Matter in Our

Surroundings

GRADE 09
 Topics to Be Covered

1. Physical Nature of
Matter

1.1 Introduction to matter

2. Characteristics of 1.2 Composition of Matter
Particles of Matter

2.1 Have interparticle spaces

2.2 Are in continuous motion
2.3 Have interparticle force
of attraction
3. States of Matter

3.1 Solid state

3.2 Liquid state
3.3 Gaseous state
4. Interconversion of
state of matter

4.1 Effect of change in

temperature
5. Evaporation
4.2 Effect of change in
pressure
5.1 Introduction to
evaporation
5.2 Factors affecting
evaporation
5.3 Evaporation causes
cooling
 MIND MAP

Matter in our
Surroundings

Characteristics States of
of particle of Matter
Matter

Have interparticle
space Interconversion
Are in Continuous
motion Solid State

Have interparticle
force of attraction Liquid State

Effect of Temperature Gaseous State

Effect of Pressure

Evaporation
 1. Physical Nature of Matter

1.1 Introduction to matter

Matter is defined as any substance that has

mass and volume; can be perceived by senses.

1.2 Composition of Matter

Tiny
particles

Experimental study:

10 ml 10 ml 10 ml 10 ml

The solution of potassium permanganate is kept

on diluting with water, colour becomes lighter. One
crystal of potassium permanganate has millions
of tiny particles which keep on dividing
themselves into smaller and smaller particles. It
concludes that matter is made up of tiny particles.
 2. Characteristics of Matter
of Particles

2.1 Have interparticle spaces

Spaces between two adjacent particles in a

matter is known as interparticle spaces.

Sugar
particle

Water
particle
Interparticle
space

Spaces between water

particles are occupied
by sugar particles.
Sugar

2.2 Are in continuous motion

Particles of matter are in continuous motion as

they have kinetic energy.

As the temperature rises, kinetic energy of

particles also increases which result in an increase
in the motion of particles.
 2. Characteristics of Matter
of Particles

2.3 Have interparticle force of attraction

Particles of matter have force acting between

them which keep particles together. This force is
known as interparticle force of attraction.

Box

Diffusion
The intermixing of particles of two different types
of matter on their own is known as diffusion.

Water
particle
Tea
particle

As the temperature increases, the rate of diffusion

becomes faster due to an increase in the kinetic
energy of particles.
 3. States of Matter

3.1 Solid state

● Definite shape
● Definite volume
● Mostly incompressible
● Rigid

3.2 Liquid state

● Indefinite shape
● Definite volume
● Mostly incompressible
● Have fluidity

3.3 Gaseous state

● Indefinite shape
● Indefinite volume
● Easily compressible
● Have fluidity
 4. Interconversion of States
of Matter

4.1 Effect of change in temperature

Interconversion of states of matter can be done

by either decreasing or increasing the
temperature.

Increase temperature
Sublimation

Decrease temperature
Solid Deposition Gas

Liquid

Increase in temperature, increases the

interparticle space and kinetic energy
of particle.
 4. Interconversion of States
of Matter

4.2 Effect of change in pressure

Interconversion of states of matter can also be
done by either decreasing or increasing the
pressure.

Increase in pressure

Decrease in pressure

Increase in pressure, decreases

the interparticle space.
 5. Evaporation

5.1 Introduction to evaporation

The process of converting a liquid into a gas at

any temperature below its boiling point is called
evaporation.

It is a surface phenomenon.

Evaporation is a surface phenomena

while boiling is a bulk phenomena.
 5. Evaporation

5.2 Factors affecting evaporation

Temperature

An increase in temperature
increases the rate of
evaporation because more
liquid particles will gain
sufficient kinetic energy to
break free from the force of
attraction of the particles
and evaporate.

Humidity

Increased humidity in the

atmosphere would decrease
the rate of evaporation as
there would be a lot of water
content already present in the
air making the air around
saturated.
 5. Evaporation

5.2 Factors affecting evaporation

Wind speed

If there is an increase in wind

speed, the particles of water
vapour will move away from
the air, which will increase the
rate of evaporation.

Surface area

When we increase the surface

area, i.e. if we spread the
clothes to let them dry, the
evaporation is faster. This is
because simply there is a
greater surface area for the
liquid particles to escape from.
 5. Evaporation

5.3 Evaporation causes cooling

Cooled water in an earthen pot

Evaporation causes cooling because the particles

of liquid absorb energy from the surroundings to
regain the energy lost during evaporation. This
absorption of energy from the surroundings
makes the surroundings cold.
 Important Questions

1 1 Mark
What are the three characteristics of the particles of
matter?

The characteristics of particles of matter are:

1. They have interparticle spaces.

2. They are in continuous motion.

3. They have interparticle forces of attraction.

[1 Mark]

2 1 Mark

A gas completely occupies the vessel in which it is

kept. Justify.

Gases have very weak interparticle forces of

attraction and they have large interparticle spaces.
Due to this, the particles freely move in any random
directions. Hence it completely occupies the vessel
in which it is kept.
[1 Mark]
 Important Questions

3 2 Marks
What is matter? Find which of the following are
matter? Chair, air, love, smell, hate, almond, thought,
cold, cold drink.

Anything that occupies space and has mass is

called matter. Matter can be perceived by our
senses.
[1 Mark]
From the options given to us, chair, air, almond, and
cold drink are examples of matter as they have
mass and volume(occupy space). Love, smell, hate,
thought, and cold do not occupy space and they
do not have mass. Therefore, they are not
considered as matter. [1 Mark]

2 Marks
4 Try to break a piece of chalk, a piece of charcoal, and
a piece of iron. In which of the above three
substances would you find the force of attraction
between the particles to be highest?
The particles of matter have force of attraction acting
between them. This interparticle force of attraction
keeps the particles together.
[1 Mark]
The strength of the force of attraction between the
particles varies from one kind of matter to another.
Among all the options given, a metal piece of iron
does not break easily. So, iron has the highest force of
attraction between its particles among all the
options. [1 Mark]
 Important Questions

3 Marks
5
Illustrate with the help of examples that particles of
matter are continuously moving?

1. The smell of food being cooked in the kitchen

reaches us even from a considerable distance.
[0.5 Marks]
2. The fragrance of burning incense stick spreads all
around.
[0.5 Marks]
3. The smell of perfume spreads due to the diffusion
of perfume vapors into air.
[0.5 Marks]
4. Dissolution of a crystal of copper sulphate or
potassium permanganate into a glass of water. The
solution turns blue or pink respectively.
[0.5 Marks]
This happens because the molecules continuously
keep on moving. When temperature is increased, the
movement of particles become faster. This is due to
increase in their kinetic energy.
[1 Mark]
 Important Questions

2 Marks
6
Give two reasons to justify that water is a liquid at
room temperature.

At room temperature(25 ºC), water is a liquid

because it has the following characteristics:
(i) It has an indefinite shape, which means that it
occupies the shape of the container in which it is
kept. Moreover it has a definite volume, which means
it occupies a fixed amount of space.
[1 Mark]
(ii) It has a tendency to flows easily, which means it
has fluidity.
[1 Mark]

2 Marks
7
What produces more severe burns, boiling water or
steam?

Steam produces more severe burns than boiling

water. This is because steam possesses
additional energy in form of latent heat of
vaporisation. [1 Mark]

This is the energy absorbed by boiling water during

state change from liquid to gas. So, when steam falls
on the skin and condenses to form water, it gives out
this additional energy resulting in more severe burns
when compared to boiling water.
[1 Mark]
 Important Questions

8 3 Marks

Tabulate the differences in the characteristics of

states of matter.

Solid Liquid Gas

[1 Mark] [1 Mark] [1 Mark]
Have a definite Do not have a Do not have a
shape. definite shape. definite shape.
Have a definite Have a definite Do not have a
volume. size or volume. definite size or
volume.
Negligible or no Slightly Highly
compressibility. compressible. compressible.
Cannot flow Can flow Can flow

Particles move
Particles do not freely but are Particles can
move freely. confined within move freely.
a boundary.
Force of
Force of attraction Force of
attraction between the attraction
between the particles is less between the
particles is than that in particles is
maximum. solids, but least.
more than in
gases.