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S.M.1-UINT3
BENDING STRESSES IN BEAMS
‘The stresses produced due to constarit Bending Moitient (with zeroSkear Force or pure bending) are
known as Bending stresses,
“sh, Simple bending theory
Bending stress is resistance offered by the internal stresses to the bending caused by bending morhent
ata section. The process of bending stops, when every cross-section sets up full resistance to the
bending moment. Itonly couples are applied to the ends of the beam and no fotces acted on the bar,
the bending is termed as pure bending.
For example, the portion of beam between the two downward forces is subjected to pure bending,
The bending produced by forces that do not form cotiples is called ordinary bending. A beam
subjected to pure bending has only normal stresses with no shearing set up in it. A beam subjected to
ordinary bending has both normal and shearing stresses acting within it.
Now, itis q length of beam is acted upon by a constant bending moment (zero shearing force) as
;, Shown below in figure; The banding moment will be saine at all point along the bar ie, a condition of
* pure bending, : : :
2. Assumptions in Theory of Bending
'n deriving the telétions between the bending moments and flexural (bending)'stresses the following
assumptions are made. .
1.-The material of the beam is isotropic and homogeneous and follows Hooke's law
value of Young's Modulus in tension and compression.
2 Transverse sections of the beam that were plane before bending remains plane even after bending
also.
S.The beam is initially straight and subjected to Pure bending, all longitudinal fillimants bends in an
arc of a circle with common center of curvature
4-The radius of curvature is large compared to the dimension of the cross-section.
5.Each layer is indepéndent to enlarge or contract.
6.The stresses are purely longitudinal and local effects of point loads are
and has the same
neglected.
3. Flexural / bending formula . .
To. determine the distribution of bending :
sstress.in.the beam, let.us cut the beam by a
plane passing through it in a direction : ‘
perpendicular to the geometric axis of the bar.’ =
+ Let the sections be AB and CD normal to the’
axis of the beam, Due to the action of bending
moment, the beam as a whole bend as shown
in figure, -
Prof-Kodali SrinivasSince, we are considering a small length of dx of the beam, the curvature of the beam could be
considered to be circular, Because of it, top layer of the beam AC suffers compression and lowest
layer BD suffers extension.
The amount of compression or-extansion depends upon the position of the layer with respect to NN’
“The layer NN’ is neither compressed nor stretched and has zero stress. It is called neutral suirfaces of
neutral plane.
Fr
figure, wehave :
fh of layer PQ after applying moment = P’Q’ = (R - y)o
Decrease in length of PQ = PQ- PQ’ g
Strain ‘e” = Change in length/ original length (PQ - P'Q’) / PO
={[R-(R-y)o] / Ro =[R-R+y]/R=y/R
Since from figure NN’ = PQ = Ro
‘Therefore the strain in the layer
y/R
Butweknow E=o/e > o=eE
Ss IRIE ,
(E/R)y.
o/y=E/R (1)
-».Wherg....E is the modulas of elasticity. :
R is radius of curvature of neutral axis, .
y distance of layer under consideration from neutral axis
Thus, Since, E/R is constant, the stress is proportional to the distance from neutfal axis as showin in
fig. the strain produced in a layer is also proportional to its distance from neutral axis.
Thus, of the purpose of economy and weight reduction the material should be concentrated as much
as possible at the greatest distance from neutral axis, Hence, I sections should be preferred
Prof.Kodali Srinivas S.M.1 Page 6“3.1 Moment of Resistance
A Comeression
,
vais
; The momeht due to thé normial'stresses on an arbitrary beam cross
section and equating it to the applied internal motnent. This is
the same as applying the moment
equilibrium equation about the neutral axis (NA).
Se eee + DMs = : : : 3
SyCdrjam 0 oe
~JyodA =m
For a positive moment, the top stresses will be in compression (
stresses will be in tension (positive stress)
can be changed by using equation (1) ,
(negative stress) and the bottoni
and thus the negative sign in the equation, This equation
o/y=E/R
5 ryZaa
aly7da=M
+, ltis'interesting to note that the integi
ral isthe, area mothent of inertia, |. or the second momerit of the area, Using
the area moment of inertia gives
EVR=M
ree . ER=MA —Q), .
4. Flexure/ Bending Formula: ~~ bt Ho
_ By taking equations one and two, the bending equation is given by,
M/L= fy =E/R
Where M = Bending Moment
{= Moment of inertia about Neutral axis (N.A.), £= Bending stress (0)
¥ = Distance of the fiber from N.A. R = Radius of Curvature, E = Young's Modulus
This equation may be remember as :
"May I flow you Every Rule "- M/I = f/y = ER
__ 5. Location of Neutral Axis
+ The neutre
axis is always lotated at the eentroid (gécitetric cénter) of the cioss Section6, Section modulus
Jt isa geometric property for a given cross-section used. in thie design of -bedms_ dr: flexiizal
members. The elastic section modulus is defined as
Z=1/ ymax,
where Lis the second moment of area (or moment of inertia) and
Ymax is the distance from the Neutral axis to any extreme fibre.
M/I= f/y
M=f (Vy)
But the maximum stress fx Will occurs when the distance y is maximum - y max
‘The maxium moment of resistance M = fmax (I/¥ max )
. M& fimax.Z.
Note: A given value of allowable bending stress the moment of resistance depends upon the value of
section modulus. 5
* The strength of a section means the miomient of resistance offered by‘the section
621
Section Modulus Of Various Sections
> Rectangle section - Z= b d2/6
» Hollow Rectangle section - Z = (BD? - bd?/6
» Solid circular section Z = nd¥/32
> Hollow circular Section Z =n( D4 - d3)/32D
~ Other sections we calculate the Z by using Moment of Inertia of section about its Neutra! axis
(1a) and maximum fiber distance ¢ymay form N.A
UNIT-3 SM.-1 ASSINMENT ~ItL
1. Write assumptions iit simple beriding theory and derive simple bending equations
2, A beam of I section has overall dimensions of 350150 mm. The thickness of flange and web are 10
nim. Caleulate the maximum bending stress across a section and draw the stress distribution, if the beam
rries a udl of 12 kN/m for span of Sm.” :
3. Deline séction-modults'and derive section modulus for rectangular and.circular-séctions
4. Compare the strength of solid circular, rectangular and 1 |.” °
sections of equal weight a
* 5. A cantilever beam of 230mm Wide and 350mm deep is 4m L222
long. It is loaded with udl of 4KN/m over the entire length and a
point load of SKN is placed at the free end. Find the maximum
7
A |
ending stresses produced in the beam and draw stress Z | 250 mm
distribution diagram, i pean
6. The maximum bending moment acting in an I~ section (shown EA
in fig 40KN-m. Find the maximum bending stress developed in BE sis
the section and draw shear stress distribution diagram LLL 25. 104
: F : 200 mm