinnitsa Region.

Excavated by M.I. Artatnonov in 1948. Eneolithic, second half of third millennium B.C. ;
\ 1289 654
a) Figure of a ram with a broad forehead and a tapering muzzle, highly simplified in treatment. The head,
very slightly modelled, grows directly out of the body. The coiled horns are rendered by applied bits of
clay and the tail, by pinching in the clay. The long hair of the animal is represented by notches on the sides.
b) The surviving fragment from a figure of a bullock executed in a naturalistic manner. The modelling
is unusually fine. The body, slightly hollow in the curve of the back, ends in a tail. The straight legs are

divided in the lower part. The short, wavy hair is shown by incisions.

153
 .

Bull figures were predominant among the zoomorphic sculptures of Tripolye. Statuettes of bullocks, as
well as those of other animals (ram, goat, pig, and dog) were essential to the celebration of magic rites con-
nected with the fertility cult.

CTATy3TKH }KMBOTHblX. Fjiuhq. Bticoma: a) 6 cm; 6) 3,5 cm. floceAeiiiie y cejci HcMupoeo.
BuHHUijKan oojiacmb. Pqckouku M. H. ApmaMOHoea, 1948 e. 3neo.iiim. Bmopa.i no.ioetiiia mperribeeo
:ion-ii ion-ii\
mbiCfiHe/ieinuH do h. 3.
1289 654
a) OnrypKa 6apaHa c uihpokojio6oh, cy^KaHDmeiicji KHHsy Mop^iOH BbinojiHeHa oieHb cxeMaTHMHO. C;ia6o
MOAejiHpoBaHHaa roJiOBKa oohth cnHsaeTCJi c ryjioBHuieM. He6onbujnMH HajienawH HaMeneHbi coHpaJib-
HO 3aKpyHeHHbie pora, BepxHKajibHbiM samnnoM - kopotkhh xboct. HaccHKH na GoKosbix noBepxHOcrax
cxaTyaxKH nepe^aiOT jis\i\HHyK> luepcTb.
6) CoxpaHHBmaHCfl nacTb (j)HrypKH 6biHKa Hcno/iHCHa HaTypaJiHCTHHHO. Xopoiiio npoMoaejinpoBaHHoe,
cnerKa nporHSaromeeca b cpeaneH nacTH xyjioEHme laKaHMHsaeTCJi xboctom. Horn na KOHuax pa3flej]e-
Hbi. HaccHKaMH noKasana KopoTKaa Bbioiuajicji uuepcTb.
B 300Mop(j)HOH TpHnojibCKOii nnacTHKC H3o5pa>KeHHe 6biKa flBJiaeTCH npeo6;ia;iaK)mMM. CTaxyaTKH 5bi4-
kob TaK Kc, KaK H /ipyrHX khbothmx (6apaHOB, ko3, cbhhch m co5aK), 5biJiH Heo6xojiHMbiMH aTpn5y-
TaMM npM coBepmeHHH MarH4ecKHx o6pfl/iOB, CBJisaHHbix c KyjibioM njio/iopo/iHJi.

17

PART OF A STANDING FEMALE FIGURE. Pottery. Height 9.8 cm. Ancient site near
Krinichki, Odessa Region. Excavated by S. S. Gamchenko in 1909. Eneolithic, second half of third millennium
B.C. (4087/607).

The surviving part of a statuette, very schematic in form, shows the torso of a woman with a flat head and
rounded cone-shaped shoulders. The nose was indicated by pinching in the clay, the eyes by two holes
drilled all the way through the head. The long hair descends down the back. The surface of the body is deco-
rated with designs in black paint. The double line on the neck represents a necklace. Traces of tattooing
remain on the right cheek.
In its modelling and colouring the figure has numerous analogies among the remains of the middle (B/II)
stage of the Tripolye culture. The shape of the head, the way the hair is dressed, and the type of ornamen-
tation, are all characteristic of this particular period, as well as the standing pose.

}KEHCKA.JI CTATy3TKA. Fjuma. Bbicoma 9, 8 CM. flocejienue y cejiaKpunu^Kii. OdeccKan oojiacmb.

PacKonKu C. C. FaMuenKo, 19092. Dneojium. Bmopan nojioeuna mpembeeo mbic.ivejiemu/i do h. o. (40871607)
CoxpaHHBUiaflCfl nacxb BbinojiHenHOH cxeiviaTHMHO CTaTy3TKH nepeztaei ^eHCKHH Topc c n.nocKOH rojio-
BOH H KOHM4eCKH 3aKpyrjieHHblMH nJiewaMH. Hoc 0603HaMeH 3aUIHnOM, rj]a3a - CKB03HbIMH OTBepCTHHMH.
Ha cnHHy cnycxaioTCfl /jnHHHbie bojiocm, nepeB5i3aHHbie Ha kohuc y3JiOM. HoBepxHOCTb CTaTy3TKH noKpbi-
Ta pocnHCbK), BbmojiHeHHOH HepHOH KpacKofi. /Jbohhom JiHHHeM Ha mee o6o3Ha4eHo o)Kepejibe. Ha npa-
BOH mcKC - cjieflbi TaryHpoBKn.
Ho npHCMaM MoaenHpoBKH h pacKpacKH CKyjibnxypa hmcct ujhpokhh Kpyr anajiorHH cpcAH naMHTHH-
KOB cpe/iHero (B/ H) 3Tana TpHnojibCKOii Kyjibxypbi. Mmchho ajiji CKyubniypbi 3Toro BpeivieHH xapaKiep-
Hbi (J)opMa roJiOBbi, THn npHnecKH h opnaMeHTa, a raKace H3o6pa)KeHHe CToameii (Jjurypbi.

18
HEAD FROM A FEMALE STATUETTE. Pottery. Height 5.3 ctn. Ancient site near Krinichki,
Odessa Region. Excavated by S. S. Gamchenko in 1909. Eneolithic, second half of third millennium B.C.
(4087/294).
The head from a female statuette, with an elongated face and a jutting chin, is executed in a realistic
manner. The forehead is low, the nose large and prominent. The carefully combed long hair is parted in
the middle. The eyes, the mouth and strands of hair are indicated by depressions and incised lines.
Statuettes similar to this one in shape and plastic treatment occur among the remains of the middle period
of the Tripolye culture. The careful modelling, the attention to detail, and the elegance of execution which
distinguish this specimen place it among the masterpieces of Tripolye culture. In the second half of its

154
 .

middle period there were two tendencies in the anthropomorphic sculpture of Tripolye, the realistic and
the schematizing. The number of realistically executed female statuettes, which are not recorded among
earlier finds, was much smaller than the number of those treated schematically, but both types are found
side by side same archaeological complexes and both represent a female divinity.
in the

}KEHCKA5I rOJIOBKA. nimia. Bticoma 5,3 cai. FlocejieHue y ccaq Kpuuu^Ku. OdeccKon o6jiacmb.
PacKonicu C. C. FaM'ieHKo, 1909 e. 3neo/ium. Bmopan noAoeuHa mpembe20 mhiCHHCAemufi do h. o. (4087/294)
FojioBa 5KeHuiHHbi c yztJiMHeuHbiM JiHuoM M BbiCTynaK)u;nM noxi6opo;iKOM BbmoJiHCHa peajiHCTHHHO.
HmikhH .r7o6 nepexoiiMT e GojibUJoH c ropGHHKofi hoc. TmarejibHO pacHecaHHbie flJiHHHbie BO.nocbi pa3fle-
ncHbi nocpeflHHe npoGopoM. rjia3a, pox h npnaa bojioc ooKaiaHbi yr.ny6jieHH5!MH.
AHajiorHMHbie no (J)opMe h njiacTHHecKoiviy pemeHHio CTaryaxKH BCTpenaiOTCfl cpe/iH naiviflTHHKOB cpea-
Hero 3Tana TpHnojibCKoii Kyjibxypw. Ho TmaTe.nbHOCTb Moae.nHpoBKH ronoBbi, npopa6oTKa flexaJieH,
H3flmecTBO HcnojiHeuHfl craBJiT ee b paa meaeBpoB xpHnojibCKOH njiacTHKH. Bo sropoH nojiOBHHe cpe;i-
Hero H Hanajie no3flHero 3Tana Tpnno.nbCKOM Kyjibrypbi pa3BHTHe aHTponoMop(})HOM nuacTHKH Hflex no
flByM HanpasjieHHHM peajiHCTHHCCKOMy h cxeiviaTHHecKOMy. Pea.nHCTH4ecKHe CKyjibnrypKH KeHuiMH,
:

paHee ne BcrpeMaKJiuHecJi, b KOJiHHecTaeHHOM OTHomeHHH pe3KO ycrynaioT cxeiviaTHSHpoBaHHbiM, ho Ha-

xoflHTCfl BMCcre c HHMH B oflHHX apxeojiorHHccKHx KOMn.neKcax H flSJiJiiOTCH xaK^ce H306paMCeHHnMH 5KeH-
CKoro 6o>KecTBa.

19

TWO VESSELS AND A HELMET-SHAPED LID. Pottery. Height of a) 39 cm. Ancient site
near Zluiry, Moldavian SSR. Excavated hy S. N. Bibikov in 1952. Height off?) 23.5 cm, c) 8 cm. Ancient
site near Polivanov-Yar, Chernovtsy Region. Excavated by T. S. Passek in 1950. Eneolithic, second half of
l>K-52 n.ap-50 H. np-SO^
third millennium B.C.
\ 37 '
753 '
2592
a) Pear-shaped vessel with a tall, truncated-cone neck, a flaring, funnel-shaped rim, and two ribbon
handles halfway up the body. The surface is almost entirely covered with ornamental designs painted in
white and outlined in black. The middle part of the vessel is decorated with a pattern made up of alternat-
ing broken spirals. The neck is encircled by three horizontal bands.
b) Binocular-shaped vessel formed of two bottomless cups on tall hollow conical bases, linked together
by three cross-pieces. The outer surface of the vessel is painted in black with spiral motifs, the spaces
between them being filled with wide vertical stripes.
c) The helmet-shaped lid has the form of a bowl with a flaring rim, turned bottom up. There are two
perforated lugs in its upper part. The surface is painted with broken spirals in white on a black ground.
The types illustrated here are characteristic of Tripolye pottery (B/I, B/II). The large pear-shaped vessels,
often with helmet-shaped lids, were used for storage. There is a variety of conjectures as to the use of the
"binocular" vessels. Some scholars believe that they were used in the household as funnels, while others
see them as ritual objects.

COCYAbl M UIJIEMOBH/IHA^I KPblUIKA. n,uNa. a) Bbicoma 39 cm. HoceAenue y ceAa

}Kypbi. Mo.tdaecKa.H CCP. PacKonKii ^.; 6, e) Bbicoma 23,5 cm; 8 cm. UoceAenue Ho-
C. H. BuOuKoea, 1952
Aueanoe-Hp. WepiioauifKa.i odAacmb. PacKonnu T. C. HacccK, 1950 e. 3neoAum. Bmopa.i noAoeuna mpembe-
(>K-52 n.Hp-50 n.fip-50'
^o mbicnne.'iemu.H do h. 3. ; ;
V 37 753 2592
a) Cocya rpyuieBHiinoH (JjopMbi hmcct bbicokoc kohmhcckoc ropjio, BopoHKOo6pa3HO OTornyTbrn bch-
4HK H flse JieHTOHHbie pyHKH b cpe;iHeH nacTH ryjioBa. FIohth bcji ero noBcpxHOCTb noKpbira opnaMeHTOM,
BbmojiHCKHbiM 5eiioH KpacKOH H OKaHMneHHbiM HepHOH. CpeflHKDK) MacTb cocyzia yKpamaer pncyHOK,
npeacraBJiaioinHH Mepe/ioBaHHe pacnaaaiomHxcH cnHpa;ieH. Topjio onoacbiBaiOT xpn ropH30HTajibHbie
nOJlOCKH.
6) BHHOKJieBHflHbiH cocy/i B (t)opMe flByx nam 6e3 ;iHa na bbicokhx nojiwx noaaoHax, KOHHHecKH paciuHpa-
FouiMXCH KHH3y H cocflHHeHHbix TpcMfl nepeMbiHKaMH. OoBepxHOCTb cocyaa pacnHcana cnnpajieBHaHbiM
y3opoM, HaneceHKbiM MepnoH KpacKofi. npocTpancTBO iview/iy hhm sanojiHeno iuhpokhmh BepxHKaJib-
HblMH nojiocaMH.

155
b) UIjicMOBH/iHaa KpbiuiKa npeflCTasjineT co6om nepesepnyTyK) laiuy, kohhhcckh paciiiHpaiomyKJCfl
KHH3y. B sepxHCH HacTH cocy/ia - napa ckboihbix pyieK-yiueK. Hapy>KHyK) wepHyio noBepxHOCTb KptiiuKH
noKpbiBacT opHaMeHT h3 6ejibix pacnaAawiuHxca cniipajieH.
ripeflCTaBneHHfaie (})opMbi HSJiaiOTCfl XHnHHHbiMH o6pa3uaMH TpHnoJibCKOii KepaMHKH (B/I, B/II). BoJib-
lUHe rpymeBHflHbie cocyaw, nacxo BaKpbixbie uiJieMOBHflHbiMH KpbiiuKaMH, npeaHasHanajiHCb A-nn xpane-
HHH npHnacoB. 06 Hcnojib30BaHnn GHHOKJiesHaHbix cocy/ioB cymecTByioT pasjiHHHbie npeflnojiojKeHHji.
OflHH HCCJieAOBarejiH CHHxaiOT, hto ohh ynoTpeQnnnncb b xo3aHCTBeHHbix uejinx, b KanecTBe BopoHOK,
jipyme othocht hx k MHcny pHxyajibHbix cocyAOB, CBfl3biBa« c KyubTOBbiMH oGpHAawH.

20

TWO VESSELS AND AN INCENSE BURNER. Pottery. Height of a) 31.5 cm. Burial ground
near Sargov ulus, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Excavated by M. N. Pshenitsyna in 1965. Height of b) 23 cm,
cj 10 cm. Karasuk III burial ground, Krasnoyarsk Region. Excavated by M. P. Griaznov in 1961 and 1963
(respectively). Eneolithic, late third millennium B.C. (2372/4, 2368/66, 2370/10).

Egg-shaped vessels with a pointed bottom, of a reddish-yellow or greyish colour, formed of rings of clay
joined together, belong to the Afanasyevskaya culture. Both the inside and outside surfaces of such vessels
bear traces of the smoothing tool. Characteristic of pottery of this kind is all-over ornamentation from top
to bottom, applied with a comb or stamp and based on one or two simple elements (a straight or slanting
line, herringbone pattern) many times repeated.

COCyj\h\ W BA30HKA-KyPHJTtHHLI,A. Hnwa. a) Bbicoma 31,5 cm. MoeuAbnuK y yyiyca

Capzoe. KpacHOfipcKuii Kpait. PacKonKu M. H. nuieHuifbinoii, 1965 ^. 6, e) Bbicoma 23 cm; 10 cm. MozuAb-
HUK KapacyK HI. KpacHonpcKuii Kpait. PacKonKu M. 77. Fp-isnoea, 1961 e., 1963 ^. Dneo/ium. Koneif mpemb-
e^o mbicauejiemuH do n. o. (2372/4; 2368/66; 2370/10).

Cocyflbl HHUeBHflHOH (})OpMbI C OCXpblM flHOM, KpaCHOBaTO-5KejlTOrO H CepOBaxOrO UBCTOB, H3rOTOBJieH-

Hbie B TexHHKC KOJibucBoro Hanena, npHHaflJie>KaT knaMJiTHHKaM A(})aHacbeBCKOH KyjTbrypbi. Ha hx no-
BcpxHOCTH - uiTpHXOBaHHbie 6opo3ziKH, o6pa30BaBmHecfl npH noMOLUH crjiaiKHBaiomero HHcrpyMeHTa.
XapaKtepHbi TaK>Ke opHaivieHTauHfl cocyaoB ox BcpxHcro Kpan flo ana, HaneceHHafl syGiaxbiM hjih rjiafl-
KHM mxaivmoM, h opnaMeHX, nocxpoeHHbm Ha noBXopcHHH o^Horo-flByx npocxeftiUHX 3JieMeHxoB (na-
KJ70HH0H HUH npjIMOH JIHHHH, enOHKH).

21

FIGURE OF A BULLOCK. Decoration of a pole supporting the funeral canopy. Gold. Height
6 cm, length 7.6 cm. Maikop Barrow, North Caucasus. Excavated by N. I. Veselovsky in 1897. Eneolithic,
middle of third millennium B.C. (34/19).

Found buried in the barrow together with the remains of a chieftain were sections of hollow silver and
gold piping. Attached to one of them, at some distance from the end, was a sculptured figure of a bullock.
Three other figures lay next to the pipes. The bullock's horns are tilted forwards and the knees slightly
bent. Each figure has a round vertical aperture in the back. The bullocks (two of silver and two of gold)
were made by casting, with the details subsequently engraved.
The piping (which was used as mounting for wooden poles) and the figures of bullocks belonged to the
framework of the canopy that was set up over the body. At each of the four corners of the grave, the poles
were dug into the ground. They were linked into pairs by silver rods placed at the top, and thus formed a
frame to hold up the canopy trimmed with gold plaques in the shape of lions and bulls.

BblMOK. YKpauieHue noepeda/ibnoeo 6a/idaxuna. 3oAomo. Bbicoma 6 cm. MauKoncKuii Kypeau.

Ceeepiibiit KasKai. PacKonKu H. M. BecejioecKoeo, 1897 e. DneoAum. Cepeduna mpembeeo mhicfmeAemus

don. 3. (34/19).

PnflOM c npaxoM norpe6eHHoro BO>K/ifl 6bi;iH oGnapy^KeHbi nojibie, co6paHHbie h3 cepeGpaHbix h soiioxbix
Hacxen xpy5KH. Ha ojiwy h3 hhx na nedojibmoM paccxonHHH ox KOHua 6bijia Haca>KeHa CKyjibnxypKa
SbiMKa. TpH flpyrne (jjHrypKH jie)KajiH pa/ioM c xpyGnaMH. V GbiHKOB HaKJiOHCHbi Boepeji pora h cJierKa
H3orHyxbi B KOJiCHSX HorH. Bee ^^nrypKH hmcjox Kpyriibie BepxHKaJibHbie oxBepcxHfl. BbiHKH - JiHXbie,
c nocneayiomeH npopaGoxKoH /lexajieH rpaBHpoBKoti (flBa - cepeGpanbie h /jsa - 30J70Xbie).

156
Tpy6KH-cTep»HH h Gmhkh - cocxaBHbie nacTH h yKpameHHH norpe5ajibHoro 6a;i;iaxHHa. ITo HexbipeM
yrjiaM ycTaHaBJiHBanMCb rpyGKH c SbiHKaMH. flee cepeGpanbie najiKH Hasepxy coeaHHflJiH BepTHKajibHbie
xpyGKH B napbi, o5pa3ya octob. Ha Hero naKHflbiBajiCH nojior, pacuiHTbiii sojioxbiMH GjumiKaMH b bhac
4)HrypOK JlbBOB H 6bIKOB.

22
VASE WITH ANIMALS AND A HILLY LANDSCAPE. Silver. Height 9.6 cm. Maikop
Barrow, North Caucasus. Excavated by N. I. Veselovsky in 1897. Eneolithic, middle of third millennium
B.C. (34194).

The tall broad neck, decorated with chasing, is an outstanding example of

spherical silver vessel, with a
ancient metalwork. neck is decorated with three mountain chains having trees growing at the foot. Two
Its

rivers flow from the mountains into a lake which is represented on the bottom of the vessel. Among the
trees is the figure of a bear rearing up. The body of the vase is occupied by animals in procession,
arranged in two tiers. There are two bulls, a horse, a lion, a boar, an antelope, and some birds.
Like many other objects recovered from the Maikop Barrow, this vessel confirms the existence of cultural
ties between the peoples of the North Caucasus and the civilizations of ancient Orient. In all probability,

they all come from the Near East.

COCYJX C H30BPA>KEHH;IMM )KHBOTHbIX HA OOHE FOPHOrO JTAHA-

IIIAOTA. Cepedpo. Bucoma 9,6 cm. MaCiKoncKuii Kypean. Ceeepubiii KaeKai. PacKonnu H. M. Bece-
jwecKoeo, 1897 z. Dueo/ium. Cepeduna mpembeeo mhicfme.iemuft do h. o. (34/94).

lUapoBHiiHOH (J)opMbi cocyfl c BbicoKHM TopjiOM, yKpauieuHbiH HeKaHHbiM pHcyHKOM, npHHa;uie:«HT K Bbl-
flaromHMca npoHiBe^eHHaM apcBHero xyflOKecTBCHHoro TBopnecTBa. B ero BcpxHen nacTH noKasanbi
rpH uenH rop h pacryuiHe y no^iHoacHa aepcBba. C rop cxcKaiOT ase pcKH h BnaaaioT b 03epo, H3o6pa-
jKCHHe KOToporo uaxoflHTca ua jiHe cocy/ia. MoKfly /lepeBbaMH Ha 3aiiHHx Jianax ctoht MCABeflb. Ha
Gojibuiew nacTH noBepxnocTH - npoueccHJi JKHBOTHbix, pacnoJio>KeHHbix sjiBa pnaa: 6biKH, Jioma^b, JibBW,
Ka6aH, aHTHHona h nrHubi.
3tot cocyzi, KaK h apyme xyaoKecTBeuHbie u-iaenna, oGnapy^KeuHbie b MaiiKoncKOM Kyprane, CBHaerejib-
CTBycT o KyjibTypHbix CBH3HX HacejieHHH CeBepHoro KaBKa3a c UHBHJiHsauHJiMH BocxoKa. Ho bcch Bepo-
axHocTH, OHH 6biJTH npHBe3eHbi H3 crpan OepeaHeH A3hh - Mccra hx HsroxoBjreHHfl.

23

IDOL. Copper. Height 14 cm. "Galich Hoard" found in 1836. Turovskoye, Galich district, Kostroma
Region. Bronze Age, second half of the second millennium B.C. (77/1).

The "Galich idol" is a seated male figure with a disproportionately large head and a narrow chest. The
face is long, with wide cheek-bones, the chin firmly moulded. The ears areshown by rounded knobs. The
arms are bent at the elbow, the hands, rendered summarily, rest in the lap. The knees are slightly bent.
Nine projections radiate out from the head and shoulders. The figure is hollow inside, probably to permit
its being stuck onto the top of a pole.

In addition to this idol, several anthropomorphic figurines were found in the village of Turovskoye (one
of them very similar to the idol described here). There were also other objects of copper and silver, and
even coins. Most of the collection has since been lost; part of what remains is kept at the Hermitage, the
rest at the History Museum in Moscow.
The finds from Turovskoye, excluding the coins, form what is known as the "Galich Hoard" and are
dated to the second half of the second millennium B.C.

H^IOJT. Medb. Bbtcoma 14 cm. CcjIO TypoecKoe. Fa/iuucKuu pauon. KocmpoMCKon o6jiacmb. „rajiuH-
KAad" uaiiden e 1836 z. Onoxa 6poH3bi. Bmopa.i noAoeuna emopoeo mbicanenemua do h. 3. (77/1).
CKuii

„rajiHHCKHK h;io;i" - (|)HrypKa CHflauiero My)KMHHbi c Hecopa3MepHO 6ojibmott rojiOBofi h ysKOfl rpy^bio.
JIhuo /inHHHoe, mnpoKOCKyjioe, nofl6opo;iOK nexKO OHcpneH. Vuih noKa3aHbi saKpyrjiCHHbiMH Bbicry-
naMH. PyKH, coruyrbie b jiokthx, noKoarca na 6e;ipax. Khcth pyK He fleTajiH3HpoBaHbi. Horn nyrb co-
ruyTbi B KOJiCHax. Ha rojiOBC h njienax aesarb j7yHeo6pa3HO pacxoflauiHxca orpocTKOB. CKyjibnxypKa
nojiaa BuytpH, BcpoaxHO, npeiiHasHanajiacb fljia uacaflKH na crep^enb.

157
B ce;ie TypoBCKoe npii scMJinHbix pa5oTax, KpoMe ,,ra;7HHCKoro Hflo/ia", SbiJio Haw^ieHO hcckojibko aH-
TponoMop(J)Hbix M3o5pa)KeHHH (oflHO H3 HHx OHCHb noxoKC Ha onHCbiBacMoe), npeflMCTbi H3 MCflH H ce-
pe6pa H fla>Ke MOHCTbi. Bojibiuafl nacxb kojijickuhh yrpaHeHa; to, hto yuejiejio, xpaHHTcn KpoMe 3pMM-
Ta>Ka B Focy/iapcTBeHHOM Mctophhcckom Mysee b Mockbc.
BeiuH H3 TypoBCKoe, HCKjuoHaa MOHCXbi, o6T>e;iMHeHbi nofl HaseaHHCM „ra-nHMCKHM KJiaa" h aaiH-
cejia
pyiOTCfl BTOpOH nOJlOBHHOH BTOpOFO TblCflHCJieTHJI flO H. 3.
P

24

BARS WITH FEMALE HEADS. Steatite. Height of e) 3.2 cm. Syda V burial ground. Krasnoyarsk
Territory. E.xcavated by M. P. Griaznov in 1965. Height of a) 4.5 cm, b) 4.6 cm, c) 4.7 cm, d) 4.1 cm. Cher-
novaya VIH burial ground, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Excavated by G A. Maximenkov in 1962 and 1963.
Bronze Age, first half of second millennium B.C. (2377/58, 2376/59, 2377/73. 2376/58, 2374/28).

A series come from the middle courses of

of eleven small stone bars with a female head carved at the top
the Yenisey. The bars are made of the soft stone, steatite, of different colours, ranging from milk-white
to a dark amber. The heads are of Mongoloid type. The flat faces, low foreheads, and pointed chins are
distinctive features of this group of sculptures. The eyes, eyebrows and mouth are shown by fine engraved
lines and^dots; the well-combed hair and earrings consisting of two or three circular elements, are
delicately incised. Such heads have so far been found mostly in children's burials, sometimes two or
three in one grave. They probably represented household deities and served as amulets. Two of the
objects are pierced for wearing upside down.
Besides these small figurines, the tribes of the Okunevo culture left representations of human beings on
anthropomorphic stelae, rock drawings and bone plaques.

CTEP>KEHbKM B BM/IE }KEHCKHX FOJIOBOK. Cmeamum. d) Bbicoma 3.2cm. Moeu.ibuuK

Cbida V. KpacHO.ipcKuu Kpaii. PacKonKU M. 77. Tp^iiHoea, 1965 e.; a, 6, e, e) Bbicoma 4,5 cm: 4,6 cm;
4,7 cm; 4,1 CM. Moc^u.ihnuK '-lepuoean VIII. KpacHo.tpcKuii Kpaii. PacKonKU F. A. MoKcu.MenKoea. 1962 ^.,

1963 e. 3noxa opomhi. Hepea.i no.ioeuna emopoeo mbicme.ietnu.i do //. o. {2377,58; 2376 59; 2377/73;
2376/58; 2374 1 28).

CepHfl KaMCHHbix CTep^KCHbKOB c KCHCKOH TO/iOBKOH Ha KOHuax npoHCxoflHT CO CpcflHero Ehhcca. Bcero
Hx H3BecTHO oflHHHaAuaTb 3K3eMnjiHpoB. Ohh HcnojineHbi H3 MflFKoro KaMHfl - creaTHTa pa3xiHMHoro
UBcra. FojioBKH H3o6pa>KaK)T >KeHUiHH MOHro.noH/iHoro Twna. Oco6eHHOCTbio cKyjibnrypoK «B.nfliOTca
yn;iouieHHoe .ohuo, ManeHbKHH Jio5, BbixHHyTbiH h 3aocTpeHHMH nozt5opoflOK. ToMKaMH w npjiMbiMH
jiHHHHMH OTrpaBHpoeaHbi rna3a, pox, 6poBH; xohko npoHepneHbi pacnecaHHbie Bo;iocbi h cepbrH,
cocxoHUiHe H3 iiByx-xpex KoneneK Ka>K;ia5i. ro.noBKH Haxoaax o6biMHO b aexcKux MorHJiax, HHor/ia no
flBC-xpH BMecxe. rio-BH/iHMOMy, OHH 6o>KKOB H cjiy>KHJiH cBoero pofla aMyjie-
npcflcxaBJiJiJiH ceivieHHbix
xaMM. Ha KOHue asyx cxep^eubKOB HMeroxca oxaepcxHa, npeanojiararaiuHe HoiueHHe hx fojiobom bhh3.
B KyTibxype OKyneBCKHx njieivieH, KpoMe KaivieHHbix (JDHrypoK, M3o6pa>KeHM5i MenoBCKa Bcxpenaioxcfl b mo-
HyMeHxaJibHOii CKy.nbnType, HacKaJibHwx pHcyHKax h na koctahbix njiacxHHax.

25

SLAB WITH THE REPRESENTATION OF A FANTASTIC ANIMAL. Sandstone.

Height 15cm, width 90 cm. Chernovaya VIII burial ground, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Excavated by G. A. Maxi-
1

menkov in 1962. Bronze Age, first half of second millennium B.C. (2441/1).
The fantastic beast portrayed here has the lean body of a wolf, the head of a bear, and bird's feet with
spurs. It is an aggressive attitude: mouth open, fangs bared, tongue protruding, the tail raised so
shown in
high it nearly touches the spine. The body and head are covered with hair rendered by transverse stripes.
The slab had been broken off from its rock surface and split into two parts; each was subsequently used
as a cist wall. The position of the fragments which were found facing, not inwards but out towards the side
of the grave, indicates that by the time of their re-use the original religious significance of the representation
had been lost. The technique of execution and the subject of the drawing, connected with the myth of a
fantastic wild beast devouring the sun, are typical of the pctroglyphs of the Okunevo culture.

58
 .

nJlHTACM30BPA}KEHMEMOAHTACTl/lHECKOr0 3BEPiI.y7ecwH«/c.;7.«///fl/75c.w,
luupuiia 90 CM. Moi^uAhiiuK WepHoea.'i VIII: KpacitoHpcKuu npau. Pockouku F. A. MaKcuAieiiKoea, 1962 z.

3no.\a opoiiJhi. flepaafi nojioeuiia emopoco mbics'ieAemuft do ii. 3. (2441 jl).

Ha nnHxe H3o6pa)KeH 4)aHTacTMMecKHH aeepb c nofliKapbiM TyjiOBHiucM BOJiKa, rojiOBoii MCflseflH h hth-
HbHMH jianaMH co lunopaMH. Oh noKasan a arpeccHSHOH nose, c pacKptiToii nacxbK) h noAHSTbiM Bixosih
cnHHbi XBOCTOM. Mopfla H xyjiOBHme SBcpa noKpbiTbi luepcTbro, nepeaaHHOH nonepcHHbiMH nonocaMH.
PHcyHOK Ha KaMHC 5bin BHanajie npouapanan, saxeivi yrjiyGjien mctoaom npoTHpaHHH h noKpbir oxpoH.
OjiHTa, BbiJiOMaHHaH Korfla-TO h3 CKajibi h pasGHtaa Ha abc nacTH, 6biJia noMcmena b pasHbie MorHJibi
B BH^e CTCHOK norpcGajibHbix hiuhkob. OpH 3tom pHcynoK 6biJi oGpamen k ctchc, a ne Bnyrpb MorHJibi,
HTO CBHaerejibCTByeT o5 yrpare nepBOHanajibHoro KyjibTOBoro SHaneHHa H3o6pa»eHHfl. TexHHKa Hcnoji-
HeHHH, a TaKJKC CK)>KeT, CBfl3bIBaeMbIH C MH(J)OM O c[)aHTaCTM4eCKOM 3Bepe-XHmHHKe, nO)KHpaK5IUeM COJIH-
ue, xapaKxepHbi /iJia neTporjiH(J)OB OKyneBCKOH Ky/ibxypbi.

26
HEAD OF A FEMALE ELK. Elk antler. Length 19.5 cm. Pile settlement on the Shigir peatbog,
Sverdlovsk Region. From the V. Y. Tolmachov Collection. Bronze Age, second millennium B.C. 55461365) {

A lively and animal head with its characteristically prominent upper lip, small
realistic portrayal, this
eyes, quivering nostrils Under the lower jaw are two converging grooves. The mouth is
and erect ears.
shown by a groove. The entire surface of the head, except for the neck which serves as the handle and has
notches on the top, is highly polished, perhaps from long use.
This sculptured head may have decorated the handle of a ritual vessel. But some experts maintain that it
served as the top of a ritual staff.

rOJIOBA JIOCMXM. c.\i. Caaunoe noce.ieniie na Ulmupciw.M mopcfi.'inuKe. Ceepd/toe-

Paz. JJjiuna 19,5
Coopbi B. ^
CKa.i o6/iacmb. . ToAManeea, 1910, 1914ee. Jnoxa oponsbi. Bmopoe mMci'iejiemue do n. d. (5546/
365).

)Khbo h peajiHCTHMHO nepe/tana rojiOBa ^khbothofo: CHJibHO Bbiciynaiomafl BepxHflfl ry6a, Ma.rieHbKMe
rjia3KH, rpenemyaiHe H03flpH h TopHamiie Bsepx yuiH. Tlojx HHJKHeH nejiKDCTbio hmciotcji flea cxoanmMxcfl
jKCJioSKa, poT noKa3aH yrnyG/ieHHeivi. FIoBepxHOCTb, KpoMe nepcHKa c 3apy6KaMH no BepxHeiviy KpaK), sa-
nojiHpoBana, bo3mo)kho, b npouecce ynoTpe6.neHHJi.
3Ta CKyjibnrypa Morna yKpamaib pynKy pHxyajibHoro cocyaa. HeKOTopwe cneunajincTbi cMmaiOT, hto
rojiOBa JiocHXM flB.rinjiacb naBepujHeM pHTyajibHoro JKCsjia.

27,28
AXE-HEADS. Bronze. Length of a) 17.9 cm, b) 17.5 cm. Collected by K. I. Olshevsky. Length of
c) 18. 5cm. Collected by A. S.Dzudtsev. Caucasus. Bronze Age, early first millennium B.C. (1483/1,1731/6,2).
The axe-heads have a rounded butt, three flanges on either side of the shaft hole, and a wide, rounded
blade. They are decorated with fine engraving.
a) 'Here almost the entire surface is covered with various geometric designs, the same on both sides, ending
in seven rays reaching out to the edge of the blade.
b) This specimen shows both geometrical and animal motifs. On one side it has the representation of a
stag, noble looking, its antlers extending high up, and a dog. A large arrow is directed at the back of the
stag. The other side has approximately the same design.
c) This axe-head is straighter in shape and heavier than the other two. It is ornamented with two figures
of wriggling snakes.
The animal though rather schematic, are on the whole true to life.
figures,
All the three axes are battle-axes, typical of the Koban culture which has left us brilliant examples of
artistic bronzework, especially weapons. The practice of decorating objects with animal images had a
religious significance, being connected with the cult of the elements.

TOnOPbL Eponsa. a, 6) JlAuna 17,9 cm; 17,5 cm. C6opbi K. M. O.ibuieacKoco; e) /J.iuna 18,5 cm.
Cdopbi A C . . Jlsydiieea. KaeKai. 3no.\a 6pon3bi. Haua.io nepeoco mbic.iue.iemu.'i do n. o. (1483/1, 1731 6,2).
Tonopw HMeKDT OBajibHbiM o6yujoK, BbiCTynaKJUiwe npoflo/ibHbie pe5pa no o6eMM CToponaivi otbcpcthh
aJia pyKOJiTKH, OKpyr;iyK) ujMpoKyio ne3BHHHyK) wacib. Ohh yKpamenbi tohkoh rpaBnpoBKOH.

159
a) IloHTH BCH noBcpxHOCTb noKpwxa pa3HOo6pa3Hi,iMH reoMerpHHecKHMH ^JHrypaiviH. BjiHace k JiesBHio,
C C apyrOH CTOpOUbl, - OflHHaKOBblH reOMexpHHeCKHM pHCyHOK, SaKaHHHBaKHUHllCfl CCMbHD jiynaMH.
TOM H
6) IloMUMO reoMerpHHecKoro opnaMeHTa yKpaiucH H3o6pa)KeHHJiMH jKHBOTHbix. Ha oahou cxopoHC -
ojicHb, c noflHHTbiMH BbicoKo BBcpx poraMH, H co6aKa. B cnHHy ojieHM HanpaBJiena cxpejia. Ha zipyroH
CTopoHC - xe )Ke H3o5pa>KeHHfl.
b) DpjiMee K xjuKcnoBCCHee ocxajibHbix. Ha hcm H3o5pa>KeHbi ase H3BHBaK)mHecH 3MeH.
MsoGpaaccHHH ;iaHbi cxeiviaxHHHo, ho b ucjiom o6pa3bi acHBOxubix nepeziaHbi >KH3HeHHo.
Bee xpH xonopa - 6oeBbie ccKHpu. Ohh npiiHa/iJie^Kax KoGaHCKoK Kyjibxype, OTBiueH Gjiecxamne o5pa3-
Ufai pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix 6poH30Bbix Bemeii a ocoGchho opyaciiH. YKpameHHe npeflMexoB H3o6pa>KeHHflMH

»aiBOXHbIX HMCJIO peJIHXH03HbIH CMblCJl, BblXCKaJTO H3 nOHHXaHHH CHJI npHpO^lbl.

29
RHYTON. Bronze. Length 55.5 cm. Burial in the Bombora Glade near Gudaiity, in the Caucasus. Found
in 1940; supplementary study by A. L. Lukin in 1948. Bronze Age, about eighth century B.C. (1566/9).

The rhyton terminates in a goat's head with bulging eyes and a beard. Near the wide rim is a frieze with
a wriggling snake between two narrow bands filled in by hatching. Much of the remaining surface is
decorated with stylized animals ("little horses").
This rhyton is one of the finest objects of the Colchidic culture (Western Georgia and Abkhazia), a neigh-
bour of the Koban culture and related to it. Here was a centre of ancient metallurgy, producing articles
of bronze including axes, daggers, spears, vessels, weapons, and ornaments.

PMTOH. EpoHsa. JJauhq 55,5 cm. Tlozpedenue na EoMdopcKoU noAMue 6jiu3 Fydaymbt. Kaei<a3. Haii-
dcHO e 1940 ^.,docnedoeauo A. JI. JlyKuiibiM e 1948 ^. 3noxa 6poH3bi. Okoao VIll e. do n. 3. (1566/9).

Pmxoh 3aKaH4HBaexcH fojioboh K03na c BbmyKJibiMH rjia3aMH h 6opoAKOii. Oo miipoKOMy Kpaio, b pawKC
H3 oapajiJiejibHbix saiuxpHXOBaHHbix oojiocok, BbirpaBHpoBano H3o6pa>KeHne H3BHBaK)meHCfl 3MeH. Sna-
HHxejibHyK) Hacxb noBcpxHocxn cocyaa saHHMarax cxH.nH30BaHHbie H3o5paa<eHnfl SBepefl - ,,KOHtKOB".
Phxoh - OAHO H3 jiyHuiHx H3fle;iHii KojixHACKoii Kyjibxypbi (3ana/iHafl rpy3HJi h AGxasHJi), coceflHefi c Ko-
GaHCKOH Kyjibxypoii h poACXBeHHOH eH. 3flecb naxoaHJiCH uenxp apeBHeii MexajiJiyppHH, npoH3BOflHBmHH
6poH30Bbie npe;iMexbi: xonopbi, loimKajibi, Konba, cocyAti, opyAHH, yKpauieHHJi.

30
HORSES. Clasps. Bronze. Length of a) 12.9 cm. Collected by K.L Olshevsky. Length of b) 14.9 cm.
Collected by N. S. Semionov. Caucasus. Bronze Age, beginning of first millennium B.C. (1731/24, 1740/2).

Relief figures of a galloping horse with a short, "clipped" mane. There are slanting notches on the edge
of the mane and the tail.
a) Almost the entire surface is engraved with parallel and intersecting lines.
b) Traces of carved ornament on the head and forefeet.
These figures served as belt buckles, each of them having a hook behind. The little horses are excellent
examples of the art of Bronze Age Caucasian tribes. The workmanship in casting, chasing, and engraving
is immaculate. Graceful, even refined, done in excellent taste, these bronzes serve to illustrate the flowering

of the art of metalwork in the Caucasus, especially in the Koban culture, at the beginning of the first
millennium B.C.

KOHH. TlpHMCKU. EpoHsa. a) JJjiuna 12,9 cm. Coopbi K. M. OAbmeecKoeo; 6) /Jauhq 14,9 cm. COopu
H. C. CeMCHoea. KaeKos. 3noxa 6poH3bi. HanaAO nepeoao mbicancAemuH do n. j. (1731/24; 1740/2).
Pejibe^Hbie (jiwrypKH CKanymero kohh c KopoxKOH, KaK 6bi noACxpH>KeHHOH rpHBOfi. Ho Kpaio rpHBbi h
Ha xBocxe - Kocbie uaceHKH.
a) rioHXH BCfl noBcpxHOcxb rpaBHpoBana napajiJiejibHWMH h nepeccKaKJiuHMHCfl jihhhjimh.
6) Ha rojioBe h nepeaHiix Horax jiomaaKH - cjieabi pe3Horo opnaMeHxa.
OwrypKH cjiyacHJiH noacHbiMH npa^KKaMH (na o6opoxHOH cxopone Ka5KAOH h3 hhx HMeexcH kpiomok). 3xh
H3o6pa3KeHKa - apKiie o6pa3Ubi HCKyccxBa njiCMCH KaBKa3a 3noxH 6poH3bi. TexHHKa hx H3roxoBJieHHfl

160
 1

(jiHTbe, HCKaHKa, rpaBHpoBKa) GesynpeMHa. B cbocm poae HenoBTopnMbie, Hsamnbie, noAnac n3bicKaHHbie,
6e3 jiHiDHeH BbiHypHocTH, OHH ACMOHCTpHpyiOT noflT>eM MCKyccTBa o6pa6oTKH MCTajiJia Ha KaBKa3e,
B MacTHOCTH, y njiCMCH KoGaHCKOii Kyjibiypbi b Hanajie nepBoro TscjiMejieTHJi ao h. 3.

31

HAND-MADE VESSELS. Pottery. Height of a) 12 cm. Karasitk I burial ground, Krasnoyarsk

Territory.Excavated by S.A. Teplouk/wv in 1925. Height of b) 12.5 cm. Excavated by M. P. Griaznov in
1960. Bronze Age, thirteenth - tenth centuries B.C. (4371/10. 2311/68).

Spherically shaped pots with a round bottom are Karasuk culture on the Middle Yenisey.
typical of the
They usually have a The ornament is incised or
glossy black surface, but are sometimes yellow or red.
stamped. Handsome geometric designs including rhombs, zigzag lines, festoons of triangles, are composed
into a pattern suited to the shape of the vessel. A simpler ornament consisting of bands of one or several
lines or grooves is also common on pottery of this kind.

COCy/I,bI JlEOHblE. Fjiuna. a) Bbicoma 12 cm. Moeu.ibuuK KapacyK I. Kpacno.ipcKuu Kpait.

PacKonKu C. A. TenAoyxoea, 1925 ^. 6) Bbicoma 12,5 cm. PacKonKU M. H. Fpnsnoea, 1960 z. 3noxa
6poH3bi. XHl-X ee. do h. o. (4371/10; 2311/68).

C^JepHHCCKOH (J)opMbi KpyrjioflOHHbie cocyaw THnHMHbi flufl KapacyKCKoii Kyjibxypbi CpeflHcro EnHceji.
Ohh HMCiOT 5jiecTJiuiyK) lepHyKJ noBcpxHocxb, pe>Ke >KejiTyK) hjih KpacnyK). OpHaMCHT pesHOH hjim
mTaMnoBaHHbiH. HapHflHbie reoMerpHHecKHe ysopbi c MoxHBaMH pom6ob, 3Hr3aroB, rpeyroJibHbix (5)ec-
TOHOB opraHHHecKH BmicbiBaioTCfl B xyjiOBO cocyaa. Macro BCTpenaeTca h npocTaa opHaMeHxauHfl b bhac
nOflCKOB H3 OAHOH HJIH HCCKOJlbKHX JIHHHH Wnw >Keno6KOB.

32
VESSEL WITH A POINTED BOTTOM. Pottery. Height 13.2 cm. Ancient site near Grigorovka,
Vinnitsa Region. Excavated by M. I. Artamonov in 1952. Scythian period, seventh - sixth centuries B.C.
IOn-52 \

rp.ii76}'

This pointed-bottomed hand-made vessel with its S-shaped profile has a polished yellow surface. Its body
is decorated with four bands of incised geometric ornament consisting of hatched-in lozenges with pit-holes
marking the apices, all filled in with while paste. The shape of this vessel is unique, there being none like
it among the remains of the Scythian culture in the Ukrainian wooded steppe, to which the Grigorovka
site in the Middle Dniester region belongs. Yet the surface finish and ornamentation, both in motifs and
techniques, typical of early Scythian thin-walled pottery made by the land-tilling tribes of this area. The
is

same ornament is characteristic of the ceramics of synchronous complexes on the middle courses
sort of
of the Dnieper, and it is widespread in a number of regions of the Carpathian mountain range and the
Danube basin, including Moldavia.

COCy/I OCTPO/I,OHHblM. FAuna. Bbicoma 13,2 cm. FpmopoecKoe eopoduufe. BunnuifKafi

I IOn-52\
ooAacmb. PacKonKU M. H. ApmoMOHoea, 1952 z. Cku0ckuU nepuoo. VII-Vl ee. do h. 3. I
.

\Fp.ll76

OcTpoAOHHbiH jienHOH cocya S-o6pa3Horo npo(|)HJTa c jkcjitoh jromeHOH noBcpxHOCTbio. TyjiOBO yKpa-
uieno HeibipbMfl noHcaMH reoMeipHMecKoro y3opa b bwjx& 3aujTpMXOBaHHbix pom6ob c sMKaiviH no
yrjiaM. yr;iy6.neHHbiH opHaivieHT 3anojiHeH Gejioii nacTofl. Cocya yHMKajien no {})opMe. FloztoGHbix cMy
Hex B Kyjibxype JiecocxenHoii YKpaHMbi CKH(})CKoro bpcmchh, hpkhm naMflXHMKOM Koxopon aBJiaexca
FpHropoBCKoe ropoaiiuie b CpeflHCM rioimecxpoBbe. OanaKo xexHHKa o5pa6oxKn nosepxHOCxH, moxhbw
H npHCMbl HaHeCeHHJl OpHaMeHXaXHOHHUbl AJIA paUHeCKH^JCKOH XOHKOCXCHHOM KCpaMHKH aeMJieAeJlbMeCKHX
ojicMeH cpeflHCAHecxpoBCKoro ;ieBo6epe)Kbfl. Taxaa >Ke opHaMenxauHfl xapaKxepna ajih KepaMHKH chh-
xpoHHbix KOMnjicKCOB CpeflHcro noflnenpoBba h mnpoKO H3BecxHa b naMHXHHKax pa/ia o5jiacxeH Kap-
naxo-/l,yHaHCKoro 6acceHHa, BKiiioHan Moji/iaBHio.

161
33.34
SCOOP AND CUP. Pottery.Diameter of scoop, 18 cm. Height of cup, 10 cm. Barrow 455
near Makeyevka, Cherkassk Region. Excavated by TV. E. Brandenburg, 1900. Scythian period, late seventh -

; Mh 1932 Jin 1932

early sixth centuries B.C.
55/4 5512

Polished scoop in the form of a large shallow bowl with a rounded bottom raised in the central part. The
tall looped handle is two "ears". The decoration consists of
crested by a cylindrical projection ending with
an incised design filled with white paste. Incised lines radiate from the central part of the bottom to the
shoulders of the bowl, forming eight sectors. Seven of these contain various geometric designs, the most
important being triangles filled in with cross-hatching. The handle is decorated with a rhomb-and-triangle
pattern, while the inner surface of the rim has a circle of small elongated pits.
Black polished vessel with a short cylindrical neck, fiaring rim, and a spherical body with a bottom raised
in the centre.The rich ornament on the body is inlaid with white paste. The design consists of slanting
with hatching and cross-hatching and forming triangular figures.
stripes, filled in
These two types of pottery are typical of the agricultural tribes of the Scythian period, which inhabited
the wooded steppe zone and the area along the middle courses of the Dnieper. Predominant in the deco-
ration on polished ware used among the tribes of the Middle Dnieper area in the seventh and sixth centuries
B.C. was geometrical ornament made with a graver or stamp and filled in with white paste. Although the
pottery of the Scythian period preserved in its shapes and decoration elements of the earlier local style, it
is possible that its evolution in the Middle Dnieper area was influenced by other cultures than the

local, those of the tribes which then dwelt in the region between the Pruth and the Dniester.

MEPHAK M KVBOK. /JuuMemp uepnaKO 18 cm; ebicoma KyoKa 10 cm. Kypean Ns 455 y
r.iuna.
ce.ia MaKeeGKa. '-lepKaccKa.i odAacmb. PacKonKu H. E. Epaudendypea, 1900 ^. Cku(/)ckuii nepuod. Koneif
I Uh 1932 Jin 1932 \

Vll-na<^a.lo VI e. do n. 3. ; .

V 55/4 55/2 I

JlomcHbiH HepnaK npeflCTaBJiacT Gojibmyio MeJiKyK) namy c OKpyrjibiM anoivi, b ucHTpe Koxoporo HMe-
ercfl jiyHKa. BbicoKa« neTejibHaxaH pynxa saBepmaeTca uHJiHHflpHHecKHM BbicrynoM c 6oKOBbiMH ox-
pocTKaMH. Cocyfl yKpamen y3opoM, HHKpycxnpoBaHHbiM 6enoH nacxoti. Pe3Hbie jihhhh paflHanbHO pac-
xo/iaxcji ox jiyHKH k ojieHHKaM, o5pa3yH BOceMb cexxopoB. CeMb h3 hhx 3ano.nHeHbi pa3JiHHHbiMH reo-
MCxpHHecKHMH ^HrypaMH, cpe/iH Koxopbix npeo6jia/iaiox xpeyroJibHHKH, noKpbixbie cexHaxbiM pHcyH-
KOM. Ha pyHKy KOBiua HaneceH opnaivieHX b BHiie KOM6nHauHH poiviGa c xpeyro:ibHHKaMn, a BHyxpenHHid
Kpaft eeHHHKa yKpaiueH noacKOM, cocxaBneHHbiM h3 npoaojiroBaxbix HaKOJiOB.
HepnoJiouieHbiM KyooK Hiweex KopoxKyio uHJiMHapHHecKyio ineKKy c oxorHyxbiM KpaeM h mapoBHflHoe
xynoBO c jiyHKOfi na ahc. Tynoso cocyaa 6oraxo yKpamcHO pe3HbiM reoMexpHiecKHM opnaMcnxoM, 3a-
nOjXHeHUbiM 6ejiOH nacxoH. y3op cocroiix h3 kocmx 3aujxpnxoBaHHbix h cexnaxbix nojioc, o6pa3yiomnx
xpeyrojibHHKH.
06a BM/ia nocyjibi cneuHtbHMHbi nnn 6bixa 3eMJieflejibHecKHx njieivieH jiecocxenn b CKH(})CKoe bpcmji h
Cpeflnero no/iHenpoBbJi b 4acxHOCXH. B zteKopHpoBice JiomeHoM KepaMUKii y njieivieH Cpe/iHero HoflHe-
npoEbH B VII-VI BeKax flo h. 3. rocnoA^TByex reoMexpHHecKHti y3op, HaHeceHHbiH npH oomoiuh pesua
HHH mxaMna h coHexaK)mnMca HHKpycxauHeH GenoM nacxoti. Xoxa b KepaiviHKe CKH(j)CKoro nepHOna
c
Ha6jiK)/iaexca 3bojik)uhji (j)opM h opnaivieHxa 6ojiee paHHHx MecxHbix o6pa3uoB, mwkho nojiaraxb, hxo
xyao>KecxBeHHafl o5pa5oxKa cocyiiOB b CpeflHCM noflHenposbe pa3BHBajiacb nojx BOSflCMCXBHeM Kyjib-
xypbi flpyrHX nneivieH, saceJiHBiiiHX b xe BpeivicHa FTpyxo-ZlHecxpoBCKoe MOKnypenbe.

35
POLE-TOP. Bronze. Height 26 cm. Ulsky Barrow II, North Caucasus. Excavated by N. 1. Veselovsky in
1909. Scythian period, fifth century B.C. ( Ky 1909 1/111).

The pole-top is a massive plaque shaped as a bird's head. The rapacious beak tapers off in a thin spiral.
There is a human eye set at the lower and along the crest, a series of small
left, stylized bird's heads done
in relief. In the centre is the figure of a recumbent goat looking backward. Two little bells suspended from
rings have been preserved.

162
The Ulsky pole-top is a work of the Scythian Animal Style created at a stage when it had already lost much
of its erstwhile vitality in the process of the transformation of the realistic image into an intricate ornamental
design.

HABEPlllME. Epoitjci. Bhicoma 26cM. yjibCKUUKypeaH M?2. Cesepnuii KaeKos. PacKOUKii H M BeceAoe-
. .

cKoeo, 1909 2. CKiuficKiiii iiepuod.V a. do it. j. ( Ky 1909 1111).

HasepuiHe - MaccHBHaa (J)HrypHafl nuacTHHa b Buae nTHibefi rojioBbi. Ona 3aBepiiiaeTca HBornyTbiM
KJiKDBOM, KOHeu KOToporo saMbiKacTca B CHHpanb. y HH>KHero Kpaa njiacTHHbi noMemen BbmyKJibm nejio-
BeMecKHii rjiai; naji hhm h nocpe/inHe naBepiiiHJi - peJibe(})Hbie MancHbKiie CTHJiHSOBanHbie oTHHbH ro-
jiobkh; b ucHTpe - pejibe(J)Haa (J)nrypa ne>Kamero K03;ia c noBepHyroii naiaa rojioBofl. CoxpaHMJiHCb asa
noflBeiuenHbix k niiacTHHe KonoKOJibHHKa.
VjibCKoe HaBepmiie - npoH3BefleKHe CKHcJjCKoro SBepHHoro cthjih, yace nperepneBiuero cymecTBCKHbie m3-
MeHCHHH, noTepjiBuiero MHoroe b 5KH3HeHHOCTH o6pa30B, Hflymero no nyxH npeBpauiennn H3o6pa>KeHH>i
B CJIO^CHblH OpHaMCHT.

36
STAG. Plaque. Gold. Length 31.5 cm, height 22.5 cm. Barrow near Kostromskaya, North Caucasus.
Excavated by N. I. Veselovsky in 1897. Scythian period, early sixth century B.C. (Ky 1897 1/1).

This massive large figure of a stag, executed in high relief, is one of the best examples of the early period in
the development of the Scythian Animal Style. The stag is shown poised for a jump, its legs drawn up
under its body, its head thrust forward and its ears swept back.
Rare expressiveness is achieved by the use of broad, well defined planes in the rendering of the stag's body,
and by the ornamental treatment of the amplified antlers with S-shaped branches.
The plaque was mad3 by embossing the design from a carved wooden die onto a sheet of gold. The ear
was made separately and soldered on to the head. The gold figure of a stag had once served as a centrepiece
of a shield.

OJlEHb. E.i.'ixa. 3o.iomo. /J.iuhu 31,5 cm, uiupuna 22,5 cm. Kypean o.ius cmanuifbi KocmpoMCKOu.

Ceeepiibiii KaoKas. PacKonKU H. M. Bece.wecKoeo, 1897 e. Ckuc/jckuH nepuod. Hauajio VI a. do h. j.

(Ky 1897 HI).
MaccHBHoe, Kpynnoe, BbmoJiHeHHoe b bmcokom pe.nbe4)e H3o5pa5KeHne ojiena npHHaflJie)KHT k JiyHiuHM
npoH3BeaeHHHM CKH(J)CKoro 3BepHHoro CTHJia HanajibHoro nepHoaa. HorH >KHBOTHoro noAornyTbi nozi
TyjiOBHiue: ojienb roxosHTCfl k npbi>KKy. FojiOBa BbiTHHyra Bnepea, flJiHHHbie yiuH cnHBarorcji c poraMH.
Bbipa3HTejibHOCTb n3o6pa>KeHna AOCXHraeTCM MOzie.nHpoBKOM iiihpokhmh njiocKOCXflMH, OTAeneHHbiMM
OflHa OT flpyroH nexKHMH rpanaMH, h opHaweHTajibHOH rpaKTOBKOH npeyBeJiHHeHHbix poroB c S-o6pa3-
HblMH OXpOCTKaMH.
BjiHxa H3 KocxpoMCKoro Kyprana 5biJia HsroxosjieHa Ha Bbipe3aHHOH h3 aepcBa ochobc: ocHosa oSKJia-
flbiBanacb 30.noxbiM jihctom, Ha KOTopoM h BbijtaBJiHBanocb Bce H3o6pa5KeHHe. Vxo caejiano oxjiejibHO h
3axeM npHnajiHO.
3o.noxan (|Dnrypa ojieHJi cJiy>KHJia yKpameHHCM a(ejie3Horo uiHxa.

37
PANTHER. Plaque. Gold. Length 32.6cm. Height 16.2cm. Kelermes Barrow 1, North Caucasus. Excavated
hy D. G. Schuiz in 1903. Scythian period, early sixth century B.C. (Ky 1903 2/1).

The gold plaque in the form of a panther, which had once been used as a centrepiece of a shield, is one of
the most remarkable specimens of the early Scythian Animal Style. The animal is shown with its head
bent, snarling. The eye and nostril had coloured inlays (partly missing). The paws terminate in relief figures
repeating the main motif in miniature, but in a difl'erent pose: the panther is shown curled up into a ball.
Similar curled-up figures run the length of the tail which is pressed against the hind legs.
The character of the animal is rendered with great force of expression. The modelling by clearly defined
planes, typical of the early Scythian Animal Style, emphasizes the strength of the beast.

163
 .

riAHTEPA. EAfixa. 3o/iomo. JJjiuHa 32,6 cm, luupmia 16,2 cm. KcAepMeccKuii Kypaau Nq I. CeeepHbiu
KaeKai. PacKoimu JJ. F. UlyAbi/a, 1903 ^. CkucJ)ckuu nepuod. Hauajw VI e. do h. j. (Ky 1903 2/1)

K saMenaTejibMbiM o6pa3uaM paHHcro CKH(})CKoro SBcpHHoro cthjia othochtch aojioraa Gjiaxa b suae
naHTcpti, flBJiaemaHCH yKpaujeHHCM mHxa. FlaHTepa npeflcraBJieHa c HaKJiOHCHHOH fojioboh h ocKaJicH-
HbiMH 3y6aMH. rjia3, yxo h hosaph 6biJiH yKpaiucHbi HHKpycTauHCH (nacTHMHO yTpaneHHOH). Jlanbi leepji
3aKaHMHBaK)TC« H3o6pa>KeHHHMH, noBToparomMMH ocHOBHyio (})Mrypy, ho b hhom nojiWKeHHH - B no3e
csepHyBiiierocH xHiuHHKa. TaKHe »e KOMno3HUHH noKpbiBanjT npH5KaTbiM k xyjiOBHuiy xboct.
06pa3 3Bepfl OTJiHHaexcfl GonbuioH BbipasHxejibHOCTbK). Pe3Kne rpaHH, o6pHCOBbiBaK)iuHe (})opMy, noji-
HepKHBarox cnjiy XHmHHKa. MoACJiHpoBKa iuhpokhmh njiocKOCXAMH xapaKxepHa a-hh CKH(J)CKoro 3BepM-
HOrO CXHJlfl.

38
MIRROR. Bronze. Length 33.5 cm, diameter of the disk 18 cm. Chance find of 1885. Stavropol Terri-
tory. Scythian period, sixth century B.C. {Ky 1885 1/1).

The triple-ribbed handle of the mirror ends in a little base bearing the tiny figure of a panther. The animal
has a large head with rounded ears, slightly bent feet, and the tip of the tail curled into a ring. With its
clearly-defined planes, the figure resembles the Kelermes panther (see PI. 37).
A large number of mirrors of this type have been found distributed over a vast territory between Hungary
and the Urals. It is not impossible that some of them at least were made in one place.

3EPKAJIO. EpoHsa. JJ.iuiia 33,5 cm, duaMemp ducKa 18cm. CnyHaiiHaH HaxodKal885 ?. CmaeponoAbCKuii
KpaH. CKucficKuii nepuod. VI e. do h. o. (Ky 1885 1/1).

TpexpeGepnaa pynxa sepKajia 3aBepmaeTca ysKoft noflCTasKOH c 4)HrypKOH nanxepbi. V ^HrypxH MaccHB-
HaH ronoBa c BbicxynaFoiuHMH Bnepe/i OKpyrjibiMH ymaMH, Jianbi cJierKa cornyxbr, Koneu XBOcxa 3aKpy-
HCH Ko;ibuoM. TpaKXOBKa xejia khboxhofo nexKHMH rpaHJiMH c6jiH>Kaex CKyjibnxypny c KenepivieccKOH
naHxepoM (cm. Ne 37).
3epKaji no/io5Hcro XHna hsbccxho aoBOJibHo mhoho. Ohh uinpoKO pacnpocxpaHCHbi Ha orpoMHoK xep-
pHxopHH ox BearpHH no HpHypajibH. He hckjikdhcho, hxo nacxb hx npoHcxoflHx h3 oflHoro peMecjieHHoro
uenxpa.

39
POLE-TOP WITH THE FIGURINE OF A STAG. Bronze. Height 26 cm. Chance find of 1895.
Makhoshevskaya, North Caucasus. Scythian period, sixth century B.C. (Ky 1895 2/1).
Pole-top in the form of an openwork ball, containing two small balls rolling about inside, and topped
with the figure of a stag. The animal's legs are flat, the forelegs shorter than the hind legs. It has a long
neck and ears and rather small antlers. A single hole drilled through the head is meant to represent the
eyes.
This pole-top stands out from among other objects of its kind, which are very numerous in Scythian cul-
ture. Its archaicform shows that it must be placed among the earliest specimens of Scythian pole-tops
which were fixed to the ends of poles and used in diff"erent rites and ceremonies connected with the religious
cult.

HABEPLUHE C OHFyPKOM OJIEH^I. Epoma. Bbicoma 26 CM. CAyiaunan naxodna 1895 e.

y cmanuifbi MaxomeecKoii. CeeepHbiii KaeKos. CKU(ficKuu nepuod. VI e. do n. j.(Ky 1895 2/1).

HaBcpujHe b bkac npope3Horo luapa c ajihhhoh BxyjiKofl yKpamcHo cJDHrypKOH cxoamero onena.BHyxpH
ujapa - ManeHbKHH KaxaiomHiiCfl ujapHK. Y ojichh nnocKHC hofh, nepenHHe Kopone 3aflHHX, BbixRHyxaa
Bnepea mea, /iJiHHHbie yuiH h cpaBHHxeJibHO He6oJibiune pora; r.na3a nepeaaHbi KpyrjibiMH oxbcpcxhhmh.
3xo HasepmHe 3aHHMaex oco6oe mccxo b paay noaoGnbix npeaiviexoB, Bccbivia MHoroHHCJicHHbix b ckh^)-
CKOH Kyjibxype. Ero apxaHMHaa (})opMa CBHiiexe;ibcxByex o npnHaflJie>KHOCXH k HauGojiee pannnM, nep-
BbiM o6pa3uaM ckhcjjckhx naBepiuHH. Ohh yKpen/iajiHCb na mecxax h Hcnojib30BajiHCb a o6pflflOBbix
AeMCXBHHX H UepeMOHHflX.

164
40
CURLED-UP ANIMAL. Plaque. Bronze. Width 10.5 cm, height 9.7 cm. Kulakovsky Barrow, the
Crimea. Excavated by Y. A. Kulakovsky in 1895. Scythian period, fifth century B.C. (Kp 1895 10/2J.

This massive openwork plaque showing a beast of prey is an example of the Scythian Animal Style of the
mid-fifth century B.C., when the process of schematization was already far advanced. All the proportions
of the figure are distorted. The body of the animal is curled up into a ring, the neck and body greatly
elongated, even the ears lengthened. The paws and the tail are shaped as bird's heads, and another bird's
head is on the thigh. On the shoulder is the recumbent figure of a goat and underneath it an elk's head.
Such treatment was aimed at enhancing the magic power of the image.

CBEPHYBIUHMOI 3BEPb. EA^xa. Eponsa. /jAuna 10.5 cm. uiupuna 9,7 cm. Kypeau KyAaiwo-
CKoeo. KpbiM. PacKonKU K). A. KyAOKoecKoeo, 1895 ^. Cku^ckuH nepuod. V e. do h. 3. (Kp 1895 1012).

Aacypnaa MaccHBuaa Gjiaxa b bhac CBepHyauierocH KontuoM XHiuHHKa - o/ihh h3 o6pa3UOB CKH(j)CKoro
3BepHHoro CTHJiJi cepe/iMHbi V BCKa flo h. 3., nepHoaa ycHJiHBmeHcn cxeMaxHsauHH b 3tom HCKyccTBe.
Bee nponopuHH xena HCKa>KeHbi. <t>nrype ^HBOTHoro npHaana KOJibueeHflHaH (jjopMa, men h lyjioBHiue
4pe3BbiHaMHO BbiTHHyTbi, yxo yflJiMHCHO. Jlanbi h xboct TpaKTOBaHbi B (J)opMe nxHMbHx ronoB, Ha nncHe
n3o6pa5KeH jie>KamHM Kosea, noa hhm - ronoBa noca, Ha Geape noMcmcHa nrnMbfl ronoBKa. B xaKHx npH-
eiviax npoaBJiHJiocb cTpeMneime ycHJiMXb MarHnecKoe 3HaHeHHe npeaMera.

41

PANTHER AND A LION'S HEAD. Plaques. Bronze. Height of a) 7.1 cm. Length of b) 5.4 cm.
Zhurovka Barrows, Cherkassk Region. Excavated by A. A. Bobrinsky in 1903. Scythian period, sixth -fifth
centuries B.C. ( ffn 1903 11 12; 3178).

a) The an animal with a large head on a long neck rests on a base shaped as a bird's foot with
figure of
long claws. The body is shown in profile, while the head faces front. The figure is treated schematically.

b) A lion's head in profile, with wide open snarling jaws.

Each of the plaques has a perforated lug on the reverse for sewing them on to a garment or horse harness.
In their plastic treatment the plaques are characteristic of the Scythian Animal Style.

HAHTEPA, rOJlOBA JIbBA. Ea.hxu. Eponsa. a) Bbicoma 7,1 cm; 6) JjAuua 5,4 cm. }Kypo6CKue
Kypeanbi. ^epKaccKan o6Aacmb. PaciwnKu A. A. Eo6puncKoeo, 1903 e. CKUcficKud nepuod. VJ-Vee. do h. 3.
(/Jn 1903 11/2; 3/78).

a) OwrypKa 3Bepa c Gonbuioii tojioboh na ajihhhoh mee B03BbiiuaeTCfl Ha noflcraBKe b bh/ic nTHMbCH
nanbi c GonbuiHMH KorTHMH. TyjiOBHuie naHiepbi H3o6pa>KeHO b npo(l)n;ib, rojiOBa - b (jjac. OwrypKa hc-
nonHena cxeMaxHMHO.
pemena b bhuc
6) B;iflxa rojiosbi .nbsa (b npo(t)H;ib) c uiHpoKO pacKpbiroH ocKancHHOH nacTbio. Ha o6o-
poTC y Ka>KAoft - yuiKO jxnn npHKpenjieHHsi na ojie-xay hjih KoncKyK) cGpyio.
njiacTHHCCKoe pemeHHC Gjiax xapaKxepno nna ckh^jckofo 3BepHHoro cthjth.

42.43
PLAQUES. Gold. Height of a) 9.9 cm. The Baby Barrow. Steppes of the Dnieper area. Excavated by
D.I.Evarnitsky in 1897. Height of b) 7.1 cm. The harrow at Ak-Mechet, the Crimea. Chance find of 1885.
Scythian period, fifth century B.C. ( /Jh 1897 1/1; Kp 1885 1/3).
The plaques are decorated with reliefs of a) two boars' heads, b) a recumbent stag with a raised head
crowned by magnificent antlers which are shaped as birds' heads and a palmette.
The plaques executed in the Scythian Animal Style served as decorations of wooden vessels.

nJlACTHHbl. 3oAomo. a) Bhicoma 9,9 cm. Kypean Eaobi (Cmennoe Hpudnenpoebe). Pockouku
H. 3eapuuiiK020, 1897 z.; 6, e) Bbtcoma 7,1 cm. Kypean 6au3 AK-Me^emu (KpwM) CAyiiai4na.i na.xodKa,
JJ. .

1885 z. CKUcfJcKuu nepuod. V e. do n. 3. ( Mh 1897 1/1; Kp 1885 1/3).

165
nnacTHHbi yKpaiucHbi pej7be(J)HbiMH H3o6pa>KeHHHMH: a) jiByx Ka5aHbHx ronoB, repajibziHiecKH cono-
cxaBJieHHbix; 6) Jie^amero ojichh, noaHaiyK) rojiOBy KOToporo yKpaiuaiOT nbiiuHbie pora b BHae nxM-
HbHX rOJTOB H naJIbMCTKH.
OjiaCTHHW, HCnOJlHCHHbie B CKHCJJCKOM 3BepHHOM CTHHC, 6bIJlM o6HBKaMH flepCBHHHblX COCyjlOB.

44

VESSEL. Silver gilt. Height 10.5 cm. Chastye Barrows near Voronezh. Excavated by the Voronezh
Archaeological Commission in 1911. Scythian period, fourth century B.C. ( JJo 1911 Ijll).

The vessel is of the utmost interest because of the relief composition of Scythian warriors which takes up
most of its surface. A seated Scythian stretches his hand out to another who is on his knees and holding
some spears and a shield. A bearded Scythian gives a bow to a beardless man. Two warriors sit one opposite
the other,one leaning on an axe, the other holding a whip. The Scythians have long hair, and almost all
of them are bearded; they wear short leather coats with belts, long narrow trousers and low boots. Their
costumes are adorned with embroidery, or trimmed with fur, and decorated with plaques. They are armed
with bows and arrows, battle axes, spears and shields. The Greek master who made the vessel had a good
knowledge of the life of the Scythians and gave an accurate picture of their ways and appearance.

COCy/],. Cepedpo c nojo/iomoH. Bbicoma 10,5 cm. Vacmbie Kypeanbi nod BoponeMceM. PacKonKU Bopo-
neoiccKoii Apxeo.w^u'^ecKOlt komuccuu, 1911 ^. CKUcficKuu nepuod. IV e. do h. 3. ( JJo 1911 1 11 ).

Cocya, yKpameHHbiH peJibe(j)HOH KOMnoiHUHCH, lanoJiHHiouieM Gojibuiyio nacTb noBcpxHOCTH m n3o6pa-

Kajomeii ckm(jdckhx bohhob, npeacTaBJiaeT HCKjiioHHTenbHbiM HHTepec. CH/ifluxHM ckhcJ) npoTarHBaex
pyKy flpyroMy, CToauieiviy Ha kojichax c KonbJiMH h mnTOM b pyKax. BopoiiarbiM ckhcJ) nepeziaeT JiyK 6e3-
SopoaoMy sonHy. JX^a. CKH(j)a chajit apyr npoTHB apyra: ozihh oniipaeTCJi na Tonop, y zipyroro b pyKe
HaraHKa. CKH4)bi-BOHHbi fl.nnHHOBOJiocbie, oohth see Goponaxbie, ozieTbi b nozinojicaHHbie Ka4)TaHbi,
fl.aHHHbie y3KHe mraHbi, KopoTKne canorw. KocTK)Mbi yKpamcHbi BbiuiHBKaMH, MexoM m SuHUJKaMH. Mx
opy>KHe - JiyKH, GoeBbie Tonopu, KonbH, utht. Xyflo>KHHK-rpeK, cosiiaTenb cocyaa, OMeBHjiHO, xopouio
3HajI )KH3Hb H 6bIT CKH(j)OB H C GoJlbUJOH /lOCTOBepHOCTbK) nepe/ia.n BCe CUCHbl.

45, 46

COMB. Gold. Height 12.3 cm, width 10.2 cm. Solokha Barrow. Steppes of the Dnieper area. Excavated by
N. I. Veselovsky in 1913. Scythian period, late fifth - early fourth centuries B.C. (/In 1913 1/1).

The gold comb is an outstanding art work of the Scythian period. It is adorned with a frieze of five re-
cumbent lions and, above them, a sculptural group of Scythians in combat.
The Greek master has conveyed the drama of the fierce conflict. The precision and accuracy of detail help
to give a clear picture of the appearance, clothing and weapons of the Scythian warriors. This makes the
comb an important piece of documentary evidence.

rPEBEHb. So.iomo. Bbicoma 12,3 cm, utupuna 10,2 c.\i. Kypzan Cojo.xa. Cmemioe Hpudiienpoebe.
PacKOUKU H. H. BeceAoecKo^o, 1913 ^. CnucficKuu nepuod. Konei/ V- na^a.io IV e. do h. o. ( JIh 1913 1.1).
3ojiOTOH rpe5eHb - 3HaMeHHTbiH naMnxHMK H3o6pa3HTeJibHoro HCKyccTBa ckh({)ckoh 3noxH. Bepx rpeGHs
yKpaujaer 4)PH3 m3 narH (jjHryp jie>KamHx jtbbob; uajx hhm - CKyjibnrypHafl rpynna cpaacaiomHXCH ckh(J)ob.
MacTepy y/iaiiocb nepeaaxb nojiHyro npaMaTH3Ma cueuy o>KecTOHeHHOH cxaaxKH. TmarejibHOCTb, c ko-
TopoH OHa BbmojiHCHa, no3BOJiHeT B flerajiflx npeacTaBHTb BHemuHH o6iihk, oae^/iy h BoopyjKeHHe ckhc})-
CKHX BOHHOB. B 9TOM - OCo6afl aOKyMCHTajlbHaJI UeHHOCTb naM«THHI<a.

47,48
AMPHORA. Silver gilt. Height 70 cm. Chertomlyk Barrow. Steppes of the Dnieper area. Excavated by
I. E. Zahelin in 1863. Scythian period, first half of fourth century B.C. (JIh 1863 1 1 166).

This silver amphora served as a container for wine, which was poured in through its broad neck fitted with
a strainer, and dispensed through holes near the bottom. The holes, decorated with lion's heads and a head

166
of Pegasus, were stopped with silver plugs. The body of the amphora was chased with plant motifs and
figures of birds. Between the neck and the shoulders is a frieze showing griffins attacking stags. On the
shoulders is a gilt frieze with reliefs of Scythians breaking in horses. The vase is made in sections held to-
gether by rivets. Each of the figures in the frieze was made separately and soldered onto the surface
of the vessel.
The silver vessels from the Chastye and Solokha Barrows, the gold comb from the Solokha and the
Chertomlyk amphora are all works of classic Greek art. It is believed today that these magnificent objects
came from the Bosporan Kingdom (founded by Greek colonists on the Straits of Kerch) and were the
productions of Greek craftsmen who had excellent knowledge of nomad Scythians' life.

AMOOPA. Cepedpo, nosoAoma. Bhicoma 70 cm. Kypzau HepmoMJtbiK. Cmeivioe ripudiienpoehe. Pac-
KoiiKii H. E. 3ade/uiHCi,1863 ^. CKiKJicKuii nepuod. flepeafi noAoeuiia IV e. do it. o. ( Jlii 1863 1166).

Cepe5p5iHaH aM(J)opa - cocya n.j\^ BHHa. HajiHBanocb b nee bhho nepei lUHpoKoe rop.no, HMeBiiiee chtchko
fljia npoue>KHBaHHJi, a BbinHBanocb nepei OTBepcTHsi, HaxoAHiuHeca b HH^KHett nacTH aMcbopbi. 3th oTBep-

CTHfl, yKpauieHHbie JibBHHbiMH roJiosaMH h ronoBOH Heraca, Hivie.r]H cepeGpsHbie npo5o4KH. TyjiOBO aM-
([jopbi noKpwTO HeKaHHbiM pacTHTCJibHbiM y3opoM H H3o6pa»ceHHfiMH nxMu; Ha nuewax cocyaa - rpH4)o-

Hbi, Tep3aK)mHe ojichcm. AM(})opy onoacbiBaer nosoJiOHeHHbrS 4'PH3 c penbe(l)HbiM H3o6pa>KeHHeM ckh-
(jjOB, yKpomaKDa\nx kohch.

/^ejiajiH aM(!)opy no wacxHM, CKpenJiaa hx 3aKJienKaMH. KajKflaa 4)Hrypa (J)pH3a HsroTOBJieHa OTflejibHO h
saxcM npHnasHa k creHKe cocyaa.
Cepe6paHbie cocy^bi h3 MacTbix KypraHOB h Cojioxh, 30jiotoh cojtoxckhh rpe6eHb w nepTOMJibiKCKaa aM-
(l)opa (cm. JN9 44-46) - npon3Be/ieHHH rpcHecKoro KJiaccHnecKoro MCKyccrsa. B HacToamee BpeMfl
flOMHHHpyer xoMKa speHHw, cornacHO KOTopoii 3th BejiHKOJiennbie HSflCJiHH BbiuiJiH h3 wacxepcKHx Boc-
nopcKoro uapcxsa (rocyaapcxBa rpenecKHX kojtohhcxob Ha 6eperax KcpneHCKoro npojiHEa) h 6biJiH h3-
rOXOBJlCHbl rpeneCKHMM peMeCHeHHHKaMH, OTJIHHHO 3HaBlIIHMH >KH3Hb KOHeBHHKOB-CKH(j;0B.

49

VESSEL. Silver gilt. Height 13 cm, diameter 18.7 cm. Solokha Barrow. Steppes of the Dnieper area.
E.xcavated by N. I. Veselovsky in 1913. Scythian period, late fifth ~ early fourth centuries B.C. {flu 1913 1140).

The entire surface of the silver vessel is covered with gilt relief decoration: a branch of ivy near the rim,

gadrooning in the lower section, scenes showing Scythians hunting lions in the middle, and rams' heads on
the short handles.
The Scythian hunters are mounted and followed by dogs. Two Scythians are in combat with a wounded
lion which has seized one of the horses' legs. One hunter is about to throw his spear at the lion, the other
is aiming at the beast with his bow and arrow. In another scene two Scythians, also armed, one with a

bow, the other with a spear, are shown killing a fantastic horned lioness.
The scenes together form a harmonious composition, balanced in all its pans and executed with perfect
craftsmanship. The vessel is one of the best works of Greek toreutics.

COCy/],. Cepeopo, no30Aoma. Bbicoma 13 cm, duoMcmp 18,7 c.\i. Kypean Co.io.xa. Cmeiuioe flpudiie-
npoGhe. PacKonKU H. M. BeceAoacKoeo, 1913 e. CKUcfJCKuH nepuod. Koneif V- iiai^ia.io IV a. do h. j. ( JJn 1913
1 140).

rioBepxHocxb cepeGpjiHOxo cocyzia noKpbixa no30J70MeHHbiM pejibe(t)OM: Bsepxy - rHpjiaHaa h3 nuioiua,

B HH>KHefi MacxH - KaHHejiKjpbi, B ncHxpe - cueHbi oxoxbi CKMct)OB Ha nbBOB, Ha pyHKax-Bbicxynax - ronoBbi
GapaHOB.
CKHCJJbi H3o6pa)KeHbi Ha kohjix, hx conpoBO>KflaK)x coGaKH. /Jsa CKH{})a Gopraxcn c paHeHHWM apoxiiKOM
jibBOM, BuenHBUJHMCfl B Hory jiomajiH. Oxihh Bca/iuHK 3aiviaxHBaexcH na nero Konbeivi, Bxopofl uenHxca h3
jiyKa. Hpyraa cucHa npejicxaBJiJiex BOopyKeHHbix JiyKOM h KonbCM ckh(J)ob, Koxopue y6HBaiox (})aHxacxH-
HCCKyK) jibBHuy c poraMH.
McKJiKDMHxeribHO cxpoHHafl KOMno3HUHH, copa3MepHafl B CBOHx Macxflx, oxnHHaexcfl coBepiuencxBOM
HcnojiHeHHa. Cocya HBJiaexca o/ihhm h3 nyMUJHx npoH3Be/ieHHH rpenecKoii xopcbthkh.

167
50
CHEEK-PIECES. Bronze. Height ofa) 8.3 cm, of b) 12.7 cm. Elizavetinskaya Barrows, Kuban. Excavated
by N. I. Veselovsky in 1917. Scythian period, fourth century B.C. (Ky 1917 11251 ; Ky 1917 11146, 180).

a) The cheek-piece terminates in an openwork plaque in the form of three animal heads on long necks,
with the outlines and details accented by engraving.
b) The cheek-piece ends in an openwork plaque in the shape of a stag's head with antlers treated as a
palmette of strongly stylized bird's heads. The rendering is extremely schematized.
Both plaques belong to the last stage of the Scythian Animal Style, a period of decline when its realistic
basis had vanished, leaving only a schematic interpretation of the subject. The flattening of forms and the
distortion of shapes and proportions turned the animal image into pure ornament.

nCAJlHM. Epoina. /Jjiuna: a) 8,3 cm; 6) 12,7 cm. EjiusaeemuncKue Kypeaitbi. Kyoanb. PacKonxu
H. M. BecejtoecKozo, 1917 ^. CKuficKuu nepuod. IV e. do h. o. (Ky 1917 1/251; Ky 1917 1/146, 180).

a) ricanHM c aacypHoii njiacxHHOM na KOHue b (})opMe xpex SBcpHHbix fojiob Ha fljiHHHbix uienx. Tojiobkh
npopaSoTaubi pe3b6oii.
6) ricanMM saKaHHHBaerca a>KypHOH njiacTHHOii b (j)opMe rojiOBbi ojichh c poraMH b bhac najibMexKM
H3 cxHJiHSOBaHHbix nxHHbHx FOJIOB. M3o6pa>KeHHe npeflenbHO cxeMaxHHHo.
06a ncaJiHfl - o6pa3Ubi CKHc{)CKoro 3BepHHoro cxiiJifl nepHozia ynaflKa, Kor/ia peajiHCXMHecKaa xpaKxoBKa
ycxynHJia Mecxo cxeMaxH3auHH. M3o6pa5KeHHfl yn.r]oma;iHCb, oxACJibHbie nacxH (})Hryp KHBOXHbix MCKa-
»cajiHCb, Ae(})opMHpoBajiHCfa H npespamajiHCb b opnaivieHx.

51

FINIAL WITH THE FIGURE OF A STAG. Wood and leather. Height 12 cm. Pazyryk
Barrow II, Eastern Altai. Excavated by S. I. Rudenko in 1947. Fifth -fourth centuries B.C. (1684/153).

The figure ofa stag, carved in the round from a single piece of wood, stands on a spherical base. The ears
and the enormous fantastically shaped antlers are made of leather. In ancient times the figure was overlaid
with sheet gold. The stag is poised for a leap: the neck is stretched out, the head slightly bent. The work-
manship is very painstaking, and the antlers cut out with the utmost skill.
Four identical stag figures were found in different parts of the burial, in the sarcophagus and on the floor
of the log chamber. Their purpose is not known. In the mounting of each of the spherical bases is an iron
shaft showing that the stags served as finials for some objects.

OJIEHb. Haeepuiue. fjepeeo, KOJica. Bbicoma 12 cm. HaabipbiKCKuit Kypzan Nq 2. Bocmo^Hbm A.nmau.
PacKonKU C. H. Pydeniw, 1947 ^. V-IV ee. do h. 3. (1684/153).

06x>eMHafl (})HrypKa ojieua, cxoamero na mapoBHflHoii noacxaBKc, BbipesaHa h3 uejibHoro KycKa aepeaa.
VuiM H orpoMHbie npHHyajiHBbie pora cji.tm.YaA h3 ko5kh. nepBOHanajibHO OHa 6biJia noKpuxa jiHCxoBbiM
30J10XOM.
Ojieub H3o6pa>KeH roxoBfluiHMCH k npbi>KKy: men Bbixanyxa BoepcA, roJiOBa neMHOro HaKJiOHena. Pe3b6a
xmaxe;ibHa5), a^Kypnbie pora Bbipe3aHbi c GojibuiHM iviacxepcxBOM.
Hexbipe OAHHaKOBbie (jJHrypKH ojieneK 6bi;iM HaflfleHbi b pa3Hbix Mecxax norpeGajibHoii KaMcpbi; b capKO-
(})areh na no;iy cpy6a. Ha3HaHeHHe hx HencHo. B ocHOBaHHH mapoBHflHwx noAcxaBOK HNieioxca acejies-
Hbie cxep>KeHbKH, yKa3biBaK)mHe, hxo 3xh 4)HrypKn HBJiajiHCb HasepmHaMH KaKHx-xo opeflNiexoB.

52
FINIAL SHAPED AS A GRIFFIN HOLDING A STAG'S HEAD IN ITS BEAK.
Wood and Height 27 cm. Pazyryk Barrow
leather. II, Eastern Altai. Excavated by S. I. Rudenko in 1947.
Fifth -fourth centuries B.C. (1684/170).
The bold in concept and execution.
finial is

The has a powerful beak, a large cere and rufi", and deeply set eyes. A comb or crest of leather, run-
griffin
ning down the back of the neck, is inserted in a slot in the neck; the ears are also of leather. The beak,
comb and ears are painted red, the cere and rufi" yellow. Both sides of the finial are carved with the scene

168
 . .

of a griffin attacking a goose. The surfaces, except for the heads of the smaller griffins, were overlaid with
sheet gold. The purpose of the object is not clear. It was found in the sarcophagus, next to the skull.
In this work are concentrated the most typical features of Altaic art both as regards its imagery and style;
the combined use of relief and round sculpture, the diversity of materials, and the practice of colouring the
objects. In widespread scenes of animal combat parts of the body (usually the head) were often substi-
tuted for the entire figure, as a symbol of the whole animal.
The griffin motif, borrowed from the art of the Near East, was adapted to local culture and in this new
form absorbed into the imagery of Altaic art. There is no doubt that the griffin was a symbol of strength
and power.

rPMOOH C rOJlOBOM OJlEHil B KJllOBE. Hmepimw. Jlepeeo. komcu. Bbicoma 27 cm. Ha-
sbipbiKCKuu KypeaH Ns 2. BocmoHHuu Anmau. PacKoriKU C. M. Pydemw, 1947 e. V-I Vee.do h.d. ( 1684 i 1 70)

HaBepuiHe OTjiHHaexca CMejiocTbio saMbicjia m HcnojiHCHHa.

FpHcjiOH HMcer MOuiHbiM KHioB, 6ojibuiyK) BOCKOBHuy H BopoTHHHOK, pejibe(J)Ho o5o3HaHeHHbie rjiaia.
Bjiojib luew B npopesb BcxaBJieH KO>KaHbiH rpeGenb, h3 ko^h c/tejiaHbi yiUM. Kjikjb, rpeGcHb h yuiH 6biJiH
BbiKpamcHbi B KpacHbiH UBCT, BOCKOBHiia H BopoTHHMOK - B >KejiTbiH. Ha o5eHx cTopoHax naBepuiHH
Bbipe3aHbi pej7bec})Hbie KOMnoiHUHH - HanaacHHe rpH(})OHa Ha ryca. HaBcpujHe 6biJio noKpbiTO JiHcroBbiM
30J10T0M, KpOMe fOHOBOK MaJlblX rpH(})OHOB.
Ha3HaHeHHe 3Toro npeflMeia HeH3BecTHO. Oh 6biji uaPiaeH b capKO({)are y rojiOBbi norpe6eHHoro.
B npon3Be/ieHHH CKOHueHTpHpoBanbi Bce HaHSojiee xapaKTepnbie o6pa3Hbie h crmieBbie ocoOchhocth
ajiTaMCKoro HCKyccTBa: peiibecjjHan, o5beMHafl nepeflana (jiopivi, Hcno.nb30BaHHe pasjiHHHbix MaTepHajlOB,
pacKpacKa npeztivieTOB. B xaKHx pacnpocTpanenHbix CKDJKeTax, KaK 5opb5a SBepeK, nepeaKO naGjiioflaeTCH
saMena ue.nbix cJjHryp flexajiflMH, name Bcero rojiosaiviH.
M3o6pa)KeHHe rpH(J)OHa, saHMCxBOBanHoe h3 HCKyccTBa nepe/tHett Ashh, noflBeprjiocb na Anrae nepe-
paGoTKC H opraHHHHO Bomjio b TCMarHKy MecxHoro HCKyccTBa. HecoMHCHHO, hto rpH(J)OH o;inueTBop«;i
CHJiy, MoryiuecTBO m BJiacTb.

53
SWAN FIGURES. Felt. Length 30 cm. Pazyryk Barrow V, Eastern Altai. Excavated by S. I. Rudenko
in 1949. Fifth -fourth centuries B.C. (1687/259-260).

The figures of swanswere sewn of thin felt and stuffed with deer hair. The bodies of the birds were made of
white felt, the and eyes of black felt. The fan-shaped pink and yellow tail is trimmed with six
bill, cere
disks, red on top and black beneath. The feathers on the wings and tail are shown by lines embroidered in
wool. The feet are made of felt of a reddish, greenish or brown colour, stretched over wooden stakes which
support the figure in a vertical position. The straps that bound the feet were probably used to attach the
figures to the latticed chariot top. Two of the swans are still attached to fragments of the wooden lattice
strips.
The swan figures of felt are remarkable both for the accurate depiction of the characteristic features of
the birds and for the elegance of the design and workmanship.

JIEBE/JH. Boii.ioK. fl.uiiia 30 cm. FlaibipuKCKUu Kypcan Nb 5. Bocmo^iibiu A.inuiii. PacKOUKti C. M. Py-
deww, 1949 c. V-IV ee. do n. 3. ( 1687 259-260)

05beMHbie (J)nrypKH Jie6eAeH BbmoJineHbi h3 roHKoro ueeTHoro BOHJiOKa h HaGnTbi oneHbeft luepcTbio.
TyjioBHme nrHU cujhto h3 6e;ioro BOHJioKa, kjikdb c bockobmuch h rjia3a - h3 Mepnoro. Beepoo6pa3Hbifi
po30BO->KejiTbiH XBOCT OTacjiaH no KpaK) mecTbK) Kpy>KKaMH: csepxy - KpacHbiMH, CHH3y - nepHbiMH.
Kpbinbn M XBOCT OKOHTypenbl /leKOpaTHBHbIM IUBOM UiepCTHHOfl HHTKOH. Ho>KKH ClUHXbl H3 KpacHOBa-
Toro, 3ejieHOBaToro h kophmhcbopo BofijioKa. B hhx BCTaBireHbi flepesaHnbie kojibiuikh, noziflep>KHBa-
K)mne (jjnrypKH b BepiMKanbHOM no;io>KeHHH. PeMeujKH, KOTopbiMH GbinH CBH3aHbi ho)kkh, cJiyjKiiJiH, no-
BHflHMOMy, fljiH npHKpen;ieHHfl (|)nrypoK k pemeTHaroMy Bepxy KOJiecHHijbi. B HO>KKax ziByx nxHU coxpa-
HHJiHCb o6jiomkh npyjKOB OT peujeiKH.
BoHJioHHbie (})HrypKii jie6eaeM jibjiaiotch yHHKajibHbiMH o5pa3uaMH MJirKOH CKyjibnjypbi. Mx oxuHHaex
H3amecTBO HcnoJiHeHHH H xoHHOcxb B nepeztaHC xapaKxepnbix ocoGeHHOcxeK 3xom nxHubi.

169
54
PLAQUE FROM THE POMMEL OF A SADDLE. Wood. Width 14.5 an. Bashadar Barww II.

Central Altai. Excavated by S. I. Rudenko in 1950. Fifth century B.C. (17931347).

The plaque has the shape of an eagle carved in relief. The figure is in silhouette, with open spaces under the
beak and wings and around the feet. The eagle is shown frontally; his head, deliberately exaggerated and
drawn into the shoulders, is in profile, facing left. The beak is hooked, the wings outspread, and the
powerful feet set wide apart. The plumage is rendered by overlapping scales, the tail shaped like a palmette.
The plaque had an overlay of thin sheet gold. There are four such plaques decorating the saddle, the two
larger ones on the pommel, the others on the rear arch. They were carved to suit the shape of the saddle.
In each pair of birds, the heads face in the opposite directions.

H AK JT A/I,K A HA JIV KV CEJXJl^.JJepeeo. JJauhq 14,5 CM. EamadapcKuu KypaanNol. I^eHmpa/ibHbiH

Ajimaii. PacKonKU C. M. PydeuKO, 1950 ^. V e. do h. 3. (1793/347).

Pejifae(J)HaH HaKJia^Ka Ha nepeflHKDio nyny ce^na npeacTaBJieHa b bhac ^Hrypw 4)aHTacTHMecKoro opjia.
OHa aana cHJiy3THo, c opopesaHHbiM 4)ohom y KjiioBa, KpwjibeB h Jian. Open H3o5pa)KeH b (j)ac c nosep-
Hyxofi BJiCBO npeysejiMHeHHO 6ojibinoH, BTAHyxoH b njicHH fojioboh, KpioHKOoGpasHtiM kjiiobom, pac-
npaBneHHbiMH KpwjibflMH h uiHpoKO paccTaeneHHbiMH MomHbiMH nanaMH. OnepcHHe nepe^aHO Haxo^fl-
mHMH OflHa Ha apyryio HeujyHKaiyui, xboct - najibMexKOM. HaKJiaflKa noKpbiBajiacb jiHcroBbiM 30jiotom.
Ce;iJio yKpamajiH nexbipe noflo6Hbie naKJiaflKH flBe, 6ojibmero pasMepa, 6bi.nH HauiHXbi na nepeflHioio
:

jiyKy, MCHbiiiHe - na 3aflHK)K). Bee ohh, cjierKa BbniyK.nbie, noBxopHiox ^JopMy nyKn. B Kaac;ioH nape na-
KJiaflOK rojiOBbi nxHU noBepnyxbi b pasHbie cxopoHbi.

55
FOREHEAD PLAQUE. Wood. Diameter 12.7 cm. Tiiekta Barrow I, Central Altai. Excavated by
S. I. Rudenko in 1954. Fifth century B.C. (2179179).

The round forehead plaque was part of a horse's harness. The slightly convex surface of the plaque has
a relief design consisting of two nearly identical figures of griffins, their beaks and feet touching the edge
of a circular knob in the centre. The griffins are shown in the tradition of the Altaic art of the time, with
a tuft on the forehead, a comb in the form of stylized stag's antlers down the back, a large, pointed ear,
a foot with long talons, and scale-like plumage. The composition is subordinate to the circular shape of
the plaque: the figures seem to move in a spiral.
The great skill of Altaic wood-carvers turned such common utilitarian objects as details of horse harness
into works of decorative art of the highest order.

HAJTOBHA.H BJ1.HXA. Jlepeeo. JluaMcmp 12,7 cm. TyjKmuncKuu KypeaHN°l. UeHmpajwubiH A/imaH.
PacKoniai C. H. PydeuKo. 1954 a. Ve do ii. 3. (2179/79).

KpyrjiaH Hajio6HaH GjiHxa - aexajib yGpancxBa kohckoh ysflfai. HapyxHyio, cjierKa BbinyKJiyio noBepx-
Hocxb 5jihxh yKpamarox flsa hohxh HflenxHHHbix pejibe(J)Hbix H3o6pa)KeHHa rpH(|)OHOB, Koxopbie kjiiobom
H Jianoii KacaK)xc« no.nyc(J)epHHecKOH noeepxHocxH. rpH(j)OHbi xpaKxoBanbi b xpaflHUHHx ajixaiicKoro
HCKyccxBa xoro BpeMCHH c xoxohkom na Ji6y, rpeGneM b bhac cxHJiH30BaHHbix poroB ojichh, GoJibiuHM
:

yxoM, KorxHcxbiMH jianaMH, onepenHeM, nepe/taHHtiM HemyiiKaMH. KoMnosHUHa no^xHHHena (J)opMe

6jihxh - (j)Hrypbi xaK 6bi saKpynenbi no cimpaiiH.
BbicoKoe MacxepcxBO anxaflcKHx pcshmkob no flepesy npeBpainajio npeflMexw npaKXHiecKoro Hasna-
HCHHH (nanpHMep, KOHCKaa ynpa>Kb) b noanHKHbie npoH3BefleHHfl HCKyccxaa.

56
SADDLE COVER. Felt, leather, horsehair. Length 120 cm, width 60 cm. Pazyryk Barrow I, Eastern
Altai. Excavated by M. P. Griaznov in 1929. Fifth -fourth centuries B.C. (1295/150).

The cover of thin red felt, trimmed along the edges with strips of leather, is decorated with applique designs

in coloured felt. Symmetrically arranged at the sides of the cover are two identical compositions: a winged

170
griffin, lie has overwhelmed, holds in his beak one of the victim's horns. The ibex's
standing on the ibex
forefeet are bentunder him, while his hind legs, together with the hinder part of the body which is also
twisted around, are turned upwards; the head faces backward. The motif of the twisted hind quarters
known from Scythian art of the northern Black Sea area, was quite frequently used in Scytho-Siberian art
to convey violent motion.
The body and horns of the ibexes are in blue felt, their heads are yellow. The figure of the griffin is yellow,
with details in blue and yellow.
The saddle cover has hanging on either side of it three pendants of yellow felt trimmed with red horsehair
and lined with leather. The outer side of each pendant has an applique design in coloured felt of a moufflon's
head between two horned tigers' heads. The cover is highly decorative. The bright colours are sometimes
unrealistic, as in the blue goat. To emphasize the details, they are covered with leather overlaid with thin
sheet tin and gold.

nOKPbllllKA CE/],J1A. Boujiok, KOMca, KOHCKUU eo/ioc. JJauho 120 cm, mupuna 60 cm. IlasbipbmcKuu
KypaoH JVo J. BocmoHHbiu Ajimau. PacKonnu M. 77. rpnsuoea, 1929 ^. V-IV ee. do h. o. (1295/150).

rioKpbiuiKa cejiJia h3 tohkofo KpacHoro BOHJioKa, o6niHTaa no KpasM nojiocKawH ko»h, yKpamena
pasHouBCTHbiMH BOJiJiOHHiiMH annjiHKauHHMH. /Jsa oflHHaKOBtix H3o6paaceHHfl cHMMexpHMHO pacnono-
>KeHbi no o5eHM CToponaivi noKptimKH KptuiaTbiii rpH(})OH, CTOfluiHH na nosepaceHHOM K03Jie, cxBaxHH
:

KJiFOBOM por cBoeii KepxBbi. IlepeflHHe hofh K03Jia noflorHyrbi, 3aziHHe BMecxe c nepeBepHyxbiM xyjiOBH-
mcM noaHHXbi BBepx, rojiOBa oGpamena Ha3afl. Moxhb noBepnyxbix b npoxHBonoJioJKHbie cxopoHbi
nepeflHett h sazmeH nacxeH ^Hrypbi khboxhofo, HSBecxHbiM CKH(J)CKOMy ncKyccxBy CeBepnoro llpHHep-
HOMopbfl, oco6eHHO nacxo npHMCHajicfl b ckh4)o-ch5hpckom HCKyccxBe ann nepe^aHH /iBHaceHHfl.
TyjioBHiue H pora kosjxob BwnojiHeHbi h3 cHHero BoftnoKa, rojioBbi - h3 »ejixoro; 4)nrypbi rpH(j)OHOB -
H3 >Kenxoro, flexajiH - h3 CHHero h xcejixoro BOMJiOKa.
K noKpbiuiKe c flByx cxopon npHKpenneHbi xpn apKHe noflBCCKH, oxopoHeHHbie KpacHWM kohckhm bojio-
coM. rioflBecKH cmHXbi H3 jKCJixoFo BOHJiOKa Ha KOJKaHOH HOAKJia/iKe. Ha jiHueBOH cxopone no^BecoK
BbinojiHCHa uBexHa3 BOHJioHHaa annnHKauHJi b bhac ronoBbi ropnoro Gapana, HaxoflflmeiiCH Mcxay
flByx rojiOB poraxbix xHrpoB. rioKpbiuiKa Hapa/ma h KpacoHna. PacusexKa annnHKauHH apKaa, aexopa-
xHBHaa, He Bcer/ia cooxsexcxByiomafl peaJibHoii pacKpacKe jkhboxhofo (nanpMMep, chhhh koscji). Jleranvi
BbiAeneHbi KOHceii, noKpbixoti jihcxobmm ojiobom h 30jioxom.

57, 58

FLASK. Leather and fur. Height 43 cm. Pazyryk Barrow I, Eastern Altai. Excavated by M. P. Griaznov
in 1929. Fifth -fourth centuries B.C. (1295/187).

The flask issewn of thin leather and decorated with coloured fur in applique designs. On the front of the
flask are alternating blue and yellow lozenges bearing an ornamental pattern in yellow and blue respec-
tively. The reverse and sides are covered with fur from the paws of the cheetah. The flask served as a con-
tainer for liquids.
Many articles from the Altai show a high degree of skill in intricate fur, felt and leather work. Geometric
or plant motifs predominate in their decoration.

OJl^rA. KoJica, Atex. Bbicoma 43 cm. fTasbipbiKCKnii uypean Nq 1. BocmounbiH AAmait. PacKonKu
M. 77. rp>i3Hoea. 1929 ^. V-IV ee. do n. d. (1295/187).

Ojiflxa cuiHxa H3xohkoh kojkh h yKpamena MexoBbiMH annnHKauHJiMH. Ha JiHueBOtt cxopoHe - ysop H3
Pom6ob, Koxopbie Gwjih BbiKpoeHbi h3 ko)kh, a 3axeM o6mHXbi (J)HrypHbiMH Bbipe3KaMH h3 Mexa. O^hh
poM6bi - H3 JKCJixoro Mexa co BcxaBKaiviH h3 chhcpo, flpyrne - h3 chhcfo Mexa c iKenxbiMH BCxaBKaMH.
BoKOBbie h o6opoxHaa noBepxHOCxH (Jjjihxh oGmHXbi MexoM c jian renapAa. Ojiara cjiyjKHJia ajih xpa-
HeUHH 5KHAKOCXeM.
O BbicoKOM MacxepcxBC y3opHaxoro mnxba no KO>Ke, Mexy h BOttnoKy CBHZtexejibCXByiox mhofhc anxaii-
CKHe HaxoflKH. B opHaMCHxauHH Hx 3HaHHxejibHoe Mecxo 3aHHMaiox caMbie pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie reoMe-
xpHHecKHe H pacxHxejibHbie y3opbi.

171
59
HORSE. Plaque. Horn. Length J I cm. Sagly-Bazhi II hiiiial ground, Western Tuva. Excavated by A. D.
Grach in 1961. Fifth - third centuries B.C. (2351/268).

Relief plaque shaped as the figure of a horse lying drawn up under its body. Surface decora-
down, its legs
tion consists of incised curved lines. The figure is shown The head is executed with particular
in proportion.
attention to detail. The leaf-shaped hollow cells on the mane, and the incised curves, were probably inlaid
with paste. The four holes were for sewing the plaque onto clothing. The large round hole in the neck
also had some practical function.
Ancient sculptors of the Tuva region left many beautiful specimens of horn carving. Although somewhat
similar to Altaic Animal Style, the Tuvinian work, presenting animals of the local fauna, is done in its
own, inimitable manner.

JlE}KAmA.H J10LIIA/I,b. flAacmiina. Poe. Jl.iuHa 11 cm. MoeujbiiuK Caejibi-Eajicu II. 3anadiiaM
Tyea. PacKonKU A. J],. Fpaua, 1961 ^. V-III ee. do n. o. (2351 ,'268).

Pe;]be(J)Haa njiacxHHa b bhac jiOKamcH nomajxa c no/iorHyTbiMH HoraMH yKpamena peiHWMH flyroo6pa3-
HbiMH nojiocaMH. OHrypa kohh nponopuHOHanbua; ocoGchho TmareJibHO npopa6oTana ronosa. JIhcto-
BHflHbie HHCMKH Ha FpHBC KOHH H pCSHblC lUTpHXH, BCpOHTHO, SanOJlHHJlHCb naCTOH. HCTbipe OTBCpCTHH
c:iy>KHnH ana HaiuHsaHHa njiacTHHbi na Ofle^K^y. Bo;ibUioe Kpyrjioe oxaepcTHe b uenrpe hmcjio KaKoe-TO
4)yHKUHOHa.abHoe HaBHaneHHe.
JXpeBHwe xy^o^HHKH Tysbi cos^ajiH HCMajio npcKpacHbix HSflejiiift b xexHHKe pe3b6w no kocxh. Mx
npoH3BeaeHHH, necMoxpa na 6jiH30cxb ajixaJicKOMy 3BepHHOMy cxhjik), oxjiHHaioxca cboch HenoBxopH-
MOM MaHepoii nepe/iaHH >KMBOXHbix MecxHOii (J)ayHbi.

60
BELT BUCKLES. Gold. Height 8 cm, width 12.3 cm. Siberian Collection of Peter I (from the collection
of M. P. Gagarin, Governor of Siberia, 1716). Saka culture, fourth - third centuries B.C. (1727 1/5, 1/6).

A pair of openwork mirror images one of the other, cast in relief and chased. A fantastic
relief plaques,
winged beast of prey with the body of a lion and horns of an antelope is tearing a horse. The hind quarters
of both attacker and victim are twisted upside down. The shoulder and croup of the horse and the thigh
of the carnivorous beast have hollows for coloured inlays in the shape of triangles and circles. The eyes
were also inlaid. The compositions are eminently decorative, expressive and dynamic. The left-hand
plaque has a hook for fastening the two together; and each has on the reverse two pairs of horizontally
arranged rings.
The Siberian Collection of Peter I contains belt buckles, bracelets, and torques, exemplifying a distinctive
version of the Animal Style. The buckles shown here are representative of this group of objects. Although
their exact provenance is unknown, they are stylistically close to the Altaic version of the Animal Style,
employing the same subjects, - fantastic beasts of prey and combat scenes, - and the same devices, move-
ment being rendered by means of twisted bodies, and muscles emphasized by the conventional dot and
comma markings.

nOilCHblE BJl^XM. 3o.iomo. Jf.iuiui 12,3 cm, uiupuua 8 cm. Cu6upcKa.'i ko.i.k'kiju.i Hempa I (u3
coopaini.'i eyoepiiamopa Cuoupu M. 77. Faeapuna, 1716 e.J. CaKCKa.i Ky.ihmypa. lV-111 ee. do n. j. (1727
1/5. 1/6).

riapa a>KypHbix pejibe())Hbix 6;]hx, 3epKa;ibHO noBxopmouiHX oiiny komhobhuhio, BbmojiHena b xcxhhkc
jiHXbH H MCKaHKH. MH(j)HMecKHH KpbiJiaxbiH xHuiHHK c xcjiOM JibBa H poraMH aHXHJionbi xep3aex npiinaB-
uiero Ha nepe/iHHe hofh kohsi. Onrypbi /laHbi b npo(j)HJib. Kpynbi kohh m xHuiHHKa nepeKpyneHbi. Ha
njieie a 6eape kohh, Geape XHUjHHKa - yrjiy5jieHHJi b sum xpeyro.ribHHKOB n Kpy>KKOB ann 3ano;iHeHHJi
UBexHbiMH BcxaBKaMH. MuKpycxHpoBaHbi 6bi;in xaK>Ke rjia3a. 3xh aeKopaxHSHbie KOMno3HUHH Mpe3Bbi-
MaHHO Bbipa3HxeJibHbi H flHHaMHMHbi. Ha JiCBOH 6;i«xe HMcexcfl KpiOHOK fljifl sacxerHBaHHH, Ha oGopoxnoii
cropoHe Ka>KflOH - npHnaHHo no noe napbi KOJieu c BepxHKajibHbiM pacnojio>KeHneM oxBepcxnH.
BChGhpckoh KOJiJiCKUHH Hcxpa I HMCKixcH napHbie 6.riflxn, Gpacjietbi, rpnBHbi, HcndHCKHbie b CBoeo6-
pa3HOM 3BepHHOM cxHJie. ripeflcxaBjieHHafl napa Gjihx xapaKxepna ana 3xoh rpynnbi. Xox« xohhoc mccxo
H yCJlOBHH HaXOAOK 3XHX npeflMCXOB OCXaiOXCfl HCHSBeCXHblMM, ohm CXHJlHCXHHeCKH 6J1H3KH aJlXaMCKOMy

172
sapHaHTy 3BepHHoro cthjih. Hx poahht Bbi6op ciwKeTOB, JiioGoBb k H3o5paa<eHiiflM (})aHTacTHHecKHX
xHiuHHKOB H cucH 6opb6bi, npHCMbi nepefla4H aBn>KeHHfl nocpeflCTBOM noKasa nepeicpyHCHMbix tcji,
noA^epKHBaHHe MycKyjiaxypbi reoMeTpH4ecKHMH (J)HrypaMH.

BELT BUCKLES. GoM. Width 15.5 cm and 15.2 cm, height of both 8.5 cm. Siberian Collection of
Peter I (from the collection of M. P. Gagarin, Governor of Siberia, 1716). Saka culture, fourth - third
centuries B.C. (Cu 1727 11161, 1/162).

These buckles cast in openwork, one the mirror image of the other, have been called Riders under a
Tree or Rest on a Journey. Sitting under the tree are a man and a woman, and stretched out on their knees
lies a man. The seated man holds the bridles of two horses in full harness. A gorytus (combined bow-case

and quiver) with bow and arrows hangs from a branch of the tree. Both the horses have clipped manes,
their tails are braided. The saddles are fastened on with both girth and crupper. On the reverse of the buckle
is the imprint of some crude fabric. The right-hand plaque has two perforated lugs soldered on, the left

a clasp and two bolts.

The scene is the only one of its kind ever found. It is interpreted as showing the resurrection of the dead
hero, an episode known to us from the Turko-Mongolian epic.

nOilCHblE BJI5IXM. 3ojiomo. /Jjuiua 15,5 cm; 15,2 cm; uiupuua 8,5 cm. Cu6upcKasi KOJUieKiiun
flempa 1 (u3 coopauuM eyoepnamopa Cuoupu M. ff. Pacapuna, 1716 e.). CaxcKan Kyjthmypa. IV-III ee.
do H. 3. (Cu 1727 1/161, 1/162).

A)KypHbie JiHTwe Gjihxh, sepKajibHO noBxopaiouiHe oflHy komooshuhio, nojiynHJiH HassaHHe „BcaaHHKM
noA AcpeBOM", HUM „OTflbix B nyxn". FIoa aepcBOM chaht My>KHHHa h JKeumMHa, Ha ko/ichjix y hhx jicmcht
My)K4MHa. CHflHmHH Aep>KHT 3a noBOfl AByx oceflJiaHHbix M B3Hy3AaHHbix KOHcK. Ha flepese bhcht ropHx
V nomaaeii KopoTKO noACTpHMceHbi rpHBbi, xboctm sanjiereHbi, MJirKHe ceflJia CHa6-
c JiyKOM H crpejiaMH.
JKCHbi Harpy/iHbiMHh noAXBOCTHbiMH peMHflMH. Ha oGopoTHOH CTopoHe 6jiaxH - OTnenaTKH rpy6oH
TKaHH. Ha npaBOii S^sxe - Asa HanaaHHbix ymKa, Ha jicboh - cKo6a h jxBa CTep>KHH.
ripeACTaBneHHbiH ck^kct - eflUHCTBenHbiH b cbocm poae. CneuHajiHCTbi TpaKTyrox ero KaK cqeny BOCKpe-
lueHHH Meprsoro Goraxbipa, HSBecTHyio h3 floiueaiiiero ao nac TropKO-MonroJibCKoro 3noca.

62,63
BRACELET. Gold. Diameter 8.4 cm, height 6.5 cm. Siberian Collection of Peter 1 (from the collection of
M. P. Gagarin, Governor of Siberia, 1716). Saka culture, fourth - third centuries B.C. (Cu 1727 1/68).

Massive openwork bracelet consisting of three cast bands of relief decoration, soldered together. The free
ends of the bracelet are embellished with figures of recumbent tigers. The lowest of the reliefs is divided
by means of a transverse band of triangles, into two halves, each showing a scene of two wolves attacking
a mouftlon. The middle band has two wolves tearing at a horse. Details of the upper and lower bands have
settings for coloured inlays.
The animal reliefs are executed in the same Scytho-Siberian style as the large buckles with combat scenes
(see, e. g., PI. 60).

BPACJIET. 3o.iomo. /JuaMcmp 8,4 cm, uiupuna 6,5 cm. CuOupcKa.t Ko.i.ieKiiu.i Uempa I (u3 coOpanun
eyoepuamopa Cuoupu M. /7. ra2apuua, 1716 e.). Cai<CKa.^ Ky/ibmypa. IV-lll ee. do ii. j. (Cu 1727 1/68).
MaccHBHbiH a>KypHbiH 6pacJieT coctoht h3 rpex jihtmx pejibeiJjHbix Jienr, cnaHHHbix MCMCfly co6om.
HecoMKHyxbie kohuw Gpacjiera yKpauienbi 4)HrypKaMH jioKamnx TnrpoB. Hhjkhhh pejibetj) pa3AejieH
njiacTHHKoii c TpeyrojibHbiM opnaivieHTOM na jise no.noBHHbi, npe/tCTasjinHDmHe noBTopaiomyiocfl cucHy
HanaAeHHH AByx bojikob na ropuoro Capana. Ha cpeflHeM penbe^e - flsa BOJiKa Tep3aK)T noBep^KeHHyio
JiomaAb- AcTaJiH HHJKHero h Bcpxnero peJibecjJOB CHa6>KeHbi cJ)HrypHbiMH FHes^aMH ann BCxaBOK H3
UBexHbix KaMHeit.
M3o6paKeHHfl Ha Gpacnere HcnojineHbi b tom kc ckh4)o-ch6hpckom ssepHHOM cthjic, hto h GojibuiHC
cuenaMH 6opb6bi SBepefl (cm., nanpHMcp, N° 60).
njiacTHHbi CO

173
 .

64
STAGS. Plaques. Gold. Width 7 cm, height 4 cm (on the average). Chilikta Valley, Barrow V. Eastern
Kazakhstan. Excavated by S. S. Chernikov in 1960. Sixth century B.C. (2326/ J).

The stags, made in relief from thin sheet gold, face

right; ail have their legs drawn up, heads raised, and
antlers laid back. The wavy branches, of which only one is directed forward.
antlers consist of five
The nostrils and mouth are shown as holes, and there are turquoise inlays in the eyes and ears. The plaques
were used to decorate a quiver of fur. Despite a somewhat conventional pose, the stags from Chilikta are
lively, realistic portrayals. They are among the early specimens of the so-called Scytho-Siberian Animal

Style.

OJIEHM. E.i.'iuiKU. 3o.iomo. /J.iuna 7 cm, utupuna 4 c.xi (e cpediWM). Hu.iui<muncKa.H do.iuna, Kvp.'aii M?5.
Bocmo^nbiit Kajaxcman. Paci<oni<u C. C. ^epuuKoea, I960 ^. VI e. do n. j. (2326/J).

PeJibecjjHbie GnnujKH b BH.ae o.neHeM caejiaHbi H3 tohkofo sonoToro jiHcxa. Ojichh oGpamenbi enpaBO, ho-
FH Hx noiiJKaTbi, rojiOBa noflHJiTa, oiKMHyibie na cnwHy pora coctoat h3 HsornyTbix otpoctkob;
TOJlbKO OflHH H3 nJITH OTpOCTKOB oGpaUiCH BOCpe/l. Ho3iipM H pOT OepeflaHbl OTBepCTHflMM. YUJH H
rJiasa HHKpycTHpoBaHbi 6HpK)3oii. Bjijiiukm c.ny>KH.nM yKpaujeHMCM cujHToro H3 iviexa Ko.nMaHa. HecMorpH
Ha HCKOTOpyK) yCJlOBHOCTb n03, MHXIHKTHHCKHe 0.neHM TpaKTOaaHbl >KH3HeHHO, peaHMCTUHHO. OHH BXOaHT
B Kpyr paHHHX naMHTHHKOB laK Ha3biBaeMoro CKH(J)o-cn5HpcKoro 3BepnHoro ctmjih.

65
FINIAL WITH THE FIGURE OF AN IBEX. Bronze. Height 18.8 cm. Chance fmd. Kras-
noyarsk Territory. Bought by G. F. Miller in the 1730s. Tagar culture, sixth- fifth century B.C. (112117).

Finial with the figure of an ibex standing on a hemispherical base, cast in a two-part mould. The base and
part of the figure are hollow.
The ibex is shown preparing for a leap, with his back arched. The large head is crowned with horns, their
ends touching the back. The eyes and nostrils are emphasized by a raised border. The figure is monumental
and decorative.
The standing ibex is a familiar motif in Scytho-Siberian art, but the laconic treatment is a feature of the
local style. The figure relates to the best period of Tagar art together with many more excellent bronzes.

HABEPllIME C OMryPKOM FOPHOFO K03J1A. Bpotaa. Bbwoma 18,8 CM. Cy^auuaH

HaxodKO. KpacuonpcKuU KpaH. npuo6pemena r.0.Mu.iAepoM « 1730-x ae. TaaapcKu.'i i<y.ihmypa. VI~Vee.
do H.J. (112117).

HaBcpiuHe c (j)nrypKoii ropHoro K03Jia, CToamero Ha nojiyc(|)epHMecKOH noacraBKc, otjihto b c.no>KHoii

flBycTBopHaroii c})opMe. FloacTaBKa h MacTHMHO (JDHrypKa no.nbie.
FopHbiM K03eJi H3o5pa>KeH roTOBflmHMCsi K npbi^KKy, co cjierxa BbirHyxoti cnHHoii. KpynHaa ro.noBa
yBCHHana H3orHyTbiMH poraMH, KacaromHMHCfl chmhw. r.na3a h H03flpH nepe/iaHbi BbmyKJibiM BajiHKOM.
M3o6pa)KeHHe MOHyMeHTa.ribHO h aeKopatMBHO.
MoTHB CTOfluiero K03Jia mHpoKOH3BecTeH B ckh4)o-ch5hpckom MCKyccTBe, HO jiaKOHHHHafl Manepa
HcnoJiHCKHfl - MecTHaH. CKy.nbnTypa othochtc« k pacuBery TarapcKofi Kyjibrypbi.

66
TWO DAGGERS AND A KNIFE. Iron, bronze. Length of a) 29.8 cm. Chance find. Kra.moyarsk
Territory. Collection of I. A. Lopatiii. Fourth ~ third centuries B.C. Length of b) 21.8 cm. Chance find
Krasnoyarsk Territory. Collection of A. A. Bobrinsky. Sixth -fifth centuries B.C. Length of c) 21.8 cm.
Chance find on the Abakan, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Collection of V. V. Radlov, 1863. Fifth -fourth centuries
B.C. Tagar culture (5531/339, 5544/23, 1123/16).

a) Dagger wrought of a single piece of iron with a chased cross-piece soldered on to it. The handle is
topped with a heraldic composition of griffins' heads. The wing-shaped cross-piece is decorated with two
figures of wolves placed upside down. The griffins' heads are carved in the round, the wolves in relief. Such
iron daggers closely resemble their prototypes in bronze, differing only in the finer working of detail.

74
b) Cast dagger with the figure of a wild ass at the top of the hilt, and two elk's heads at the cross-piece. The
wild ass is executed in the round, the legs in relief. The elk's heads are treated flatly, their ears shown in
relief, the eyes rendered by holes drilled through the head. The wild ass is shown with its legs hanging down,
probably in the position of a sacrificial animal.
c) The cast bronze knife has a handle ending in a stylized figure of a boar standing in the conventional
pose, muzzle lowered to the ground. The haft is decorated with a geometrical design and the traditional
bird's head motif.
Knives and daggers decorated with zoomorphic designs hold an important place among the Tagar bronzes.
The wild ass on the second dagger is an example, both stylistically and in subject matter, of the early period
of the Tagar culture. The standing boar motif, frequent on the Yenisey, changed with the evolution of
Tagar art as a whole from the static, monumental representation of early times to the stylized, decorative
and conventionalized image. The appearance of such motifs as the griffin and a beast of prey seen on the
iron dagger, is due to the influence of the Persian art of the Achaemenid period.

KHH^KAJIbl M HO^K. }Ke.ie30,6poit3a. a) Jl.mua 29.8 cm. CAynauHan HaxodKa. KpacHoapCKUu Kpau.
Co6panue M. A. Jlonamuiia. IV- HI «e. do n. o.; 6) /Jauho 21 ,8 cm. CAyuaunan Haxodna. KpacnoftpcKuii
Kpaii. CodpaHue A. A. Eo6puiici<oeo. VI-V ee. do ii. j.; e) JJaiiho 21,8 cm. CAyiaiiHa.H iia.xodi<a no peKe
AdoKOH. Kpaciio.ipcKuii Kpaii. Codpaiiue B. B. PadAoea, 1863 ^. V-IV ecs. do ii. j. TazapcKaft KyAhmypa.
(5531/339; 5544/23; 1123/16).

a) K»WMan BbiKOBan h3 ue.nbHoro KycKa 5Ke.ne3a, k KOTopoMy npHBapeno nepcKpecTbe c HeKanHbiMM

H3o6pa»ceHH5iMH. HaeepuiHe npeztcraBJiJieT repajib/jHwecKyra KOMno3nuHK) H3 ziByx fojiob rpH(j)OHOB; Kpbi-
noBHflHoe nepeKpecTbe o(})opMJieHO b bhac napHbix nepeBepnyxbix (j)HrypoK bojikob. FojiOBbi rpntJioHOB
o6T>eMHbie, (J)nrypbi bojikob pejibe(})Hbie. FipoTOTHnoM )Kejie3Hbix KHH5Ka;ioB c aHajiornHHbiMH cJOJKeraMH
nocnyjKHJiH 6poH30Bbie KHH^Kaiibi. >Kejie3Hbie KHHKanbi OTJinMaK)TCfl or 6poH30Bbix 6ojiee hctkoh npo-
paGOTKOM JXQTdnCH.
6) JThtoh KHH>Kaj7 c cjJHrypoH Ky.naHa na HaBepuiHH h nsyMn roJiOBaiviH nocsi na nepeKpecTbe. OnrypKa
Kyjiana o6"beMHan, Horw Bbmo.nHeHbi b /iBycTopoHHeM Fojiobkh ;ioceH ynnooieHbi, ymH H3o6pa-
pejibe(j)e.

>KeHbi pe;ibe(})HO, r.na3a o6o3HaHeHbi CKB03HbiMH OTBepcTHaMH. Kyjian noKa3aH c „BHCflurnMn" HoraMH,
BCpOHTHO, B n0.nO)KeHHH JKepTBCHHOrO JKHBOTHOrO.
b) JIhtoh ho>k 3aBepmaeTCJi (jJHrypKOH KaGana, H3o5pa>KeHHoro b KaHOHHMecKoti no3e. <J>HrypKa rpaKTO-
sana ycJioBHO. PyKoaxb HO>Ka yKpamaer reoMerpHHecKHH y3op h rpazimJiHOHHoe, KOHxypHoe, H3o6pa-
>KeHMe ro.noBbi nxHUbi.
Ho)Kn H KHHiKajibi, yKpamcHMbie 3BepMHbiMH MOTHBaMH, 3aHHMaK)T 3HaHHTe:ibHoe MecTO b xarapcKOM
xyflOKCCTBeHHOii 6poH3e.
M3o6pa)KeHHfl Kynana Ha KHH>KaJie no cfo^Keiy w npHCMaivi HcnojiHeHH« xapaKTepH3yK)T paHHHH 3Tan
rarapcKoro HCKyccTsa. Mothb cronuiero KaGana, mnpoKO pacnpocTpanenHbiM Ha Enncee, H3MeH5ieTCH
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT pa3BHTHJI TarapCKOrO HCKyCCTBa: OT paHHHX MOHyMeHTa.nbHO-CTaTHMeCKHX, H3o6pa-
>KeHHil K CTMJlH30BaHHbIM H /leKOpaTHBHO-yCJlOBHblM. floflBJieHHe H3o6pa>KeHHil rpH(J)OHa H XHUlHHKa,
npencTaBJicHHbix na )Kene3HOM KHH^Kane, oGtflCHneTCH B.nnflHneM wcKyccTBa axcMCHHflCKoro Mpana.

67
BELT PENDANT. Bone. Length 22.2 cm. Burial ground near Zuyevo, Udmurtian ASSR. E.xcavated by
A. A. Spitsyn in 1898. Ananyino culture, fifth -fourth centuries B.C. (609/200).

A bar of carved bone with two figures of bears. The thicker end has a hole for hanging.
The object is connected with the bear cult, very widespread during the period among the peoples of the
Urals region, Siberia and Eastern Europe. The bar with the bears, being found in a rich male burial in
the Zuyevo burial ground, attests the high position of its owner in the community. The presence of weapons
(a celt, a spear-head, several arrow-heads, a knife) and ornaments (torque and a set of belt plates) show
that the man was a warrior chief, a clan elder and, as the pendant with the bears indicates, a priest of the
bear cult.

nO.HCHA5I nO/],BECKA. Kocmn. /Jauhu 22,2 cm. JyeecKuu MoeuAhiiuK. VdMypmcKafi ACCP.
PacKonKU A. A. Cnui/hiHa, 1898 e. AuaubuucKafi xyAbmypa. V-IV na. do n. 3. (609/200).

175
rioflCHan nojiBecKa npeflCTaBJinex KocrnHyio pesHyio naJiOMKy c ^JwrypKaMH asyx MeflBCflefi. B yroJimeH-
HOH 4acTH HMeercfl OTsepcTHe ana noflseuiHEaHHfl.
3tot npeflMCT cansaH c KyjibTOM ueaseaa, e to BpeMJi lUHpoKo pacnpocxpaHCHHbiM cpe;iH napoflOB
Ypana, Ch6hph h Boctohhoh EBponbi. FIoflBecKa, HaHflCHHaa b o^hom h3 Goraxbix MyjKCKHX norpeGcHHH
3yeBCKoro MorHUbHHKa, CBHaeTeubCTByeT o bmcokom couHajibHOM nojiojKCHHH ee Bnaaejibua. HajiHHHe
Opy>KHfl (KCJlbT, HaKOHCHHHK KOHbH, HaKOHCHHHKH CXpCJl, H0)K) H yKpamCHMH (uiCHHaH rpHBHa, nOflCHOH
Ha5op) xapaKTepH3yK)T norpeGcHHoro KaK BoeHaHajibHHKa, poaoBoro CTapeHiuHny, a KyjibTOBan no;i-
BecKa c MeflBe;iflMH - KaK cjiyacHxeJiH Kyjibxa, acpeua.

68
CAULDRON. Bronze. Height 62 cm. Chance find of J 893. The Kargalhika, Alma-Ata area. Fifth - third
centuries B.C. (165411).

A spherical cast cauldron on three curved legs, each shaped as the forepart of a ram with a camel's shank
below. Near the edge of the cauldron are two pairs of handles, one pair of horizontal loops with a relief
ornament, and the other pair, vertical, in the shape of goats. The body is decorated with three relief bands.
The rams' heads are treated monumentally and well modelled, the bodies are shown in a conventional
manner, small crescents representing the ribs, and short raised lines the thick hair on the underside of the
neck. The conventionalized treatment of by the use of geometric designs - crescents, circles, tri-
details
angles - originated in Iranian carpet-weaving and was carried over not only into the applique work of felt
and leather that imitated rugs, but also into sculpture. The way in which the little goat figures are executed
shows keen observation. Like the cauldron itself, they are not chased; neither casting seams nor other
ridges of metal have been removed.
Of all the bronze cauldrons of the Scythian period, widely distributed throughout the steppelands of
Eurasia, the three-legged variety are the most decorative.

KOTEJl. EpoH3a. Bbicoma 62 cm. C/iyiaHna^ naxodKa na pcKe KapzaAuime 6au3 A/iAia-Ambi, 1893 e.

V-III ee. do n. 3. (1654/1).

C(})epHHecKHH jiHTOH KOTCJi HMecT TpH H3orHyTbie HoacKH, npe/iCTaBJiHRDuiHe norpyflHoe H3o6paa(emie
ropHbix GapaHOB c Bep6jiK))KbHMH rojienjiMH. V 3aKpanHbi Koxjia nexbipe pynKH, pacnojio>KeHHbie no-
napHO KpecT uaKpecr - ase ropH30HTaj]bHbie c pejibecJjHbiM opHaMCHTOM h abc BcpTHKajibHbie, o(J)opM-
jieuHbie B BHfle (J)HrypoK ko3jihkob. TyjiOBO yKpauieno rpeiviH pe:ibe(j)HbiMH nonocKaMH. FoJiOBbi Gapauos
c 3anpoKHHyTbiMH poraMH npoMOflenHpoaaHbi nexKo; jynoBHma pemenbi ycJiOBHo: pe6pa nepeaaHbi
noJiyno/lKOBKaMH, nofluieidHan rpMBxa - peJibe(j)HbiMH nojiocKaMH. TpaKTOBKa flerajiefl reoMexpHHC-
CKHMH (})HrypaMH - nojiynoflKOBKaMH, KpyacKaMH, ipeyrojibHHKaMH - B03HHKJia b KOBpoTKaMecTBC Mpana
H GbiJia nepeueceHa He xojibKO b BOcnpoH3BO.aHBmHe KOBpbi atmnHKauMH h3 BOHJioKa h ktokh, ho h b
CKyjibnrypy. C GoJibmHM 3HaHHeM naxypbi BbmoJiHCHbi (J)HrypKH ko3J1hkob. Ohh hc npoHeKaneHbi, KaK
H xyjioBO Koxjia, na KoxopoM ne 3aMnuieHbi JiHxeiiHbie iubm, ne yGpanbi nanjibiBbi MCxaJiJia.
M3 6poH30Bbix KOx.noB CKH(j)CKoro BpcMCHH, ujHpoKO pacnpocxpaHeHHbix B cxen«x EBpa3HH, xpexHorwe
Koxjibi HanGojiee fleKopaxHBHbi.

69
BRACELET WITH THE FIGURE OF A FEMALE ELK. Gold Length of wire 164 cm.
diameter of bracelet 6.8 cm. Barrow LV, Grave 8, Kalinovka burial ground, Volgograd Region. Excavated
by V. P. Shilov in 1954. Late first century B.C. -first century A.D. (2206/52).
Spiral bracelet with eight loops of round wire. The terminals are shaped as the figure of a recumbent
female elk with legs tucked under her body which ends in a long tail of a fantastic beast of prey. The muzzle,
ears, shoulders and hind quarters are modelled in well-defined planes, the hair on the neck and body is
rendered by incised lines. The treatment is extremely conventionalized, the body of the animal being
drawn out along the wire to correspond to the form of the object.
The bracelet is an example of the Sarmatian Animal Style. Remarkable pieces of goldwork of this type
come from richly furnished burials of the late first century B.C. and the early first century A.D., discovered
in the south Russian steppes between the Volga and the Dnieper, an area inhabited at that time by wander-
ing Iranian-speaking tribes of Sarmatians and Alans.

176
 .

BPACJIET C H30BPA>KEHI/[EM JIOCHXH. 3oyiomo. M^ina npoeoAOKu 164 cm, duaMcmp

6,8 CM. Kypeaii 55, noepeoeiiue 8, KajiuiioecKiiu MoeuAbmiK. BoAeozpadcKOfi o6Aacmb. Pgckouku B. TI. Illu-

Aoea, 1954 z. Koneu I e. do it. 3. - I e. (2206/52).

CnHpajibHbiH 6pacjieT b BoccMb o6opoTOB h3 Kpyrjioft b ceneHMH npoBOJioKH. Ero kohubi MOAenHpoBaHbi
B BHfle (J)HrypoK ne^KamcH jiochxh c noflornyTbiMH HoraMH h aJiHHHtiM xboctom c|)aHTacTHHecKoro
xHmHHKa. Mop;ia, yuiH, jionaxKH h 6eapa ee rpaKTOsaHbi pejibecjjHbiMn njiocKOcxjiMH, mepcTb - pe3-
HMMH nonepeHHbiMH 5opo3flKaMH. H3o6pa»eHHe npeaejibHO ycjiOBHo: tcjio acHBOXHoro npesMepHO
BbiTHHyxo, noAHHHCHo (})opMe npoBonoHHoro 6pacjieTa. Bpacjiex HcnojiHCH b capMaxcKOM 3BepHHOM
CTHJie. BaMCHaTenbHbie o5pa3Ubi aHaJiorHHHbix sonoTbix hsacjimh npoHCXOAMT h3 Goraxbix norpe6eHHH,
OTKpbiTbix Ha reppHTopHH KOKHopyccKHx cTcneH OT BojirH flo /^Henpa, 3acej:eHHOH b kohuc I BCKa ^o
H. 3. - IV BCKe KOHCBblMH HpaHOa3bIHHbIMH nJieMCHaMH CapMaTOB H anaHOB.

70

BRACELET WITH THE SCENE OF A SNOW LEOPARD ATTACKING A STAG.

Gold. Length of wire 76.7 cm, diameter of bracelet 8.4 cm. Barrow 11, Grave 2, burial ground near Verkhneye
Pogromnoye, Volgograd Region. Excavated by V. P. Shilov in 1954. First century B.C. (1953/1).

Massive spiral wire bracelet witii three loops. The two terminals are modelled as scenes of a snow leopard
attacking a stag. Though the general treatment of the scene is conventional, the head of the animal is

executed realistically. The relief design is clear and expressive. Another example of the Sarmatian Animal
Style.

BPACJIET C H30BPA>KEHHEM BAPCA, TEPSAIOmELO

OJIEH^. 3oAomo. /jAuna
npoeoAOKu 76,7 cm. duaMcmp 8,4 cm. Kypeaa 2, nozpe6enue 2, MoeuAbHUK y ccAa Bepxnee FIozpoMHoe.
BoAzoepadcKa.t odAacmb. PacKonKu B. 11. llluAoea, 1954 ^. / e. do u. 3. ( 1953/1)

MaccHBHbiH 5pacjieT b xpH oGopoxa H3 KpymoH b ceHCHHH npoBOJiOKH. Ero kohkbi yKpameHbi pej]be4)OM,
npeACTaBJTHJomHM cueny 6opb6bi )KHBOTHbix. OpH o6meM ycjiOBHOM pemeHHH H3o6pa>KeHHH rojiosa
ojieHH nepeaana peanHCTHMHo. PenbetjjHaa KOMno3HiiHfl Bbipa3HTejibHa h OTJiHHaexcH HexKOCTbio pw-
cyHKa. Bpacjier HcnojiHen b capivtarcKOM sbcphhom cthjic.

71

BELT PLAQUE. Gold. Width 6.1 cm. Barrow II, Grave 2, burial ground near Verkhneye Pogromnoye,
Volgograd Region. Excavated by V. P. Shilov in 1954. First century B.C. (1953/23).

The plaque of beaten gold is made up of two pieces that were joined in ancient times with a copper plate
attached by gold washers and silver rivets. One of the pieces is fitted on the reverse with a hook, and the
other with a loop, by which the plaque was fastened to the belt. The middle part of the plaque is missing.
To judge by showed a fantastic beast attacking a horse. The
the surviving fragments, the scene probably
body contours of the beast are traced with deep lines. The hollow cells on the body, which were meant to
emphasize the muscles of the shoulders, the hind quarters, and also the ribs and the crest, were originally
filled with coloured inlays. The plaque is a brilliant specimen of the Sarmatian Animal Style.

nO.HCHA.JI BJIilXA. 3oAomo. JjAuna 6,1 cm. Kypaau 2, noapedeuue 2, MoeuAbuuK y ccao Bepxuee
FIozpoMHoe. BoAzozpadcKaR odAacmb. PacKonnu B. Fl. UluAoea, 1954 ^. / e. do h. 3. (1953/23).
BjTHXa, HeKaHCHHaa H3 SOJIOTOK miaCTHHbl, COCTOHT H3 flSyX KyCKOB, COeaHHeHHblX B flpCBHOCTH MeaHOH
nnacTHHKOH npn noMouxH 30JiOTbix mafiGoHeK h cepe6paHbix 3aKJienoK. Ha o6opoTHOH cropoHC oahoh
HacTH GnnxH HMeerca 3acTe>KKa-KpK)MOK, a na BTopoM KycKe - nexjiH, nocpcACXBOM KOxopoK 6jiaxa
npHKpennflJiacb k noacHOMy peiviHio. Cpe^Hafl nacxb Gjiaxh yxpanena. Flo coxpaHHBUiHMca nacxjiM
MOKHO npe/icxaBHXb, hxo 3Aecb n3o6pa>KeHa cqena 6opb6bi (J)aHxacxHMecKoro jKHsoxHoro c JioiiiaflbK).
KoHxypbi xejia XHUiHHKa noflnepKHyxbi r.ny6oKHMH pe3HbiMH jihhhjimh. yrjiy6j]eHHJi-rHe3fla pasHooGpas-
Hbix (j)opM, nepeflaKDUiHC Mbimubi nuena nomajxn, 6eflpa, pe6pa h rpe6eHb nyflOBHma, 6biJiH 3anoJiHeHBi
B iipcBHocxH uBexHbiMH BcxaBKaMH. OoHCHafl 6jiflxa aBJiaexcfl hpkhm o6pa3uoM capiviaxcKoro 3BepHHoro
CXHJIH.

177
72, 73

TORQUE. Gold, turquoise, coral, glass. Diameter 17.8 cm, height 6.3 cm. Khokhlach Barrow ("Novo-
cherkassk Treasure" ). Novocherkassk area, Rostov Region. Chance find of1864. First century A. D. (221311).

The massive torque on hinges. The

consists of three rings of gold piping soldered together, opening behind
front side of the torque is decorated with two
one above the central band, the other below, of eight
friezes,

eagle-or lion-headed fantastic animals in procession. All have powerful clawed feet and long recurved
tails. The eyes, shoulders and hind quarters are set off by inlays of turquoise, coral, and glass, the ribs

rendered by incised lines, the fur by notches. There are four pairs of figures, each with an attacker and a
victim.
The Novocherkassk torque is one of the best examples of the Sarmatian Animal Style, with its dramatic
subjects, dynamic line and compact composition.

rPHBHA. So.'iomo, 6upio3a, Kopa/uiu, cmei<jio. JJuaAiemp 17,8 cm, ebicoma 6,3 cm. Kypeaii Xo.XjWI
6.1U3 HoaoHcpKaccKa ( ..Hofio^epKaccKuii Kjiad"). PocmoecKa.i odjacmh. C.tyiauua.i iia.xodt<a, 1864 c. I e.
(2213:1).

MaccHBHafl rpHBHa coctoht h3 rpex KOjieu, cnanHHbix H3 30Ji0Tbix nojibix TpyGoneK, c pa3TjeMHOH saflHCH
MacTbK) Ha luapHHpax h 3acTe>KKofi. JlHueBas CTopoHa rpHSHbi o6paMJieHa caepxy h CHH3y (J)pH3aMH, a
Ka>KaOM H3 KOTOpblX BOCCMb (j)HrypOK (j)aHTaCTHHeCKHX >KHBOTHbIX (O^HH C TOJlOBaMH rpHCJJOHOB, flpyrHC -
JlbBOB) C MOIUHblMH KOfTHCTblMH JianaMH H Zt.nHHHbIM H30rHyTbIM XBOCTOM. rjia3a, JlOnaTKH M MblUJUbl
6eflep noflMepKHyTbi BcraBKaiviH 5Hpio3bi, KopaJina h creKJia, pe6pa nepeaaHbi Bpe3HbiMH jihhhjimh,
uiepcTb - HaceHKaMH. OnrypKH pa36HTbi Ha HCTbipe napbi, Ka>K/iaji h3 KOTopbix BOcnpon3BOflHT cucHy
HanaiieHHa o/iHoro MyaoBHiua Ha apyroe.
HoBOHcpKaccKafl rpHBHa npHHa;ine>KHT k JiyiiuHM o6pa3uaM capiviaTCKoro 3BepHHoro cthjia. Komoosh-
UH51 OTJlMHaerCfl OCXpOTOil CfOJKCTa, flHHaiVIHHHOCTbK) H ;iaKOHH3MOM HCnOJlHeHHfl.

74

JUG WITH A ZOOMORPHIC HANDLE. Clay. Height 16.4 cm. Provenance unknown. Fir.st

century A.D. (524/12).

The pear-shaped jug with a flat bottom and a tall, narrow neck with a flaring rim, was made on the potter's
wheel.The handle is a representation of a wild boar, highly schematic in execution.
Similar clay vessels with zoomorphic handles were widely distributed among the settled agricultural popu-
lation of the Crimea, the Kuban and the Don regions in the first centuries A.D. Ram, horse, boar or dog-
figures were shown with the muzzle facing the edge of the vessel, as if they were meant to guard the con-
tents.

KYBIUHH C Py^KOH B BViJXE KABAHA. Fiuno. Bncoma 16.4 CM. npouc.xo.vc(k'nue ueu3-
eecmno. 1 e. (524/12).

KyBUlMH rpyiHCBUflHOH 4)OpMbI C nJlOCKHM anOM, y3KHM BblCOKHM rOp.nOM C OTOrHyTblM KpacM. M3ro-
TOBJien Ha roHMapnoM Kpyre. PynKa pemeHa b BHzte (})MrypKH KaGana. M3o6pa)KeHHe >KHBOTHoro npeACJibHO
cxeMaTHHHO.
AHaJiorHHHbie rjiHHJiHbie cocy/ibi c 300Mopcj)HbiMH pyMKaMH 6bTJiH iHHpoKO pacnpocTpaneHbi cpejiH
ocefl.noro 3eMJiefle.nbMecKoro naccneHHa KpbiMa, KyGauM h ^OHa b nepBbie BCKa HameH ipw. OwrypKH
»HBOTHbix (6apaHa, nomajw, KaGana, co6aKH) H3o6pa>KajiHCb o5pameHHbiMH Mopaoti k Kparo cocyzta -
OHH KaK 6bi oGeperajiH ero coaepacHMoe.

75. 76

CUP WITH A ZOOMORPHIC HANDLE. Gold, turquoi.ie. coral, glass. Height 7.5 cm.
'Khokhlach' Barrow ("Novocherkassk Treasure"). Novocherkassk area, Rostov Region. Chance find oj
1864. Fir.st century A.D. (2213/13).

178
The vessel, rounded in shape, with a flaring rim, is beaten out of a thick plate of gold. The handle in the
form of an elk (with the antlers missing) is soldered on to the wall of the vessel. The body of the animal is

well modelled, the eyes, and the muscles of its back, shoulders and hind quarters, are emphasized by tur-
quoise, coral and glass inlays. The figure of the elk is a work of the Sarmatian Animal Style.

COCVJl C PYHKOM B BM/IE J10C.H. 3oAomu. uupioia. iwpajUbi. cmcKAO. Bbicoma 7.5 cm.
Kypeaii Xox.ian 6.1113 HoeouepKacci<a ( ,,Ho(ioiepKacci<uu K/iad"). PocmoecKUfi ooAacmb. CAytauiia.'i
HoxodKa, 1864 c. I a. (2213113).

KpyrjibiM cocya c oxorHyTbiM KpaeM HCKaHeH h3 3onoTOH MaccMBHOfi n.nacTHHbi. K cocy/iy npHnaaHa
pyHKa B BHZie CKynborypHOM (J)MrypKM jioch. Tcjio >KMBOTHoro nepeAauo Mbimuu com-
pe;ibe(J)HO, rjiasa,
Hbi, JionaxoK H 6eflep noflMepKHyrbi BcraBKaMH 6Hpf03bi, Kopa;iJia, crcKjia. Pora yrpaMeHbi. OnrypKa
HCnOJlHCHa B CapMaTCKOM 3BepMHOM CTHJie.

77

MUMMIFIED HEAD WITH A FUNERARY MASK. Mask oj piaster . painted. Height

23.5 cm. Oglakhty VI burial ground, Krasnoyarsk Territory. Excavated by L.R. Kyzlasov in 1969. Tashtyk
culture. First century B.C. ( Axm 627169. Ns 4).

The mask covering the face and ears of a woman comes as far as the crown of the head. A thin layer of
liquid plaster was applied directly to the skin, and the mask, built up right on the face, has preserved the
features of the woman. The forehead, cheek-bones, ears, lips, nose and nostrils are painted red, the slits of
the eyes are filled with blueish-black paint. On this red ground the forehead and nose are painted with a
design of spirals and lines possibly imitating tattooing. The mask shows the Europoid type of face with
certain Mongoloid features, which fits in with the anthropological data. Strands of greying chestnut hair
come from under the mask. The skull has been trepanned.
The use of masks in the burial rites of the Yenisey region was a local custom, unconnected with any out-
side influence. It is recorded from the Late Tagar period in the second century B.C. to the end of the
Tashtyk period in the fifth century A.D.

MyMMOMUMPOBAHHA^l FOJIOBA }KEHlHMHbI C OOFPEBAJlbHOM MA-

CKOM. Macxa: c^unc pacKpauienutiit. Bbicoma 23,5 cm. Moeu.ibiiUK Oc.iaxmbi VI. Kpacno.tpcKUU KpaU.
PacKonKu Jl. P. Kbn.iacoea, 1969 e. TammbiKCKa.H KyAbmypa. I e. do n. 3. (Axm 627/69, N° 4).

MacKa 3aKpbiBaeT .hhuo h yuiH >KeHmHHbi, 3aBepiiiaflCb Ha reMCHH xpeyroJibMbiM Han.ribiBOM. rHncoBaa
cMecb, HaHeceHHaa tohkhm cjiocm HenocpeacTBeHHO Ha jihuo, npoMoaejiMpoBana. nojiyneHHaji MacKa
coxpaHHJia riopTpexHbie nepTbi. JI06, cKyjibi, yiuH, ryGbi, hoc h H03flpH OKpauienbi a KpacHbiK ubct,
npoHepHCHHbie me.nH CHHeBaxo-HepHOH KpacKOH. Flo KpacKe Ha jiGy h na Hocy uaHeceH
r.na3 3anojiHeHbi
opHaMeHX B BH/ie cnHpajieft h jihhhh. PacKpacKa, aepoaxHO, cooxsexcxByex xaxyHpoBKe niAua. MacKa
nepeaaex eBponeoH/iHbiH xhh c HCKOxopbiMH MonroJiOHaHbiMH nepxaMH, hxo cooxaexcxByex h anxpo-
nojiOFMHecKOMy onpe/ie.netmto. flo/t MacKofi coxpaHH.riHCb KauixaHOBbie c npoceabK) bojiocbi. Mepen
xpenaHHpoBaH. PIpHMeHeHHe wacoK b norpeGaJibHOM oGpjiAe na EHHcee - o5biMaH MecxHbifl. Oh Sbixyex
c no3iiHexarapcKoro nepHoaa (II b. ao h. 3.) h /io KOHua xamxbiKCKoro (V b.).

78, 79

HAIRPIN. Bone. Height 12.8 cm. NovayaChornaya IV burial ground on theYenisey, Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Excavated by E. B. Vadetskaya in 1967. Tashtyk culture, first century B.C. (2573/26).

The pin decorated with a composition of two kneeling goats. The figures are shown in the round,
is

though heads are treated in a conventional manner. The horns, which reach the
slightly flattened; the
goat's backs in a backward curve, are decorated with transverse notches and divided with a lengthwise
groove. The feet rest on the rounded head of the pin, beneath which are two pierced lugs. The goat figures,
the head of the pinand the lugs constitute a united composition of the most delicate workmanship. The
pin was made from a single piece of bone and highly polished. Stylistically it is related to the Scytho-Sibe-
rian Animal Style.

79
ByjlABKA. VKpaiueHue npuuecKU. Kocmb. Bbicoma 12,8 cm. Moeu.ibiiuK Hoea.i ^epnafi JV no Eiiucee.
Kpaciio.ipcKuu Kpaii. Pqckoiiku 3. E. Badci/Kou, 1967 ^. TaiiimbiKCKa.i KyAbmypa. I e. do ii. 3. (2573/26).

ByjiaBKa yKpamcHa (JjHrypKaiviH KOJieHonpeKjiOHCHHbix ko3jihkob, ctoaiuhx b repajibflHHccKOH nose.

05TjeMHbie (t)HrypKH cJierKa ynjiomcHbi, rojiOBbi peiiieHbi ycJiosHO. Pora, KacaioiUHecH TyjioBHiu, yKpa-
mcHbi nonepeHHbiMH Hape3KaMH h pasACJiCHbi npoflOJibHbiM >Kej]o6KOM. Ko3jihkh ctoat na OKpyr/iOM
roJiOBKe GyjiasKH, CTepjKCHb kotopoh hmcct asa (})HrypHbix yiuKa. Ko3;ihkh, rojiOBKa h yiuKH npea-
CTaB;i«K)T CiiHHyK) KOMno3HUHK), HcnojiHCHHyio TOHMaHuieM pe3b5oH. ByjiaBKa caenana h3 uejibHoro
KycKa KOCT« M xmarenbHO oxnojiHpoBaHa. CxHUHCTHHecKH OHa CBfl3biBaeTCfl c npoH3BeaeHHflMH ckh^JO-
CnGHpCKOrO SBCpHHOrO CTHJIH.

80
DIADEM. Bronze, gold, garnets. Length 24 cm, height 4 cm. Found in a burial near the Verkhne-
Yablochnoye farm, Volgograd Region, in 1902. Late fourth -first half of fifth centuries (1948/2).

Diadem form of a narrow band supporting a frieze of fourteen figured projections is fashioned of a
in the
single piece of bronze overlaid on the front side with thin sheet gold. It is encrusted with garnets in settings
surrounded by granulations. The spaces between the garnets are decorated with triangles formed of granu-
lations. An ornamental border of two twisted and one straight wire runs along the upper and the lower
edges of the band; the frieze is edged with a single twisted wire. The two small holes at each end of the dia-
dem were for strings or laces.
The diadem illustrates the polychrome style of the Hunnish period, with its characteristic combination of
coloured stone inlays and geometrical ornaments in filigree and granulations. The inlays of semi-precious
stones of different shades of red, set against the gold ground in great profusion, have gold mountings soldered
onto the surface; and the geometrical patterns, either stamped or made of wire and granulations .soldered
onto the surface, fill the spaces between the inlays.

^MA/I,EMA. EpoHsa, 30Aomo, apanambi. Jfjiuna 24 cm, ehicoma 4 cm. LloepeBenue y xymopa Bepxne-
Mojioiiioe, 1902 e. BoAeozpadcKan odjiacmb. Koueii IV - nepea/i nojioeuna V e. (1948/2).

/I,HafleMa npeflCxaBJiflex co6oh 6poH30Byio ueJibHyio njiacxHHy, noKpuxyio c jihucboh cxopoHbi xohkhm
30JioxbiM jiHcxoM H saKaHHHBaiomyiocfl (})pH30M H3 HexbipHaztuaxH rpH6oo6pa3Hbix BbicxynoB. rioBepx-
Hocxb ee yKpameHa rpanaxaMH b rHCS/tax, Koxopbie oGpaMJiaroxcH o5o;iKaMH h3 sepHH. Me>Kfly rpanaxo-
BblMH BCXaBKaMH BblJIOHCCHbl xpeyfOJlbHHKH H3 3epHH. Kpafl OCHOBaHHH AHaACMbl yKpaiUeHbl HaKJia;iHbIM
opHaMCHXOM - „njiexeHKOid" h3 xpex napajiJienbHO pacnoiio>KeHHbix npoBO.noHeK, ^Byx bhxwx h oahoii
rnajxKOvi. Tlo Kpaio (J)HrypHoro (})pH3a - opHaivieHX ,,BepeBOHKa" h3 bhxoh HanaaHHoii npoBOJiOKH. Ha
KOHuax AHafleMbi - no ABa MajiCHbKHX oxBepcxiia jinfi npHKpenjienHH 3aBfl30K. JXnajicMa HcnojineHa b
no^HxpoMHOM cxHne ryHHCKOii anoxn. Ero oxjiMHHxenbHbiMH npH3HaKaMH ABJiaioxcfl yKpaineHna 30jio-
xoro (J)OHa nojiyAparouenHbiMH KaMHHMH KpacHbix oxxchkob b nanajiHHbix rHe3Aax b coMexanHH c reo-
MexpHMCCKHM uixaMnoBaHHbiM HJiM HaKnaAHbiM opnaMenxoM H3 HanaaHHoii npoBOJioKM n 3epHii.

81

PAIR OF A:OLr TEMPLE PENDANTS. Gold, garnets. 8.6x6.1 cm. Found in a burial near the
Verkhne-Yablochnoye farm, Volgograd Region, in 1902. Late fourth - first half of fifth centuries.
(1948/1).

The temple pendants, or holts, roughly circular plates of gold, with short tubular rays spreading from the
disk. On the obverse the disk is divided by a filigree ornament of two parallel twisted wires into two sec-
tions,a segment and an oval. The segment contains three settings for inlays; the oval has seven garnets in
their settings,surrounded by granulations. The spaces between the stones are filled with triangles com-
posed of granulations. The disk is edged with a narrow band of metal soldered on edgewise and to this
are attached the "rays", which have spherical terminals decorated with minute pyramids of granulations.
Even smaller pyramids are placed along the edge of the segment. The reverse of the kolt is decorated with
a religious subject: the Tree of Life with a bird (?) on top, and ibexes on each side of it. All the figures are
composed of granulations.

80
 .

The kolts are in the polychrome style of the Hunnish period. The disk with "rays" symbolizes the sun.
Worn together with a diadem (see PI. 80), such temple pendants formed part of the headdress of women
belonging to the nomad aristocracy of the Hunnish tribal union.

nAPHblE BMCOMHblE nOABECKM. 3ojwmo, epanamhi. 8.6y6.I cm. noepeOeiuie y xymopa

Bep.Mie-Ho.iomioe 1902 , e. Bo.ieoepadcKOfi oOjiacrrtb. Koiieif IV - nepaa.'i nojiotiiiiia V e. (1948/1).

BHCOHHbie noaeecKH, mjim ko/itbi, pemeHbi b Bwae flHCKa HenpasHnbHOH (jiopMu c pacxoflamMMHCH
jiynaMH-TpyGoHKaMH. C jiHueBoii cxopoHW ahck pasaeneH (J)HJiHrpaHHbiM opHaivieHTOM Ha Ase lacTH:
cerMeHTOBHflHyio h OBajibHyro. B cerMeHxe - rpH rnes/ia anfi ecraBOK, b OBajie - ceMb rHe3;i co BCTaBKawH
rpaHaxa h o6o/iKaMH h3 3epHH. McK^y rne^aawm HananHbi rpeyrojibHHKH m3 3epHn. /Jhck oGpaMJicH
y3KOH HanaflHHOH nojiocKOti, k KotopoH npHnasiHbi ,,.nyHH"-Tpy6oHKH, c KpyrjibiMH roJiOBKaivm, opna-
MCHTHpOBaHHblMH HMpaMHAKaMH H3 BCpHH. riHpaMHflKH MCHblUHX pa3MepOB pacnOJlTOKCHbl nO KpaK)
BepxHCM MacTH /iMCKa. Ha oGopoTHOii ciopoHC KOJiTa 3epHbK) H3o5pa)KeHO apeao >km3hm c (})MrypoH
HTHUbl (?) Ha BCpiUHHe H fOpHblMH K03.naMH HO CTOpOHaM.
KoJlTbl MCnOJlHCHbl B OOJlHXpOMHOM CTHJIC FyHHCKOfO nepHOAa. OopMa KOHTOB - AHCK C paCXOAHIUMMMCH
.nynaMH - CHMBOAH3HpyeT coJiHue. BwcoHnbie noABCCKH c jxnajieMOM (JVe 80) cocxaBAJiJiH rojioBHOfl y6op
npeacTaBMTejibHHU KOieBOM 3HaTH ryHHCKoro njieMCHHoro coiosa.

82

TORQUE TERMINAL. Gold, garnets. Length 8.9 cm, height 3 cm. Kaiiazhka Gorge. Tatarka,
Stavropol area. Chance find oj 1928. Late fourth -first half of fifth centuries (1091/12).

The terminal is a tube of sheet gold, one end of which has the shape of the snarling maw of a monster,
with the tongue protruding. The teeth are pyramids of tiny gold granulations. The tongue, a loop of metal,
served as part of a clasp. Two flat mountings soldered on in a vertical position (the inlays are missing)
stand for the ears. The other end of the terminal was made to fit onto one of the free ends of the torque.
Just forward of this sleeve stands a conical peg with a circular socket at the top, connected to the dragon's
ears by two chains of twisted wire. The entire surface of the object is set with cabochon garnets, alternating
with triangles of granulations. Each setting is also bordered with granulations. The dragon's head illus-

trates the polychrome style of the Hunnish period.

HAKOHEMHMK rPMBHbl. 3ojomo, epanambi. JJ/iuiia 8,9 cm, iiiiipuna 3 cm. Eajna Kap.iMCKa.
Ce.io Tamapxa u.nn Cmaapono.i.'i. C.iyiaima.H naxodKa, 1928 e. Koneif IV nepea.'i nojosuna Ve. ( 1091/12)

HaKOHeMHHK rpHBHbi npeACTaBJiaer co6oh HenpaBM.nbHOH (})opMbi rpyGoMKy, cornyTyio h3 30jiotoh njia-
CTHHbl,OAHH KOneU KOTOpOii MOACJlMpOBaH B BHAC OCKaJieHHOfl naCTH MyflOBMliia C BblCynyTblM H3bIKOM.
3y6bi nepeaaHbi nHpaMHAKaiviH h3 sepHH, kaukh - saocxpenHbiMH njiacTHHKaMH. >l3biK, cornyTbiM h3
y3KOH nojiocKM, o5pa3yeT neTAio-3acTe)KKy. Xlsa BepTHKa.nbHO HanaanHbix n^acTHHMaTbix rHe3Aa hmh-
THpyiOT TopnauiHe yuiH (BciasKH ne coxpaHHjiHCb). /IpyroH kohcu xpyGoHKH o(J)opMJieH b suae BiynKn
cnpHMoyrojibHbiMH rHe3flaMH. Flepefl BxyjiKofl, caepxy, HanasH KOHHHecKHH Bbicryn c Kpyr^biM rHe3AOM,
KOTopbiM uenbK) H3 KpyneHbix npoBOnoMeK coeAHHCH c yiuaMH apaKona. Bch noBcpxHOCTb npeflMera
noKpbiia BciaBKaMH rpaHaxa b HanaflHHbix rnesaax m BbiJio^KCHnbiMH 3epHbK) xpeyro/ibHHKaMH. Fuesjia
OKpy>KeHbi o5oaKaMH h3 3epHn. M3o5pa>KeHHe HcnojiHeno b nojiHxpoMHOM cxHJie rynHCKoro nepHoaa.

83

BRACELET WITH DRAGON HEADS. Gold, garnets. Diameter 7.6 cm. Vault of June 24. 1904.
Necropolis in Gospitalnaya (Hospital) Street in Kerch, the Crimea. Chance find of 1904. Late fourth -first
half of fifth centuries (1 8201 560).

Open bracelet made out of round wire, the ends modelled as snarling dragons' heads. The eyes are set
with garnets in round settings. The hair is shown by incised lines.
The bracelet is an example of the Bosporan art of the Hunnish period.

181
BPACJIET C rOJlOBAMM /I,PAKOHA. 3oAomo, epanambi. /Jua.Memp 7,6 cm. Ckacii 24 iiioim
1904 ^. HeKponoAb hq rocnumaAbiiou yAiufe e Kepmi. KptiM. CAy<^aulia.H uaxodKa, 1904c. Koiieif I V- nepean
noAoeuita V e. (1820/560).

BpaCJlCT H3 KpyrJlOH B CeneHHH npOBOHOKH C HeCOMKHyTWMH KOHUaWH, MOiiejlHpOBaHHblMH B BH^ie

roJ70BM ApaKOHa c ocKancHHOii nacTtio. Tjiasa noflHepKHyrbi BcraBKaMH rpaHaxa b Kpyrjitix rnesflax.
lUepcTb xpaKTOBaHa pesHbiivra jihhhhmh.
Bpacjier othochtcjj k HCKyccxsy Bocnopa ryHHCKoro nepwofla.

84
PAIR OF
FIBULAE. Silver, gold, garnets. Height 8.1 cm. Vault of June 24, 1904. Necropolis in
Gospitalnaya (Hospital) Street in Kerch, the Crimea. Chance find of 1904. Late fourth - first half of fifth
centuries (1820/547-548).

The fibula, a "safety pin" clasp, has a rhomboid foot to which is joined a bow-shaped element topped with
a semicircular head, all made of a single plate of silver overlaid with gold leaf on the obverse. The foot and
head are with garnets in mountings bordered with granulations, as are the edges of the pin. The "bow"
set
is decorated with S-shaped double spirals of fine gold wire. On the reverse of one fibula are the remains of
a wire spring, the pin proper and the guard to cover the point.
The fibulae are executed in the polychrome style of the Hunnish period.

nAPHblE OMByjlbl. Cepeopo, 30Aomo, epanambi. Bbicoma8,l cm. CKAcn 24 uionn 1904 a. HcKpo-
noAb na FocnumaAbHOU yAUi/e e Kep^u. KpbiM. CAyuaUnan uaxodKa, 1904 ^. Koiieif IV - nepeafi noAoeuua
Ve. (1820/547-548).
OnGyjia - sacroKKa c nojiyKpyrnoH tojiobkoh m poMSoBHflHoii ho>kkom, njiaBHO nepexoMHUieii b Kpyxo
HsornyxyK) ay^KKy, - npeacxaBnaex co6oh cepeGpanyio ueiibHyK) njiacxHHKy, noKpbixyio c oflHoii cxopo-
Hbi 3onoxbiM nHCxoM. OoBepxHocxb HO>KKH H fOJioBKH yKpaiueHa BcxaBKaMH rpanaxa b nanajiHHbix rnes-
Aax. KpaH (J)H6yjibi h ocHOBaHH« rnes/i o5paMJieHbi o6o;iKaMH m3 3epHn. JXyxKZ. yKpamena HaKJia/iHbiM
S-o6pa3HbiM opnaMcnxoM h3 xohkoh 30Jioxoh npoBOjroKH. Ha o5opoxHOH cxopone o^hoh H3 ^wGyji
coxpaHHJiHCb MacxH npoBOJiOHHOii npy>KHHbi, Hr.nbi h njiacxHHHaxbiH Hrjioaep>Kaxejib.
OnGyjibi HcnoJiHCHbi b hojihxpomhom cxHjie ryHHCKoro nepHo^a.

85
PART OF A BRIDLE. Silver, gold, garnets, iron. Diameter of the ring 4.4 cm, length of the longer
clasp 9.7 cm. Vault of June 24, 1904. Necropolis in Gospitalnaya (Hospital) Street in Kerch, the Crimea.
Chance find of 1904. Late fourth -first half of fifth centuries (1820/781).
Part of a bridle, two silver end-pieces with remains of the iron bit. The loop of each end-piece grasps a

circular cheek-piece, to which two clasps are attached, one short, the other long, made by folding a strip of
metal lengthwise. The clasps are overlaid on the outside with sheet gold and decorated with garnets in
cloisons formed of gold strips soldered on to a metal base. The cloisons were filled in with paste in order
to raise the garnets flush with the upper edge. Bits of gold foil were inserted between the paste and the
garnets to enhance the brilliance of the stones. The clasps were attached to the rein by rivets.
The clasps are decorated in the technique of cloisonne encrustation, in which the entire surface of the
object was covered with coloured stone insets, with no gold ground showing. Nor was there any applied or
stamped ornament. The geometric design on articles decorated with cloisonne encrustation was formed by
the upper edge of the partitions, running in a continuous line of gold.

MACTb y3/l,bl. CepeOpo, 30Aomo, epanambi, mccacso. JJuaMemp KOAbi/a 4,4 cm, dAuna doAbuieeo
saMCUMa 9,7 cm. Ckach 24 uiohh 1904 e. HcKponoAb na FocnumaAbHou yAui/e e Kepnu. KpbiM. CAy^aiinafi

uaxodKa, 1904 z. Koneif IV- nepeafi noAoeuna V e. (1820/781).

Hacxb yszibi - cepe6pjiHbm HaKOHCHHHK c rpaneHofl nexJiett ox )Ke/ie3Horo cxep>KHJi yjxvin. Hepe3 nexjiio
npoflex cepe6pflHbm KOJibnaxbra ncajiHH c ztsyMH 3aa<HMaMH - KopoxKHM h flJiiiHHbiM. 3a»cHMbi npefl-
cxaBJiaiox co6oii cepe6pflHyK) cornyxyio bjiboc njiacxHHy. B Mecxe HsrnGa - nex.nfl, nocpcACXBOM Koxopofi
3a>KHMbi coeflHHflKJxcfl c ncajiHCM. JlHuesafl noBcpxHOCxb sanuiMOB noKpbixa sojioxoh njiacxHHofl h

:82
 . .

yKpamena BcraBKaMH rpaHaxa b neperopoflnaTbix flHCHKax, o6pa30BaHHbix HanaaHHbiMH sojiothmh

nonocKaMH. rjiy6oKne hmchkh sanoxiHAJiHCb MacTHKoii, htoGw npHnoziHSTb rpaHaiOByio njiacTHHiaTyKD
BCxaBKy flo ypoBHa sepxHero Kpaa aneeK. Meacay MacTHKoii h BcraBKOM ana coxpaHCHHa GjiecKa KaMHH
npoKJia/ibiBajiCH sojiotoh tohkhh jihctok. BaacHMbi ujTH(})TaMH npHKpennfljiHCb k peMHAM ysAfci.
y^HJia HcnojiHCHbi B xexHHKe neperopoflHaTOH HHRpycxauHH. Oco6eHHocTbK) 3toh tcxhhkh sBJiJieTCH
cnjiouiHoe noKpbixHe npeziMexa qsexMbiMH BCxaBKaMH, oxcyxcxBne sojioxoro (})OHa h HaKJiaflHoro hjih
inxaMnoBaHHoro opHaivieHxa. FeoMexpuHecKHH yiop Ha yKpameHHsx c neperopoAMaxofl HHKpycxauHCM
cosflaexcfl bcpxhhm KpaeM neperopoaoK, o5pa3yK)mnx HenpepbiBHyK) sojioxyK) KaHsy.

86-88
PAIL. Silver. Height 22.5 cm, diameter 16.7 cm. Concesti, right bank ofthePruth (in the territory of the
Roumanian Socialist Republic). Chance find of 1812. Late fourth -first half offifth centuries (2160/2).
The silver pail has a curved handle of thick wire scored at intervals to imitate beading. It is decorated at
the top and bottom with wide bands of plant ornament in relief, consisting of acanthus scrolls and flowers
and bordered with thin beaded wire intended to simulate granulation work. The space between the bands
is chased in relief with three scenes from Greek mythology: one shows Leda with a Cupid at her
feet, and

Zeus in the guise of a swan; another, Apollo accompanied by a flying Eros with a lighted torch, pursuing
Daphne; and the third, Heracles' armour-bearer, Hylas, being enticed by four nymphs into the river.
The silver pail is one of many objects of art made by Byzantine craftsmen in the fourth - fifth centuries
A.D. Objects of Byzantine provenance are often found in the graves of rich Bosporan citizens, and in those
of nomad aristocracy in the south Russian steppes, dating from the period of Hunnish domination.

BE/1,P0. Cepedpo. Bticoma 22,5 cm, duoAtemp 16,7 cm. Cejio Koiiifeutmbi, npaeuu 6epea peKu Flpym
(iia meppumopuu Coifua.iucmuuecKoii PecnydnuKU PyMbiiiuu). CAyuaHiiOM uaxodi<a, 1812 z. Koneif
1 V-nepea.H noAoeuna V e. (2160/2)

Beflpo, KOBaHHoe h3 cepeGpa, c BbicoKOH ayyKKoPi h3 xohcxoh pyGnaxoft npoBOJiOKH, HMnxHpyiomeH

6ycnHHbra opHaMCHx. Cbepxy h CHH3y oho onoacano uiHpoKOH nojiocoti pe;ibe(})Horo ysopa b bhac
cxejiKJiueftcH bcxkh aKaH(t)a c UBexaMH. Kpan nojioc OKanivineHbi xohkoh pyGnaxoK npoBonoKOH, HMHXHpy-
jomeft 3epHb. CsoGoaHoe npocxpancxBo 3anojiHeHo pejibe(J)HbiM HeKaHHbiM H3o6pa)KeHHeM xpex mh4)0-
jiorHHecKHX cuen. Ha o^hoh cxopone BOcnpoH3BO/iHxca H3BecxHaa Jierewfla o 3eBce, njieneHHOM Kpacoxoft
Jle/ibi H aBMBiiJHMCJi K HCH B o6pa3e JieGeflfl. Ha zipyroK - AnoJiJion b conpoBO>KfleHHH Jiex«mero 3poxa

c (})aKe;iOM b pyxe npecjieayex j],a(J)Hy. TpexbJi KOMno3HUHfl npeiicxaBJiaex cueny o6ojibmeHHJi FHiraca
(nK)6HMoro opy>KeHocua FepaKna) nexbipbMfl HHM(|DaMH, Koxopue, nojirodHs KpacHBoro lOHOiuy,
ysjieKJiH ero aa aao peKH.
Cepe6paHoe Beapo oxhochxca k xyflo>KecxBeHHbiM H3flejiHJiM BHsanxHiiCKHx wacxepoB IV-V bckob.
OpeiiMexbi BH3aHXHHCKoro npoHCxo>K/ieHH5i nacxo naxoflflx b norpe6eHHJix KnxejiCM Bocnopa h b Morn-
jiax KOHCBofi 3HaxH KjacHopyccKHx cxencM speMeHH rocnoACxsa ryHHOB.

89
MIRROR HANDLE IN THE SHAPE OF A FEMALE FIGURE. Bronze. Height 16.5 cm.
Barrow VIII, Kara-Bulak burial ground. Osh Region, Kirghiz SSR. E.xcavated by Y. D. Baruzdin in 1954.
Third - early fourth centuries (Anm 73/60, Ns 1)

A female figure in light, tight-fitting clothing, shown in a frontal position with the head inclined slightly to
one one arm resting on the hip. The hair is parted in the middle and drawn back into a bun from which
side,
it falls onto the shoulders in two large ringlets. The woman wears an elaborate headdress, a long necklace

reaching to the waist, bracelets, armlets and anklets. This statuette was made by the cire perdue (lost wax)
process. It is probably an example of Indian art of the first centuries A.D. and attests the existence of trade
and cultural contacts between Central Asia and India.

PVHKA 3EPKAJIA B >KEHCKOH cDHFYPKH. Epon3a. Bbicoma 16,5 cm. Kypean

BHAE 8,
Kapa-EynaKCKuu Moeu.ibiiuK. Ouickoh o6.iacmb. Kupeu3CKafi CCP. PacKouKu lO. /J. Eapyiduiia, 1954 ^.

/// - HawAO IV e. (AKm 73/60. I). M

183
)KeHCKaji cl)nrypKa H3o5pa>KeHa co CJierKa HaKJiOHCHHOH fojiobkoh, b jierKOft oGneraraiueM tcjio oaoK/ie.
OAna pyKa onymcHa, zipyraa - onHpaercji Ha Geapo. Bojiocbi, pa3flejieHHbie Ha npAMofi npo6op, co6paHbi
Ha saTbiJiKC B ny40K h naaaioT KpynnbiMH jiOKOHaMH na njienH. FojioBKy >KeHiunHbi yKpamaex cjiokhsih
y6op, uieK) - cnycKaromeecn ao noaca WKepenbe. Ha pyKax h Horax - 6pacjieTbi. OnrypKa OTJiHja no
BOCKOBOii MOAejiH. CiaryiTKa, BcposTHO, aunacrcfi npoH3BefleHHeM nH/iHficKoro HCKyccrea nepBbix
BCKOB HaiUefi 3pbl H CBH^eTCJlbCTByeT O TOprOBblX H KyjlbXypHblX CBa3flX Cpe^IHCH A3HH C MHflHeH.

90
PLAQUE FROM THE POMMEL OF A SADDLE. Antler. Height 22.5 cm. Kudyrghe burial
ground, Eastern Altai. Excavated by S. I. Rudenko and A. N. Glukhov in 1924. Si.xth - seventh centuries
(41501126).
The plaque from the pommel
of a man's saddle consists of two thin plates of antler with engraved repre-
sentations of single animalsand whole hunting scenes. The left-hand plate shows a galloping horseman
followed by a dog and shooting at a stag, a doe and a bear. Two roes are running off in the opposite direc-
tion. On the right-hand plate another galloping horseman shoots at a wild ass, a moufflon and a doe.
Beneath the wild ass are two fish. The front is decorated with figures of two enormous tigers, one with a
fox, the other with a hare above.
The figures of the riders are of the greatest interest. Their faces, with Mongoloid features and a moustache,
are rendered in a style close to that of Turkic anthropomorphic stelae. The dress consists of a shirt, wide
trousers reaching down to the ankles, and low boots. On the back of each of the men hangs a long quiver,
and each holds a drawn bow and an arrow with a diamond-shaped arrowhead.
The incised contours and the pits and notches imitating the fur of the animals are filled in with black paste.
In the process of fitting the two sections of the plaque onto the pommel -which was done after the drawing
was completed - some of the design at the top was cut off, while the holes drilled in the plaque in order to
attach it to the saddle damaged it in another part.

The complex composition of the hunting scene is worthy of note. The animals and men are rendered
realistically, with a good sense of movement derived from direct observation. The static figures of the
tigers, treated in the traditional Sassanian style, are the only exception.
The many-figured composition was probably meant to illustrate an epic subject of a hero's hunt.

HAKJIA/],KA HA JIYKY CE/1,J1A. Poe. Bbicoma 22,5 CM. Moeu/ibuuK Kydbipeo. Bocmo^ubiu Aa-
maii. PacKonKu C. M. Pydeimo u A. H. E/iyxoea, 1924 e. VI- VII ee. (4150/126).
HaKJiaAKa na nepeanKJio JiyKy My>KCKoro ceasia coctoht h3 flsyx tohkhx poroBbix n.nacTHH, Ha nosepx-
HOCTH KOTopwx HaHeceHbi rpaBHpoBaHHbie HSoGpaxcenHn oxoxHHHbHX cuen h acHBOTHbix. Ha jicbom
KpbiJie - BcaflHHK Ha noJiHOM CKaxy crpejiacT b ojieHeft h Me^BeflJi. 3a hhm Gokht coGaxa. B npoTHBO-
noJiWKHyK) OT Bca/iHHKa CTopoHy y6eraK)T ase Kocynn. Ha npaBOM KpbiJie- BcaflHHK CTpeJiaeT b y6eraK)-
mux Kyjiana, ropnoro Gapana h oneHHxy; HH>Ke Kyjiana - abc pbi6bi. B uenrpe H3o6pa^eHbi asa orpoM-
Hbix TMrpa, Hyjb Bbime - JiHCHua h 3aHu.
McKJiK)HHTe;ibHbiH HHTepec npe/iCTaBJiflK)T (J)Hrypbi BcaflHHKOB. Ycarbie JiHua c MOHrojiOH.aHbiMH nep-
xaNra CTHJlHCTHMeCKH 5J1H3KH TKDpKCKHM KaMCHKblM HSBaflHHHM. OflCaCfla BCajtHHKOB COCTOHT H3 py6aXH,
uiHpoKHx mapoBap, aoxoanuxax jio mnKonoTOK, h KopoTKHx cano>KeK. 3a cnHHofi y Ka>Kfloro - ^.oHHHbTH
KOJiHan, B pyKax - HaTflHyTbifl nyK co CTpejioii, 3aKaHMHBaiomeHcn pomGhmcckhm HaKOHCHHHKOM.
PHcyHOK H ymyGjieHHa, HMHTHpyKDiuHe mepcTb jkhbothwx, sanojineHbi HepnoH nacTOft. Hocne Hanece-
HH5I pHcyHKa HaKJiaflKa ooflroHjuiacb no JiyKC, no3TOMy H3o5pa)KeHHa y Kpaa nnacTHH OKa3ajiHCb nacTHi-
HO cpe3aHHbiMH, a otbcpctha fljifl npHKpenjieHHfl k ochobc cefljia noBpeziHJiH pucyHOK.
HaKnaflKa HHTepecna cho^khum KOMno3HUHOHHbiM pemeHHeM cuen oxotw. FIpaBAHBO nepeaaHbi abh-
)KeHH5i acHBOTHbix, pHcyHOK OTJiHHaeTC» peanHCTHHHOCTbKD H CBHflCTeJibCTByeT o 6ojibUJoR HadinoiiaTejib-
HOCTH XyflOJKHHKa. McKJlKJHeHHe COCTaBJlJHOT CTaTHHHbie cJjHPypbl THrpOB, nOAaHHbie B TpaflHUHOHHblX
ana cacaHHflCKoro HCKyccTBa no3ax.
MHoro(|)HrypHafl KOMno3HUHfl flBJiaeTCH, bcpojitho. H/iJiiocTpaunefl 3nHHecKoro cro^Kexa o6 oxotc.

91
TORQUE. Gold, emerald. Diameter 21.7 cm. "Pereshchepina Treasure" found in 1912. Malaya Peresh-
chepina, Poltava area, Ukrainian SSR. Late seventh century (1930/15).

84
 .

The torque is made of thick twisted wire with a hook at one end and a loop at the other. The central
section, attached to the main body by hinges, is in the form of a rectangular plaque with five mountings for
precious stones. Two sockets are on the body of the torque itself. Only two emerald insets remain in their

mountings.
The torque is part of a large, very rich complex including gold ornaments, weapons, horse trappings, and
gold and silver vessels of Byzantine andSassanian work. M. I. Artamonov suggested that these objects had

once belonged to a Turko-Khazarian tribal chief.

rPHBHA. 3ojiomo, ujyAipyd. JJuaMcmp 21,7 cm. Ccao Ma/iati Flepeiqenuiia 6au3 Uo/imaahi ( ..fJepeuic-
niiiicKidi K.iad"), 1912 e. VCCP. KoHeii VII e. (1930/15).

LUeiliHbiH o5pyH h3 bhtoh tojictoh npoBOJioKH c neTJieii h kpiomkom na KOHuax. UeHTpajibnaa nacTb,
cocAMHeHHan c odpyneM npH noMomM luapHnpHoro ycTpoiicTBa, npeflCTaBJiaer npjiMoyrojibHyFO njiacxH-
Hy c naxbK) THemaMU ana BcraBOK. JXsa rnesfla pacnojio>KeHbi na oOpyne rpnBHbi. B PHeiztax coxpaHH-
jiHCb TOJibico ziBC BcraBKH HsyMpyAa.
FpHBHa npoHcxoflHT H3 6oraTeHUjero KOMnjicKca, b cocraB KOToporo bxoaat sojioxbie yKpameHHs,
opy^He, KOHCKan ynpj]>Kb, cepeGpnuafl h sonoraa nocyaa pa6oTbi BH3aHTHHCKHx h cacanHflCKHX Macre-
poB. no MHCHHio M. M. ApraMOHOBa, Bce npe^MeTbi cocraBJiflioT coKpoBHUie oflHoro h3 tkjpko-
xasapcKHx aojK/ieid.

92
LION. Plaque. Bronze. Length 8 cm, height 4.9 cm. Ancient site near Skibintsy, Vinnitsa Region. E.xcavated
by P. I. Khavliuk in 1959. Sixth - seventh centuries (88-230)

Thereliefplaquein theform ofa lion, cast in an open-side mould, probably served as an ornament. The lion
is shown in profile with his head facing front. The mane is indicated by notches. In place of the eyes there

are holes, but these probably once had insets. Over the eyes are two grooves for the eyebrows; the ears
project just beyond the edge of the mane. The body of the animal is rendered very schematically, without
any attempt to define detail. The eyebrow grooves, the hollows in the mane, and the diamond-shaped
hollow on the hind quarters had probably once been filled in with enamel.
This lion plaque closely resembles in style the animal figures from the hoards of the sixth and seventh cen-
turies, discovered on the Middle Dnieper. It is associated with the so-called "antiquities of the Ants", a
people whose ethnic characteristics are not yet clear.

nJIACTHHA B BM^IE JIbBA. Epousa. /J/iuua 8 CM. uiupuna 4.9 cm. nocejieinie CKuduiiiiM. Buii-
uuiiKan oojiacmh. PacKonKu 11. M. Xae/iioKa, 1959 e. VI- VII ee. (88-230).
Pejibe(|)Haji (JjHrypnafl njiacTHHa b bhac jibsa, OTJiHxaji b oflHOCTopoHHCH (j)opMe, cjiyacHJia, no-BHflHMOMy,
HaKJiaAKOH. TyjiOBHine H3o6pa>KeHO b upo^vinh, rojiOBa - e (Jiac. FpHBa o6o3HaMeHa o6o;ikom c Hacen-
KaMM, nepexo/iauiHM b no.nyKpyrjibiM uihtok na rpy^H. Ha Mecie r.na3 - CKB03Hbie otbcpcthh, b Koxopbix
paHbuie, BcpoflTHO, 6bijiH BcraBKH. BpoBH H yiiiH, HyTb BbicrynaioiuHe 3a Konryp rojiosbi, nepe/iaHbi
flyroo6pa3HbiMH yr;iy6jieHHflMH. Teno >KHBOTHoro rpaKTOBano cxeMaTHHHO, 6e3 npopaGoxKH flexajieH.
BbieMKH Ha 6poBHx, rpHBC H pom6hk Ha deape, BepoarHo, 6biJiH sanonHeHbi 3Majibio.
OwrypKa JibBa cthjihcthmcckh onenb 6jiH3Ka 300Mop(J)HbiM H3o6pa>KeHHflM h3 KJia^OB Cpe;iHero IloflHe-
npOBbfl VI-VII BCKOB H CB513bIBaeTCH C TaK HaSblBaCMblMH ZipeBHOCTflMH aHTOB, 3THHHeCKaJI npHHafljie>K-
HOCTb KOTOpblX JIBJiaeTCJI B HaCTOHUiee BpeMH cnopHOH.

93

BRACELET. Gold, emerald. Diameter 7.6 cm. "Pereshchepina Treasure" found in 1912. Malaya
Pereshchepina, Poltava area, the Ukrainian SSR. Late seventh century (1930/8-9).

A made from a strip of gold, with a removable rectangular section in the middle. One side of this
bracelet
section connected by hinges to the body of the bracelet, the other has a wire loop through which passes a
is

hook attached to the main part. It is decorated with fifteen round settings made out ofa thin strip of metal,
and has a border of beaded wire imitating granulation work. In the centre is a large rectangular emerald,
surrounded by the round settings with the stones missing. The body of the bracelet was also decorated
with stones in their mountings.

185
 .

The bracelet is a specimen of jewellery in which the artistic and technological traditions of classical anti-
quity appear in combination with elements of the polychrome style prevailing in the northern Black Sea
coast area during the preceding period of Hunnish domination.

BPACJIET. SoAomo, layAipyd. JJuaMcmp 7,6 cm. Cejo Majia.H fJepeiifenujia 6.iU3 rio.miaebi ( ..riepe-
ufenuHCKuii K/iad") ,1912 e. yCCP. KoHeif Vile. (1930/8-9).

BpacjiCT H3 30JI0T0H nuacTHHbi, ucHxpajibHaH HacTb KOToporo BbinojiHCHa B BHfle npMMoyroxibHoro

ujHTKa. OflHoti cTopoHOH lUHTOK opH HOMoiuH luapHHpHOfo ycTpoHCTBa coeflHHJieTCfl c ocHOBOH 6pacjie-
xa. HanpoTHBonojio>KHOH cropoHe lUHTKa - npoBOJiOMHaa nexjia, CKBOSb Koxopynj npoflCBajicH xpioHOK,
pacno;io>KeHHbiit na KOHue 6pac;iexa. LUhxok yKpamen naxHafluaxbK) rnesflaMH h3 ysKOM oojiockh h
o6oflKOM H3 6ycHHHOH opoBOJiOKH, HMHXHpyiomeH 3epHb. B ucHxpe - 6oJibmoe npHMoyrojibHoe rHe3/to
CO BCxaBKOH H3yMpyfla, BOKpyr Hero - Kpyrnbie rnesfla (HHKpycxauHJi He coxpaHHJiacb). KpoMe xoro,
rnesfla co BcxaBKaMH pacnojioacenbi no cxoponaM mHXKa na caMOM Gpacnexe.
Bpacjiex oxhochxch k cepwH yKpameHHfi, b xy;io»ecxBeHHbix h xexHHMecKHX oco6eHHOcxax Koxopbix
npoc;ie)KHBaK)xcfl aHXHMHbie xpaAHUHH b conexaHHH c MepxaMH ccBeponpHMepHOMopcKoro nojiHxpoM-
Horo cxHJia npeflmecxByrameii ryHHCKOH anoxH.

94
BRACELETS OF TWISTED WIRE. Gold. Diameter of a) 8.3 cm. b) 9.3 cm. Hoard found on the
Sikorsky estate in 1913. Kiev. Tenth - eleventh centuries (304/4, 304/5)

a) Bracelet made of two thick hammered and twisted gold wires which taper off towards the ends.
b) Bracelet plaited out of three pairs of twisted gold wires with the ends worked in diamond shape and
decorated with punched triangles and dots.
In the tenth century the form of a two-strand bracelet was the more popular, the multiple-strand style
coming into fashion in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. Twisted wire bracelets formed part of the set of
ornaments worn by Russian women with the ceremonial dress since the tenth century. Objects of great
intrinsic value, they served to demonstrate the wealth of their owners.

BHTblE BPACJlETbl. 3ojiomo. JJuoMemp: a) 8,3 cm; 6) 9,3 cm. Kjiad e ycadh6e CuKopcKoeo,
1913 z. Kuee. X-XI ee. (304/4; 304/5).

a) Bpacnex bhxoh h3 ziByx rpaneHbix KOBanux apoxoB, cyacHBaromHxcn k KonuaM.

6) Bpacjiex bhxoh h3 xpex nap apoxoB, kohiim Koxopbix pacKjienanbi b bh^c pom6ob c BbiGHXWMH nyan-
COHOM XpeyrOJIbHHKaMH H XOHKaMH.
B X BCKe 6biJio pacnpocxpaHeno HsroxoBJieHne 6pacjiexoB, bhxhx h3 aayx /ipoxoB. Tnn BHXbH h3 hc-
CKOJibKHX CKpyneHHbix nonapHO npoBOJiOK xapaKxepen jinsi XI-XIII bckob. Bnxbie 6pacJiexbi - HeoxieM-
jicMaH 4acxb >KeHCKoro napa/iHoro y6opa HanHnaji c X BCKa. Ohh npeacxaBJifljiM Gojibinyio ucHHOCXb h
KaK 6bi flCMOHCxpHpoBajiH 6oraxcxBO hx BJia^ejibueB.

95
TEMPLE RINGS. Gold. Diameter of a) 2.7 cm. Collection of Alexeyev. Diameter of b) 3 cm. Hoard
found on the Yesikorsky estate in 1885. Kiev. Twelfth - thirteenth centuries (1945/54, 635/10).

a) Temple ring with three openwork filigree beads decorated at the intersection of the wires with large
granulations.
b) Temple ring with three barrel-shaped beads covered with small beading imitating granulation work.
The temple rings are remarkable for their refined forms and exquisite workmanship. They belong to a
class of widely spread ornaments known as "earrings of the Kievan type".

BMCOHHblE KOJlbLI,A. 3oAomo. a) /JuaMemp 2,7 cm. CoGpanue AncKceeea; 6) HuoMcmp 3 cm.
Kjiad e ycadbde EcuKopcKoeo, 1885 ^. Kuee. XH-XHI ee. (1945/54; 635/10).

a) BHcoHHoe npoBOJi04Hoe KOJibuo c xpeMfl a>KypHbiMH ^JnnHrpaHHbiMH 6ycaMH, yKpaiiieHHbiMH b mcc-

xax nepeceneHHfl npoBOJioncK Kpynnott 3epHbK).

186
6) KOJlbUO C TpeMa 6040HK0BHflHbIMH 5ycaMH C HMHTaUHeil MeJlKOii 3epHH, BbinOJlHCHHblMH MCTOaOM
JlHTbH B 4)OpMe.
OhH OT^HHaiOTCH COBCpiUeHCTBOM (})OpM, BblCOKOH TCXKHKOH HCnOJlHCHHH H OpHHaA-flOKaT K MHCJiy lUH-
poKO pacnpocTpaHCHHbix BHCOiHbix yKpameHHH, HasbisaeMbix cepbraMH „KHeBCKoro xHna".

96
TEMPLE RINGS. Silver. Height of a) 7.8 cm, b) 7.2 cm. "Borshchevo Hoard" found in 1883.
Rovno Region. Tenth century (1017111a, 1017110a).
The temple rings are decorated with an openworic crescent, lunnitsa, with three horns, a bead at the point
of each. The crescents are decorated with rows of large grains, the pendants with stripes, triangles, and
diamond-shaped figures of very small granulations.
Ornaments of this type are generally referred to as "Volyn earrings", from the name of the region where
they are most often to be found. It was probably in Volyn that the style of ceremonial jewellery decorated
with granulation work was first formed. Sets in this style, comprising temple rings, necklaces, medallions,
and lunnitsas of silver with granulations arranged in geometric patterns of great regularity, were worn by
women of high condition throughout Kievan Russia. The style of women's ornaments did not, however,
remain unchanged. A transition from grain decoration to cloisonne enamel, and later to niello work, has
been traced by G. F. Korzukhina who followed the evolution of this type of objects while studying the rich
materials contained in different hoards.

BMCOHHblE KOJlbUA. Cepeopo. Bbicoma: a) 7,8 cm; 6) 7.2 cm. ,,Bopufeeci<uu Kjad", 1883 e.

X (1017111a, 1017110a).
PoeencKa.H odAacmb. e.

BHCOHHbie KOiibua hmciot Heno/iBH>KHbie uojxb&ckw. Hh^haji nacTb KOJieu o({)opMJieHa b Bn/ie a^KypHbix
ipexporHx jiyHHHu c 6ycHHaMH Ha porax. JlyHHHUbi yKpauienbi pnaaiviH sepnn, noAsecKH - nojiocKaivm,
TpeyrojibHMKaMH h poM5aMH h3 mcjikoh lepHH.
noao6Hbie BHCOHHue KOJibua HaibisaioT cepbraMH ,,Bo;ibiHCKoro xnna" no ocHOBHOMy paMoHy mx pac-
npocxpaHeHHfl. BojibiHb Gorara BemaMH c 3epHbio, h, mo^kct Gbixb, hmchho Ha 3xom xeppHxopuH ccJ)op-
MHpoBajicH cxH.aHCXHHecKH eaHHbiH ApesHepyccKHH KHfl>KecKO-6oapcKn{i >KeHCKMii K)BejinpHbiH y6op. Ero
cocxaBJifl.riH cepe5p«Hbie yKpamcHWH: BHCOMHbie KOJibua, 6ycbi, MCAaJibOHbi, jiynHHUbi, nyroBHUbi, acko-
pHpoBaHHbie 3epHbK3, yjioKCHHoii B yflHBHxeJibHO npaBHnbHbie reoMexpH4ecKHe (J)Hrypbi. OanaKO 3xox
y6op He ocxaBaJica HeH3MeHHbiM. M3y4eHHe GoraxettujHX MaxepnajiOB KJiaaoB no3Bo;iHJio r. O. Kop3y-
XHHoii npocneflHXb CMeny 3epHeBoro y5opa rapHHxypoM yKpauieuHH c neperopoflnaxbiMH aMajiJiMH, ko-
xopbiH, B CBOK) 04epe/ib, ycxynH.ri mccxo HepneBbiM HijxenwnM.

97
PENDANTS IN THE FORM OF A CRESCENT (LUNNITSA), A CIRCLE AND A
FACE. Height of a) 5.9cm, c) 4.8cm. Diameter of h) 3.4cm. "Gniozdovo Hoard" found
Silver. in 1868.
Smolensk Region. Tenth century (994/86, 79, 46).
The silver crescent is filigree and beading. Beads in groups of three make up
decorated along the edges with
a triangular central design. The ground is filled up with granulations in zigzag, triangle and diamond
designs. The loop, made up of three large beads joined together, is also ornamented with granulations
in triangles and diamond shapes. In the tenth century the technique of grain decoration was widely used
by Russian craftsmen.
The Gniozdovo Hoard contained, besides ornaments of Russian work, some objects of foreign manufac-
ture - Scandinavian egg-shaped fibulae and various pendants, among them a circular plaque b) with a loop (

for hanging, decorated with four S-shaped double spirals of notched wire and silver granules used singly.
In the centre of the plaque is an interlaced design framed by a circle of wire. Also of Scandinavian origin is
the pendant (c) in the shape of a bearded face. The contours of the face are emphasized by little punched
dots and circles.

JiyHHMLJ,A M nOABECKM (Kpyc.ia.n u e eude .luifa). Cepeopo. a, e) Bbicoma: 5,9 c.\i: 4.8 cm.
6) /JuaMemp 3,4 cm. ..FHeadoecKuii K/iad", 1868 c. CMOjiencKa.i ooAacmb. X e. (994,86, 79, 46).

187
a) Cepe6pflHaa lUHpoKoporafl jiyHHHua opHaMCHTHpoBaHa no Kpaio (jjMJiHrpaHHbiM noncKOM h nojiyc(j)e-
pHHCCKHMH noBcpxHOCTflMH. TaKHC JKC BbinyKJiocTH 3aHHMaioT cpcflHKDK) HacTb, o6pa3yn jpeyrojibHHK.
lloBepxHOCTb flCKopHpoBaHa McnKOH sepHbfo, o6pa3yK)meH 3nr3arH, rpeyrojibHHKH h poM6bi. Tpeyrojib-
HHKaMU H pOM6aMH H3 3epHH yKpaUICHO TaK>Ke yiUKO JiyHHHUbl. COCTaBJlCHHOe H3 Tpex COeAHHCHHblX
BoeAHHO 5ycnH. B X bckc Ha PycH 3tot npiieivi ackophpobkh {3epHb) HaxoAm iunpoKoe npHMCHeHHe.
6) Cpe/iH BemeH „rHe3iioBCKoro KJia/ia" KpoMe pyccKHx HafiiieHb! nH03eMHbie yKpaiiieHHfl CKaH/iHHaB- :

CKHe CKopjiynoo6pa3Hbie (J)H5y;ibi, pa3;iH4Hbie noAsecKH, b tom mhcjic Kpyrjiaa njiacTHMHaraH noziBecKa
c yiuKOM, opHaMCHTHpoBaHHaa HeibipbMfl S-o6pa3HbiMH cnHpajiJiMH h3 pyGMaxoH npoBOJiOKH h oxaejib-
HbiMH 3epHaMH B npoMOKyTKax Me>Kay hhmh. B ucHrpe pacnojiaraercfl nuexeHbiH opHaMCHx, o6paMneH-
HblH npOBOJlOHHblM Kpy5KKOM.
b) CKaHflHHaBCKoe npoHcxo3i<zieHHe hmcct TaK>Ke no^BecKa s suae GopoaaToro JiHua. KoHTypbi nHua
nOflHCpKHyTbl n/lCTCHblM OpHaMCHTOM H lUTaMnOBaHHblMH KpyacKaMH.

98
NECKLACE. Silver. Inside diameter 11 cm. "Shalakhovo Hoard" found in 1892. Pskov Region.
Tenth century (973/18).

The necklace consists of ten circular pendants, convex on the obverse, flat on the reverse, and ten oval
beads, all threaded on a thick silver wire. The pendants are decorated with X-shaped figures made up of
small hollow hemispheres, and a triangle design in granulations. Filigree, granulations and tiny rings made
of strips of metal decorate the beads.
The Shalakhovo Hoard consisting of objects decorated with granulation work was buried in the second
half of the eleventh century when single ornaments of this kind, remains of the sets much worn during the
tenth century, occurred here and there in areas far removed from the main centre of their production, the
Dnieper region.

OKEPEJlbE. Cepeopo. JJuaMemp (enympennuu) 11 cm. ,,lllajia.\oecKuu KAad", 1892 e. IlcKoecKa.'i

X e. (973,18).
odjiacmb.

O^epeJibe cocraBJieno h3 aecsTM Kpyrnbix no^BecoK, BbmyKjibix c o;ihoh cropoHbi h n/iocKHX c apyroH,
H flecaTH osajibHbix 6ycHH, HaHH3aHHbix Ha TOJicryio cepeGpaHyio npoBo.noKy. FIoflBecKH yKpameHbi no-
jiyujapHKaMM, pacnojio>KeHHbiMH b bhac kocofo Kpecxa, h rpeyronbHHKaiviH h3 mcjikoh 3epHH. CKanb,
KOJICHKH H3 TOHKHX JlCHTOHeK, 3epHb yKpailiaiOT TaK>Ke 5yCHHbl TOKepejIbfl. ,,llJajiaXOBCKMH KJiafl", co-
CTOHIUHM H3 lOBCJlMpHblX H34eJlHH, BbmOJlHeHHblX B TeXHHKC 3epHH, 6bIJl 3apbIT B 3eMJlK) BO BTOpOH HOJIO-
bhhc XI BCKa. K 3TOMy BpcMCHH Ha PycH HaH6o;ibuiee pacnpocipaHeHMe nojiyMHJiH neperopo/jMaTbie
3MajiH. npeztMCTbi >Ke c 3epHbK) SbiTyioT, KaK npaBHjio, BiiajiH ot Mccta iix H3roTOBjieHHH - OoflHenpoBbJi
H TOJibKO B BHfle eflHHHMHbix pa3po3HeHHbix MacTCM JKCHCKOPO y6opa.

99, 100
A:OLr PENDANT WITH ENAMEL. Gold. 5.5y.4.7 cm. Hoard found on the Yesikorsky estate in
1885. Kiev. Eleventh - twelfth centuries (635/7).

The kolt pendant with S/>/'/;-birds and geometrical figures executed in cloisonne enamel, is an excellent
example of the high skill of ancient Russian enamellers. The golden age of enamel work was the eleventh
and twelfth centuries.
After the middle of the twelfth century gold ornaments decorated with enamels were no longer produced,
but they were treasured in families, handed down from generation to generation of women and worn
even at a time when sets of nielloed silverwork replaced them in general use.
Objects in cloisonne enamel are particularly frequent in the rich hoards of Kiev and Chernigov, buried
before the Mongol invasion.

KOJIT, yKPALUEHHblM 3MAJIbK). 3oAomo. 5.5x4,7 cm. K.iad e ycadboe EcuKopcKoeo, 1885 e.

Kueii. XlXIlea. (635 J).

KojiT c H3o6pa)KeHHeM chphhob h reoMeipHHecKHx (Jjiiryp, BbmojinenHbix b rexHHKe neperopoflHaroH
3MajiH, fleMOHCTpHpycT BbicoKoe MaciepcTBO flpcBHepyccKHx FOBejiHpoB. PacueeT pyccKiix SMajieK na-
Aaex Ha XI - HaMa.no XII BCKa.

188
nocjie cepeflHHbi XII BCKa 3o;iOTbie yKpaiueHHH c JMasibw Ha PycH yace He npoH3BOflHJiMCb, ho hx 6epe»-
Ho xpaHHJTH, nepeaaaafl no HacneflCTBy, h npoflOJiacajiH HocHTb aaace h xoraa, Koraa OKOHHarejibHO cjio-
)KH;icfl HOBbiH BHA y6opa H3 cepe6pa c lepHbio.
rieperopo/iHaTbiMH 3MajiflMH ocoGchho Goraibi KJiaabi KHesa h HepHHroBa, aapbixbie HaKaHyne moh-
roJibCKoro HaiuecTBHJi.

Wl
BRACELET WITH STAMPED ORNAMENT. Bronze. Diameter 8.7 cm. Ludza burial ground.
Latvian SSR. Excavated by E. R. Romanov in 1891. Tenth - eleventh centuries (J 437/ 30).

Massive cast bracelet, thicker and wider at the open ends. Except for the central section, the outside
surface is covered with a stamped ornament. At the centre of the composition is a cross with round hollows

at the ends and at the intersection. Between the arms ofthe cross are pairs of circular hollows, symmetrically
placed, and around them a serpentine ornament. The terminals of the bracelets are each decorated with
three raised fillets.

Though group as regards shape, size, method of decoration

perfectly identical with other bracelets of this
and elements composing the ornament, this specimen is quite unique for the originality of its overall design.
Bracelets of this type were worn by the Latgalian ancestors of the modern Latvians. They were found in
the graves of the tenth - eleventh centuries in the cemeteries of Ludza and Nuksi, usually on the right
wrist of the skeleton.

BPACJIET. Epoma. HuoAtemp 8,7 cm. JIioifuncKuii MoauAbHUK. fIameuucKa.H CCP. Pqckohku
E. P. PoMauooa. 1891 ^. X-XI ee. (1437/30).

MaCCHBHblH JIHTOM GpaCJlCT C paCUJHpeHHblMM HeCOMKHyTblMH KOHUaMM. Hapy>KHafl nOBCpXHOCTb, 33

MCKJiFOMeHHeM cpeflHeH HacTH, noKpbira luxaMnoBaHHbiM opnaMeHTOM. B uenrpe KOMno3HUMH - B/iaBJien-
Hbifi KpecT c OKpyrjibiMH BbieMKaMH na KOHuax a nepcKpecTbe. Me>K;iy jihhhamh icpecxa c Ka)KzioH h3 ne-

Tbipex CTopoH cHMMeipHMHO pacnojio>KeHbi no use raKHx >Ke Kpyrjibix BbieiviKH, BOKpyr KOiopbix rpyn-
nnpyiOTCfl 3MeeBHflHbie (JjHrypbi h3 BflaBJieHHwx OKpyjKHOCTCH. KoHUbi OpacJiera o6paMjieHbi rpeMJi
napajTJie.ribHbiMn Ba;iMKaMH.
BpacjiCT yHHKajien: npn hojihom TOJKAecTBe c no.ao6HbiiviM eiviy yKpameHHaMH no ({)opMe, BejiHHHHe, cno-
co6y opHaMCHTauHH h xapaxrepy cociaBJiHiomHX opnaMeHT 3JieMeHTOB - oKpyjKHOCTefl, pomSob - oh
OT.nHHaeTCfl yanBHTejibHbiM cBoeo6pa3MeM opnaMeHTajibHOH KOMno3HUHH.
noflo6Hbie GpacjieTbi 6biJiH xapaKxepHbiM MyjKCKWM yKpauieuHeM ;ipeBHHx jiarrajibueB - npe/iKOB co-
BpeMCHHbix JiaxbiiiieH. Ohh H3BecTHbi H3 pacKonoK JiarraJibCKHx rpynroBbix MorMJibHHKOB - JIiouMHCKoro
H HyKUJHHCKoro, rae BcrpeHaiOTCJi b MorHJiax X-XI bckob, KaK npaBHJio, na koctax sanacTbH npaBOH
pyKH norpe6eHHoro.

102

NECKLACE. Glass. Novo-Tomnikovo burial ground, Tambov Region. Excavated by N. E. Makarenko

in 1909. Eighth - tenth centuries (759-1300).

The rounded beads are fashioned from multilayered polychrome rods of opaque glass. The colours are
mostly yellow, brownish-red, green and turquoise. The patterns depend not only on the colouring of the
rod but also on the way in which it was cut in the process of shaping the bead. Other beads, of translucent
pale blue glass, have the shape of cubes with truncated corners.
Glass beads of this type were widely known in the last quarter of the first millennium A.D. in the North
Caucasus, along the middle courses of the Don (Saitovo and Dmitrievskaya burial grounds), in the valley
of the Tsna (Novo-Tomnikovo and Liada cemeteries), on the Kama (Poloma I and Mydlan-Shay ceme-
teries), further north at the Zemlianoye Gorodishche (Earth-walled Town) of Staraya Ladoga, and in
Sweden (Birka burials). Nevertheless, the beads found in these areas were not locally produced. The
chemical composition of the glass would indicate certain areas in the Mediterranean basin where the raw
material used in its manufacture had been obtained. It must have been here, in the most ancient glass-
making areas (Syria, Egypt) that the beads were made, to be brought to Eastern Europe by Arab merchants.

189
ByCbl. CmeKJO. ToMiiuKoecKuu MoaujibiiuK. TaAidoecKan odjiacmb. PacKoimu H. E. ManapeHKo, 1909 ^.

VJII-Xee. (759-1300).
Bojibiuaa wacxb 5ycHH OKpyrjioii 4)opMU cflenaHa H3 pasHouBexHbix cxeKJiJiHHbix cxepjKeHbKOB - mhofo-
pa3pe3e h npoAOJibHo-nojiocaxbix cuapyacH. CxepaceubKH aejiajiH h3 Henpo3pa4Horo, „3arjiy-
cjioiiHbix B
mcHHoro", cxeKJia, name Bcero )Kejixoro, KopHMHCBaxo-KpacHoro, seneHoro h 5HpK>30Boro hbcxob. Ilec-
xpbiM pHcyHOK 6ycHH 3aBHceji He xojibKo ox pacueexKH cxep>KeHbKa, ho h ox xoro, KaK oh 6biJi o6pa6o-
xan. HcKoxopbie 6ycHHbi c^eJiaHbi h3 oflHOUBCXHoro nojiynpo3paHHoro rojiy6oro cxcKJia h hmciox (Jjop-
My Ky6a c6 cpesanHbiMH yrjiaiviH. FTofloGHbie cxeKJiJiHHbie 5ycbi b nocJieziHeH MexBepxH nepsoro xbicflne-
jiexHfl H. 3. 6bi;iH uiHpoKO pacnpocxpaneHbi na xeppHxopHH CesepHoro KaBKa3a, Cpe^Hero VXojxom^n
(CaJlXOBCKHH H AmHTPOBCKHM MOXHJlbHHKH), B GaCCCMHe pCKH LI,HbI (TOMHHKOBCKHH H JlflflHHCKHM MO-
runbHHKH), B OpHKaMbe (MorHJibHHKH I OonoMCKHH H MbiAJiaHbiiiaH), Ha SeMJiHHOM ropoflHuie CxapoH
JlaAOPH, Ha xeppHxopHH IUbcuhm (norpeGcHMH Bhpkh). OflnaKO cxcKJiJiHHbic 5ycbi 3xhx bh/job hc Gujih
npoAyKxoM pcMCCJia HacejieHHH hh OAHoro h3 nepcHHCneHHbix BWiue pafloHOB. XHMMHecKMH cocxas
cxcKJia CBHflexejibcxByex o xom, mxo npH ero sapKc npHMenajiH cbipbe, floGbiBaBmeeca b npe/iejiax Cpe/iH-
scMHOMopcKoro GacccHHa. rio-BHAHMOMy, B flpeBHeHuiHx paHonax pasBHxoro cxeKJioAejiHH (Chphji,
Erunex) h 6biJiH cflejianbi 3xn 5ycbi, npHBCsenHbie 3axeM b BocxoHHyio EBpony apa6cKHMH KynuaMH.

103
BAR WITH THE HEAD OF AN ANIMAL. Wood. Height 7.7 cm. Zemlianoye Gorodishche
(Earth-walled Town) , Staraya Ladoga, Leningrad Region. Excavated by V. I. Ravdonikas in 1950. Ninth
century (JIC-1972).
The bar with the head of a fantastic beast is one of a number of objects carved with zoomorphic motifs,
which come from Staraya Ladoga. Here the cultural layers of the eighth to tenth centuries have yielded
wooden dippers with bird handles, little duck pendants of bone, a snake plaque, an ear-spoon shaped as a
fish, and animal heads carved in wood and horn.

The use to which bars of this kind were put can only be guessed at. M.V. Fechner, for example, compares
them with sculptured handles for portable game boards found in Ireland, and thinks that they probably
had the same function.

CTEP}KEHb C rCnOBKOM 3BEP.a. Mepeeo. Bbwoma 7.7 cm. Cmapan JIadoea. 3eMAfmoe eopo-
duute. JJenumpadcKaH oo.mcnib. PacKonKU B. M. PaedoiiuKaca, J 950 e. IX e. (JIC-1972).
Cxep^cHb c rojiOBKOH 4>aHxacxHHecKoro 3Bepfl bxoahx b rpynny pesHbix CKyjibnxypHwx 300Mop4)Hbix
H3o6pa)KeHHH CxapoK JTaflOPH. Ha SeMnanoM ropoflHme b cnoax VIII-X bckob 5b!;iH HaiijieHbi jxepesnu-
Hbie kobuih c pyiKaMH b suae tojiob hxhu, ManeHbKHe KOCXHHbie yxoHKH-no;iBecKH, SMCHKa-HaKJiaflKa,
pbi6Ka-KonoymKa, a xaK>Ke Bbipesannbie h3 aepeBa h pora CKyjibnxypHbie tojiobm SBepeii.
Ha3Ha4eHHe cxepjKHH onpeAenHexca JiHUJb npe^nojio^KHxejibHO. TaK, M. B. <l>exHep no anajiorHM c na-
XOflKOH B HpJiaHAHH - nOXOflHOH HrpajlbHOH ;iOCKOH X BCKa, CHa6>KeHHOH AepeBflHHblMH pyHKaMH B BHfle
Kpyrjibix cxepacHCH c roJiOBKaMH My>KHHHbi H 3BepH Ha KOHuax, - nojiaraex, hxo noflo6Hbie CKy;ibnxypbi,
o6Hapy»ceHHbie na xeppHxopHH CCCP, hmcjih xo ace HasHaMCHHe.

104
ANTHROPOMORPHIC FIGURE. Wood. Height 27.5 cm. Zemlianoye Gorodishche (Earth-walled
Town) Staraya Ladoga. Leningrad Region. Excavated by V. I. Ravdonikas in 1958. Tenth century (JIJl-117).
,

The figure carved of yew is very schematic. The bearded face with a straight nose has large circles represent-
ing the eyes and a single straight line for the tightly shut mouth. A cap or helmet crowns the head. The
elongated body has no arms. Near the bottom there is a projecting belt and a short "pleated" skirt. The
figure ends in a bar-shaped piece.
The subject is open to conjecture, but very likely the figure was meant to represent a pagan divinity.

AHTPOnOMOPOHAH OHFYPKA. Jlepeeo. Bbicoma 27,5 cm. Cmapa.H JIadoea. SeMjinnoe

eopoduufe. JlenumpadcKa.H oS/iacmb. PacKonKu B. M. PaedoHUKaca, 1958 ^. X e. (Jl/1-117).

BbipesaHHan h3 XHca (j)HrypKa onenb cxeiviaxHHHa. Ha 6opoziaxoM jiHue c npsMbiM hocom KpyjKKaMH
H3o6pa>KeHbi 6onbuiHe rjiasa h hcpxcmkoh - hjioxho OKaxwii pox. Ha rojioBC oGosHaneHa luanKa hjih

190
 B HHacHcK HacTH ^HrypKH BbipeaaH pejitecJjHbiH o6oaok - none
uiJicM. yfljiHHCHHoe TCJio jiHiueHo pyK.
H KopoxeHbKafl io6o4Ka, yKpamcHHaa BepTHKajibHWMH 6opo3AKaMH. OnrypKa OKaHMMBaeTca crepjKHe-
BHflHblM OTPOCTKOM.
AxpHGyuHfl CKyjibHTypbi ocTaercH cnopnoH, ho, BepojiTHee Bcero, - 3to H3o6pa)KeHHe nsbiMCCKoro 60-
»ecTBa.

105

ANIMAL HEAD. Horn. Height 10 cm. Zemlianoye Gorodishche (Earth-walled Town) Staraya Ladoga, ,

Leningrad Region. Excavated by V. L Ravdonikas in 1958. Ninth - tenth centuries (J^^-678).

The head of an animal, with and a snarling mouth, is rendered in a conventional manner.
flaring nostrils
A hole runs the length of the figure; its is edged with a decorative band. The head is divided from
top end
the neck by a kind of collar or ring, scored at intervals. Further down the object flattens out into a broad
oblong plaque decorated with rows of circles and a design of round holes and triangles with diagonally
placed notches.
The function of the object is unknown. It resembles Scandinavian carved articles of the time of the Vikings,
but the surface decoration seems to point to a local origin.

rOJIOBA 3BEP5I. Po3. Bbicoma 10 cm. Cmapa.i JIadoza. 3eM.ifiiioe eopodun^e. JleiiuuzpadcKan 06-
Aacmb. PacKonKu B. M. Paedommaca, 1958 ^. IX-X ee. (JlJl-678).

FOJlOBa 3BepJl C paSayrblMH H03flpflMH H TOpHaUIHMH H3 paCKpblTOH naCTH KJlblKaMH TpaKTOBaHa yCJTO-
BHO. Bo BCK) AJiHHy CKyjibRxypKH c/iejiaHO npofloJibHoe oTBepcxHe. B BepxHeK nacTH oho oGpaMJieno
pe3HbiM noacKOM. FojiOBa coejiHHfleTca c meeti pejibecJDHbiM pacceneHMbiM BajiHKOM, KoropbiH HH)Ke
nepexoflHT b uiMpoKyio ojiacTHny, yKpameHHyio pnAaiviH KpyxKOB w y3opoM b BM^e OTBepcTHH h rpeyrojib-
HHKOB C KOCOii HaCeHKOH.
Ha3Ha4eHHe npe/tMera HCHSBecTHo. Flo o6meMy o6jiHKy ro;ioBa 3Bepfl HanoMHHaer CKanjiHHaBCKHe
pesHbie mjx&nwi{ BpeMeHH bhkhhfob. O^naKO opnaivieHT yKa3biBaeT Ha mccthoc ero npoHcxoKACHHe.

106, 107

CARVED COMB. Ivory. Height 12 cm, width 8.5 cm. Site of Belaya Vezha, Rostov Region (submerged
by the Tsimlianskoye Sea). Excavated by M. I. Artamonov in 1951. Eleventh century (B/l-5]/Cn-1333).
Massive rectangular comb with the middle part carved in relief on both sides. On one side is a peacock
framed in plant ornament. At the level of the peacock's feet is a dog in pursuit of a hare. On the other side
are two subjects: a man forcing open the jaws of a lion (Samson, David or Heracles), and a warrior with
a sword and shield. They are separated by a stylized tree.
The choice of subjects makes the comb a unique work of art. Certain elements of the ornamentation, it is
true, occur on objects of Byzantine origin, while similarly shaped and decorated combs were known both
in Byzantium and in Western Europe in the second half of the first millennium A.D.
A comparative study of related materials has led A. V. Bank to the conclusion that the comb from Belaya
Vezha was made by a Byzantine master in one of the eastern provinces of the Empire. Combs often had
a ritual function.

PE3HOM rPEBEHb. CjWHoea^ Kocmt. Bbicoma 12 cm, uiupuna 8,5 cm. Eopoduufe EeAaa BeMca.
PocmoecKa.H odnacmb (ubiue duo LIumahhckozo Mops) PacKonKU M. M. ApmaMonoea, 1951 ^. XI e.
.

(BJJ-51ICn-1333).
FIpHMoyrojibHbiH ABycTopoHHufl MaccHBHbiH rpe6eHb ynpamen pejibe(j)HbiMH H3o6paaceHH5!MH. Ha on.-
HOH CTopone, b ueHjpe KOMno3HiiHH, - naBJiHH, o6paMJTeHHbiH pacTHxeJibHbiM opHaMCHTOM. Ha ypoBHe
Hor naBJiHHa - cJinrypKH laMua h npecjieAyromeM ero coSaKH. Ha apyroH cropone rpeGnji: cnpasa - (})h-
rypa My>K4HHbi, pa3pbiBaiomero nacTb ;ibBy (CaMCon, AaBHfl hhh FepaKji); cjiCBa - (J)Hrypa BOHHa c mc-
HOM H iuhtom; Me^Kfly hhmh - cxHJiHsoBaHHoe H3o5pa>KeHHe aepeBa.
Flo KOMGHHaUHH CKD^KCTOB rpcGeUb BejlOH Be)KH HBJlfleTCfl yHHKajlbHblM. OflUaKO OTACJlbHbie 3JieMeHTbI
ero opHaMeHTauHH BCTpeHaK)TCfl b semax BHsaHTHHCKoro npoHCxo)KAeHHJi, a KOCTSHbie rpe5HH jaKoii )Ke

191
(})OpMbI H MaHCpbl HCnOJlHCHHJI 6bIJ7H H3BeCTHbI KUK B BH3aHTHH, THK H B 3anaaHOH EBpOHC BO BTOpOH nO-
jioBHHe nepBoro TbicnHe/ieTHJi.
CpaBHHTCJibHbm CTHJiHCTHMCCKHH aHa;iH3, npoBejieHHbiM A. B. BaHK, no3Bo:inji CflenaTb BbiBO/i, mto
rpe6eHb H3 Bejioft Be^H 6bm co3flaH b XI bckc b BOCTOHHbix o5jiacTflx BH3aHTHHCKOH HMnepHii BiiiaH-
thHckhm MacrepoM. MHonie H3 rpeGHefi hmcjih pHTyajibHoe 3HaMeHMe.

108

CLASP. Bronze. Length 33 cm. "Akhtial Hoard". Tartar ASSR. Entered the Hermitage in 1913. Pyany
Bor culture, first - second centuries (56211 ).

Massive clasp, of several parts cast in relief, chased and soldered together, consists of a round plaque with
a boss in the centre, edged with hemispherical knobs, and a transverse trapezoidal plate connected with
the plaque by thirteen narrow strips, imitating cords. On the reverse are a hook and a pin. These epaulette-
like clasps were evidently used to join the ends of the wide belts worn by the women of the Kama tribes.
The Akhtial Hoard of bronze objects contained two identical "epaulette" clasps and five disk plaques of
the Pyany Bor type, and alongside with these local finds, two works of Italic origin - a bowl and a dipper -
which determined the date of the complex.

3ACTE}KKA. Eponsa. /J/iuiia33cAi. ,,Axmua/ibCKUi4 K.tad" . TamapcKari ACCP. Hocmynu/ia e 3pj\iuma.vi

(I 1913 ^. nb.nno6opci<aft Kyjitmypa. I-H ee. (562/1).

MaccHBHan 3acTeKKa, BbmojiHCHHaji b xexHHKe pe.tibe(})Horo jiHXbJi, HCKanKH h cnatiKH, coctoht h3 yM6o-
HOBHflHOH 6jiaxH, OKaHMJicHHofi KpynHbiMH nojiyc(l3epHMecKHMH B03Bbiu]eHHflMn, H nonepeHHoH xpane-
UHCBHaHOH nJiaCTHHbl, COe/tHHCHHOH C GjlHXOH TpHHaflUaTbK) HanaJIHHblMH y3KHMH n.naCTHHaMH, HMHTH-
pytoiuHMH lUHypbi. Ha o6opoTHOH cropone - Kpyro 3arHyTbiH KpioMOK h KOCTbiJieK. 3no.neTOBHflHbiMH
3acTe>KKaMH CKpenjiHUH, bcpoatho, KOHubi iiiHpoKHx peivieHHbix noflcOB, KaKHC HOCHJiH >KeHiuHHbi ripH-
KaMbfl.
B ,,AxTHajibCKOM KJiaae" GpoinoBbix BemeK coHeTaraxcn zibc oflHnaKOBbie 3noneTOBHflHbie 3acTe>KKH h
nflTb flHCKOBHAHblX 6jIHX UbJIHOGopCKOrO THna C M3/iejlHaMll HTaXIHtiCKHX MaCTCpOB - MaiUeri H KOBIUOM,
onpeaenntoutHMH aaxy KJiazia.

109

FIGURE OF A MAN WITH A BEARSKIN ON HIS HEAD. Plac/ue. Bronze. Height

8 cm. Ancient .sacrificial site near Ust-Garevaya, Perm Region. The Stroganov Collection. Entered the
Hermitage in 1925. Gliadionovo culture, first - third centuries (563/19).
Flat bronze figure cast in an open-side mould. Over the disproportionately large head with round eyes,
a heavy nose modelled in relief and a line for the mouth, is seen the muzzle of a bear whose fore-paws
hang down to the man's shoulders, as if a bearskin had been thrown over the man's head. The plaque was
found on the site of the Garevoye Kostishche, a place where the bodies of the dead were crerhated and their
ashes buried.
The male figure with the bearskin was connected with the cult of the bear - the strongest animal of the
North, called "The Master of the Forest". In this composition the bear was probably the symbol of the
totem ancestor.

cDHFYPKA MEJIOBEKA C ME/lBE>KbEI1 UIKyPOM HA FOJIOBE. n.mcmuua. Eponsa.

Bhicoma 8 cm. Kocmuuje. JJepeau.i ycmh-rapeaa.i. HepMCKa.n o6jiacmh. Coopaiiue Cmpo.^anotibix; nocmy-
nu.ia e 3pMuma.yc e 1925 a. FAfidenoecKan KyAbmypa. I-IIl ee. (563/19).

rijiocKaa (|)HrypKa iviyvKHHHbi oxnnxa a OflHOCxopoHHeM (Jiopivie. HenponopuHonaJibHO Gojibiuan ro-

.noBa c KpyrjibiMH rjia3aMH, KpynnbiM hocom h BbixjiHyxbiM pxoM 3aKaHHHBaexcj) MopaoH MeaBefl« co
cnycKaKDiuHMHca na njiCMH nepe^HHMH nanaMH - KaK 6yflxo uiKypa MCABe/in na6poiiieHa na rojioay ne-
.noBCKa. rijiacxHiia 6bijia HaKAena Ha Mecxe FapcBCKoro KOCXHiua - Mecxa xpynoco>K>KeHHsi h MorM^bUMKa.
My>KCKafl (})HrypKa c MeABeKbeii ujKypoM na rojiose CB«3aHa c xyjibxoM caMoro CHJibHoro >KHBOxiioro
cesepHbix AecoB, „xo3flHHa ^eca" - MQanQtxn. Bo3mo>kho, mxo b xiaHHOH KOMno3HUHii MCZiBeflb ojihuct-
Bopnji xoTeMa-npeflKa.

192
 .

110

CLASP WITH "JINGLING" PENDANTS. Bronze. Inside diameters. 2.4 and 3.0 cm. Length
(including pendants) 14.8 cm. Liada burial ground, Tambov Region. E.xcavated by V. N. Yastrehov in 1888.

Tenth - eleventh centuries (526-59).

This cast openwork clasp is work. At the centre top is a projec-

decorated with imitation filigree

tion in the form of two stylized horse's The lower edge of the clasp
heads facing in opposite directions.
has seven rings soldered on, each with a pendant consisting of two links of chain ending in a duck's foot.
Various bronze ornaments with "jingling" pendants were an essential attribute of female costume in
Finnish tribal groups of the last quarter of the first millennium A.D. and early in the second millennium
A.D. Every tribal group used its own favourite version. Openwork clasps with "jingling" pendants like
the one shown here were widely distributed among the Mordovian tribes along the River Tsna.

3ACTE}KKA C „IUyM>ILUHMM" nO^JBECKAMH. Eponia. auauemp (euympenHuu) 3 cm.

d/iuua c nodeecKOMu 14,8 cm. Jl.'iduiicKuii Moeu.ibuuK. TaAtdoecKan od/iactnh. PacKouKU B. H. ^cmpeooea.
1888 e. X-Xl ea. (526-59).

Kpyrjiaa jiHraa a^Kypnaji 3acTe>KKa c hilimkom yKpauiena opHaMCHTOM, HMHTHpyiomHM (jjHJiHrpaHb. B

BepxHeii nacTH 3acTe>KKH naxo^HTca Bbicryn b BH;ie flsyx CTHJin30BaHHbix Jioma^HHbix ronoeoK.
K 3acTe)KKe npHnanno ceivib kojicu. B KaK/ioe h3 hhx ajieTa noflsecKa h3 flByx3BeHbeBOM uenoHKH c yTHHoH
jiaoKOM Ha KOHue.
Pa3HOo6pa3Hbie 6poH30Bbie yKpameHHH c ,,ujyMfliUHMH" noflaecKaMH 6biJiH o6ji3aTe.nbHbiM axpHGyTOM
accHCKOH OflOKflbi y (jjHHCKHx njieMCHHbix rpynn nocJieaneH MCTBepTH nepBoro - nanajia BToporo TbicsMe-
jicTHfl H. 3. Ka)Kflaa njieivieHHafl rpynna HMena cboh H3JiK)6;ieHHbie (|)opMbi 3thx yKpaujcHHH. A)KypHbie
3acTe3KKH c „uiyMJiuiHMH" no^aBCCKaMM THna ny6.nHKyeMoi4 Gmjih pacnpocrpaHeHbi cpe^H n.neMeH Mopa-
Bbi, oGHTasmMx Ha pcKC Uhc.

//;

BIRD IDOL. Plaque. Bronze. Length 8.3 cm, width 4.8 cm. Nizhne-Moshevo, Perm Region. Acquired
by V. L. Borlsov, c. 1900-3. Lomovatovka culture. Sixth - ninth centuries (571/206)

Plaque shaped as a bird with outspread wings and a human face on the breast, cast in an open-side mould,
with subsequent working of the surface.
The bird cult on the River Kama absorbed some elements of totemism, sun worship and hunting magic.
Anthropomorphic features were evolved at an early stage. This is attested by the representation of the
human face on the breast of the bird.

nTHIJ,EBHXl,HbIM M/l,OJI. fJ/iacmuiia. EpoHsa. ffjiuua 8,3 cm, mupuna 4,8 cm. JJepeeii.i HuMciie-
MoutCGo. riepMCKa.i odjiacmh. FIoKynKa B. JJ. Eopucoea, 1900-1903 ^^. JloMOsamoeci<a.i Ky.wmypa.
VI-IX (id. (571 1206).

rijiaCTHHa B BHflC HTHUbl C paCnpOCTepTblMH KpWJlbflMH H HCnOBCHeCKOH JIHHHHOH Ha rpy^JH OTJlHTa B Ofl-
HOCTOpOHHCH (jjOpMC C iJOnOJlHHXeJIbHOH o5pa5oTKOM JIHUCBOH CTOpOHbl.
KyjibT nxHU y napo/iOB FIpHKaMbfl BKJiioHaji nepe>KHTKH TOTeMH3Ma, oroJK/iecTBJiHJica c KyjibTOM co.nHua
H oxoTbi. OMCHb pano HaMHHaeTca aHTponoMop(})H3auHJi H3o6pa)KeHH5i, o hcm CBHaercnbCTByeT noaejie-
HHC MenoBenecKoro Jinua na rpy/iH nrmibi.

112

PLAQUE. Bronze. Length 18.2 cm, height 9.9 cm. Ancient site near Nyrgynda, Udmurtian ASSR. Acquired
by A. A. Spitsyn in 1898. Pyany Bor culture, fir.st century A.D. (558/2).

The openwork plaque, an open-side mould, has a complex design showing a winged anthropomor-
cast in
phic creature on the back of a long, writhing reptile. The reptile has a short wavy tail, short three-toed
feet, and seven fish in its belly. Over the anthropomorphic creature appear several elk and bird heads,

and at its right and left are arranged two human masks and eleven animal heads.

193
 -

The plaque from Nyrgynda probably Udmurtian myth of the seven worlds of the universe:
illustrates the
three above the earth, the earth and three below the earth. The heavens are symbolized by birds,
itself,

the earth by the anthropomorphic figure and the elks, and the underworld - the world of water - by the
reptile and the fish. The version of the story that has come down to us is, however, but a poor reflexion
of the ancient mythology of Kama tribes.

nJlACTHHA. BpoHsa. JJjWiw 18,2 cm, luupima 9,9 cm. Fopodimfe y depeenu Hhipebiiida. VdMypmcKafi
ACCP FloKyima A. A. Cnuijbiiia, 1898 z. Ilb.iHooopcKa.H KyAbtnypa. I e. (558/2).

AjKypnaH nnacTHHa, OTJiHTaa b oflHocTopoHHeir (})opMe, npeACTaBJi«eT cjioacHyio KOMno3nuHK) - Kpbuia-

Toe aHTponoMopc})Hoe cymecTso, cHaamee Ha crniHe iviHHHoro, HSBHsaiomerocfl «mepa. fluxep HMcex ko-
poTKHH BonHHCTbiH XBOCT H KopoTKne Tpexnajibie jiani.i, B ero npese - ceivrr. pbi6. Ha/i aHTponoMop(J)HbiM
cymecTBOM pacnono>KeHbi ro.noBbi Jioceir h nxHUbi, a no 6oKaM - flse nu^mHbi h OflHHHaziuaTb iBepmibix
rOJTOB.
HbippbiHAHKCKaa njiacTHna KaK 6bi HJiniocTpHpyeT coxpaHHsiuyiocfl b c})o.nbKJiope yAMyproB JiereH^y o5
ycrpoHCTBe BceJicHHoif, coctohiuch h3 ccmh mhpob: rpw - naa seMJieK, seivinfl h tph - no;i seMJieii. He6o
OJTHUei BOpaiOT HTHUbl, SCMjlK) - aHTponOMOp(j)HOe CyUieCTBO H JIOCH, noaSCMHblH MHp. BOflHyK) CTMXHK)-
flmep c pbi6aMH b Hpeee. /I,ouieAuine ao Hac npe/iannn jinuib b HeiHaHMxenbHori iviepe oxpa^aiOT 6oraT-
CTBO H CJ10>KH0CTb MH(j)0J10rHH nJlCMCH FIpHKaiVlbfl.

113

BROOCH WITH PENDANTS: CROSSES AND FIGURE OF A HORSEMAN. Bronze.

Diameter of the brooch, 3 cm. Barrow V near Chelmuzhi (Lake Onega). Excavated by G. P. Grozdilov
in 1934. Eleventh - twelfth centuries (1553/37. 111).

In the tenth to thirteenth centuries, zoomorphic pendants were a favourite ornament among the Finno-
Ugrian peoples of Eastern Europe. Duck- and horse-shaped plaques were worn on chains hanging from
the belt or from clasps used as fasteners on clothing. Duck figures were most common in the area of Lake
Ladoga, and little horses, along the upper reaches of the Dnieper. From the Kama area came to the
north-west curiously shaped pendants in the form of a horseman trampling a serpent.
All these figures, though used as ornaments, were connected with the cult of the horse and the bird.

3ACTE}KKA C HOflBECKAMH B BVIJXE KPECTOB H BCAJ^HHKA. Bpoma. ffua.Mcmp

sacmeoicKU 3 CM. Kypean 5, ^e/iMyMcu (OneMccKoe osepo) PacKonKu F.
. IJ. XI-XII ee.
Fpoadihioea, 1934 e.
(1553/37. 111).

3ooMopcl)Hbie noflBecKH b X-XIII BCKax 6biJ]H H3nK)5;ieHHbiMH yKpatueHnaMH 4)HHHOfl3biHHoro nacejie-

HHH BocTOHHOir EBponbi. OnrypHbie njiacxHHKH b BH/ie yroneK h KOHbKOB npHKpenjiJiJiHCb uenoMKaMH
K noflcy HJiH Harpy^HbiM 3acTe>KKaM. J\nf{ npHJiano»<bfl HanSojiee xapaKxepHbi no^BecKH-yTOMKH, jinn
BepxHcro IloaHenpoBbH - kohbkh, noxo>KHe na coGaMCK. M3 FIpHKaMbfl AUJieKO Ha cesepo-sanafl npoHHK-
JTH CBoeo5pa3Hbie no/jBecKH b bhac BcaflHHKa, nonHpaiomero smck).

Bee 3TH (})HrypKH, aBJiJiHCb yKpauieHHAMH, 6bi;iH CBJi3aHbi c KyjibTOM kohh h nxHUbi.

114

"STONE B.ABA^^ (anthropomorphic stele). Limestone. Height 165 cm. Krasnodar Territory. Eleventh
twelfth centuries (2303/1).

The dressed woman of the local aristocracy. Her costume consists of a headdress,
stele depicts a richly
trousersand a long kaftan embroidered on the sleeves and along the hem. The feet are shod in low boots.
Around the neck are two torques, one twisted and one smoothly wrought, also a necklace with diamond-
shaped and trapezoidal pendants, and a square medallion on a long chain. The round face with high
cheek-bones and small eyes set close together is carefully modelled. The details of dress are rendered with
meticulous accuracy. Characteristic of the anthropomorphic stelae of this type is a static pose with the
hands resting in the lap, folded over a vessel which probably had some ritual function.
These curious monuments set up on a natural mound or the top of a barrow were dedicated to ancestor-
heroes. Various rituals and memorial feasts took place near them. The anthropomorphic stelae of the

194
Polovtsy are a valuable source of information about the appearance and clothing of the nomads of the
south Russian steppes.

„KAMEHHA5I BABA". MseecmimK. Bbicoma 165 cm. KpaciiodapcKuii Kpau. XI-XII ee. (2303/1).

M3o6pa5KeHa SHaTHaa, Soraxo OAeraa jKeHiuHHa. Ee koctkjm coctoht h3 rojiOBHoro y6opa, uiaposap h
fljiHHHoro Ka({)TaHa c bliuimbkoh Ha pyKaaax h nonax. Ha Horax - KopoxKHC canoKKH; Ha mee - bhtha
H FJiaflKaa rpHBHbi, o>Kepejibe h3 poM6oBH;iHfaix h TpaneuHeBHflHbix noflBCCOK h KBaaparHbiH ivie/iajibOH
Ha uenoHKe. Kpyrnoe, lUHpoKOCKyjioe jihuo c 5jih3ko nocxaBJieHHbiMH MajieHbKHMH rjia3KaMH nexKO
npopaGoxano. TmaxenbHO BbmoJineHbi h aexanH o^e^KAbi. J\na no^oGHbix MOHyMenxanbHbix cxaxyii
xapaKxepHa cxaxMMHaa no3a co cjio>KeHHbiMH Ha nonce pyKaMH, OKHiviaromHMH xpaneuHeBHAHbifi cocyA,
BCpOflTHO, pHXyaJlbHOrO Ha3Ha4eHHH.
3th CBoeo6pa3Hbie naiviHXHHKH, nocxasjienHbie na B03BbimeHH0Cxflx h/ih BepuiHHax /ipcBHHX KypranoB,
nocBJimaJiHCb yiviepujHM npe/iKaM-repoHM. Okojio hhx cosepmajiHCb KyjibxoBbie o6pflflbi h noMHHanbHbie
nnpbi. „KaMeHHbie 6a6bi" - xaK Ha3biBaK)x nojiOBeuKHe HSBaaHHa (aajKC ecjiH ohm H3o6pa)KaK)x My>K-
HHHy) - aBJiHKJxca uenHbiM hcxohhhkom a-hh H3yHeHHH BHeuinero BHfla h oaoK^bi kohcbhhkob k»kho-
pyccKHX cxeneft.
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AsTOpbl BCTynHTCJlbHOH craTbH

r. M. CMMPHOBA, R. B. AOMAHCKMM
CocTaBHTCJib a;ib6oMa E. M. O^ITEBA

APEBHEE MCKYCCTBO
nAM^lTHMKM
nAJlEOJlMTA, HEOJIMTA,
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HA TEPPMTOPMM COBETCKOrO COK)3A

CoCpaHue rocydapcmeeHHoeo Op.MunuiMia

PeflaKTop Jl. M. BpbincHKo

PeaaKTop aHrjiHHCKoro rcKcra J\. fl. CopoKHHa
Xyfl05KecTBeHHbiH peaaKTop E.B. BoJibiiiaKOB
TexHHHecKwe pe/iaKTopb[ T. B. PbDKoea, H. A. 3y6KOBa
KoppcKTopbi T. M. HHKHcjjopoBa, M. H. CryKajiMHa

noAHHcaHO B nenarb 10/1 1974. Oopwar 60x90 '/«. GyMaia MejioeaHHan.

Vcji. nen. Ji. 24,5. VH.-H-ia. n. 1 7,8. Msa. N« 4328. (6-8 1

MaiiarejibCTBO „ABpopa". JTeHHHrpaji. Aurora Art Publishers. Leningrad

PpaiJiHUje BepKe LlBHKay, P/IP
Mjflano B CCCP
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