‘The vertical stress in soil due to self weight is called geostatic stress. ‘The stresses due to self weight of soils are generally large in comparison imposed loads, This is unlike many other civil ‘engineering structures, such as steel w ‘due to self weight are relatively small. In soil engineering problems, the stresses due to self weight In many case, the stresses due to self weight are a large proportion of the total stresses and may. gove design. F ka | gee : nevis a Oy o) FIG. 12.1 ; GEOSTATIC STRESS When the ground surface is horizontal the stresses due to self weight of soil are normal to the horizontal and vertical planes, and are no shearing stresses on these places. These planes are principal planes. (1) Vertical Stresses : The vertical stress at depth z below ground surface due to self weight of soil is given by oy anal where, ©, = vertical stress = depth below ground surface 7 = unit weight of soil i) Horizontal Stresses ; The horizontal stesses ©, and 6, act on vertical places as shown in Fig, 12.1, The horizontal stresses ata point in a soil mass are highly variable. These depend not only upon the vertical stresses, but also on the typeof the soil and the conditions whether the soil is stretched or compressed laterally. The horizontal stress is given by G, = Oy = by’ Y1z™ hy G, = (12,2), where, = sein of lateral earth pressure a vest “T-ea 3. 4a e 6. 12.3 BOUSSINESQ’S SOLUTION : Boussinesq (1885) gave the theoretical solutions for the stress distribution to a concentrated load on its surface. The following assumptions are made i. 2: (Note : The stresses due to self weight are computed separately #5 explained in the preceding section). Let a vertical point Joad Q be acting at the soil surface at a Point © which is taken as the origin of the x, y and z axes as shor in Fig. 12.2. Let P (x, y, 2) be the point in the soil mass where vertical and horizontal stresses are to be detérmined due to applied load Q on the ground surface, , 1 in soil mass are normally computed by the following theories. ‘Newmark’s Influence chart Janbu’s chart Pressure bulb concept Contact pressure concept (GTU, May 2013, Dec. 2015, Nov. 2016, 2017) in an elastic medium subjected (January 2013, May 2014, May 2016) The soil mass is an elastic medium for which elasticity E is constant. The soil is homogeneous, i.c. all its constituent Parts or elements are similar and it has identical Properties at different points. The soil is isotropic, i.e. has identical properties in all directions, The soil mass is semi-infinite, ive. it extends to infinity in the downward direction and lateral directions. The self weight of soil is neglected The soil is initially stress free, ‘The change in volume of the soil upon application of the oad on it is neglected ‘The top surface of the medium is free of shear stress. The continuity of stress is considered to exist in the medium, FIG, 12.2 + STRESSES DUE TO. CONCENTRATED LOAD+ is a known depth. Selecting different value of horizontal distance 7, Ip can be obtained from and hence oz can be computed. Below the concentrated load Q, vertical pressure will be equal to, «. = oars 2 re ‘Gz decreases rapidly with increase in distance r, as is evident from Table 12.3. Table 12.3 : Variation of oz with r at constant depth z rie 1p o 00 | 0.4775 Maximum 0s 02733 57% of the maximum 10 0.0844 17.7% of the maximum | 20 0.0085 1.8% of the maximum From the above table, it can be concluded that at a given depth, when horizontal radial distance is ‘equal to twice the depth (r = 22), the vertical Pressure due to single concentrated load is very small, i.e. 1.8- Percent of the maximum, and can be neglected. FIG. 12.4 : VERTICAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION ON A HORIZONTAL PLANE AT DEPTH 2 Fig. 12.4 shows the vertical stress distribution diagram on a horizontal plane, The diagram is symmetrical about the vertical axis. The maximum stress occurs just below the load (r = 0). © Influence Diagrams : If the point load Q is taken as unity, (i.e. Q = 1), the vertical stress distribution diagram is called influence diagram. ‘The influence diagrams are useful for the determination of the vertical stress at any point on the horizontal plane due to a number of concentrated loads applied at the ground surfaceontoen on oen onc cn where, San = Vertical stress at A due to unit load at A’ ‘Gag = Vertical’stress at A due to unit load at B’ Sac = Vertical stress at A due to unit load at C’ The values of O,q, Gap and Cac can be obtained from the influence diagrams Ij, Iy and respectively. ‘The computation work can be simplified by using the reciprocal theorem, according to which, Sap = Saar Sac = Oca Spc = cp where the first suffix denote the point ‘where the stress is required and the second suffix é the point above which the load is applied. According to which, equation 6,6 can be written as, (Jn =Q) an +Q2 + Opy + Q5 - Oey where, San = Vertical stress at A due to unit load at A’ gq = Vertical stress at B due to unit load at A’ cn = Vertical stress at C due to unit load at A’ Therefore, there is no need of drawing three influence diagrams in 1, with unit load at A’ is sufficient. The value of ‘oad points B’ and C’, Mf the stresses at any other that point (B') would be drawn, case. Only one influence dif Opp and cq are determined from J, diagram below ™* Point, say point B, are required, then the influence diagram for loadcease te cial distance i constant, but the depth z “Thus, for various values of z, ratio r/z is calculated. For| pe ofr, influence factor Ty is obtained from table 12.1, Cs sing equation 12.5, the value of © is calculated. sable 123 (A) shows the calculations for vertical stresses on ial distance r= 1 m. | 2 i FIG. 12.6 : sz DISTRIBUTION ON VERTICAL PLANE Table 12.3 (A) : Calculation of Vertical Stresses at r = 1m | (ae 0.25 0.50 1.00 1.50) 2.00) 2.50) 5.00 [ort 4.0 2.0 1.00 0.667 0.50 0.40 020 | Ip 0.0003 | 0.0085 | 0.0844 | 0.1904 9.2733 0.3294 0.4329 Tor 0.0064 Q | 0.0340 Q [0.0840 Q | 0.0845 Q | 0.0683 Q | 0.0527Q | 0.017Q Fig. 12.6 shows the variation of vertical stress on a vertical plane at r = 1m. It may be noted that the Yeticl stess first increases, becomes maximum and then decreases. The maximum vertical stress occurs at 112= 0817. This corresponds to the point of intersection of the vertical plane with the line drawn at B = ‘58'S 10 the vertical axis of load RIVERTICAL STRESSES DUE TO A LINE LOAD : oa Vertical stresses in a soil mass due’ to a vertical line load can be obtained using Boussinesq’s a. hee Vertical line load be of intensity q’ per unit length, along y-axis, acting on the surface of a al mass, as shown in Fig. 12.7. Bak 4 small length dy of the line load. The load can be taken a8 a port load of nd Boussinesq’s solution can be applied to determine the vertical stress at P (x,y, 2) fidm equation Na, dg, = 3(9'- dy) ore (7 +2")ome (12.8) am (12.9) cee (12.10) Zh mo Gee (2) and 1, 12.8 VERTICAL STRESSES UNDER A STRIP LOAD : The expressions for the stresses developed in a soil mass due to a strip load acting at the soil surface can be obtained by using the expressions for the stresses developed in the soil mass due to line load. Let us consider the following two cases. Case-1 : Point P below the centre of the strip Let a uniform load of intensity q per unit area be acting on a strip of infinite length and constant width B = 2b at the surface of a soil mass. Let us consider the load acting on a small clementary width dx at a nce x from the centre of the load. This small load of (gdx) can be considered as a tine load of intensity q’ In this case the vertical stress at point P can be obtained from equation 12.8 as;= H+ in csh— sin cx iF @, +B,) =24s then it ean be shown that og : sin, cosB, ~sinB, cosB, = sin20 cos26 Therefore, equation (b) becomes, 6, = 2 [26 + sin20 - cos24) nee (12.13) ‘The expressions for stresses 6, and t,, can be likewise derived. 4 (20 — sin20 - cos24) en (12.14) ™ fan nd) 2.15) x 12.8.1 Maximum Shear Stress at a Point Under a Strip Load : ‘The shear stress at any point P below a strip load is given by = 4 fsin20 - sin24) z The planes on which the shear stresses are zero are known as Principal Planes. Therefore, for the principal planes, t,=0 4 {sin29 - sin29) = 0 Z As q and @ cannot be zero, 1, Will be zero when sin2=0 or 2§= 0 ‘The principal stresses are then obtained from equation 12.13 and 12.14, substituting 24 = 0. Major Principal stress, 4 (20 + sin28) x Minor Principal stress, = 1 (28 - sin29) sve (12.17) x ‘The maximum sheer stress is equal to half the difference of the principal stresses. m=O) sing (02.18) x ra 0o.=42 fe ae a? +2? | Me reten when r= 0, u=2 2r- dr = du when r=R,u=R? 42? a ptt? de ae 2 t1@? = en3ae(-Zurmyg? ces 1 1 ee - eee R42) 1 pn 6, =g]1- 1(2) cae (12.19) Zi o 6;,=Io-q (12.20) where, 1 2 : aT Ip =|1- uff senses (12.21) Z where, Tg = Boussinesq’s influence co-efficient for the circular area, 10 is the angle between OP and the tangent drawn to the periphery of the loaded area from the point P, then . tan = = Z + se-[-frieal |Figs | 50 sho the Toco ot pol pty iven rectangle is subdivided nto 4 small rectangles AEPH, EDEP, OD and PFCG, corner at P. The vertical stress at P due to the given rectangular load is equal to that from the f small rectangles, ‘Therefore, using equation 12.24, 6, =9:In+9- ly, 49° In, +9: In, =q Uy, + Ty, +Iy, + Ty] (12.25) _ where; vis Tye Ty,s Ty, are Newmark’s influence coefficients, obtained from table 6.4. For the special ease, when the point P is at the centre of the rectangle, all the four small rectangles are equal, and ‘equation 12.25 becomes, 6, =4Iy-9 (12.26) where, Ty =Newmark’s influence coefficient for the small rectangle. (2) Point ‘P? located outside the loaded rectangular area : ‘As shown in 12.15(b), the point P is outside the loaded rectangular area ABCD. In this case, aa large rectangle AEPF is drawn with its one corner at P. Therefore, Rectangle ABCD = rectangle AEPF - rectangle BEPH ~ Rectangle DGPF + rectangle CGPH ‘The last rectangle CGPH is given plus sign because this area has been deducted twice, once in rectangle BEPH and once in rectangle DGPF. Therefore, the stress at P due to a load on rectangle ABCD is given by o, = ally, — Ty, —In, + In) where, (12.27) = Newmark’s influence coefficient for rectangle AEPF Iy, = Newmark’s influence coefficient for rectangle BEPH ly, = Newmark’s influence coefficient for rectangle DGPE Jy, = Newmark’s fluence coeflicies: for rectangle CGPH (2) Point P* below the edge ef the loadsd rectangular area : ‘As shown in Fig. 12.15(c), point *?’ is below the edge AB of the rectangular loaded area ABCD. The given rectangle is subdivided into two small rectangles APED and PBCE. ‘Therefore, 6. = gly, + In) where, Jy, = Newmark’s influence coefficient for rectangle APED |, ~ Newmark’s influence coefficient for rectangle PBCE, ~ (12.28)FIG. 12.16 : EQUIVALENT POINT LOAD coefficients for each of these load positions can be found with respect to the point P where 0. determined. The vertical stress at P is then given by equation 12.5 as ' $Q) Tg, Hove Qy Ta] (12.29) 12.12 NEWMARK’S INFLUENCE CHART : (GTU, May 2011, 2013, Dec. 2015, Nov. 2016, Nov. 2017) “The Newmark’s Influence Chart is useful for the deterinination of vertical stress (G.) at any point below the uniformly loaded area of any shape. This method is based on the concept of the vertical stress at a point below the centre of # uniformly loaded circular area A chart, consisting of number of circles and radiating lines, is so prepared that the influence of each area unit (formed in the shape of a sector between two concentric circles and two adjacent radial lines) is the same at the centre of the circles, ie, each area ‘unit causes the equal vertical stress at the centre of the circle,2 of Ht = 0, a, is given by 1 wa ee iS (12.36) z where, 1 pe MS l=] 14 (5) (1237) Zz where, rgaard’s influence factor. Similar to Boussinesq's influence factor, Westergaard’s Iy is known as Weste () ‘The values of Iy for different z influence factor is also dimensionless and is a function of the ratio values of :) are given in Table 12.5. ‘Table-12.5 : Values of Westergaard’s influence factor for vertieal stress due to surface point load” re Iw ve Iw re Iw vie lw 0.0 | 0.3183 056 | 0.1534 112 | 0.0484 1.68 | 0.0186 02 | 03178 058 | 0.1471 114 | 0.0466 1.70 | 0.0180 04 0.3168 0.60 0.1411 116 0.0449 1.72 0.0175 06 | 03149 0.62 | 0.1353 11s__| 0.0432 1.74 | 0.0170 os | 0.3123 0.64 | 0.1298 120 | 0.0446 176 | 0016s | 0.10 | 0.3090 0.66 | 0.1244 122__| 0.0401 1.78 | 0.0160 0.12 | 0.3050 0.68 | 0.1192 1.24 | 0.0386 Lao roorseaa 0.14 | 03005 0.70 | 0.1142 1.26 | 0.0373 1.82 | 0.0151 0.16 | 0.2953 072 | 0.1095 128 | 0.0360 rsa | oo1a7__| ois | 0.2897 074 | 0.1050 130 | 0.0347 1.86 | 0.0143 [Binzo 0.2836 0.76 | 0.1006 132_| 0.0335 1.88 | 0.0139 022 | 02771 0.78 | 0.0964 134 | 0.0324 190_| 0.0135 024 | 0.2703 0.80 | 0.0925 136 | 0.0312 192 |_ 0.0131 026 | 0.2632 082 [00887 138_[ 0.0302 1.94 | 0.0128 028 | 0.2558 0.84 | 0.0850 140 | 0.0292 1.96 | 0.0124 alfor stress below crane, r = = [59.68 kN/m? 3 A concentrated load of 50 KN acts on the surface of soil. Plot the variation of vertical str ue to load on the horizontal plane at a depth of 2 m upto a horizontal distance of 3 m on either: Solution : is, 124 (a) Stress at r = 0 (b) stress at r = 1m; a v2 1 2. 500 as | =| ani | me (2 1 = 5.96 x [0.5724] = 39050 An : x14 7 2x (2 = [3.41 kNA 5.96 kNim?2596 * (0.1768) pons * ‘ me (3 . 9. = 5.96 x [0.0525] 0.313 KN/m? phe load from a continuous strip footing of width 2.0 m is considered to be 200 KN/m?. Determine Solio {@) Sirss directly below edge of footing : B, +B, = 2 0+ 53.13 = 29 B, = 53.13° 2) = 53.139 = 8, -By = 53.13 -0 = S3.13° © (20 + sin20 + cos24y (0.927 + 0.8 = 0.60)! . 89.57 KN/ Y Sires di ‘directly below centre of the footing : 4 = 200 kNim? 2) = 2.0 m b= 10m 215m tang = 1.0 bf epinciplestress at 1 m depth below the footing if the point lies (a) directly below the centre of the ‘uing (@) directly below the edge of the footing (c) 0.6 m away from the edge of the footing. (GU, June 2007) By 7 Png. & 125 @) x = ia — = 092 20 = 93.13° = 53.13 x 7 sin20 = 0.80 0329 = 0.60= 17.90 kNim? (i) Westergaard’s theory : 32 a 150 1 ax(2) |1+2x(0) = 010 = 11.93 KN x0) Example-7 : ‘Two footing 4 m x 4 m and 3 mx 3m are placed at 6 m cle apart at the same level and carry concentrated loads of 1500 KN and 1250 KN respectively. Compute the vertical pressure at the following points. () Midway between footings at 8 m depth. ii) Vertically below centres of the footings at 8 m depth. (GU, June 2005) Solution +232501, ] 2nx3? isy (8) 3 = 13.26 * [2 « 0.572 + 0.246) = 18.43 kNim? (iii) Below centre of triangle : sr2 a SO aes r= 5 * 260 = 1.73 m nz (J ; = 39.78 x 0487 Example): i An overhead water tank with a weight 2000 KN four legs. The legs rest on the piers located at the co iL teghationdl od 103 foundation level, (())_ at the centre of structure Supported at a depth of 3 m on a tower with: ners of a square of side 8 m, Compute theQ = 1200 kN 2 24m _ ro =3m F Rae oie PRO ceerat |. 3, 1200 1, 7 ae ell | tae] (3) 1.73 KN/im? 1 Ol Saerane ae 142(2) z = 23.87 x [0.3228] = 7.70 kN/m? Example-I1 A line load of 150 kN/m extends to a very large distance. Determine the intensity of vertical ste _ at a point 3 m below the ground surface (directly under the line load (ii) at a distance 2 m perpendicular to the line load. Use Boussinesq’s theory. Solution : 4g = 150 kNim z-3m (i) directly under the line Joad :(3 = 31.83 KN/m? 3 rpendicular to the line load: 2 2 1 2 2x 150 2) (2) | owe 1+(3) = 1525 kNim? z {vo columns A and B are placed at 6 m cle distance. Column A transfers a load of S00 kN and ‘ois Ba load of 300 KN. Determine the resultant vertical stress on a horizontal plane 2 m below the pnd surface at points vertically below the points A and B. ‘Seaton = (Vertical stress below Column A = p=? i . eee 30, | 3x 500, 3x300| —7ar = Bk = 6 ©" Oe2? Ome? | 1+ (5) nx? 2nx2?| | (8) = 59.68 + 35.80 [3.16 x 107°] = 59.68 + 0.11 | = 59.79 KN/m? fi Vertical stress below Column B 32” is! 3Q 3Q al 3x 300 | 3x500 a 2 o, «Sp A. 2 as aS 6 ee | on? 1+(£) Qnx2? nx 1+(§) ~ 35.80 + 59.68 x [3.16 x 10-3) = 35.80 + 0.188 [= 35.988 KN/m? Somers a f'size 4 m x 4 m carries a load of 200 kN/m?. Determine vertical stress neon 1K below the centre of the loaded area using Boussinesq theory. Compare the resull wi “ed by an, 2 F 1 ; “quivalent point load method. + Janney 205 Eg.) 2019 \ 3g+ The vertical stress at point P, 4 m below the centre ofthe loaded area (4 m * 4m) will be equal to 4 ‘times the vertical stress produced under the corner of the small square (2 m x 2 m) “ane +1 m+n += mn = 200| [2x 0.5% 0.5 $0.25 +025+1| (0.25 + 0.25 +2) 4 x| (0.25 + 0.25 +14 (0.25x0.25){ (0.25 + 0.25 +1) + tant [205% 05 025402541 025+ 0.25+1- (025 025)| | oe aa 8 mie 42, ye [2am gn ees ee - 200 ars (0.6532 + 0.4026} 23.07 x a = 0.4026 rad. 16.80 N/m? 11, The vertical stress , at point P is given by 6, = 4x6, = 4 1680Divide the area into four equal squares each of 2 m «2 m si h * 2m size, the load from each small be taken to act through its centre. Picea ‘Thus there are four point loads each of magnitude, Q = 200% (2 2)=800KN - ro = JP?x? = 2 =1414m z =4m 8/2 5/2 _ 3% 800 © nx a? r4( a FIG. &x. 121306) = 23.87 x [0.745] = 17.78 kN/m2 Vertical stress at point P, o, =4%x of = 4% 17.78 = 71.13 kN/m? E Thus % error in the equivalent point load method _ (95.49 ~ 67.20) = 67.20 Percentage error in the four equivalent point loads method 100 = 42.09% _ AB = 67.20) 190 = 5.85% 67.20 Example-I4 ‘A water tank is supported by a of 7.5 m, The ring foundation trans stress induced at a depth of 4 m, below the centre of ring found: ring foundation having outer diameter of 10 m and inner diameter mits uniform load intensity of 160 KN/m?, Compute the vertical jation, using (Nov. 2016) ()Boussinesq’s analysis (ii) Westergaard’s analysiser 3x 200 1 5/2 1 3/2 1 S12 1 312" * ax (acea} {al fecal {aaa ] = 2.652 [0.918 + 0.805 + 0.507 + 0.564) = 7.41 kN/im? Example-17 ‘A rectangular foundation 3 m x 2 m transmits a uniform pressure of 300 kNim? to the underlying soil. Determine the vertical stress at a point 2 m vertically below a point lying within the londed area, 1. m away from the short edge and 0.5 m away from the long edge. Use Boussinesq’s theory. : Solution: ‘The loaded area is divided into four parts as shown in the figure, such that point P forms a comer of each part. _ 4g |\2m lin? + n° +1 im aye 2 mn fm? +n? +1 4 n| | ea + lene ++] m+n +l- mn gq = 300 kN/m? FIG, EX, 12.701 = 63.43" — 38.6" = 24.778 x O, = 24.77 7g * 9432 radian s, = ale, +a)+2a,] ® 2 = a [ios +0675) + ox osn| sd 11.395} 7 = 53.28 kNim? Example-22 : A concentrated load of 40 KN acts on the surface of a soil. Determine the vertical stress increment at points directly beneath the load up to a depth of 10 m with an interval of 1 m and draw a plot. (May 2017) SolutionEx.3: Ex.5: Ex. 6: Ex.7: Ex.8: ‘a horizontal plane due to point load acting on concentrated one, determine the vertical stress directly-under the monument at a q below the ground surface. (Ans, = 1 A circular area on the surface of an elastic soil mass of great extent carries a uniformly g load of 150 KN/m?. The radius of the circular area is 5 m. Compute the vertical stress at. m below the centre of the circle using Boussinesq’s theory. [Ans. : 6, = 636 The base of a tower consists of a equilateral triangular frame, on the corners of which the legs of the tower is supported. The total weight of the tower is 600 KN, which is equally cq by all the three legs. Compute the increase in the vertical stress in the soil caused ata poin: below one of the legs. [Ans. : 0, = 4.64 A rectangular area 2m x 4m carries a uniform load of 80 kKN/m? at the ground surface. Fi Vertical stress at 5 m below the centre and corner of the loaded area. (i) 10.5 KN/m?, (ii) 7.45 Ke Two columns A and B are situated 6 m apart. Column A transfers a load of 400 KN and colur a load of 200 KN. Determine the resultant vertical stress at 2 m depth below the ground surf points vertically below the columns A and B. [Ans. : (i) 6; (A) = 47.825 kKN/m2, (ii) 6, (B) = 24.02 A rectangular foundation 2 m * 4 m transmits a uniform pressure of 450 kN/m? to the underlying si Determine the vertical stress ala point 1m vertically below a point lying outside the loaded 8) 1m away from short edge and 0.5 m away from a long edge, Use Boussinesq’s theory [Ans. : og = 10.94 [Ans. ‘A line load of 100 KN/m run extends to a long distance, Determine the intensity of vertical at a point 2 m below the surface (i) directly below the line load (ii) at a distance 1m perpendits to the line load. Use Boussinesq’s theory, [Ans, : (i) 31.83 kN/m?, (ii) 20.37 Three parallel strip footings 3 m wide each and 5 m apart centre to centre transmit contact Pl of 200, 150 and 100 kN/m? respectively. Calculate the vertical stress due to the combined beneath the centres of each footing at a depth 3 m below the base, Assume the footings are Pl a depth 2m below ground surface. Use Boussines’s solution, z a Hint : 0, = (2) 2 [Ans. : () 6, = 45 kN/m?, (i) 0, = 363 kNim2, (ii) 6, = 23-74 pete