Page 1 of 225 8 Astudent has available some resistors, each of resistance 100. (a) Draw circuit diagrams, one in each case, to show how a number of these resistors may be connected to produce a combined resistance of @ 2002, (i) 509, (ili) 402, (4)Page 20f222 fy vain’ Use (b) The arrangement of resistors shown in Fig. 8.1 is connected to a battery. | | | —Lin2 }—- — 250 Fig. 8.1 ‘The power dissipation in the 100.2 resistor is 0.81 W. Calculate (i) the current in the circuit, current (i) the power dissipation in each of the 25.2 resistors. power [4]Page 3 of 23 7 Ahousehold electric lamp is rated as 240 V, 60W. The filament of the lamp is made from tungsten and is a wire of constant radius 6.0 x 10-®m. The resistivity of tungsten at the normal operating temperature of the lamp is 7.9 x 10-7 Qm. (a) For the lamp at its normal operating temperature, (i) calculate the current in the lamp, current = (ii) show that the resistance of the filament is 960.2. 3) (b) Calculate the length of the filament. length = . m [3] (c) Commenton your answer to (b). ‘@UCLES 2004 702204Page 4 of 22 8 A thermistor has resistance 3900 © at 0°C and resistance 12502 at 30°C. The thermistor is connected into the circuit of Fig. 8.1 in order to monitor temperature changes. thermistor 1.50V Fig. 8.1 The battery of e.m/f. 1.50\V has negligible internal resistance and the voltmeter has infinite resistance. (@) The voltmeter is to read 1.00V at 0°C. Show that the resistance of resistor R is 7800 2. (2) (b) The temperature of the thermistor is increased to 30°C. Determine the reading on the voltmeter. reading Vv [2] ‘© UCLES 2008 7020208 variesPage 5 of 22 (c) The voltmeter in Fig. 8.1 is replaced with one having a resistance of 780022. Calculate the reading on this voltmeter for the thermistor at a temperature of 0°C. reading V2) ‘@UCLES 2004 702204Page 6 of 222 7 (a) Define the resistance of a resistor. (1) (b) In the circuit of Fig. 7.1, the battery has an e.m.f. of 3.00 and an internal resistance r. Ris a variable resistor. The resistance of the ammeter is negligible and the voltmeter has an infinite resistance. The resistance of R is varied. Fig. 7.2 Shows the variation of the power P dissipated in R with the potential difference V across R. 12 PIW 1 1.0 09 08 08 VIN Fig. 72 @UCLES 2005, 9702/0205Page 7 of 222 (i) Use Fig. 7.2 to determine 1. the maximum power dissipation in R, maximum power 2. the potential difference across R when the maximum power is dissipated. potential difference v (1) (ii) Hence calculate the resistance of R when the maximum power is dissipated, resistance 22 i) _Use your answers in (i) and (ji) to determine the internal resistance rof the battery. 2 [3] (c) By reference to Fig. 7.2, itcan be seen that there are two values of potential difference Vifor which the power dissipation is 1.05 W. State, with a reason, which value of V will result in less power being dissipated in the internal resistance. © UCLES 2005 7o202MsI0SPage 8 of 22 7 circuit contains three similar lamps A, B and C. The circuit also contains three switches, S,, S, and S,, as shown in Fig. 7.1. Fig. 7.4 ‘One of the lamps is faulty. In order to detect the fault, an ohm-meter (a meter that measures resistance) is connected between terminals X and Y. When measuring resistance, the ohm- meter causes negligible current in the circuit. Fig. 7.2 shows the readings of the ohm-meter ‘or different switch positions. ‘switch meter reading Sy 8, 8 1 open open open ° closed open «open 152 ‘open closed open 300 open closed closed 152 Fig.7.2 (a) Identity the faulty lamp, and the nature of the fault. faulty lamp... nature of fault: 2) (b) Suggest why itis advisable to test the circuit using an ohm-meter that causes negligible current rather than with a power supply. ‘© UCLES 2006 702/208 2 ee xargsPage 9 of 22 (c) Determine the resistance of one of the non-faulty lamps, as measured using the ohm- meter. resistance seve Of] (d)_ Each lamp is marked 6.0, 0.20. Calculate, for one of the lamps operating at normal brightness, (i) its resistance, resistance [2] (ii) its power dissipation. we) (e) Comment on your answers to (¢) and (d)(). ‘© UCLES 2006 702208Page 10 of 225 6 Acar battery has an internal resistance of 0.0602. Itis re-charged using a battery charger having an e.m.f. of 14V and an internal resistance of 0.10.2, as shown in Fig. 6.1. ! car 10.0602 battery, (a) At the beginning of the re-charging process, the current in the circuit is 42A and the e.m-. of the battery is E (measured in volts). (i) For the circuit of Fig. 6.1, state 1. the magnitude of the total resistance, resistance = 2. the total e.m,. in the ciruit. Give your answer in terms of E. emf. v (2) Use your answers to (i) and data from the question to determine the e.m-f. of the car battery at the beginning of the re-charging process. aoe ees [2] ‘©UCLES 2007 ‘s7o202M07 BannersPage 11 of 22 (b) For the majority of the charging time of the car battery, the e.m4f. of the car battery is 12V and the charging current is 12.5. The bettery is charged at this current for 4.0 hours. Calculate, for this charging time, (i) the charge that passes through the battery, charge Cc [2 the energy supplied from the battery charger, energy = J) the total energy dissipated in the internal resistance of the battery charger and the car battery. energy J (¢)_ Use your answers in (b) to calculate the percentage efficiency of transfer of energy from the battery charger to stored energy in the car battery. efficiency = . % [2] ‘©UCLES 2007 ‘s7o202M07 BannersPage 12 of 222 6 Anelectric heater consists of three similar heating elements A, Band C, connected as shown |p, in Fig. 6.1. 240 Sy Fig. 6.1 Each heating element is rated as 1.5kW, 240V and may be assumed to have constant resistance. The circuit is connected to a 240V supply. (a) Calculate the resistance of one heating element, resistance 2B © UCLES 2008 70202MI08(b) The switches S,, Sp and Sy may be either open or closed. Page 13 of 222 Complete Fig. 6.2 to show the total power dissipation of the heater for the switches in | the positions indicated. © UCLES 2008 8 Sp Ss total power / KW open closed closed closed closed open . closed closed closed closed ‘open open closed open closed Fig.6.2 9702/02NN08 6 Fo Evans UsePage 14 of 222 7 Anetwork of resistors, each of resistance R, is shown in Fig. 7.1. fore vanes jw A z } R R R B YY R c x (@) Calculate the total resistance, in terms of R, between points () Aandc, Tesistance (i) Bandx, resistance = (ii), Aandz. resistance = oon Eat] soarinaisoa ‘© UCLES 2009Page 15 of 222 (b) Two cells of e.m.t. E, and E, and negligisle internal resistance are connected into the re network in (a), as shown in Fig. 7.2. [pe te 5, \ A z R R oa R & Be—2f Jey | a c | x & Fig. 7.2 ‘The currents in the network are as indicated in Fig. 7.2. Use Kirchhof’s laws to state the relation (between currents Z,, I, and Is, (i) between ,, A, I, and I, in loop BCXYB, (iii) between E,, E,, R, I; and I, in loop ABCXYZA. a ‘© UCLES 2009 sTo2rennsi0a7 Page 16 (a) A.student has been asked to make an electric heater. The heater is to be rated as 12V {60 W, and is to be constructed of wire of diameter 0.54 mm. The material of the wire has resistivity 4.9x107 Om, (i) Show that the resistance of the heater will be 2.40. ia} (ii) Calculate the ength of wire required for the heater. eM Qth = occ m [3] (b) Two cells of e.m4. E, and E, are connected to resistors of resistance A, R, and R, as shown in Fig. 7.1. E, ig. 7.1 28 ExarPage 17 of 292 The currents /,, [and J, in the various parts of the circuit are as shown. oe (Write down an expression relating /,, fp and /g. (il) Use Kirchhoff second law to write down a relation between 1. E,, Ry, Ry I and /, for loop ABEFA, 2. E,, Ey, Ry, Ry I, and J, for loop ABCDEFA. fyPage 18 of 225 7 Astudent set up the circuit shown in Fig. 7.1. 159 450 7 The resistors are of resistance 15 and 45. The battery is found to provide 1.6 x 10°J of electrical energy when a charge of 1.8 x 10'C passes through, the ammeter in a time of 1.3 x 108s. (a) Determine (i) the electromotive force (e.m-f,) of the battery, (ii) the average current in the circuit. current = (4) For Banine’sPage 19.0f 222 fy (b) During the time for which the charge is moving, 1.1 x 108J of energy is dissipated in the ' 45 resistor. \ \ ) {i) Determine the energy dissipated in the 15 resistor during the same time. energy Gi) Suggest why the total energy provided is greater than that dissipated in the two resistors. [4] canines Use6 Page 20 of 222 Fig. 6.1 shows the variation with applied potential difference Vof the current / in an electrical ‘component C. 4.0 TimA 30 2.0 1.0 °o 1.0 2080 40 50 60 r . r x Oy 6 Fig. 6.1 (a) () State, with a reason, whether the: resistance of component C increases or decreases with increasing potential cifference. 2) (ii) Determine the resistance ofcomponent C at a potential difference of 4.0 V. resistance = 212) @UCLES 2004 9702102/01NI08Page 21 of 222 (b) Component C is connected in parallel with a resistor R of resistance 15002 and a battery of e.m.. E and negligible internal resistance, as shown in Fig. 6.2. \Bannars c R| 15002 (i) On Fig. 6.1, draw a line to show the variation with potential difference V of the current / in resistor R. 2) (il) Hence, or otherwise, use Fig.6.1 to determine the current in the battery for an em. of 2.0V. current = A (2) (c) The resistor R of resistance 1500 and the component C are now connected in series across a supply of e.m.t. 7.0V and negiigible internal resistance. Using information from Fig. 6.1, state and explain which component, R or C, will dissipate thermal energy at a greater rate. 8] © UCLES 2008 97O2/02ONOSPage 22 of 222 7 Abattery of e.m.f. 4.50\V and negligible internal resistance is connected in series with a fixed resistor of resistance 12000 and a thermistor, as shown in Fig. 7.1 Rr. tbe c \ 12002 8 A Fig. 7.4 (a) At room temperature, the thermistor has a resistance of 1800. Deduce that the potential difference across the thermistor (across AB) is 2.70 V. (2) (b) A uniform resistance wire PQ of length 1.00™m is now connected in parallel with the resistor and the thermistor, a8 shown in Fig. 7.2. c Poo 12002 B 1.00m M od ry Q Fig. 7.2 © UCLES 2005 9702/02/0 N05Page 23 of 222 A sensitive voltmeter is connected between point B and a moveable contact M on the wire. (Explain why, for constant current in the wire, the potential difference between any ‘two points on the wire is proportional to the distance between the points. 12] (ii) The contact M is moved along PQ until the voltmeter shows zero reading. 1. State the potential difference between the contact at M and the point Q. potential difference = Vv tt] 2. Calculate the length of wire between M and Q.. length = m (2) ‘The thermistor is warmed slightly. State and explain the effect on the length of wire between M and Q for the voltmeter to remain at zero deflection. © UCLES 2005 9702/0210)N057 Page 24 of 222 (a) Distinguish between the electromotive force (e.m.{,) of a cell and the potential difference (p.d.) across a resistor. ee (b) Fig.7.1. is an electrical circuit containing two cells of e.m.f. E, and Ep. 77 The cells are connected to resistors of resistance R,, R, and R and the currents in the branches of the circuit are I, 1, and I,, as shown. ()_Use Kirchhoff’ first aw to write down an expression relating I, I, and - [1] Use Kirchhoft's second law to write cown an expression relating 1. Ey, Ryy Ry I, and I, in the loop XBCYX, 2. Ey) Ey Ry, Roy, and I, in the loop AXYDA. © UCLES 2006 9702"02/01N06Page 25 of 22; 6 An electric shower unit is to be fitted in a house. The shower is rated as 10.5kW, 230V. The. shower unit is connected to the 230V mains supply by a cable of length 16 m, as shown in Fig. 6.1. copper wire cable 230 V supply, 10.5 kW. FL 230 copper wire 16m if Fig. 6.1 (a) Show that, for normal operation of the shower unit, the current is approximately 46 A. (2) (b) The resistance of the two wires in the cable causes the potential difference across the shower unit to be reduced. The potential difference across the shower unit must not be less than 225V. ‘The wires in the cable aré made of copper of resistivity 1.8x 102m. ‘Assuming that the current in the wires is 46A, calculate (i) the maximum resistance of the cable, resistance = 2B] ‘@UCLES 2007 9702/0201N07 BannersPage 26 of 225 (li) the minimum area of cross-section of each wire in the cable. area . m2 [3] (e) Connecting the shower unit to the mains supply by means ofa cable having wires with too small a cross-sectional area would significantly reduce the power output of the shower unit. (i) Assuming that the shower is operating at 210V, rather than 230V, and that its resistance is unchanged, determine the ratio power dissipated by shower unit at 210V power dissipated by shower unitat 230V * ratio = . (2 (i) Suggest and explain one further disadvantage of using wires of small cross-sectional area in the cable. 2) Banners ‘@UCLES 2007 9702/0201N07Page 27 of 222 7 A potential divider circuit consists of two resistors of resistances P and Q, as shown in py Fig. 7.1. P Q oo Vv Fig.7.1 The battery has e.m.f. E and negligible internal resistance. (@) Deduce that the potential difference V across the resistor of resistance Pis given by the expression Pp P+Q E 2 ‘©UCLES 2008 9702702/01N08Page 28 of 222 (b) The resistances P and Q are 200022 and 50002 respectively. fore voltmeter is connected in parallel with the 20002 resistor anda thermistoris connected: |éanvres in parallel with the 50002 resistor, as shcwn in Fig. 7.2. [ve | 60V ae 20002 50002 © Fig. 7.2 The battery has e.m.f. 6.0V. The voltmeter has infinite resistance. (State and explain qualitatively the change in'the reading of the voltmeter as the temperature of the thermistor is raised. . . . seve [3] (ii) The voltmeter reads 3.6V when the temperature of the thermistor is 19°C. Calculate the resistance of the thermistor at 19°C. resistance Q [4] ‘©UCLES 2008 9702702/01N08Page 29 of 222 6 Acell has electromotive force (e.m.f.) E and internal resistance rr. It is connected in series with a variable resistor R, as shown in Fig. 6.1. (a) Define electromotive force (e.m4.). (2) (b) The variable resistor R has resistance X. Show that power dissipated in resistor _ _X power produced in cell xXer [3] 9702/21/08 ‘@UCLES 2009Page 30 of 222 (@) The variation with resistance X of the power P, dissipated in R is shown in Fig. 6.2. 20 Pa/W 15 10 05. 0 0 05 1.0 15 2.0 25 3.0 xIa Fig. 62 (i) Use Fig. 6.2 to state, for maximum power dissipation in resistor R, the magnitude of this power and the resistance of R. maximum power = w resistance = Q 2] Gil) The cell has e.m4.1.5V. Use your answers in (i) fo calculate the internal resistance of the cell. internal resistance = 2 3] (@) In Fig. 6.2, it can be seen that, for larger values of X, the power dissipation decreases. Use the relationship in (b) to suggest one advantage, despite the lower power output, of using the cell in a circuit where the resistance Xis larger than the internal resistance of ‘the cell. ‘@UCLES 2009 9702/2101N09Page 31 of 222 6 (a) Tworesistors, each of resistance A, are connected first in series and then in parallel. ‘Show that the ratio combined resistance of resistors connected in series ‘combined resistance of resistors connected in parallel is equal to 4. 0 (b) The variation with potential difference V of the current Jin a lamp is shown in Fig. 6.1. 0.15: TA 0.10 0.05: viv Fig. 61 ©uCLES 2000 sT02220N09Page 32 of 222 Calculate the resistance of the lamp for a potential difference across the lamp of 1.5V. resistance = Q [2] (c) Two lamps, each having the I-V characteristic shown in Fig.6.1, are connected first in series and then in parallel with a battery of em. 3.0V and negligible internal resistance. ‘Complete the table of Fig. 6.2 for the lamps connected to the battery. p.d. across resistance of combined resistance each lamp/V each lamp/Q of lamps/ lamps connected in series Seen - | al lamps connected in parallel cesseseeneee (4] (d) (i) Use data from the completed Fig. 6.2 to calculate the ratio combined resistance of lamps connected in series ‘combined resistance of lamps connected in parallel * ratio (ii) The ratios in (a) and (4)(i) are not equal. By reference to Fig. 6.1, state and explain qualitatively the change in the resistance of a lamp as the potential difference is changed. ‘@UCLES 2009 9702/22101NI09Page 33 of 222 7 (a) Anetwork of resistors, each of resistance A, is shown in Fig. 7.1. xo Si Se Fig. 74 Switches S, and S, may be ‘open’ or ‘closed’ ‘Complete Fig. 7.2 by calculating the resistance, in terms of A, between points X and Y for the switches in the positions shown. switeh 8, switch S, | resistance between points X and Y open open ‘open closed ‘ closed closed”, (3) ‘@UCLES 2009 sTozz2nMJ09Page 34 of 222 (b) Two cells of e.m.f. E, and E, and negligible internal resistance are connected into a network of resistors, as shown in Fig. 7.3. leanners mM Fig. 73 in the network are as indicated in Fig. 7.3. The current Use Kirchhof’s laws to state the relation ()_ between currents Z,, Ip, I, and I, (ii) between E,, E,, A, and I,.inloop NKLMN, (ii) between E,, A, I, and I, in loop NKQN. ‘@UCLES 2009 sTozz2nMJ09Page 35 of 222 6 An electric heater is to be made from nichrome wire. Nichrome has a resistivity of jp 1.0 x 10 Qm at the operating temperature of the heater. ‘Examiner's The heater is to have a power dissipation of 60W when the potential difference across its | !** terminals is 12V. (@) For the heater operating at its designed power, (calculate the current, current = (i) show that the resistance of the nichrome wire is 2.4 9. (2) (b) Calculate the length of nichrome wire of diameter 0.80mm required for the heater. length = ... ' s seve M [3] ‘@UCLES 2010 s7ozinMsrio [Turn overPage 36 of 222 (c)_ A second heater, also designed to operate from a 12V supply, is constructed using the ‘same nichrome wire but using half the lergth of that calculated in (b). Explain quantitatively the effect of this change in length of wire on the power of the heater. [3] ‘@UCLES 2010 s7ozinMsrioPage 37 of 222 6 (a) Ametal wire of constant resistance is used in an electric heater. In order not to overload the circuit for the heater, the supply voltage to the heater is. | guannos reduced from 230V to 220V. Determine the percentage reduction in the power output of the heater. reduction = % [2] (b) A uniform wire AB of length 100cm is connected between the terminals of a cell of emf. 1.5V and negligible internal resistance, as shown in Fig. 6.1. 15V Fig. 6.1 An ammeter of internal resistance 5.00 is connected to end A of the wire and to a contact C that can be moved along the wire. Determine the reading on the ammeter for the contact C placed () ata, reading = . coe ATI] © uctes 2010 sTozrz2nws'i0Page 38 of 222 (i) ate. > reading = Aft] (e) Using the circuit in (b), the ammeter reading Tis recorded for different distances L of the contact C from end A of the wire. Some data points are shown on Fig, 6.2. 0.4 LIA 0.3 02 04 Fig. 62 (Use your answers in (b) to plot data points on Fig. 6.2 corresponding to the contact C placed at end A and at end B of the wire. t] Gil) Draw alfine of best fit for all of the data points and hence determine the ammeter reading for contact C placed at the midpoint of the wire. reading = Atty ‘@UCLES 2010 ‘9702/24/10 [Turn overPage 39 of 222 (ili) Use your answer in (ii) to calculate the potential difference between A and the contact C for the contact placed at the midpoint of AB. leanners potential difference cence V [2] (@)_ Explain why, although the contact C is at the midpoint of wire AB, the answer in (c) not numerically equal to one half of the ems. of the cell ‘@UCLES 2010 sTozrz2nws'i0Page 40 of 222 6 (a) (i) State what is meant by an electric current. (ii) Define electric potential difference. [1] (b) The variation with potential difference V of the current I in a component Y and in a resistor R are shown in Fig. 6.1. 07 TIA 06 0s resistor R 04 03 02 o4 viv Fig. 64 ‘@UCLES 2010 svozesns'i0Page 41 of 222 Use Fig. 6.1 to explain how it can be deduced that resistor R has a constant resistance of 209. (c) The component Y and the resistor R in (b) are connected in parallel as. shown in Fig. 6.2. A battery of e.m.f. E and negligible internal resistance is connected across the parallel combination. Fig. 62 Use data from Fig. 6.1 to determine (i) the current in the battery for'an e.m.f, E of 6.0V, current 202 (ii) the total resistance of the circuit for an e.m-t. of 8.0V. ‘@UCLES 2010 resistance = svozesns'i0 2] Q [2] [Turn over(A) The circuit of Fig. 6.2 is now re-arranged as shown in Fig. 6.3. y R The current in the circuit is 0.20. (i) Use Fig. 6.1 to determine the e.m-f. E of the battery: E. (li) Calculate the total power dissipated in component and resistor R. power = ‘@UCLES 2010 svozesns'i0 Page 42 of 222Page 43 of 222 6 (a) Alampis rated as 12V, 36W. (i) Calculate the resistance of the lamp at its working temperature. resistance = 2 2] (ii) On the axes of Fig. 6.1, sketch a graph to show ithe current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the lamp. Mark an appropriate scale for current on the y-axis. T/A viv Fig. 6.1 3] ‘@UCLES 2010 9702/2010Page 44 of 222 (b) Some heaters are each labelled 230V, 1.0kW. The heaters have constant resistance. Determine the total power dissipation for the heaters connected as shown in each of the diagrams shown below. wo 230V CTT} oo Gi) 230V | (iii) el +r} Sor——§_ power = kW [2] ‘@UCLES 2010 '9702/2°/O/N/10 [Turn overPage 45 of 222 6 The variation with temperature of the resistance A, of a thermistor is shown in Fig. 6.1. ‘Bxaniers 4.0: 3.0- Ry/kO 2.0- 1.0: O- oO 5 10 15 20 25 temperature/°C Fig. 6.4 The thermistor is connected into the circuit of Fig..6.2. 4.6kQ wi 12k al () B VY ‘@UCLES 2010 9702/2010N'10Page 46 of 222 The battery has e.m.f. 9.0V and negligible internal resistance. The voltmeter has infinite py resistance. lExaners (@) For the thermistor at 22.5°C, calculate (i) the total resistance between points A and B on Fig. 6.2, resistance (ii) the reading on the voltmeter. voltmeter reading = (b) The temperature of the thermistor is changed. The voltmeter now reads 4.0V. Determine (the total resistance between points A and B on Fig. 6. resistance = ... 7 noes seve Q [2] ‘@UCLES 2010 9702/2010N'10 [Turn overPage 47 of 222 (ii) the temperature of the thermistor. temperature = °C [2] (c) A student suggests that the voltmeter, reading up to 10V, could be calibrated to measure temperature. Suggest two disadvantages of using the circuit of Fig. 6.2 with this voltmeter for the measurement of temperature in the range 0°C to 25°C. 1. 2] ‘@UCLES 2010 9702/2010N'10Page 48 of 222 8 Anelectric heater has a constant resistance and is rated as 1.20kW, 230V. The heater is connected to a 230V supply by means of a cable that is 9.20m long, as illustrated in Fig. 8.1 copper wires in cable [] heater, : rated ‘The two copper wires that make up the cable each have a circular'cross-section of diameter 0.900mm. The resistivity of copper is 1.70 x 10-°Qm. (a) Show that (i) the resistance of the heater is 44.1.0, the total resistance of the cable is 0.492. (2) ‘@UCLES 2010 97027251010Page 49 of 222 (b) The current in the cable and heater is switched on. Determine, to three significant figures, the power dissipated in the heater. power . W [3] (€) Suggest two disadvantages of connecting the heater to the 280V supply using a cable consisting of two thinner copper wires. 1. a ‘@UCLES 2010 ‘9702/23/0/N/10 [Turn overPage 50 of 222 5 (a) Foracell, explain the terms electromotive force (e.m.t), i) internal resistance. (b) The circuit of Fig. 5.1 shows two batteries A and B and a resistor R connected in series. Fig. 5.1 Battery A has an e.m.f. of 3.0V. and an internal resistance of 0.102. Battery B has an e.m4f. of 12V and an internal resistance of 0.202. Resistor R has a resistance of 3.39. (Apply Kirchhoff’s second law to calculate the current in the circuit. current = (ii) Calculate the power transformed by battery B. wel power ‘@UCLES 2011 svozzensttPage 51 of 222 (ili) Calculate the total energy lost per second in resistor R and the internal pp resistances. lExaners energy lost per second = Js” [2] (¢) The circuit of Fig. 5.1 may be used to store energy in battery A. Suggest how your answers in (b) support this statement. ‘@UCLES 2011 svozzenstt [Turn overPage 52 of 222 5 (a) A variable resistor is used to control the current in a circuit, as shown in Fig. 5.1. 12v | R < [te A 6.02 Fig. 5.1 The variable resistor is connected in series with a 12V power supply of negligible internal resistance, an ammeter and a 6.09 resistor. The resistance Fi of the variable resistor can be varied between 0 and 122. (The maximum possible current in the circuit is 2.0A; Calculate the minimum possible current. minimum current (ii) On Fig. 5.2, sketch the variation with R of current I, in the circuit. 20: ceeee Bi LIA ee top =o cet if 0. 0 4 8 12 Bo 2] Fig. 52 ‘@UCLES 2011 svo2unwst [Turn overPage 53 of 222 (b) The variable resistor in (a) is now connected as a potential divider, as shown in Fig. 5.3. 12V | imal | 6.02 Calculate the maximum possible and minimum possible current J, inthe ammeter. maximum 1, minimum I, (©) (i) Sketch on Fig. 5.4 the T— Vcharacteristic of a filament lamp. rE Fig. 54 ‘@UCLES 2011 svooaimaittPage 54 of 222 (ii) The resistor of resistance 6.09 is replaced with a filament lamp in the circuits of Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.3. State an advantage of using the circuit of Fig. 5.3, compared: [Exar to the circuit of Fig 5.1, when using the circuits to vary the brightness of the filament | Ys lamp. (1) ‘@UCLES 2011 svo2unwst [Turn overPage 55 of 222 5 (a) (i) OnFig.5.1, sketch the J -V characteristic for a filament lamp. HA VIN (2) (ii) Explain how the resistance of the lamp may be calculated for any voltage from its I-V characteristic, 1] (b) Two identical filament lamps are connected first in series, and then in parallel, toa 12V power supply that has negligible internal resistance. The circuits are shown in Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3 respectively. 12V 12V {+---t |+--- +—_@Q—+ Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3 ‘@UCLES 2011 svozesns(State and explain why the resistance of each lamp when they are connected in series is different from the resistance of each lamp when they are connected in |Exnnws (li) Each lamp is marked with a rating 12V, 50W’. Calculate the total resistance of the ‘@UCLES 2011 Page 56 of 222 parallel. Use cmos Circuit for the two lamps connected such that each lamp uses this power. total resistance nesentntntienenenenenes 2 [3] svozesns [Turn overPage 57 of 222 5 (a) Define the ohm. ~ A (b) Determine the SI base units of resistivity. base units of resistivity - (3) (©) Acell of e.mJ.2.0V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a variable resistor R and a metal wire, as shown in Fig. 5.1 metal wire t a r ‘900mm, H Fig.5.1 The wire is 900mm long and has an area of cross-section of 1.3 x 10-?m?. The resistance of the wire is 3.4. (i) Calculate the resistivity of the metal wire. resistivity 2] ‘@UCLES 2011 9702210NN1 [Turn overPage 58 of 222 (ii) The resistance of R may be varied between 0 and 15002. Calculate the maximum potential difference (p.d.) and minimum p.d. possible across. |exnvers the wire. maximum p.d.= imum p.d.= .. . (2) (ili) Calculate the power transformed in the wire when the potential difference across the wire is 2.0V, power we} (d) Resistance R in (c) is now replaced with a different variable resistor Q. State the power transformed in Q, for Q having (zero resistance, (ii) infinite resistance. power = wit} ‘@UCLES 2011 9702210NN1Page 59 of 222 5 Apotentiometer circuit that is used as a means of comparing potential differences is shown in Fig. 5.1. exanes R H : G q metal wire B de I Cc igia: D Acellof e.m4. E, and internal resistance r, is connected in series with a resistor of resistance R, and a uniform metal wire of total resistance R,. A'second cell of e.m4. E, and internal resistance r, is connected in series with a sensitive ammeter and is then connected across the wire at BJ. The connection at J is halfway along the wire. The current directions are shown on Fig. 5.1. (a) Use Kirchhof’s laws to obtain the relation (between the currents I,, I, and (i) between E,, Fy, Rp, r,, I, and Ip in loop HBJFGH, between E;, E>, f, 13: Py, Rp, I, and I, in the loop HBCDJFGH. (2) (b) The connection at\J is moved along the wire. Explain why the reading on the ammeter changes. ‘@UCLES 2011 97022200N1 [Turn over4 (a) Distinguish between potential difference (p.d.) and electromotive force (e.m..) in terms of energy transformations. (b) Two cells A and B are connected in series with a resistor R of resistance 5.52, as shown in Fig. 4.1 Cell A has e.m.f. 4.4V and internal resistance 2.39. Cell B has e.m.f. 2.1V and internal, resistance 1.82. Fig. 4.1 (i) State Kirchhoff’s second law: (ii) Calculate the current in the circuit. (ili) On Fig. 4.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the current in the circuit. Label ‘@UCLES 2011 this arrow I. current = 970229101 5.52 Page 60 of 222 2] A (2) 1)(iv) Calculate 1. the p.d. across resistor R, 2. the terminal p.d, across cell A, 3. the terminal p.d. across cell B. ‘@UCLES 2011 970229101 Page 61 of 222 Vit] vf) [Turn overPage 62 of 222 5 (a) (i) State Kirchhoff’s second law. ~ 1] Kirchhoff's second law is linked to the conservation of a certain quantity. State this, quantity. (1) (b) The circuit shown in Fig. 5.1 is used to compare potential differences, uniform resistance wire length 1.00m Fig.5.1 The uniform resistance wire XY has length 1.00m and resistance 4.02. Cell A has emf. 2.0V and internal resistance 0.502. The current through cell A is I. Cell B has, emf. Fand internal resistance r. The current through cell B is made zero when the movable connection J is adjusted so that the length of XJ is 0.90m. The variable resistor R has resistance 2.52. (i) Apply Kirchhoft’s second law to the circuit CXYDC to determine the current I. ‘@UCLES 2012 svoainasii2 [Turn overPage 63 of 222 (ii) Calculate the potential difference across the length of wire XJ. potential difference = (ili) Use your answer in (ii) to state the value of E. E vit} (iv) State why the value of the internal resistance of cell B is not required for the determination of E. ‘@UCLES 2012 svoainasii2Page 64 of 222 4 Abattery of electromotive force 12V and negligible internal resistance is connected to two resistors and a light-dependent resistor (LDR), as shown in Fig. 4.1. leanners An ammeter is connected in series with the battery. The LDR and. switch S are connected across the points XY. (a) The switch S is open. Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across XY. pd. oronrneeraraimennnnennanemnene WE 1 (b) The switch S is closed. The resistance of the LDR is 4.0 kQ. Calculate the current in the ammeter. current = ‘@UCLES 2012 svozanauni2Page 65 of 222 (@) The switch S remains closed. The intensity of the light on the LDR is increased. State py, and explain the change to ‘Banners (the ammeter reading, i) the p.d, across XY. ‘@UCLES 2012 970a/22nMlsNN2 [Turn overPage 66 of 222 5 (a) (i) State Kirchhoff’ first law. 1] Kirchhoft's first law is linked to the conservation of a certain quantity. State this quantity. (1) (b) A variable resistor of resistance Aris usec to control the current in a circuit, as shown in Fig. 5.1 Fig. 51 ‘The generator G has e.m.f. 20V and internal resistance 0.50. The battery has e.m.f. 12V and internal resistance 0.10. The current in the circuit is 2.0. (i) Apply Kirchhoft’s second law to the circuit to determine the resistance R. (i) Calculate the total power generated by G. coe WY ‘@UCLES 2012 svoaesnasii2Page 67 of 222 (ili) Calculate the power loss in the total resistance of the circuit. ~ power we) (iv) The circuit is used to supply energy to the battery from the generator. Determine the efficiency of the circuit. efficiency = (2) ‘@UCLES 2012 9702/23Mis/t2 [Turn overPage 68 of 222 4 Acircuit used to measure the power transfer from a battery is shown in Fig. 4.1. The power iSpy transferred to a variable resistor of resistance A. lExaners im Fig. 41 The battery has an electromotive force (e.m4.) E and an internal resistance r. There is a potential difference (p.d.) Vacross A. The current in the circuit is I. (a) By reference to the circuit shown in Fig. 4 1, and p.d. istinguish between the definitions of e.m-f. (b) Using Kirchhoff’s second law, determine an expression for the current I in the circuit. ‘@UCLES 2012 97022B10IN'I2 [Turn over(@) The variation with current I of the p.d. Vacross Ris shown in Fig. 4.2. 6.0 40 viv 20 TA Use Fig. 4.2 to determine () theem4 E, ii) the internal resistance r. r= (@) (Using data from Fig. 4.2, calculate the power transferred to R for a current of 1.6. power = (ii) Use your answers from (¢)(I) and (di) to calculate the efficiency of the battery for a current of 1.6A. efficiency = ‘@UCLES 2012 97022B10IN'I2 Page 69 of 222 -2 2] w 2) % [2]Page 70 of 222 5 Fig.5.1 shows a 12V power supply with negligible internal resistance connected to a uniform py metal wire AB. The wire has length 1.00m and resistance 102. Two resistors of resistance |erannos 4.02 and 2.02 are connected in series across the wire. 12V a Cc metal wire Currents J, I, and I, in the circuit are as shown in Fig. 5.1. (a) (i) Use Kirchhoft’s first law to state a relationship between I,, 1, and I,, Gi) Caloulate I. Calculate the ratio x, where power in metal wire x ower in serias resistors - (3) x (b) Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) between the points C and D, as shown in Fig. 5.1. The distance AC is 40cm and D is the point between the two series resistors. P= err senna V EB) ‘@UCLES 2012 97022210IN'I2 [Turn overPage 71 of 222 2 (a) Define electrical resistance. 0] (b) A circuit is set up to measure the resistance A of a metal wire. The potential difference (p.d.) Vacross the wire and the current J n the wire are to be measured. () Draw a circuit diagram of the apparatus that could be used to make these measurements. (3) (ii) Readings for p.d. Vand the corresponding current J are obtained. These are shown in Fig. 2.1. 0.30- 0.25 0.20 TA 45: 0.10 0.05 0; viv Fig. 2.4 ‘@UCLES 2012 97022 V0INNI2Page 72 of 222 Explain how Fig. 2.1 indicates that the readings are subject to ~ 1. a systematic uncertainty, 2. random uncertainties. (iii) Use data from Fig. 2.1 to determine A. Explain your working. R 2 [3] (©) In another experiment, a value of Fis determined from the following data: 68+0.1V. Current I = 0.64 + 0.01 A and p.d. Calculate the value of R, together with its uncertainty. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. ' A veomenmaeoelll [5 ‘@UCLES 2012 97022 V0INNI2 [Turn overPage 73 of 222 6 (a) Define potential difference (p.d.).. 1] (b) A battery of electromotive force 20V and zero internal resistance is connected in series with two resistors R, and R,,, as shown in Fig. 6.1. | 20M Ri Ro F402 6002 Fig. 6. The resistance of R, is 600.2. The resistance of R, is varied from 0 to 4009. Calculate (i) the maximum p.d. across Rp, (ii) the minimum p.d. across Ry. ‘©UCLES 2013 svoaesnaunisPage 74 of 222 (6) Alight-dependent resistor (LDA) is connected in parallel with R,, as shown in Fig. 6.2. |20V), ~- I--4t R, 54 TDR + OR + $4002 - 6002 Fig. 62 ‘When the light intensity is varied, the resistance of the LDR changes from 5.0k@ to 1.2kQ. (i) For the maximum light intensity, calculate the total resistance of R, and the LDR. total resistance = .. - sesuenees Q [2] (ii) The resistance of R, is varied from 0 to 40082 in the circuits of Fig. 6.1 and Fig. 6.2. State and explain the difference, if any, between the minimum p.d. across R, in each circuit. Numerical values are not required. Please turn over for Question 7. ‘©UCLES 2013 svoaesnaunis [Turn overPage 75 of 222 6 (a) Define charge. 1] (b) A heater is made from a wire of resistance 18.0@ and is connected to a power supply of 240V. The heater is switched on for 2.60Ms. Calculate (i) the power transformed in the heater, i) the current in the heater, current (ili) the charge passing through the heater in this time, charge (iv) the number of electrons per second passing a given point in the heater. s" (2) ‘©UCLES 2013 s7oazanaisiisPage 76 of 222 6 Two resistors A and B have resistances R, and R, respectively. The resistors are connected in series with a battery, as shown in Fig. 6.1. leanners he Fig.6.1 The battery has electromotive force (e.m-f.) E and zero internal resistance. (a) State the energy transformation that occurs in (i) the battery, (b) The current in the circuit is Z. State the rate of energy transformation in (the battery, (ii) the resistor A. ‘©UCLES 2013 svoaeinasnisPage 77 of 222 (6) The resistors are made from metal wires. Data for the resistors are given in Fig. 6.2. resistor A B resistivity of metal p ple length of wire 1 1 diameter of wire a 2d Ww Use information from Fig. 6.2 to determine the ratio power dissipated in A power dissipated in 8 ratio = - [3] (d) The resistors A and B are connected in parallel across the same battery of e.m4. E. Determine the ratio power dissipated in A power dissipated in B” -- 2] ‘@UCLES 2013 9702/23 [Turn overPage 78 of 222 6 (a) Define potential difference (p.d.).. 1] (b) A power supply of e.m.f. 240V and zero internal resistance is connected to a heater as shown in Fig. 6.1. 240V Fig. 6.1 The wires used to connect the heater to the power Supply each have length 75m. The wires have a cross-sectional area 2.5mm? and) resistivity 18nQm. The heater has a constant resistance of 38.2. ()_ Show that the resistance of each wire is 01549. [3] Gi) Calculate the current in the wires. CUTTER = cennsinnnninnnnnenee AL) (iii) Calculate the power loss in the wires. ‘©UCLES 2013 9702210IN'SPage 79 of 222 (@) The wires to the heater are replaced by wires of the same length and material but yp. having a cross-sectional area of 0.50mm®, Without further calculation, state and explain |éxannos the effect on the power loss in the wires. 2] ‘@UCLES 2013 9702/2°/O/N/13 [Turn overPage 80 of 222 6 Abattery connected in series with a resistor R of resistance 5.0 is shown in Fig. 6.1. 5.09 Fig. 6.1 The electromotive force (e.m.t) of the battery is 9.0V and the internal resistance is r. The potential difference (p.d.) across the battery terminals is 6.9V. (a) Use energy considerations to explain why the p.d. aGross the battery is not equal to the e.m4. of the battery. (b) Calculate (i) the current in the circuit, current = peeeeet AT I2] (i) the internal resistance r. Q [2] ‘©UCLES 2013 9702RB10IN'IS(€) Calculate, for the battery in the circuit, (i)_ the total power produced, (ii) the efficiency. [Turn overPage 82 of 222 5 (a) Explain why the terminal potential difference (p.d.) of a cell with internal resistance may be less than the electromotive force (e.m.f,) of the cell. [2] (b) A battery of e.m4. 4.5V and internal resistance ris connected in series with a resistor of resistance 6.02, as shown in Fig. 5.1. 602 Fig. 5.1 The current Jin the circuit is 0.654. Determine (ithe internal resistance rof the battery, 2 [2] (ii) the terminalip.d.of the battery, sesnnenee W [2 ‘@UCLES 2014 svoaesniiaPage 83 of 222 (ili) the power dissipated in the resistor, power Wie} (iv) the efficiency of the battery. efficiency = (2) (e) A second resistor of resistance 202 is connected in parallel with the 6.0 resistor in Fig. 5.1. Describe and explain qualitatively the change in the heating effect within the battery. [3] ‘@UCLES 2014 svoaesniia [Turn overPage 84 of 222 6 A battery is connected in series with resistors X and Y, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Fig. 6.1 The resistance of X is constant. The resistance of Y is 6.02. The battery has electromotive force (e.m-f.) 24V and zero internal resistance. A variable resistor Of resistance Ris connected in parallel with X. The current I from the battery is changed by varying F from 5.0 to 202. The variation with F of Tis shown in Fig. 6.2. T/A RIQ Fig. 6.2 ‘@UCLES 2014 svozanaisiiaPage 85 of 222 (a) Explain why the potential difference (p.d.) between points A and C is 24V for all values of A (1) (b) Use Fig. 6.2 to state and explain the variation of the p.d. across resistor Y as PR is increased. Numerical values are not required. (©) For R=6.09, ()._ show that the p.d. between points A and B is 9.6V, 2 (ii) calculate the resistance of X, resistance (iii) calculate the power provided by the battery. wee) power = (@) State and explain qualitatively how the power provided by the battery changes as the resistance Ris increased. 1) ‘@UCLES 2014 svozanaisiia [Turn overPage 86 of 222 6 (a) Distinguish between electromotive force (2.m.f.) and potential difference (p.d.). (b) A battery of e.m.f. 12V and internal resistance 0.509 is connected to two identical lamps, as shown in Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.1 Each lamp has constant resistance. The power rating of each lamp is 48W when connected across a p.d. of 12V. () Explain why the power dissipated in each lamp is not 48W when connected as shown in Fig. 6.1. Gi) Calculate the resistance of one lamp resistance = .. . sonatas Q [2] ‘@UCLES 2014 svoaeinasiiaPage 87 of 222 (iii) Calculate the current in the battery. CUTER = ree Ai] (iv) Calculate the power dissipated in one lamp. power. Ww i] (€) A third identical lamp is placed in parallel with the battery in the circuit of Fig. 6.1. Describe ‘and explain the effect on the terminal p.d. of the battery. (2) Please turn over for Question 7. ‘@UCLES 2014 svoaeinasiia [Turn overPage 88 of 222 3. The resistance F of a uniform metal wire is measured for different lengths lof the wire. The variation with lof R is shown in Fig. 3.1. 4.0 3.0 RIQ 20 1.0 0 0 0.20 040 0600.80 4.00 um Fig.3.1 (a) The points shown in Fig. 3.1 do not lie on the best-fit ine. Suggest a reason for this. (b) Determine the gradient of the line shown n Fig. 3.1. [2] gradient (c) The cross-Sectional area of the wire is 0.12mm?, Use your answer in (b) to determine the resistivity of the metal of the wire. resistivity @UCLES 2014 9702/21/04Page 89 of 222 (d) The resistance F of different wires is measured. The wires are of the same metal and same length but have different cross-sectional areas A. ‘On Fig. 3.2, sketch a graph to show the variation with A of R. Fig. 3.2 (2) ‘@UCLES 2014 97022VOINIIA [Turn overPage 90 of 222 7 (a) Acell with internal resistance supplies a current. Explain why the terminal potential difference (p.d.) is less than the electromotive force (e.m.t.) of the cell (1) (b) A battery of e.m.f. 12V and internal resistance 0.502 is connected to a variable resistor X and a resistor Y of constant resistance, as shown in Fig. 7.1 ' 1 Hho} VT iev 0502 ' nen ~~ as x Y Fig. 7.1 The resistance R of X is increased from 2.02 to 162. The variation with R of the current J in the circuit is shown in Fig. 7.2. ‘@UCLES 2014 97022VOINIIAPage 91 of 222 TIA 0 20 40 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 RIQ Fig. 7.2 Calculate, for T= 1.2A, (the pd. across x, pd.= Vl (ii) the resistance of Y, resistance = 23) (iii) the power dissipated in the battery. power = w (2) (€)) Use Fig. 7.2 to explain the variation in the terminal p.d. of the battery as the resistance F of X is increased. 1] ‘@UCLES 2014 ‘9702/2°/O/N/14 [Turn overPage 92 of 222 5 Abattery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 12V and internal resistance ris connected in series to two resistors, each of constant resistance X, as shown in Fig. 5.1. Fig. 5.1 ‘The current J, supplied by the battery is 1.2A. The same battery is now connected to the same two resistors in parallel, as shown in Fig. 5.2. Fig, 5.2 The current J, supplied by the battery is 3.0. (a) (i) Show that the combined resistance of the two resistors, each of resistance X, is four times greater in Fig. 5.1 than in Fig. 5.2. (21 Gil) Explain why 1, is not four times greater than I,. (2) ‘@UCLES 2014 97ORRBIONIAPage 93 of 222 (ii) Using Kirchhoff’s second law, state equations, in terms of e.m-f., current, X and r, for 1. the circuit of Fig. 5.1, 2. the circuit of Fig. 5.2. (iv) Use the equations in (ili) to calculate the resistance X. ot (b) Calculate the ratio ‘power transformed in one resistor of resistance Xin Fig. 5.2 ARI = asec ne (c) The resistors in Fig. 5.1 and Fig. 5.2 are raplaced by identical 12V filament amps. Explain why the resistance of each lamp. when connected in series, is not the same as the resistance of each lamp when connected in parallel ‘@UCLES 2014 97ORRBIONIA [Turn overPage 94 of 222 6 (a) A wire has length 100cm and diameter 0.38mm. The metal of the wire has resistivity 4.5 x 107m. Show that the resistance of the wire is 4.02. (3) () The ends B and D of the wire in (a) are connected to a cell X, as shown in Fig. 6.1 HX. metal wire 0502 Fig. 6.1 Cc !cellY The cell X has electromotive force (e.m.t) 2.0V and internal resistance 1.02. Acell Y of emf. 1.5V andinternal resistance 0.502 is connected to the wire at points B and C, as shown in Fig. 6.1. The point C is distance I from point B. The current in cell Y is zero. Calculate (i) the current in cell x, current ‘@UCLES 2014 9702RB10NIIAPage 95 of 222 (ii) the potential difference (p.d.) across the wire BD, vit} i) the distance L. snnananene 6M [2] (e) The connection at C is moved so that than its terminal p.d. why the e.m-f. of cell Y is less [2] ‘@UCLES 2014 9702RB10NIIA [Turn overPage 96 of 222 5 Auniform resistance wire AB has length 50cm and diameter 0.86mm. The resistivity of the metal of the wire is 5.1 x 10-7m. (a) Show that the resistance of the wire AB is 2.59. (2) (b) The wire AB is connected in series with a power supply E and a resistor Ras shown in Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.1 The electromotive force (e.m.t.) of E is 6.0V and its internal resistance is negligible. The resistance of R is 2.52. A\second uniform wire CD is connected across the terminals of E. The wire CD has length 100cm, diameter 0.18mm and is made of the same metal as wire AB. Calculate (i) the current supplied by E, Ala] ‘OUCLES 2015 s7o2esnasnsPage 97 of 222 (ii) the power transformed in wire AB, power = wel (iii) the potential difference (p.d.) between the midpoint M of wire AB and the midpoint N of wire CD. ‘OUCLES 2015 s7o2esnasns [Turn overPage 98 of 222 5 (a) OnFig. 5.1, sketch the temperature characteristic of a thermistor. resistance 0 100 temperature/°C Fig. 5.1 (2) (b) A potential divider circuit is shown in Fig. 5.2. 4 (_} x . [ wv Zz Fig. 5.2 The battery of electromotive force (e.m.1.) 12V and negligible internal resistance is connected in series with resistors X and Y and thermistor Z. The resistance of Y is 15k® and the resistance of Z at a particular temperature is 3.0k. The potential difference (p.d.) across Y is 8.0V. (Explain why the power transformed in the battery equals the total power transformed in X,Y andZ. 01) (i) “Calculate the current in the circuit. current = .. ae Al] ‘OUCLES 2015 s7onzanasisPage 99 of 222 (ili) Calculate the resistance of X. resistance Q [3] (iv) The temperature of Z is increased. State and explain the effect on the potential difference across Z. - [2] ‘OUCLES 2015 s7onzanasis [Turn overPage 100 of 222 5 The variation with potential difference (p.d.) Vof current I for a semiconductor diode is shown in Fig.5.1. viv Fig. 5.1 (@) Use Fig. 5.1 to describe the variation of the resistance of the diode between V=-0.5V and V=0.8V. 12) (b) On Fig. 5.2, sketch the variation with p.d. V of current J for a filament lamp. Numerical values are not required. Fig. 5.2 (2) ‘OUCLES 2015 svoaeunansPage 101 of 222 (©) Fig. 5.3 shows a power supply of electromotive force (e.m.t) 12V and internal resistance, 0.50 connected to a filament lamp and switch. Fig. 5.3 The filament lamp has a power of 36W when the p.d. across it is 12V. ()) Calculate the resistance of the lamp when the p.d. across itis 12V. resistance = ... . 7 A vo QUI] (ii) The switch is closed and the current in the lamp is 2.8. Calculate the resistance of the lamp. resistance 213] (@) Explain how the two values of resistance calculated in (c) provide evidence for the shape of the sketch you have drawn in (b). ‘OUCLES 2015 svoaeunans [Turn overPage 102 of 222 6 (a) Define electromotive force (e.m.f) for a battery. (1) connected in series with two resistors (b) A battery of e.m.f.6.0V and internal resistance 0.50: X and Y, as shown in Fig. 6.1. 402 122 4 4. {__} {Tt x Y Fig. 6.1 The resistance of X is 4.00 and the resistance of Y is 120. Calculate (i) the current in the circuit, current = AL] (li) the terminal potential difference (p.d.) across the battery. VE] ‘OUCLES 2015 9702210IN'S, [Turn overPage 103 of 222 (6) A resistor Z is now connected in paralel with resistor Y in the circuit in (b). The new arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.2. 402 129 4 1} x Zz Fig. 6.2 Resistor Y is made from a wire of length tand diameter d. Resistor Z is a wire made from the same material as Y. The length of the wire for Zis I/2 and the diameter is d/2. ()_ Calculate the resistance A of the combination of resistors Y and Z. R 213] Gi) State and explain the effect on the terminal p.d. across the battery. ‘A numerical value is not required. (2) ‘OUCLES 2015 9702210IN'S,Page 104 of 222 (A) For the circuits given in (b) and (c), show that the ratio power developed in the external circuit in Fig. 6.1 power developed in the external circuit in Fig. 6.2 is approximately 0.8. [3] ‘OUCLES 2015 9702210IN'S, [Turn overPage 105 of 222 5 —A240V power supply S with negligible internal resistance is connected to four resistors, as shown in Fig. 5.1. 0.408 240 s 3 4 + 5502 9502 L 8 3502 R Fig. 5.1 ‘Two resistors of resistance 5500 and 9509 are connected in series across S. Two resistors of resistance 350@ and Rare also connected in series across S. The current supplied by S is 0.40. Currents J, and [, in the circuit are shown in Fig. 5.1 (a) Calculate () current ,, (i) resistance R, iii) the ratio power transformed in resistor of resistance 3500 power transformed in resistor of resistance 5502 ratio (2) ‘OUCLES 2015 970220IN'S [Turn overPage 108 of 222 (b) Two points are labelled A and B, as shown in Fig. 5.1. Calculate the potential difference Va, between A and B. Vip = Vie] i) The resistance Ris increased. State and explain the effect on Vig. ‘OUCLES 2015 970220IN'SPage 107 of 222 6 A 12V battery with internal resistance 0.50 is connected to two identical filament lamps L, and Las shown in Fig. 6.1. 5 ie Fig. 6.1 The lamps are connected to the battery via switches S, and S,. The power rating of each lamp is 48W for a potential difference of 12V. (a) S,is closed and S, open. State and explain whether the power transformed in L, is 48W. (b) S, is now also closed. (i) State and explain the effect on the current in L,. (ii) State and explain the effect on the resistance of L,. ‘OUCLES 2015 970220IN'S [Turn overPage 108 of 222 5 (a) The J-V characteristic of a semiconductor diode is shown in Fig. 5.1. 14.0 12.07 toot: Ima E 8.0+— 60 40 204- 0 0 0.20 0.40 0.60: 0.80 viv Fig. 5.1 ()_ Use Fig. 5.1 to explain the variation of the resistance of the diode as V increases from zero to 0.8V. Gil) Use Fig. 5.1 to determine the resistance of the diode for a current of 4.4mA. resistance = ‘OUCLES 2015 97022S10IN'SPage 109 of 222 (b) Acell of e.m.t. 1.2V and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to a semiconductor diode and a resistor R,, as shown in Fig. 5.2. yi2v < | 7.6mA Ry {oy | Ro 3752 Fig. 5.2 A resistor R, of resistance 875 is connected across the cell: The diode has the characteristic shown in Fig. 5.1. The current supplied by the cell is 7.6mA. Calculate (i) the current in R,, current = Aft] Gi) the resistance of R,, resistance 202] (iil) the ratio. power dissipated in R,, ratio 2] ‘OUCLES 2015 97022S10IN'S [Turn overPage 110 of 222 6 (a) Define the ohm. 0] (b) A 15V battery with negligible internal resistance is connected to two resistors P and Q, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Fig. 6.1 The resistors are made of wires of the same material. The wire of P has diameter d and length 21. The wire of Q has diameter 2d and length L The resistance of P is 122. (i) Show that the resistance of Qis 1.59. (3) Calculate the total power dissipated in the resistors P and Q. ©UCLES 2016 s7oaesnauii6Page 111 of 222 (ili) Determine the ratio average drift speed of the charge carriers in P ‘average drift speed of tne charge carriers in Q ~ ratio = 3] (Total: 10] ‘@UCLES 2016 9702/23MINI16 [Turn overPage 112 of 222 7 (a) Electric current is a flow of charge carriers. The charge on the carriers is quantised. Explain what is meant by quantised. [1] (b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.1.) 9.0V and internal resistance 0.259 is connected in series with two identical resistors X and a resistor Y, as shown in Fig. 7.1 battery x y x 0.152 272 0152 Fig. 7.4 The resistance of each resistor X is 0.159 and the resistance of resistor Y is 2.72. (i) Show that the current in the circuit is 2.8. (31 (ii) Calculate the potential difference across the battery. potential difference = ©UCLES 2016 s7onz2nMsiI6Page 113 of 222 (c) Each resistor X connected in the circuit in (b) is made from a wire with a cross-sectional area of 2.5mm2. The number of free electrons per unit volume in the wire is 8.5 x 10°°m-3. () Calculate the average drift speed of the electrons in X. drift speed ms™ [2] (li) The two resistors X are replaced by two resistors Z made of the same material and length but with half the diameter. Describe and explain the difference between the average drift speed in Z and that in X. (Total: 10] ©UCLES 2016 s7onz2nMsiI6 [Turn overPage 114 of 222 6 (a) Define the coulomb. (b) A resistor X is connected to a cell as shown in Fig. 6.1. Fig. 6.1 The resistor is a wire of cross-sectional area A and length L The current in the wire is I. Show that the average drift speed v of the charge Carriers in X is given by the equation = * nae where ¢ is the charge on a charge carrier and n is the number of charge carriers per unit volume in x. (3) (c) A 12V battery with negligible internal resistance is connected to two resistors Y and Z, as ‘shown in Fig. 6.2. 12V {}--4t Fig. 6.2 © uctEs 2016 97021MMUNI6Page 115 of 222 The resistors are made from wires of the same material. The wire of Y has a diameter d and. length 1, The wire of Z has a diameter 2d and length 2. () Determine the ratio average drift speed of the charge carriers inY average drift speed of the charge carriers in Z ratio = (ii) Show that resistance of Y resistance of Z i) Determine the potential difference across Y. potential difference = V(2) (iv) Determine the ratio power dissipated in Y power dissipated in Z ratio a Total: 12] ©UCLES 2016 s7o2eunauri6 [Turn overPage 116 of 222 5 (a) (i) State what is meant by an electric current. {1 (ii) Define electric potential difference (p. (1) (b) A power supply of electromotive force (e.m.t) 8.7V and negligible internal resistance is connected by two identical wires to three filament lamps, as shown in Fig. 5.1. connecting wires ° power supply 87V 0.304 Fig. 5.1 (not to scale) The power supply provides a current of 0.304 to the circuit. The filament lamps are identical. The J-V characteristic for one of the lamps is shown in Fig. 5.2. 0.40: TA 0.30: 0.20 0.10: viv Fig. 5.2 ‘©UCLES 2016 9702/22/F M16Page 117 of 222 (i) Show that the resistance of each connecting wire is 2.0.2. (2) (ii) The resistivity of the metal of the connecting wires does not vary with temperature. On Fig. 5.2, sketch the I-V characteristic for one of the connecting wires. 2 (iii) Calculate the power loss in one of the connecting wires. power = .... Wil] (iv) Some data for the connecting wires are given below. cross-sectional area = 0.40mm* resistivity = 1.7 x 10°°Q m number density of free electrons = 8.5 x 10°8m-> Calculate 1. the length of one of the connecting wires, length = m [2] 2. _ the drift speed of a free electron in the connecting wires. drift speed = .... . seveetueeveee MS [2] [Total: 12] ‘©UCLES 2016 9702022)F M16 [Turn overPage 118 of 222 6 (a) Define electric potential difference (p.d.). [1] (b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f) 14V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a resistor network, as shown in Fig. 6.1. 4 ia 7 p—L_t4 122 s Ry LJ 0-240 Fig. 6.1 R, and R, are fixed resistors of resistances 6.09 and 12 respectively. R, is a variable resistor. Switch S is closed. (i) Calculate the current in the battery when the resistance of R, is set 1. at zero, 2. at 240. current = ‘©UCLES 2016 97022V0IN'6Page 119 of 222 (ii) Use your answers in (b)(I) to calculate the change in the total power produced by the battery when the resistance of R, is changed from zero to 242. change in power = .. W2) (©) Switch S in Fig. 6.1 is now opened. Resistors R, and R, are made from metal wires. Some data for these resistors are shown in Fig. 6.2. R, R cross-sectional area of wire A 1.8A number of free electrons per unit volume in metal n 0.500 Fig, 6.2 Determine the ratio average drift speed cf free electrons in R average driff speed of free electrons in Ry ratio (2) Total: 9] ‘UCLES 2016 9702/2°/O/N/I6 [Turn overPage 120 of 222 5 (a) State Kirchhoff’s second law. [2] (b) A battery is connected in parallel with two lamps A and B, as shown in Fig. 5.1. Fig. 5.4 The battery has electromotive force (e.m-£) 6.8V and internal resistance r. The I-V characteristics of lamps A and Bare shown in Fig. 5.2. 0.40: TA ao lamp B 0.20: lamp A 0.10: 8.0 viv Fig. 5.2 ‘©UCLES 2016 970220NN'I6Page 121 of 222 The potential difference across the battery terminals is 6.0V. (i) Use Fig. 5.2 to show that the current in the battery is 0.40. (2) (ii) Calculate the internal resistance rof the battery. . a 202] (iii) Determine the ratio resistance of lamp A resistance of lamp B° ‘©UCLES 2016 970220NN'I6 [Turn overPage 122 of 222 (iv) Determine 1. the total power produced by the battery, power we 2. the efficiency of the battery in the circuit. efficiency = ... eee 2] (Total: 12] ‘©UCLES 2016 970220NN'I6Page 123 of 222 6 (a) Three resistors of resistances A, A, and A are connected as shown in Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.1 The total current in the combination of resistors is J and the potential difference across the combination is V. Show that the total resistance of the combination is given by the equation et,t,1 ROR," R,*R, (2) (b) A battery of electromotive force (e.ms.) 6.0V and internal resistance r is connected to a resistor of resistance 120 and a Variable resistor X, as shown in Fig. 6.2. Fig. 6.2 (i) Byconsidering energy, explain why the potential difference across the battery's terminals is less than the e.m.. of the battery. ‘@ UCLES 2017 7020220 MTPage 124 of 222 (ii) Acharge of 2.5kC passes through the battery. Calculate 1. the total energy transformed by the battery, energy = J [2] 2. the number of electrons that pass through the battery. number = . 1] The combined resistance of the two resistors connected in parallel is 4.8.9. Calculate the resistance of X. résistance of X = ... . ot (iv) Use your answer in (b)(iii) to determine the ratio power dissipated in X power dissipated in 12 resistor ratio = 2) (v) The fesistance of X is now decreased. Explain why the power produced by the battery is increased . . . (1) [Total: 11] ‘© uctes 2017 root [Turn overPage 125 of 222 6 (a) Define the ohm. (1 (b) Acell X of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 1.5V and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to three resistors A, B and C, as shown in Fig. 6.1 B 4.02 Fig. 6.1 Resistors A and B have resistances 6.0.0 and 3,002 respectively and are connected in parallel Resistor C has resistance 4.0 and is connected in series with the parallel combination. Calculate (i) the current in the circuit, current = . AB] (ii) the currentin resistor B, current Alt] ‘© UCLES 2017 svozrevawan7Page 126 of 222 (iii) the ratio power dissipated in resistor B power dissipated in resistor C ratio = [2] (ce) The resistors A, B and C in (b) are wires of the same material and have the same length. () Explain how the resistors may be made with different resistance values. (ii) Calculate the ratio average drift speed of the charge caftiers in resistor B average drift speed of the charge carriers in resistor C ratio = vsnnennnnsn - (2) (a) Acell of e.m¥. 1.5V and negligible internal resistance is connected in parallel with cell X in Fig. 6.1 with their positive terminals together. State the change, if any, to the current in (i) cell X, (il) “resistor C. [Total: 12] ‘© utes 2017 srozrevnani7 [Turn overPage 127 of 222 7 (a) Define electromotive force (e.m..) of a cell. (1 (b) Acell C of e.m.f. 1.50V and internal resistance 0.2002 is connected in series with resistors X and Y, as shown in Fig. 7.1. Fig. 7.1 The resistance of X is constant and the resistance of Y can be varied (i) The resistance of Y is varied from 0 16 8.00.0. ‘State and explain the variation in the potential difference (p.d.) between points A and B (terminal p.d. across C). Numerical values are not required, (il) The resistance of ¥ is set at 6.002. The current in the circuit is 0.180A. Calculate 1. the resistance of X, resistance 22 ‘© utes 2017 srozreenau7 [Turn overPage 128 of 222 2. the p.d. between points A and B, -V (2) 3. the efficiency of the cell. [Total: 10] 8 (a) Describe two differences between the decay of a nucleus that emits a B~ particle and the decay of a nucleus that emits a B* particle, a) (b) Ina simple quark model.there are three types of quark. State the composition of the proton and of the neutron in terms of these three quarks. proton: neutron: i [Total: 3] Pormision 1 rapiocuce ors whore Hire-pany owned mate protctod by copyright Inekuded has bean sought aed cared where possible. Evary reasonable thas boen mace by the publsher (UCLES) fo vace copyright nla, ut ary tome requng clearance have unwitingly been cluded, ‘ubisher willbe leased make amands al he earest posse opporunty “To ait isu of icosu of answer ltd information o cancdates, a capyight ackrowledgemont re reproduced cine nthe Cambridge nteratonal Examinations Copyrant Acknowledgements Gcoklat. This produced foreach vere of examinatons and i eey avaliable to downoad a wire. org. cot ‘ewe examination sores, ‘Cantbgeitamational Examinations is part tthe Cambridge Assessment Group. Cantige Assossment isthe brand name of University of Cambie Local [Examinations Syneate (UCLES), whch i aa department of tre Univeral of Cambridge, © UCLES 2017 s7o2reanani7Page 129 of 222 6 (a) Describe the I-V characteristic of ()) a metallic conductor at constant temperature, (i) a semiconductor diode. (2) (b) Two identical filament lamps are connected in series and then in parallel to a battery of electromotive force (e.m..) 12V and negi ible internal resistance, as shown in Fig. 6.1a and Fig. 6.1b. Fig. 6.14 Fig. 6.1b ‘The I-V characteristic of each lamp is shown in Fig. 6.2. 6.0: TIA 4.0 2.0: 0 20 40 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 viv Fig. 6.2 © UCLES 2017 svo2resnan7Page 130 of 222 (Use the information shown in Fig. 6.2 to determine the current through the battery in 1. the circuit of Fig. 6.14, current A 2. the circuit of Fig. 6.1b. current = eo (3) (i) Calculate the total resistance in 1. the circuit of Fig. 6.1a, resistance = . 2 2. the circuit of Fig. 6.1b. resistance = 2 (3) (iii) Calculate the ratio power dissipated in a lamp in the circuit of Fig. 6.1 power dissipated in a lamp in the circuit of .. 12) (Total: 11] ‘© utes 2017 srozreanau7 [Turn overPage 131 of 222 5 Three cells of electromotive forces (e.m.1.) E,, E, and E, are connected into a circuit, as shown in Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.1 ‘The circuit contains resistors of resistances R,, R,, R, and Ry ‘The currents in the different parts of the circuit are I,,I5and I, The cells have negligible internal resistance. Use Kirchhoft’s laws to state an equation relating @ I, Land I, a = 2 - [1] (b) E,, Es, Ry, Ry, Ry I, and J, in loop WXYZW, (Total: 3] ‘© uctes 2017 970272:101NNT [Turn overPage 132 of 222 7 (@) Define the ohm. (b) Wires are used to connect a battery of negligible internal resistance to a lamp, asishown in wie -—-4 he Fig. 7.1 The lamp is at its normal operating temperature. Some data for the filament wire of the lamp and for the connecting wires of the circuit are shown in'Fig. 7.2. filament wire connecting wires diameter d 14d total length L 7.0L resistivity of metal i (at normal oper ° Cae Fig. 7.2 () Show that resistance of filament wire {otal resistance of connecting wires = 1°00. (2) ‘@UCLES 2017 97022 /0NNITPage 133 of 222 (ii) Use the information in (i) to explain qualitatively why the power dissipated in the filament wire of the lamp is greater than the total power dissipated in the connecting wires. 1] (iil) The lamp is rated as 12V, 6.0W. Use the information in (I) to determine the total resistance of the connecting wires. total resistance of connecting wires = Q13) (iv) The diameter of the connecting wires is decreased. The total length of the connecting wires and the resistivity of the metal of the connecting wires remain the same. ‘State and explain the change, it any, that occurs to the resistance of the filament wire of the lamp. [Total: 10] ‘© uctes 2017 970272:101NNT [Turn overPage 134 of 222 6 (a) State what is meant by an electric current. (b) Ametal wire has length L and cross-sectional area A, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Fig.6.1 Tis the current in the wire, nis the number of free electrons per unit volume in the wire, vis the average drift speed of a free electron and eis the charge on an electron. (1) State, in terms of A, e, L and n, an expression for the total charge of the free electrons in the wire. ft] Use your answer in (i) to show that the current is given by the equation I- Ave. (2) (ce) Ametal wire in a citcuit is damaged. The resistivity of the metal is unchanged but the cross- sectional area of the wire is reduced over a length of 3.0mm, as shown in Fig. 6.2. 3.0mm |” damaged length cuffent ___> 0.690 0.504 cross-section X cross-section Y Fig.6.2 ‘The wire has diameter d at cross-section X and diameter 0.69d at cross-section Y. The current in the wire is 0.50A. ‘@ UCLES 2017 9702r200(NATPage 135 of 222 (i) Determine the ratio average drift speed of free electrons at cross-section Y average drift speed of free electrons at cross-section X ratio . [2] (ii) The main part of the wire with cross-section X has a resistance per unit length of 1.7x10%0m" For the damaged length of the wire, calculate 1. the resistance per unit length, resistance per unit length = 7 Om 2] 2. the power dissipated. power = wel (ili) The diameter of the damaged length of the wire is further decreased. Assume that the current in the wife remains constant. State and explain qualitatively the change, if any, to the power dissipated in the damaged length of the wire. [2] (Total: 12] ‘© uctes 2017 97022001NN7 [Turn overPage 136 of 222 6 filament lamp is rated as 30W, 120V. A potential difference of 120 is applied across the lamp. (a) For the filament wire of the lamp, calculate () the current, current = . Al] (ii) the number of electrons passing a point in 3.0 hours. number = : 2] (b) Show that the resistance of the filament wire is 4802. (2) (c) The filament wire has an uncoiled length of 580mm and is made of metal. The metal has resistivity 6.1 x 10-7Qm at the operating temperature of the lamp. Calculate the diameter of the wire. diameter = m[3} (a) The potential difference across the lamp is now reduced. State and explain the effect, if any, ‘on the resistance of the filament wire. it] Total: 10] ‘@ UCLES 2017 702/2010(NATPage 137 of 222 5 (a) State Kirchhoft’s second law. [2] (b) Two batteries, each of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 6.0V and negligible internal resistance, are connected in series with three resistors, as shown in Fig. 5.1 402 * al 15 Fig. 5.1 Resistor X has resistance 4.0@ and resistor Y has resistance 1.59. () The resistance A of the variable resistor is changed until the voltmeter in the circuit reads zero. Calculate 1. the current in the circuit, I 7 Alt] 2. the résistance A. 212) ‘© UCLES 2018 702228Page 138 of 222 (ii) Resistors X and Y are wires made from the same material. The diameter of the wire of X is twice the diameter of the wire of Y. Determine the ratio average drift speed of free electrons in X average drift speed of free electrons in Y ratio = ... (2) (ili) The resistance F of the variable resistor is now increased. ‘State and explain the effect of the increase in Aon the power transformed by each of the batteries, ™ 5 [3] [Total: 10] ‘© uctes 2018 roo [Turn overPage 139 of 222 6 (a) Define the vott “ty (b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.1.) 4.5V and negligible internal resistance is connected to two filament lamps P and Q and a resistor R, as shown in Fig. 6.1. Ay Fig. 6.1 The current in lamp P is 0.15A. The I-V characteristics of the filament lamps are'shown in Fig. 6.2. 0.20: DA 0.15: 0.10: 0.05: viv Fig, 6.2 (i) Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the current in the battery. Explain your working. current = © UCLES 2018 svo2einansPage 140 of 222 (ii) Calculate the resistance of resistor F. resistance = A Qf) (iil) The filament wires of the two lamps are made from material with the same resistivity at their operating temperature in the circuit. The diameter of the wite of lamp P is twice the diameter of the wire of lamp Q. Determine the ratio length of filament wire of lamp P. length of filament wire of lamp Q” ratio = . [3] (iv) The filament wire of lamp Q breaks and stops conducting. State and explain, qualitatively, the effect on the resistance of lamp P. ~ 7 7 7 [2] [Total: 10] ‘© uctes 2018 srozrevnauie [Turn overPage 141 of 222 6 (a) (i) State Kirchhof's first law. (1 (il) Kirchhoft's first law is linked to the conservation of a certain quantity. State this quantity. . 2 hey [1] (b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m..) 80 and internal resistance 2,0 is connected to a resistor X and a wire Y, as shown in Fig. 6.1 wire Y Fig, 6.4 The resistance of X is 1522. The resistance of Y is Ay. The current in the battery is 2.5A. () Calculate 1. the thermal eneray dissipated in the battery in a time of 5.0 minutes, energy = : Ja 2. the terminal potential difference of the battery. terminal potential difference = vit] ‘© UCLES 2018 svozreenwane