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Physics Investigatory Project Manjri

The document describes using a transistor as a switch. It explains that a transistor can act as a closed switch when the base current is above 0.7V by allowing collector current to flow. The experiment aims to construct a transistor switch and graph the input and output voltages. Key steps include connecting components in a circuit diagram, recording voltages in cutoff, active and saturation regions, and plotting a graph marking these regions. The graph shows output voltage is highest when input is below 0.6V in cutoff, then decreases linearly up to 1V in active region, and is lowest and constant above 1V in saturation.

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ayushpratapsingh02082004
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125 views13 pages

Physics Investigatory Project Manjri

The document describes using a transistor as a switch. It explains that a transistor can act as a closed switch when the base current is above 0.7V by allowing collector current to flow. The experiment aims to construct a transistor switch and graph the input and output voltages. Key steps include connecting components in a circuit diagram, recording voltages in cutoff, active and saturation regions, and plotting a graph marking these regions. The graph shows output voltage is highest when input is below 0.6V in cutoff, then decreases linearly up to 1V in active region, and is lowest and constant above 1V in saturation.

Uploaded by

ayushpratapsingh02082004
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INDEX

1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. AIM OF THE PROJECT
5. THEORY
6. MATERIALS REQUIRED
7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED
8. OBSERVATION
9. CALCULATIONS
10. CONCLUSION
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH:
Transistor is a three terminal semiconductor device that amplify the
current and used as an open close switch. Transistors plays a very
important role in replacing vacuum tubes. Because transistors are
ideal component for using in the digital circuit as switch.

A transistor can be used as a switch because its collector


current is directly controlled by the base current. If the base current
is greater than 0.7 volts than the transistor acts as a closed switch. To
understand this let’s take a look of current characteristics of a
transistor.
The characteristic curve above shows the three regions.

 Saturation region
 Cut off region
 Active region

When we are using the transistor as switch, we deal with


only saturation region and cut off region.

TRANSISTOR IN CUT-OFF REGION:


In the cut off region the base voltage is less than 0.7 V so the base
current is also negligible. In the transistor the collector current is
directly proportional to the base current. So the collector current Ic
is also negligible. But the collector to emitter voltage V CE is
maximum. Which creates a large depletion region and no current
flows through the transistor. So this region is called as cut off region.

Transistor in cut off region image


The conditions for the transistor in the saturation region are Vb < 0.7
V, Collector Current ( Ic) = minimum, Collector to Emitter Voltage
( VCE ) = maximum.

Transistor in Saturation region:


collector current and lower collector to emitter voltage. And this
results a lower. In this mode the maximum base current is applied
that results with high depletion region layer. By this the large
amount of current can flow through the transistor.

Transistor in saturation region images


The conditions for the transistor in the saturation region are Vb > 0.7
V, Collector Current ( Ic) = maximum, Collector to Emitter Voltage (
VCE ) = minimum.

When the base bias voltage is lower than 0.7 V. The transistor
operated in the cut off region. But when the base bias voltage
increases from 0.7 V the base saturated the collector and the current
starts flow. In this state the transistor acts as a closed switch.
AIM
To construct a switch using a transistor
and to draw a graph between input
and output voltage and mark the cut-
off, saturation and active regions.
MATERIALS
REQUIRED

 A n-p-n transistor
 Two voltmeters
 Two voltage dividers
 Two one-way keys,
 Connecting wires
 Two registers of suitable
range.
THEORY
Switch is device for the on or off the current in the
circuit. When a transistor is used in cut off or
saturation state, it acts as a switch. The low input state
switches the transistor off and a high input state,
switches it on.
using a transistor and to draw a graph between input
and output voltage and mark the cut-off, saturation
and active regions.

Fig 1. n-p-n transistor as a switch


PROCEDURE
1. Draw a neat circuit diagram as shown in Fig 1.

2. Arrange all the components of the circuit on the table


and remove the insulation and clean the ends of
connecting wires with the help of the sandpaper.

3. Make neat and tight connections according to the circuit


diagram, keeping the plugs out of both the one-way
keys

4. NOW plugs m both one-way keys and adjust the input


voltage Vi at zero with the help of voltage divider and
record the output voltage V0.

5. Now increase the input voltage in the step of 0.2V and


record the corresponding output voltage Vo

6. Repeat the step 5 upto the input voltage becomes 4V


(increase everytime input voltage 0 2V till it be 4V) and
record everytime corresponding output voltage.

7. Record all the observations in the table.


OBSERVATIONS
.

1. Least count of input voltmeter =

vi = ..........................volt

2. Least count of output voltmeter =

vo = ..........................volt

S.no Input voltage Output voltage Vo


Vi(V) (V)

1. 0V 0.02V
2. 1V 0.15V
3. 2V 1.20V
4. 3V 2.50V
5. 4V 4.70V
6. 5V 4.95V
7. 6V 5.15V
CALCULATIONS
.

Plot a graph between input voltage Vi and output voltage VO


for silicon transistor. Taking Vi along X-axis and VO along Y-
axis. The graph between V‘ and VO is shown in Fig. 20. Mark
the cut off region AB for which V0 is maximum till Vi < 0.6V.
Mark the active region BC for which, with the increase of V i
beyond 0.6V, Va decreases linearly till Vi becomes 1.0V. Again
mark the saturation region CD for which, when Vi > 1.0V, Vo
remains minimum and constant value for all the values of Vi >
1.0V.

Graph between input voltage and output voltage for


silicon transistor
CONCLUSION
1. From the graph we conclude that as long as Vi is
low (i.e., Vi < 0.6V), Vo is high (i.e. maximum) and
collector current is nearly equal to zero i.e.,
transistor is not working i.e., transistor is in cut off
state or transistor is said to be switched off state.

2. When Vi is high (i.e., Vi > 1.0V), V0 is low (i.e., V0 is


minimum) and nearly equal to zero. In this case
collector current is maximum or saturated. N ow
the transistor is fully conducting i.e., transistor is in
switched on state.
PRECAUTIONS
.

1. All the connections should be neat, clean and


tight.

2. Both voltmeters should be of suitable range.

3. Overheating of transistor should be avoided.

4. Switching circuits are designed in such a way


that the transistor does not remain in active
state.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sources of information were;

1. Website
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com

2. BOOKS:
Comprehensive Practical Manual
NCERT Class XII

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