HKDSE CHEMISTRY — A Modern View (Second Edition)

Part III Metals

Chemistry: Chapter 12 Reacting masses

Combined Science (Chemistry Part): Chapter 12 Reacting masses

Structured questions

Sections 12.112.2
|!|CMELH0031200001|!| |!|CSELH0031200001|!|
(a) If 1 g of contains y atoms, how many atoms do 7 g of contain?
(Relative atomic masses: N = 14.0, O = 16.0)
(Express your answer in terms of y.) (3 marks)

(b) If 1 mol of XO2 contains the same number of atoms as 60 g of XO3, what is the
molar mass of XO2? (4 marks)

##

(a) Number of moles of atoms in 1 g of = mol 1

× Avogadro constant = y

Avogadro constant = 16y

Number of moles of atoms in 7 g of = mol = 0.5 mol 1

Number of atoms in 7 g of = 0.5 × 16y = 8y 1

(b) Let the relative atomic mass of X be z, and the Avogadro constant be L.

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Number of atoms in 60 g of XO3 = ×L×4 1

Number of atoms in 1 mol of XO2 = 1 × L × 3 = 3L 1

3L = ×L×4

z = 32 1
∴ molar mass of XO2 is (32.0 + 16.0 × 2) g mol1 = 64.0 g mol1 1
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|!|CMELF0031200009|!| |!|CSELF0031200009|!|
The bromide of a metal X has the formula of XBr2 and contains 50% by mass of X.

(a) Determine the relative atomic mass of X. (2 marks)

(Relative atomic mass: Br = 79.9)

(b) With reference to the Periodic Table, suggest what X might be. (1 mark)

(c) Comment on the stability of this bromide. (1 mark)

(d) Suggest a method to extract X from its bromide. (1 mark)

##
(a) Let the relative atomic mass of X be x.

Percentage by mass of X in XBr2 = × 100%

50% = × 100% 1

x = 159.8 1
(b) Platinum 1

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(c) The bromide is not stable as platinum is an unreactive metal. 1

(d) Heating the bromide alone in air 1
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Section 12.3
|!|CMELF0031200002|!| |!|CSELF0031200002|!|
(a) Determine the mass/total mass of metal(s) in the following compounds.
(i) 20.0 g of FeSO4 • 7H2O (2 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Fe = 55.8)

(ii) 100.0 g of KMnO4 (2 marks)

(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, K = 39.1, Mn = 54.9)

(iii) 50.0 g of K2Cr2O7 (2 marks)

(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, K = 39.1, Cr = 52.0)

(b) 2.8 g of a metal M combines with 1.2 g of oxygen to give M2O3. Determine the
relative atomic mass of M. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic mass: O = 16.0)

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##
(a) (i) Molar mass of FeSO4 • 7H2O
= [55.8 + 32.1 + 16.0 × 4 + 7 × (1.0 × 2 + 16.0)] g mol1
= 277.9 g mol1 1

Mass of metal in 20.0 g of FeSO4 • 7 H2O = 20.0 g × = 4.02 g 1

(ii) Molar mass of KMnO4

= (39.1 + 54.9 + 16.0 × 4) g mol1 = 158.0 g mol1 1
Total mass of metals in 100.0 g of KMnO4

= 100.0 g × = 59.5 g 1

(iii) Molar mass of K2Cr2O7

= (39.1 × 2 + 52.0 × 2 + 16.0 × 7) g mol1 = 294.2 g mol1 1
Total mass of metals in 50.0 g of K2Cr2O7

= 50.0 g × = 31.0 g 1

(b) 4M(s) + 3O2(g)  2M2O3(s)

Number of moles of O2 used = = 0.038 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of M : O2 = 4 : 3.

Number of moles of M used = 0.038 mol × = 0.050 mol 1

Let the relative atomic mass of M be y.

= 0.050

∴ y = 56 1
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Section 12.4
|!|CMELH0031200003|!| |!|CSELH0031200003|!|
5.8 g of a dry gaseous compound X (containing carbon and hydrogen only) were
completely burnt in excess dry oxygen. The products were passed through a drying
agent, and it was found that 9.0 g of water had formed.

(a) Suggest a suitable drying agent for this experiment. (1 mark)

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(b) Calculate the mass of hydrogen in 9.0 g of water. (1 mark)

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0)

(c) Calculate the mass of carbon in 5.8 g of X. (1 mark)

(Relative atomic mass: C = 12.0)

(d) Determine the empirical formula of X. (3 marks)

##
(a) Phosphorus(V) oxide / P2O5 1
(b) Molar mass of H2O = (1.0 × 2 + 16.0) g mol1 = 18.0 g mol1

Mass of H in 9.0 g of water = 9.0 g × = 1.0 g 1

(c) Mass of C in 5.8 g of X = (5.8  1.0) g = 4.8 g 1

(d) Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from compound X,
C H
Mass (g) 4.8 1.0
Number of moles of atoms
= 0.4 = 1.0
(mol)

Mole ratio of atoms =1 = 2.5

Simplest whole number mole 1×2=2 2.5 × 2 = 5

ratio of atoms
2
∴ the empirical formula of compound X is C2H5. 1

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|!|CMELF0031200004|!| |!|CSELF0031200004|!|
A compound X containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen gave the following
results on analysis: 3.72 g of the substance gave 5.28 g of carbon dioxide and 3.24 g
of water on complete combustion.

(a) Calculate the masses of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the sample of X.
(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0) (3 marks)

(b) Determine the empirical formula of compound X. (4 marks)

##
(a) Since all the C in CO2 and H in H2O came from the same compound X,

mass of C in compound X = 5.28 g × = 1.44 g 1

mass of H in compound X = 3.24 g × = 0.36 g 1

mass of O in compound X = (3.72  1.44  0.36) g = 1.99 g 1

(b)
C H O

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Mass (g) 1.44 0.36 1.92

Number of moles of
= 0.12 = 0.36 = 0.12
atoms (mol)

Mole ratio of atoms =1 =3 =1

3
∴ the empirical formula of compound X is CH3O. 1
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|!|CMELF0031200005|!| |!|CSELF0031200005|!|
Copper can be extracted from copper ore containing copper(II) sulphide, by heating
the ore with a reducing agent.

(a) Suggest a solid reducing agent that can be used in the extraction. (1 mark)

(b) Write chemical equations to illustrate the reactions involved in the extraction
process. (2 marks)

(c) Explain why lead extraction requires a higher temperature than copper extraction
does. (3 marks)

(d) Besides the above method, suggest another method to extract copper. (1 mark)

(e) What is the mass of reducing agent (suggested in (a)) that is required to extract
all copper from 8.604 g of copper(II) sulphide? (4 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: S = 32.1, Cu = 63.5)

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##
(a) Carbon / coke 1
(b) 2CuS(s) + 3O2(g)  2CuO(s) + 2SO2(g) 1
2CuO(s) + C(s)  2Cu(s) + CO2(g) 1
(c) Lead is more reactive than copper. 1
Lead compounds are more stable than copper compounds. 1
As a result, more energy is needed to convert lead compounds to lead. 1
(d) Add zinc powder to copper(II) sulphate solution. (Or any other correct
displacement reactions) 1
(e) Consider the following equations:
2CuS(s) + 3O2(g)  2CuO(s) + 2SO2(g) …………..(I)
2CuO(s) + C(s)  2Cu(s) + CO2(g) ….……………(II)

Number of moles of CuS(s) present = = 0.0900 mol 1

From equation (I), mole ratio of CuS : CuO = 1:1.

∴ number of moles of CuO formed = 0.0900 mol 1
From equation (II), mole ratio of CuO : C = 2:1.
∴ number of moles of C needed = 0.0450 mol 1
Mass of C needed = 0.0450 mol × 12.0 g mol1 = 0.540 g 1
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|!|CMELH0031200010|!| |!|CSELH0031200010|!|
Metal M can form two oxides, X and Y. Dry hydrogen is passed over a heated oxide Y
as shown below.

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oxide Y excess H2 burns

dry hydrogen

heat

The empirical formula of Y is M2O3. It is found that 6.0 g of Y is reduced to 4.2 g of

M.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reduction of Y by hydrogen. (1 mark)

(b) Determine the relative atomic mass of M. (3 marks)

(Relative atomic mass: O = 16.0)

(c) In another experiment, 5.4 g of X is also reduced by hydrogen to give 4.2 g of M.

Determine the empirical formula of X. (3 marks)

##
(a) M2O3(s) + 3H2(g)  2M(s) + 3H2O(l) 1
(b) Let the relative atomic mass of M be z.

Number of moles of M2O3 used = = mol

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Number of moles of M = mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of M2O3 : M = 1:2.

∴ = 1

6.0z = 4.2z + 100.8

1.8z = 100.8
z = 56.0 1
(c) For the reduction of X,
M O
Mass (g) 4.2 5.4 – 4.2 = 1.2
Number of moles of atoms
= 0.075 = 0.075
(mol)
Mole ratio of atoms
=1 =1

2
∴ the empirical formula of X is MO. 1
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|!|CMELH0031200011|!| |!|CSELH0031200011|!|
In a gas lighter, a spark is produced when a piece of metal hits the flint of the gas
lighter and reacts immediately with the oxygen in air. The spark ignites town gas.

(a) Commonly used metals in gas lighters include cerium and iron.
(i) Cerium reacts with the oxygen in air to form Ce2O3. Write the equation for
the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(ii) Iron forms an oxide with oxygen. The percentage by mass of iron in the
oxide is 72.3%. Deduce the empirical formula of the oxide. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Fe = 55.8)

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(b) The chemical composition of the flint is SiO2. Explain why the flint is very hard.
(2 marks)

(c) Town gas is mainly composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen.

(i) Write chemical equations for the combustion of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen respectively. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain why you should never switch on the fan if you suspect there is a
leakage of town gas. (1 mark)

##
(a) (i) 4Ce(s) + 3O2(g)  2Ce2O3(s) 1
(ii) Assume that there are 100 g of the oxide.
Fe O
Mass (g) 72.3 100 – 72.3 = 27.7
Number of moles of atoms
= 1.30 = 1.73
(mol)
Mole ratio of atoms
=1 = 1.33

Simplest whole number mole 3 4

ratio of atoms
2
∴ the empirical formula of the oxide is Fe3O4. 1
(b) SiO2 has a giant covalent structure. 1

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The Si and O atoms in the structure are held together by strong covalent
bond. 1
(c) (i) 2CO(g) + O2(g)  2CO2(g) 1
2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) 1
(ii) Switching on any electrical appliances may trigger off a spark which
ignite the excess town gas / cause explosion. 1
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|!|CMELH0031200012|!| |!|CSELH0031200012|!|
Copper is a transition metal. It has two natural isotopes, 63Cu and 65Cu.

(a) Define the term ‘isotope’. (1 mark)

(b) What is the number of neutrons in 65Cu? (1 mark)

(c) It is known that the relative atomic mass of Cu is 63.5. Calculate the relative
abundance of 65Cu in nature. (2 marks)

(d) An oxide of copper has the following composition by mass: Cu: 88.8%; O:
11.2%.
(i) Determine the empirical formula of the oxide of copper. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Cu = 63.5)

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of the oxide of copper with

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carbon monoxide. (1 mark)

##
(a) Isotopes are different atoms of the same element, with the same number
of protons but different numbers of neutrons. 1
(b) 36 1
(c) Let the relative abundance of 65Cu in nature be y%.
63.5 = 63 × (100  y)% + 65 × y% 1
y = 25 1
∴ the relative abundance of 65Cu is 25%.
(d) (i) Assume that there are 100 g of the oxide of copper.
Cu O
Mass (g) 88.8 11.2
Number of moles of
= 1.40 = 0.7
atoms (mol)
Mole ratio of atoms 2 1
2
∴ the empirical formula of the oxide of copper is Cu2O. 1
(ii) Cu2O(s) + CO(g)  2Cu(s) + CO2(g) 1
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Section 12.5
|!|CMELF0031200006|!| |!|CSELF0031200006|!|
Silver forms if zinc powder or magnesium powder is added to silver nitrate solution.

(a) Explain why the silver formation is slower if magnesium ribbon is used instead
of magnesium powder. (1 mark)

(b) Calculate the mass of magnesium powder that should be added to silver nitrate
solution to obtain 5.0 g of silver. (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: Mg = 24.3, Ag = 107.9)

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(c) If 0.8 g of zinc reacts with excess silver nitrate solution, what is the mass of
silver obtained? (3 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: Zn = 65.4, Ag = 107.9)

##
(a) Magnesium powder provides a larger surface area for the reaction to occur. 1
(b) Mg(s) + 2Ag (aq)  Mg (aq) + 2Ag(s)
+ 2+

Number of moles of Ag = = 0.046 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of Mg : Ag = 1 : 2.

∴ number of moles of Mg = = 0.023 mol 1

Mass of Mg that should be added = 0.023 mol × 24.3 g mol1 = 0.56 g 1

(c) Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  Zn2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) 1

Number of moles of Zn used = = 0.012 mol

From the equation, mole ratio of Zn : Ag = 1 : 2.

∴ number of moles of Ag formed = 0.012 mol × 2 = 0.024 mol 1
1
Mass of Ag formed = 0.024 mol × 107.9 g mol = 2.59 g 1
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|!|CMELH0031200007|!| |!|CSELH0031200007|!|
X, Y and Z are three different metals, having a charge of +2 when in form of oxides.
The table below shows the results of two experiments about the metals.

Experiment Metal X Metal Y Metal Z

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Adding metal to dilute

Gas evolved No reaction Gas evolved
hydrochloric acid
Adding metal to cold
No reaction No reaction Gas evolved
water

(a) Arrange the three metals in ascending order of reactivity. (1 mark)

(b) Which metal forms the most stable oxide? Explain your answer. (2 marks)

(c) When 0.42 g of molten oxide of metal Y undergoes electrolysis, it decomposes

completely to give 0.12 g of oxygen. Calculate the formula mass of the oxide and
the relative atomic mass of Y. (4 marks)
(Relative atomic mass: O = 16.0)

##
(a) Y < X < Z 1
(b) Metal Z 1
Metal Z is the most reactive and hence its oxide is the most stable. 1
(c) 2YO  2Y + O2

Number of moles of O2 in 0.12 g of O2 = = 0.00375 mol 1

Number of moles of YO = 2 × number of moles of oxygen = 0.0075 mol 1

Formula mass of YO = = 56.0 1

Relative atomic mass of Y = 56.0 – 16.0 = 40.0 1

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|!|CMELA0031200008|!| |!|CSELA0031200008|!|
A mixture of zinc sulphide and zinc oxide is heated. After strong heating, 0.52 g of a
gaseous product A forms. The residue is then heated strongly with excess carbon. 0.70
g of another gaseous product B forms after the reaction is complete.

(a) Name products A and B. (2 marks)

(b) Write the chemical equations for the reactions involved in the formation of A and
B respectively. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the mass of zinc sulphide in the mixture. (2 marks)

(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Zn = 65.4)

(d) Calculate the percentage by mass of zinc oxide in the mixture. (4 marks)
(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Zn = 65.4)

##
(a) A: sulphur dioxide 1
B: carbon dioxide 1

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(b) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)  2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g) 1

2ZnO(s) + C(s)  2Zn(s) + CO2(g) 1
(c) 2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)  2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)

Number of moles of SO2 = = 0.0081 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of ZnS : SO2 = 1 : 1.

∴ number of moles of ZnS = 0.0081 mol
Mass of ZnS in the mixture = 0.0081 mol × (65.4 + 32.1) g mol1 = 0.79 g 1
(d) 2ZnO(s) + C(s)  2Zn(s) + CO2(g)

Number of moles of CO2 = = 0.016 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of ZnO : CO2 = 2 : 1

∴ number of moles of ZnO = 0.016 mol × 2 = 0.032 mol
Mass of ZnO = 0.032 mol × (65.4 + 16.0) g mol1 = 2.60 g 1
Total mass of ZnO reacted with carbon is 2.60 g. This includes the ZnO
originally present in the mixture and the product from the reaction of ZnS
with oxygen. Therefore, mass of ZnO originally present in the mixture =
2.60 g – [0.0081 mol × (65.4 + 16.0) g mol1] = 1.94 g 1
Total mass of the mixture = 0.79 g + 1.94 g = 2.73 g

Percentage by mass of ZnO in the mixture = × 100% = 71.1% 1

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|!|CMELF0031200013|!| |!|CSELF0031200013|!|
In excess oxygen, potassium would burn to form potassium superoxide (KO2).

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction of potassium with oxygen to give
potassium superoxide. (1 mark)

(b) Potassium superoxide reacts with water to give potassium hydroxide and oxygen.
Write an equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(c) Calculate the mass of potassium superoxide produced when 3.91 g of potassium
reacts with 2.56 g of oxygen. (Assume that only potassium superoxide forms
during the reaction.) (3 marks)

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(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, K = 39.1)

##
(a) K(s) + O2(g)  KO2(s) 1
(b) 4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  4KOH(aq) + 3O2(g) 1
(c) K(s) + O2(g)  KO2(s)

Number of moles of K = = 0.10 mol 1

Number of moles of O2 = = 0.08 mol 1

From the equation, mole ratio of K : O2 = 1 : 1.

∴ K is in excess.
Number of moles of KO2 produced = 0.08 mol
Mass of KO2 produced = 0.08 mol × (39.1 + 16.0 × 2) g mol1 = 5.69 g 1
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|!|CMELF0031200014|!| |!|CSELF0031200014|!|
A student investigated a displacement reaction by putting a piece of iron into
copper(II) sulphate solution.

(a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction involved. (1 mark)

(b) State TWO observable changes during the reaction. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the theoretical mass of copper produced when excess iron was added to
a solution containing 60.0 g of copper(II) sulphate. (3 marks)

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(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Cu = 63.5)

(d) The student finally obtained 19.8 g of copper. Calculate the percentage yield of
the reaction. (1 mark)

##
(a) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq)  Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s) 1
(b) Any TWO:
- The solution changed from blue to pale green. 1
- The iron piece dissolved. 1
- Reddish brown deposits formed on the iron piece. (1)
(c) CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s)  FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Number of moles of CuSO4 = = 0.376

mol 1
From the equation, mole ratio of CuSO4 : Cu = 1 : 1.
∴ number of moles of Cu produced = 0.376 mol 1
Mass of Cu produced = 0.376 mol × 63.5 g mol1 = 23.9 g 1

(d) Percentage yield of the reaction = × 100% = 82.8% 1

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|!|CMELF0031200015|!| |!|CSELF0031200015|!|
9.44 g of hydrated copper(II) sulphate (CuSO4 • nH2O) was heated strongly in a
crucible. After heating for 30 minutes, 6.06 g of solid was left.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction occurred. (1 mark)

(b) State ONE observable change during the reaction. (1 mark)

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(c) Calculate the value of n in the hydrated copper(II) sulphate. (3 marks)

(Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16.0, S = 32.1, Cu = 63.5)

(d) Hence, calculate the percentage by mass of water in the hydrated copper(II)
sulphate. (2 marks)

##
(a) CuSO4 • nH2O(s)  CuSO4(s) + nH2O(l) 1
(b) The solid changed from blue to white. 1
(c)
CuSO4 H2O
Mass (g) 6.06 9.44  6.06 = 3.38
Number of moles
= 0.038 =
of atoms (mol)
0.188
Mole ratio of
=1 = 4.95
atoms
2
∴n=5 1
(d) Formula mass of CuSO4 • 5H2O
= (63.5 + 32.1 + 1.0 × 10 + 16.0 × 9) g mol1 = 249.6 1

Percentage by mass of water = × 100% = 36.1% 1

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|!|CMELF0031200016|!| |!|CSELF0031200016|!|
Aluminium can be extracted by electrolysis of molten bauxite, which contains mainly
aluminium oxide (Al2O3). The following diagram shows the simplified structure of the
electrolytic cell used to extract aluminium.
 + graphite

a molten mixture of
aluminium ore and cryolite
steel cell
molten aluminium

(a) Explain why cryolite is added to the molten ore. (1 mark)

(b) Suggest a chemical test for the gas evolved at the positive electrode. (2 marks)

(c) Calculate the percentage by mass of aluminium in aluminium oxide. (2 marks)

(Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Al = 27.0)

(d) Calculate the theoretical mass of aluminium that can be extracted from 2000 kg
of bauxite. (Assume that the ore contains aluminium oxide only.) (3 marks)

(e) At the end of the extraction, 981 kg of aluminium is obtained. Calculate the
percentage yield of the extraction. (2 marks)

##

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(a) To lower the melting point of the molten ore. 1

(b) Test the gas with a glowing splint. 1
It relights the glowing splint. 1

(c) Percentage by mass of Al in Al2O3 = × 100% 1

= 52.9% 1
(d) 2Al2O3  4Al + 3O2

Number of moles of Al2O3 = = 1.96 × 104

mol 1
From the equation, mole ratio of Al2O3 : Al = 1 : 2.
∴ number of moles of Al produced = 1.96 × 104 mol × 2 = 3.92 × 104 mol 1
Mass of Al produced = 3.92 × 104 mol × 27.0 g mol1 = 1.06 × 106 g 1

(e) Percentage yield = × 100% 1

= 92.5% 1
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