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Load Frequency

This document outlines objectives to model and analyze load frequency control dynamics in single area and two area power systems. It describes primary and secondary frequency control and provides equations for generator, turbine and governor models. It lists two problems - analyzing the frequency response of a single area system to a load change and obtaining the response of a two area system to a load increase in one area. The aim is to design improved controllers to obtain the best system response under different conditions.

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Bavithra K
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80 views3 pages

Load Frequency

This document outlines objectives to model and analyze load frequency control dynamics in single area and two area power systems. It describes primary and secondary frequency control and provides equations for generator, turbine and governor models. It lists two problems - analyzing the frequency response of a single area system to a load change and obtaining the response of a two area system to a load increase in one area. The aim is to design improved controllers to obtain the best system response under different conditions.

Uploaded by

Bavithra K
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ex.

No : Load Frequency Dynamics of Single Area and Two Area


Date : Network

AIM
To become familiar with the modeling and analysis of load frequency and tie-line flow
dynamics of a power system with load-frequency controller (LFC) under different control
modes and to design improved controllers to obtain the best system response.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
MATLAB
OBJECTIVES
1. To study the time response(both steady state and transient) of area frequency
deviation and transient power output change of regulating generator following a small
load change in a single-area power system with the regulating generator under “free
governor action” for different operating conditions and different system parameters.
2. To study the time response (both steady state and transient) of area frequency
deviation and the turbine output change of regulating generator following a small load
change in a single area system provided with an integral frequency controller, to study
the effect of changing the gain of the controller and to select the best gain for the
controller to obtain the best response.
3. To analyze the time response of area frequency deviation and net interchange
deviation following a small load change in one of the areas in an inter connected two
area power system under different control modes, to study the effect of changes in
controller parameters on the response and to select the optimal set of parameters for
the controllers to obtain the best response under different operating conditions.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
Primary control:
The speed change from the synchronous speed initiates the governor control action
resulting in all the participating generator-turbine units taking up the change in load, and
stabilizes the system frequency.
Secondary control:
It adjusts the load reference set points of selected turbine-generator units so as to give
nominal value of frequency. The frequency control is a matter of speed control of the
machines in the generating stations. The frequency of a power s y stem is dependent entirely
upon the speed in which the generators are rotated b y their prime movers. All prime movers,
whether they are steam or hydraulic turbines, are equipped with speed governors which are
purely mechanical speed sensitive devices, to adjust the gate or control valve opening for the
constant speed.
N = 120 f / P
where, N = Speed in rpm
f = Frequency in Hz
P = Number of poles.

ΔXE(s) = [ΔPc (s) – (1/R) ΔF(s) ] x G


Where, R = speed regulation of the governor in Hz/MW
G = Gain of speed governor
TG = Time constant of speed governor
Turbine model:

Tt = Time constant of turbine


kt = Gain constant
ΔPV(s) = per unit change in valve position from nominal value
Generator Load model:

ΔPD(s) = Real load change


kp = 1/B = Power system gain
Tp = 2H/Bfo = Power system time constant
PROBLEMS
1. An isolated power station has the following parameters:
Turbine time constant Tt= 0.5 sec
Governor time constant Tsg= 0.4 sec
Generator inertia constant H= 5 sec
The load varies by 0.01 percent for a 1 percent change in frequency, i.e., B= 0.01
The governor speed regulation is set to R=3. The turbine rated output is 250 MW at nominal
frequency of 50 Hz. A sudden change of ∆PD= 0.01 per unit occurs.
i).Use MATLAB to obtain the time domain performance specifications and the frequency
deviation step response with steady state frequency deviation in Hz.

2. A two area power system has two identical areas with the following data
Area capacity= 1500 MW
Operating Load= 750 MW
R=3%, H=5 sec, Damping coefficient= 1%,Frequency= 50 Hz,KG=KT=1
TG=0.2 sec, TT=0.5 sec, 2ПT= 2
A load increase ∆PD= 20 MW occurs in area 1.

RESULT
Thus single area load-frequency controller (LFC) without integral controller ,single
area LFC with integral controller, two area LFC and tie line bias control of two area LFC are
modeled using MATLAB SIMULINK and response are obtained.

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