F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023

CHAPTER 4 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 Vegetables

A CELL (a) • Monosaccharide: Glucose/Fructose/Galactose (a)(i) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen E4 Do not contain all essential amino acids

QUESTION 1 • Disaccharide: Maltose/Sucrose/Lactose (ii) E5 Can be synthesised by the body / Derived from
Level Structure Example other amino acids
(a)(i) • Molecule X is a polysaccharide /cellulose • Polysaccharide: Glycogen/Starch/Cellulose P Tertiary Enzyme /
which consist of many monosaccharides /glucose E6 Plant proteins is second class proteins
(b) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. hormone /
• The monosaccharides /glucose are joined antibody /
together by condensation to form long chains of (c)(i) K: Glucose plasma
polymers membrane
L: fructose
(ii) • Molecule Y is a polypeptide ( which consist Q Quaternary Haemoglobin
(ii)
of many amino acids')
R Secondary Keratin
Type of molecule Number of molecule
• Molecule Y is broken down by hydrolysis
S Secondary Silk
K 1
(b) Carbon / C, Hydrogen / H, Oxygen / O
(b)(i) A: Amino acids
(c) Glucose L 1
B: Dipeptides
(d) P: Starch (d) El - To form a sucrose, glucose and fructose
joined together by condensation (ii) E1 Process X - Condensation process
Q: Glycogen
E2 - A water molecule is removed E2 Two unit of amino acids / (molecules) P
R: Cellulose
combine / link
E3 - Sucrose can be split into glucose and fructose
(e) Both does not taste sweet
by hydrolysis. E3 Peptide bonds formed (between amino acids /
Insoluble in water P)
E4 - This process involves the addition of a water
non-crystalline molecule. E4 Process Y - Hydrolysis process

P is found in plant cell whereas Q is found in (e) E5 Polypeptides is broken down

animal cell monosaccharides polysaccharides
E6 Peptide bonds are broken down
D1 - Known as D1 - Known as
(f) F : Saliva contain (salivary) amylase. simple sugar polymers of (c)(i) E1 To form connective tissues/
D3 - Taste sweet monosaccharides and haemoglobin/ keratin / collagen/ myosin/
PI: Salivary amylase hydrolysed starch/P into
D4 - Dissolve in disaccharides enzymes/ hormone/ antibodies
maltose
water D3 - Tasteless
P2 : By hydrolysis process D4 - Can be E2 To form protein molecules in the plasma
insoluble or soluble membrane
in water
E3 To produce new cell
PI - Glycogen and
cellulose are (ii) Chicken meat
insoluble, while
starch is soluble in El Contain all essential amino acids
water E2 Cannot synthesised by the body/Only obtained
from the diet

E3 Animal protein is first class proteins

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5 Differences: F4C5 METABOLISM AND ENZYMES
(a) X: Fatty acid (a) X: phosphate group DNA RNA QUESTION 1
Consists of two Consists of a single
Y: Water Y: Pentose sugar polynucleotide chains polynucleotide chain (a) Substrate: Q
(b) Condensation occurs Z: Nitrogenous base Has nitrogenous base Has nitrogenous base - Reason: Q has the shape that can fit the active site
— thymine uracil of the enzyme.
1 glycerol binds with 3 fatty acids form (b) - Carry genetic information in a form of a code
triglycerides and 3 water molecule in all living things Has long Has short (b) Sucrose
polynucleotide chain polynucleotide chain
(c) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. - Control all the main activities in the cell (c) The substrate molecule binds to the active site
Has deoxyribose sugar Has ribose sugar of the enzyme molecule
(d)(i) A: Saturated fats - Play a vital role in protein synthesis
to form an enzyme-substrate complex
B : Unsaturated fats (c)(i) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is made up of
basic units called nucleotides. (d) FI: as a solvent The enzyme catalyses the substrate to produce
(ii)
products, which then leaves the active site
Type A Type B Each nucleotide consists of a five- carbon sugar El: dissolve ionic compounds/salt/sugars
(deoxyribose), a phosphate group and a The enzyme molecule is now free to bind more
Single carbon bond Double carbon bond
nitrogenous base. F4: help in lubrication substrate molecules
Solid in room Liquid in room
temperature temperature A DNA molecule consists of millions of E4: form mucus to assist movement of food (d)(i) substrate P only can be fit into the active site
Found in animal fats Found in plants oil nucleotides organised in two chains called substances in intestinal tract of enzyme R
High cholesterol (high Low cholesterol (low polynucleotide chains.
in LDL) in LDL) F2: as transport medium in blood/lymph (ii) P1 : Enzymes do not change/destroy at the end
(iii) These chains coil around each other to form a of the reaction
E2: transport sugars/ amino acids/respiratory gases/
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 double helix.
𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 + 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < waste products P2 : The same enzyme molecule can react on a
ℎ𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 The double helix shape is held together by
F3: as a medium for biochemical reactions large number of substrate molecules.
> 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 hydrogen bonds between base pairs in the two
chains. E3: in digestive reactions/ breaking down (e) X is an inhibitor
(e) Act as a heat insulator
proteins/lipids/sugars// help in maintenance of When the inhibitor which resembles substrate is
protect internal organ (ii) Similarities:
stable internal environment present, it will compete with substrate for the
source of energy for body Both consist of polynucleotide chains. active site of enzyme
F5: give support to the plant cells
(f) Cardiovascular diseases Both have nucleotide monomers. If the available enzyme sites are occupied by the
E5: high concentration in the cell sap encourage
movement of water into the cell sap/turgidity of cell inhibitor, the enzymatic reaction is slowed down
The diseases is due to the formation and hardening Both are involved in synthesis of amino acids.
or stopped
of fatty plaque on the inner surface of arteries. Both have nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine F6: move in long unbroken columns through
xylem/vascular tissue (f) Denaturation
When the coronary arteries is completely blocked, and cytosine
the person gets a heart attach or stroke E6: because of high cohesion/molecules tend to The bonds that hold enzyme molecules together
stick to each other. begin to break

This alter the 3-dimensional shape of enzymes and

Destroy their active site

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4

(a) P : Lipase/Sucrase /Lactase (a)(i) Changes in pH can change the shape of the (a) P1 : Pineapple (slices) contains protease.
enzyme and its active site
Q : Fat/ Sucrose/ Lactose P2 : Protease tenderises/softens/hydrolyses
Altering the pH can alter the charges of the active protein.
R : Fatty Acid and glycerol / Glucose and fructose site of the enzyme
/ Glucose and galactose (ii) P3 : (By mixing the pineapple a few hours on the
this will reduce the binding of the substrate with meat), allow the enzyme to act efficiently//takes
(b) All enzymes are proteins the active site, thus reducing the enzymatic (iii) PI : (when the enzyme concentration shorter time to cook.
reaction increase), more substrate will bind to the active
Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions but not P4 : Strong heat / high temperature denatures the
site of enzyme.
destroyed by the reactions (ii) Tl : Tl has an optimum activity at pH 8 enzyme.
P2 : the rate of enzyme reaction increases.
(c) The active site of the enzyme which acts as a PI : PI has an optimum activity at pH 2 P5 : Thus, the enzyme could not tenderise the
lock has a specific shape. (d)(i) P1 : The woman’s blood glucose meat
P2 : The activity of P2 is not affected by changes concentration rises and decreases.
The substrate which acts as the key has the shape in pH as P2 shows relatively high activity over the (b) Cellulase
that complement to the active site of the enzyme. pH range of 4 to 8 / P2 has no optimum pH P2 : The highest concentration is 6.6 mmol dm-3
at minute 45. (c) P1: Zymase enzymes found in yeast.
The binding of the enzyme and the substrate forms (i) T1: trypsin / lipase / pancreatic amylase
an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme P3 : Sucrose is hydrolysed/digested into glucose P2: It acts on starch and convert it into glucose
catalyses the conversion of the substrate to P1: pepsin / rennin (and fructose)
products which then depart from the active site. P3: It acts on glucose and convert it into alcohol
(b) F: Increases enzyme concentration P4 : Glucose is absorbed into blood (capillaries).
The enzyme molecule is now free to bond with P4: through fermentation process
another substrate molecule. The reaction of the El: More active site of enzyme P / more enzyme- P5 : The concentration of glucose decreases as it
substrate complex formed (d) dress bumt/destroyed/holed/dull/damaged
enzyme and substrate is specific is being used up/ oxidised.
E2: More substrate X can be hydrolysed El: silk is made of protein
(d) During boiling, at high temperatures the P6 : The excess glucose is stored (into glycogen).
chemical bonds holding the enzyme molecules E3: More product produced E2: high temperature will damage/denature the
(ii) P1 : Lactose molecule has a different
begin to break. silk/fibre/protein//change structure of protein
shape/structure.
(c)(i) PI : At R, the concentration of substrate is
This alters the shape of the enzyme molecules and high (e) Enzymes in human body work optimally at
P2 : Thus, it does not fit/can't bind to the active
destroys the active sites. 37 °C.
site of the enzyme sucrase.
P2 : The active site of enzyme molecules are filled
Enzyme reactions could not occur because the / fully occupied by the substrate molecules // The High fever which increases the body temperature
P3 : The active site of the enzyme sucrase has a
shape of the active site of the enzyme and the enzyme is said to be saturated above 37 °C will eventually denature the
specific shape/structure.
substrate are no longer compatible. enzymes.
P3 : The rate will not increase further / become P4 : Thus, it does not fit / can't bind to lactose
constant) // the reaction is at a maximum rate Denatured enzymes lose their activity and cannot
molecule.
catalyse cell metabolic activities.
P4 : The concentration of enzymes become a
limiting factor This will cause the cells to die and eventually
causes death

(f) P1 : Amylase dissolves variety of stains/dirts

P2 : Breaks down starches/carbohydrate stains on

clothes.

P3 : by hydrolysis

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
P4 : The clothes can be washed easily/faster QUESTION 5 QUESTION 6 (c)(i) At a low temperature (X), the rate of
reaction catalysed by enzyme is low
P5 : (It is) effective in a small amount. (a) The oil stains on the t-shirt vanished because (a) Metabolism is the chemical reaction that
the t-shirt was washed with bio-enzyme washing occurs in a living organism. When the temperature increases (X to Y), the
(g)(i) FI: all (the organic) stain remove from the kinetic energy of the substrate molecules and
powder at 37 °C, the optimum temperature for
cloth at 40 °C The processes in metabolism involve the enzymes also increases.
enzyme action
conversion of food into energy in the form of ATP
E1: because enzyme is active// can hydrolyses This increases the frequency of effective collision
(b) Add alcohol to the oil stain to break it into and the formation of carbohydrates, proteins,
organic stain between the substrate molecules and enzyme
smaller oil globules. This is to increase the surface lipids and nucleic acids.
F2: (the organic) stain is partially remove at 0°C area for faster digestive action by enzymes. molecules.
There are two types of metabolism, which is
E2: because enzyme is not active// cannot Add sodium bicarbonate to washing powder to anabolism and catabolism. The rate of the reaction between enzymes and
hydrolyse organic stain provide alkaline medium for optimum enzyme substrate molecules increases when the
action Catabolism is the process of breaking down temperature increases from X to Y.
F3: (the organic) stain is not remove at 60°C complex molecules into simple molecules.
(c) The t-shirt will remain dirty because the The enzyme reaction is at its maximum when the
E3: enzyme cannot hydrolyse (the organic) stain enzymes in the washing powder will be denatured For example, the breakdown of glucose during temperature is at its optimum.
totally because enzyme is denatured at high temperatures cellular respiration to generate energy.

(ii) (d)(i) Protease Anabolism is the process of synthesising complex

molecules from simple molecules that involves (ii) Based on the graph, Y is the optimal
Enzyme Function (ii) The enzyme in the washing powder will react energy. temperature of the reaction.
on the blood stain containing protein and removes
Lipase Remove oily stains For example, the formation of glucose during This is because, the rate of reaction is the highest
them from the clothes.
photosynthesis at this temperature.
Amylase Remove starch stains
(e) Cellulase - Dissolve cell walls of seaweed
Any further increase in temperature after reaching
Protease Remove blood stains/ leaves to extract agar jelly
the optimal temperature will reduce enzymes
egg stains (b) Enzymes are organic catalysts produced by the
(h) Cellulase Rennin - Coagulates milk protein for making activity rapidly until it stops.
cheese cells of living organisms.
Cotton is a fabric made of plant fibre. The enzymes become denatured as the chemical
Amylase - To convert starch to sugar in syrup or Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up bonds in the enzyme molecules break at extreme
It contains free cellulose microfibrils which can be honey production biochemical reactions in living cells. temperatures.
digested by cellulase
The process of metabolism can occur at a high The active site of enzymes changes. The substrate
rate due to the presence of enzymes that help does not complement the active site of enzymes
speed up the reactions. anymore.
The rate of reaction can be controlled in the The rate of reaction decreases over time.
presence of enzyme

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 7 (g) Each enzyme has a optimum pH at which its CHAPTER 6 CELL DIVISION (f)
rate of reaction is the fastest.
(i)In the nucleus, the double helix DNA unwinds QUESTION 1 Cytokinesis in animal Cytokinesis in plant
and exposes its 2 strands for the synthesis of a i.e. pepsin at pH 2 (acidic) salivary amylase pH 7 cells cells
messenger RNA (mRNA) strand (neutral) and trypsin at pH 8-9 (alkaline) (a) P: G1 phase Cleavage furrow is Cell plate is formed
formed
mRNA contains information with codes for the A change in the pH can alter the charges on the U: Mitosis
sequence of amino acid active sites of enzymes and substrate surfaces Actin filaments in the Membrane-enclosed
Q: S phase
mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the Reduce the ability of both molecule to bind each cytoplasm contract to vesicles collect at the
V: Cytokinesis form a ring of the equator between the
ribosome and attaches itself to the ribosome other
plasma membrane two nuclei
R: G2 phase
The codes are translated into a sequence of amino Effects of pH on enzymes are reversible (ionic inwards
acids which are bonded together to form specific charges on the active sites can be restored. (b) Process X: Interphase
enzymes No formation of Cellulose fibres are
(h) FI: meat product Process Y: M phase cellulose produced by the cells
The proteins depart from the rough ER wrapped in to strengthen the new
PI: protease/papain to tenderize meat (c) To produce asexually
vesicles that bud off from the rough ER cell walls
F3: fish product (d) G1 phase: growth in cell and metabolic rate is
These transport vesicles fuse with the membrane
of the Golgi apparatus and empty their contents higher
P3: protease to remove the skin of fish
into the membranous space
Synthesis protein and new organelle
F2:starch product
These proteins are then modified
Chromosomes are extremely fine which
P2: Amylase/ amyloglucoxidase to change starch
and the modified proteins are budded off from the are known as chromatin
to sugar in the making of syrup and chocolates
Golgi apparatus and move to the plasma
S phase: DNA replicate
membrane F6:bread and bakery products
Chromosome duplicate
These vesicles will then fuse with plasma P6:amylase to convert starch into sugars/ glucose
membrane before releasing the proteins outside oxidise for stability of dough G2 phase: cell continue to grow
the cell as enzymes
F4: dairy product Accumulate energy for preparation of
(ii) Enzymes needed in small amount cell division
P4: lipase to ripening the cheese/ lactase to
Enzymes are biological catalysts that direct or hydrolyse lactose to glucose and galactose in the (e) Prophase -> Metaphase -> Anaphase ->
guide all biochemical reactions making of ice cream/rennin to solidify milk Telophase
protein
Enzymes are made up of proteins
F5:alcoholic drink/beer/wine
Enzymes speed up the rate of biochemical
reactions P5:Zymase to convert sugars to ethanol

enzymes remained unchanged at the end of the F7:cereal grain products

reactions and can be used again
P7:cellulase to breakdown cellulose/remove seed
Enzymes are highly specific // each enzyme can coat
catalyse one kind of substrate
F8 :seaweed products
Enzymes have active sites to bind to specific
P8:cellulase to extract agar from seaweed
substrates

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5

(a) Mitosis (a) Mitosis (a)(i) (a) P1-When cell divides through uncontrolled
mitosis
(b) - Produces new cells for growth / repair / cell (b) Genetically identical cell Species X Species Y
replacement of damaged or dead cells Nucleus of Nucleus of P2- caused by severe disruptions to the
(c) P: Metaphase Q: Anaphase unfertilised egg somatic cell is mechanism that controls the cell cycle / give
- Ensures that the new cells are genetically cell/ovum is taken out example // mutation
identical to the parent R: Prophase S: Telophase
removed
(d)(i) Each daughter cell has 12 chromosomes P3- cancerous cells will be formed
- Preserves the diploid number of chromosomes It is destroyed by Nucleus of
(ii) Mitosis maintains the parent cell’s ultraviolet rays somatic cell is P4-Cancer cells compete with surrounding normal
(c) 4 cells to obtain nutrients (and energy) for growth
chromosomal number in the daughter cells (2n) place inside the
(d)(i) Anaphase empty egg P5-Cancer cells will grow to form tumour, an
because each daughter cell receives the same
cell/ovum abnormal mass of cells // Cancerous cell
(ii) number of chromosomes from the parent cell.
(ii) Species Y undergoes mitosis to produce more cancerous
(e)(i) Metaphase (e) cells.
(iii) They are genetically identical to the parent
(ii) PI - Chromosomes move to equator plane/ P6- tumour can spread/expand and destroy
metaphase plate (b) Organ cloning such as the heart or ear cartilage neighbouring cells.

P2 - Chromosomes line up/ arranged at equator (c)(i) Plant B can be commercialized in a shorter (b)
plane/ metaphase plate amount of time.
Benign tumour Malignant tumour
P3 - Chromosome/ Centromere attached/ hold on Desirable characteristics can be chosen. Inactive & relatively Group of cancerous
Metaphase of Metaphase I Metaphase II harmless. cells.
to the spindle fibre
mitosis of meiosis of meiosis The favourable characteristics can be passed down
to the next generation, thus the same plant can be Remains at its Some cancerous cells
propagated in a large scale. original site & break free from
(f)(i) 46
do not spread. parental tumour &
(ii) The plants in my farm and farm B are clones spread locally or other
(ii)male
which has the same genetic content. body parts through
(iii) Sex chromosomes show one X chromosome bloodstream or
and one Y chromosome Thus, all the plants have the same resistance lymphatic system.
(f)
(iv)23 towards the disease.
(g) Centriole (c) - X-rays / Ultraviolet rays / Tar in tobacco /
The plants are susceptible to the disease due to no Formaldehyde
(h) PI - Spindle fibre is not formed / cannot genetic variation among the plants
contract (d) Chemotherapy

P2 - Structure M / chromosome cannot separate Radiotherapy

P3 - During anaphase (e) Do not smoke

Cigarette smokes contains of carcinogen that will

leads to lung cancer

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 6 (h) FI: produce haploid gamete QUESTION 7 (iv) Malfunction of centriole

(a) R: centromere El: maintain the diploid number zygote/ offspring (a) Spindle fibre didn’t fully formed that cause
S: nuclear membrane chromosome unable to separate during anaphase
F2: genetic variation Mitosis Meiosis 1/2
Q: chromatid
P, S, T Q, R, U
(b) E2: because of crossing over during prophase I (v) Slanted eyes, flat nose, low intelligent
(b) Human organs: Testes/Ovaries
(c) P1 - During prophase Meiosis 1, crossing over (i) Down’s syndrome
occurs between homologous chromosomes Plant organ: Flowers
P2 - producing the exchange of genetic material (c)
between paternal chromosome and maternal
chromosome Mitosis Aspects Meiosis
All somatic Where it occurs Reproductive
P3- resulting a new genetic combination that cells organs
causes variation
To replace Aim To produce
(d) Metaphase I
damaged gametes
(e) Diagram 4.1 shows metaphase I where pairs of and dead
homologous is separated but Diagrams 4.2 shows cells
telophase I where chromosome reach at opposite
One Number of Two
pole and cytokinesis takes place divisions
(f)(i) Daughter cells are genetically different from Two Number of Four daughter
the parent cell. daughter daughter cells cells (gametes)
cells produced at the
(ii) Crossing-over occurs in prophase I end of the
division
During metaphase I, the homologous Diploid Number of Haploid
chromosomes arrange themselves at the equator chromosomes
and this causes the formation of gametes with (diploid or
haploid) in the
different genetic contents.
daughter cells
(d) 1. In species which reproduce sexually,
meiosis ensures that the diploid number of
chromosomes is maintained from one generation
to the next.

(g)(i) 2. Meiosis causes genetic variation, i.e. offspring

are genetically different form their parents.
(ii) homologous chromosome paired together to
from tetrad/bivalent (e) Mitosis

by a process called synapsis (f)(i) Down’s syndrome

during synapsis, crossing over occurs at the (ii) There are three chromosomes in chromosome
chiasma number 21

exchange of genetic information takes place (iii)23+24

to ensure variation in a species

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 8 QUESTION 9 F4C7 CELLULAR RESPIRATION QUESTION 2

(a) Cell P : mitosis Prophase: (a) Glycolysis.

QUESTION 1
Cell Q : Meiosis Centrioles moves to opposite pole Occurs in the cytoplasm.
(a) V: Smooth muscles
(b) Cell P: to increase number of cell // to replace Spindle fibre starts to form (b) Oxidation of pyruvate.
Cell W: Yeast
damage / dead cell // for asexual reproduction /
culture tissue / cloning // to produce new cell // to the chromosomes in the nucleus condense // more Occurs in the mitochondrion
(b)(i) Cell W carries out alcohol fermentation.
maintain diploid number of chromosome. tightly coiled.
(c) ATP molecule is produced when a group of
Glucose breaks down partially to produce ethanol
The chromosomes appear shorter/ thicker/ visible non-organic phosphate is added to adenosine
and carbon dioxide
Cell Q: to produce variation / gametes // to under the light microscope diphosphate (ADP)
maintain the chromosomal number of offspring // (ii) The carbon dioxide released is trapped within
to ensure haploid number in gametes. the nucleolus disappears/ the nuclear membrane (d) Fructose// Galactose
the dough
(c) disintegrates.
(e) After 20 minutes.
This causes the dough to rise.
Stage in cell P Stage in cell Q
The amount of oxygen intake and the
(c) Blood vessels/alimentary canal
Chromosome aligned Homologous Metaphase concentration of lactic acid decreases.
at the equator chromosome aligned (d)(i) P : Oxygen
- Chromosomes are aligned/ lined up on the (f) The body needs a lot of oxygen to produce
at metaphase plate
metaphase plate/ equator Q: Water more energy via aerobic respiration

(d) F : to ensure equal distribution of chromosome - Spindle fibre attach chromosome at centromere (ii) Glycolysis (g) Lactic acid is oxidised into carbon dioxide,
in daughter cell. water and energy
(iii) Breakdown of glucose by enzyme.
E : to prevent daughter cell have an abnormal (h) The athlete may experience muscle cramps
Anaphase One molecule of glucose is breaking down into
number of chromosome. // any explanation
two molecules of pyruvate.
- During anaphase, the two sister chromatids of
(e) (i)Phase S: Prophase 1 each chromosome separate at the centromere. This process occurs in cytoplasm
Membrane U: nuclear membrane - Each chromatids move to the opposite poles
(ii)

Telophase

- The chromosomes start to uncoil

- The chromosomes become less visible under the

During Anaphase 2 microscope

Sister chromatids (of one chromosome) is not - Nuclear membrane reformed

separated

spindle fibres are not (fully) formed

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 3 (g) Cytoplasm QUESTION 4 QUESTION 5

(a) J: Aerobic respiration (h) Paddy plants have a higher tolerance for (a)(i) Mitochondrion (a) Individual X:
ethanol compared to other species.
K: Lactic acid fermentation (ii) To increase the surface area Lactic acid fermentation
Paddy plants also produce plenty of alcohol
(b) dehydrogenase enzymes that break down ethanol To have higher rate of cellular respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm

J K molecules into non-toxic carbon dioxide. (b)(i) X: Oxygen Muscle cells experience an oxygen debt.
Takes place in the Takes place in the (i) Yeast P: Water Glucose is partially broken down.
mitochondrion and cytoplasm
cytoplasm (j) (ii) To generate more energy in the form of ATP Products: Lactic acid, energy

Glucose is completely Glucose is partially Aerobic respiration Fermentation More glucose is oxidised during aerobic 150 kJ energy is produced
oxidised into carbon broken down into respiration
Occurs in the Occurs in the Individual Y:
dioxide and water. lactic acid.
cytoplasm and cytoplasm (c)(i) Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide +
A large amount of A small amount of mitochondrion water + energy (38ATPs) Occurs in the mitochondria
energy is released (2898 energy is released Adequate oxygen is available.
Glucose is oxidised Glucose is oxidised (ii) Yeast does not require oxygen to undergo
kJ energy) // produces (150 kJ energy) //
completely into carbon incompletely into fermentation respiration
38 ATP molecules. produces 2 ATP Glucose is completely oxidised.
dioxide and water ethanol and carbon
molecules. Yeast cell will undergo respiration by partially
dioxide or lactic acid Products: Carbon dioxide, water, energy
Occurs in the presence Occurs in the breaking down the glucose molecule to produce
ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy (2 ATPs). 2 898 kJ of energy is produced.
of oxygen absence of oxygen or
limited oxygen (iii) In the bread making process, yeast cells are (b) Wears a track suit
(c) Glucose + Oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + Water added into the dough.
To reduce heat loss
+ Energy In the dough, yeast cells will cany out alcohol
Traps heat to maintain optimum body temperature
(d) The rate in which muscle cells uses oxygen, is fermentation under the condition of limited
higher than the quantity of oxygen supplied by the oxygen supply. Takes a few long, deep breaths
blood circulatory system. The released carbon dioxide will be trapped inside To obtain more oxygen to pay off the oxygen debt
Muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency or the dough and causes the dough to rise when it is
left for some time. To break down lactic acid
oxygen debt.
This will make the bread taste fluffy and light. Walking as a ‘cooling down’ activity
Muscles undergo lactic acid fermentation.
(d)(i) Oxygen debt To maintain the rate of blood circulation
Glucose is partially broken down into lactic acid.
(ii) The marathon runner faces oxygen deficiency To ensure that oxygen is supplied continuously to
The high concentration of lactic acid causes
in his body cells. the muscle cells
muscular fatigue
He gasps heavily to obtain more oxygen (c) Fermentation of milk to make yoghurt requires
(e) This is because baking powder has a high pH
immediately to oxidise the lactic acids that are Lactobacillus sp. bacteria.
that is able to neutralise the lactic acid produced
by muscles during exercise. accumulated in his body cells
Lactobacillus sp. converts lactose into lactic acid.

This increases muscle efficiency because lactic The lactic acid coagulates casein (milk protein) to
acid causes muscle fatigue produce yoghurt.

(f) Alcohol fermentation The sour taste of yoghurt is due to lactic acid.
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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 6 (b) Curve Y QUESTION 8 Causes bread dough to expand and rise.

(a) Aerobic exercise is a rhythmic activity at Lesser production of lactic acid (a) When the container still contains oxygen, the
certain period that involves large muscle groups. yeast will undergo aerobic respiration.
His lungs have larger capacity // Lungs take in
It is also known as cardiovascular exercise. more oxygen in each inhalation To produce carbon dioxide, water and energy

Our body stores energy in the form of glycogen. Heart contraction is strong to provide more In aerobic respiration, the breakdown of 1
oxygen to the muscle over time molecule of glucose produces high energy / 38
This stored glycogen is normally enough for 15- molecules of ATP
20 minutes of activity. He had been trained to apply proper breathing
techniques during his exercise Yeast can get a lot of energy from 1 molecule of
After that, the body begins to break down other glucose, so yeast breaks down less glucose
stored molecules, including fats, for energy. He had sufficient warming up of his muscle before
the actual run When the container does not contain oxygen, the
(b) The concentration of lactic acid accumulates in yeast will undergo fermentation.
the body during intense exercise causing the blood With these, less oxygen and energy are needed to
to become acidic. warm up the muscles To produce ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy

The normal blood pH is around 7.4. His body does not produce much lactic acid to get In fermentation, the breakdown of 1 molecule of
the energy needed. glucose produces little energy / 2 molecules of
This condition is called acidosis and it can result ATP
in hyperventilation.
Yeast breaks down glucose at a higher rate to
The rate of breathing increases to take in more produce enough energy
oxygen and to expel more carbon dioxide.
More alcohol is produced

When the level / concentration of alcohol in the

container is high, the rate of glucose breakdown
QUESTION 7 slows down again.

(a) Heart rate increases Alcohol is toxic to yeast cells

Pump blood in faster rate Accumulation of alcohol inhibits the growth rate
of yeast inhibits / causes yeast to die
To supply more oxygen for cellular respiration /
remove more carbon dioxide from the cells (b) Mrs Y should mix some warm water into the
dry yeast before mixing it into the wheat flour.
Breathing rate increases
A pinch of sugar is added.
More oxygen is inhaled / taken in
This step aims to activate dry yeast that is in a
To oxidise lactic acid into carbon dioxide and dormant state.
water
Warm water provides the optimum temperature
for yeast activity.

Sugar provides nutrients to the yeast.

Active yeast will carry out fermentation.

Releases carbon dioxide gas.

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F4C8 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN this causes the surface area for gaseous exchange Dissolved oxygen diffuse into the body cells, QUESTION 3
decreases following the concentration gradient/partial
HUMAN AND ANIMALS pressure. (a) J: Nostrils
which leads to death of fish
FISH RESPIRATORY SYSTEM K: Mouth cavity
(f) To speed up air movement
(h) • Larger gills chamber //Smaller gill rakers //
QUESTION 1 L: Lungs
Less gill filament / lamellae • To give more space (g) -Trachea branch into tracheoles which provide
for oxygen to be breath in a large surface area for diffusion of gases M: Moist skin
(a) gills
• Gills moist • Increase the diffusion rate of -Tracheoles are in direct contact with insect’s (b) L has a folded surface
(b)(i) gill filament / lamellae
oxygen • Help functioning for long time out of tissues
(ii) water to increase the total surface area for the exchange
-Tracheoles have thin permeable walls of gases
(c) -gill filaments have numerous thin walled • Moist skin /cover by mucus • Increase the
diffusion rate of oxygen (h)(i) Oxygen dissolves in fluid and this enables (c) M is thin and highly permeable to respiratory
lamellae which gives a larger surface area for
the oxygen to diffuse easily into the muscle cells gasses.
exchange of gases
• Has mouth cavity • Able to gulp air
(ii) Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of Rate of gaseous exchange occurs rapidly
-gill filament have thin membranes which allows
• Has abundance/ a lot of little capillaries in the abdomen muscles
diffusion of gases to occurs efficiently (d) Frogs do not have a ribcage and diaphragm
mouth and throat • Increase the rate of diffusion of
oxygen / respiratory gases. help the air to move in and out through the
(d) Less energy is needed for the process, and
spiracle and trachea by diffusion To aid the expansion and contraction of the lungs.
there is a continuous flow of water or oxygen.
INSECTS RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(i)i. Tiny opening with the present of valve of the (e) A frog breathe to a large extent through the
(e) Water has higher concentration of oxygen
QUESTION 2 spiracles on the other side of the body skin when in land
whereas blood capillaries has higher concentration
of carbon dioxide. (a) Tracheal system which allows air to enter in and out of the body it must be kept moist because oxygen is absorbed
through the skin.
Due to difference in concentration gradient (b) Grasshopper Has hair that filter out the dust in the air
oxygen diffuse into blood capillaries and carbon If the frog skin dries up, it will not get enough
dioxide diffuse into water (c) T : tracheoles (ii) Most of the insects have spiracles in the oxygen and will eventually die
abdominal segments where the gas exchanges take
(f) El: When the mouth open Q: spiracle place (f) PI -The frog lowers the bottom level of the
R: ring of chitin bucco-pharyngeal (mouth) cavity
E2: The floor of the buccal cavity is lowered If the abdomen is submerged in the water, the
(d) R prevents the trachea from collapsing // insect will not survive because the spiracle is P2 - The glottis closes
E3: The volume of buccal cavity will increase
blocked by water which interrupt the exchange of
Trachea reinforced with R to prevent it from P3 - The volume of the bucco-pharyngeal (mouth)
E4: Water (from surrounding) will flow into gases
collapsing cavity increases
buccal cavity through the mouth
(j)(i) Tracheoles are direct in contact with cells
(e) In insects, the oxygen reaches the tissues P4 - The pressure of the bucco-pharyngeal
E5: The opened part (created by tom operculum)
directly through tracheal system (mouth) cavity decreases
also provide a pathway for water to flow into
buccal cavity (from surrounding) P5 - Air is drawn into thej bucco-pharyngeal
Spiracle opens and oxygen enters the trachea
through the spiracle (mouth) cavity
E6: Pressure in the buccal cavity and the
surrounding is equal P6 - The nostril closes
Oxygen enters the tracheoles
(ii)
E7: Gaseous exchange less efficient P7 - The glottis opens
Oxygen dissolves in the fluid
(g) Gill filaments stick together in air P8 - The floor of the bucco-pharyngeal (mouth)
cavity is raised

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
P9 - The pressure of the bucco-pharyngeal P3 the filament is supplied with (abundant) blood Differences HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(mouth) cavity increases capillaries (for efficiency of gaseous exchange characteristi P/human Q/fish
and) to transport respiratory gases c QUESTION 5
P10 - Air is drawn into the lung respiratory lungs gills
P4 the filament is surrounded by water which (a)(i) J: inhalation
organ
enables the respiratory gases to dissolve easily. K: exhalation
Respiratory alveoli Filament/lamella
(c) - As a frog breathes in through its nostrils, the structure e (ii)
COMPARISON BETWEEN ORGANISMS Bucco-pharyngeal floor lowers and the glottis Process J Process K
closes Large Numerous Numerous
QUESTION 4 surface area alveoli filament/lamellae External intercostal External
- Fresh air is drawn into the Bucco-pharyngeal muscle contract intercostal muscle
(a) F1 spiracles have valves which can open and cavity while stale air remains in the lungs Respiratory nostrils Mouths and while internal relax while
close openings operculum intercostal muscle internal intercostal
- When the glottis opens, the nostrils close and the relax // muscle contract //
El to allow air to go in and out of the body Bucco-pharyngeal floor raises Network of Alveoli are Filament/lamella
blood rich with are rich with Ribcage move Ribcage move
F2 trachea are lined with ring of chitin - The increased air pressure forces air into the capillary blood blood capillary upward and outward downward and
lungs capillary // inward //
E2 chitin is strong to which prevent them collapse
- The lungs expand when air is pushed in from the Air passage Nostrils > Mouth >
F3 air sac to assist the control of air pressure in Diaphragm muscle Diaphragm
Bucco pharyngeal cavity trachea > operculum
the body contract// muscle relax//
- The rapid movements of the Bucco-pharyngeal bronchi > cavity > gills and Diaphragm lower
E3 speed up movement of gases (to and from bronchioles lamella > and flatten// Volume Diaphragm curve
floor in the frog accumulate fresh air for lung
tissues during vigorous body movement) > alveoli. operculum of thoracic cavity upward//
ventilation
increase// Pressure Volume of
(b) Organism O/insect: Other Diaphragm, Operculum and
(d) Similarities of thoracic cavity
structures rib cage and the muscular thoracic cavity
PI Each muscle cell in the body of the insect has decrease decrease
FI: a large surface area to volume which help intercostal wall of floor
one tracheole which can channel oxygen directly
in external muscle buccal cavity Pressure of
to the cell. El: to maximise respiration gaseous exchange
respiration thoracic cavity
P2 the tracheole has a thin wall which allows for F2: cells lining the respiratory structures are thin. increase
easy diffusion of respiratory gases.
E2:to allows gas diffusion to take place efficiently
P3 the tracheole consists of a moist layer so that
respiratory gases can dissolve in it. F3: the surface of respiration structures are moist
(b)(i) Diaphragm.
P4 the large number of tracheoles also provides a E3:to allow the respiration gases to dissolve in
(ii) Balloon expand.
large surface area for gaseous exchange.
(c) Exhalation
Organism R/fish
(d) J: rib
PI numerous of filament and lamellae which
increase the total surface area (for efficiency of K: sternum
gaseous exchange in fish)
L: intercostal muscle
P2 membrane of gills is thin which allow
M: vertebral column
diffusion of respiratory gases (into blood
capillary) (e) X: When the external intercostal muscles
(rubber band A) contract, the ribs (wooden arm)

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
move up and outwards causing an increase in the (d) As dissolved carbon dioxide in blood plasma QUESTION 7 (e) Process P / Proses P
volume of the thoracic cavity.
Combine with haemoglobin to form (a)(i) Artery • Inhalation
The pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases and carbaminohaemoglobin
air is forced into the lungs (ii) The wall of artery is thick • Pressure in lungs decreases
As bicarbonate ions
Y: When the internal intercostal muscles (rubber To hold the high blood pressure from the heart • Due to volume of thoracic cavity increases
band B) contracts, the ribs move down and (e)(i)
(b)(i) • External intercostal muscles contract // Internal
inwards causing a decrease in the volume of the Name of the Effect of smoking intercostal muscles relax
thoracic cavity. chemical
Nicotine Reduces total surface area • Rid cage move upwards and outwards
The pressure in the thoracic cavity increases and
air is forced out of the lungs Heat from Increase lung temperature • Diaphragm contracts and flatten
burning cigar Damage the tissue lining of
(f) Oxygen from the surroundings diffuses directly Process Q / Proses Q
alveoli
into the body across the plasma membrane Tar
• Exhalation
Deposits on the alveolus, (ii) Partial pressure of carbon dioxide is higher in
Carbon dioxide diffuses out to the surroundings Acidic condition Reduce the efficiency for the body cell than blood capillaries • Pressure in lungs increases
across the plasma membrane.
gases exchange
Carbon dioxide diffuse from the body cell to • Due to volume of thoracic cavity decreases
Corrodes / damages the blood capillaries by simple diffusion
alveoli cells • External intercostal muscles relax // Internal
GASEOUS EXCHANGE
Partial pressure of oxygen is higher in blood intercostal muscles contract
QUESTION 6 capillaries than body cell
• Rid cage move downwards and inwards
(a) Gas X: Partial pressure of gas X (carbon (ii) F1: The rate of cellular respiration decrease. Oxygen diffuse from the body cell into blood
• Diaphragm relaxes and curve upwards / in dome
dioxide) is higher in the blood capillary than the capillary by simple diffusion
P1: Carbon monoxide compete with oxygen to shape
alveolus
bind haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin (iii) Body cells carry out cellular respiration that
(f)
causes gas X to diffuse from the blood capillary produce carbon dioxide
P2: It reduced the supply oxygen to the cells
into the alveolus by simple diffusion Diseases Effects
(c) The higher percentage of carbon dioxide in the
P3: Thus, reduce aerobic respiration Chronic Narrowing and inflammation
Gas Y: Partial pressure of gas Y (carbon dioxide sample of exhaled air is due to cellular respiration Obstructive of respiratory tract disturbs
is higher in the alveolus than the blood capillary (f) Smoking can cause bronchitis. which takes place in the cells. Pulmonary the movement of air into and
Disease
causes gas Y to diffuse from the alveolus into the -It is the acute inflammation of the air passage Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide which out of the lungs.
blood capillary by simple diffusion within the lungs. is expelled from the body in the exhaled air.
Emphysema Damaged of alveolus. The
(b) Large surface area – for gaseous exchange to (d) • Exhaled air still contains a large volume of wall of the inner alveoli is
be more effective oxygen. weakening and rupture,
creating larger alveolus.
Moist surface area – for gases to dissolve in the • The concentration of oxygen in exhaled air is in
moisture then diffuse across epithelium fact higher than that of deoxygenated blood. This reduces the surface area
and causes the rate of
One cell thick wall (thin wall) – for rapid gases • The concentration gradient causes oxygen to gaseous exchange to decrease
diffusion due to shorter distance diffuse into the blood of the victim being
resuscitated. Bronchitis Inflammation causes the
Covered with network of blood capillaries – to walls of bronchioles become
increase rate of diffusion thicken, narrowing the air
(c) Haemoglobin

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
passage and thick mucus is • Foetal haemoglobins can pick up more oxygen at CHAPTER 9 NUTRITION AND HUMAN QUESTION 2
produced. low partial pressure of oxygen than sickle shaped DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
haemoglobins. (a)(i) R: liver
FOOD DIGESTION S: stomach
Asthma The airways swell and the
muscles around the airway QUESTION 1 T: pancreas
tighten, making it difficult
(a) X: Mucous cells U: small intestine// ileum
for air to move in and out of
the lungs. Y: Parietal cells (ii) R: Produces bile which emulsifies fat into
lipid droplets which make its digestion more
Z: Chief cells
efficient
QUESTION 8 (b)(i) Hydrochloric acid
T: Produces lipase which digests fats, trypsin
(a) • Due to toxic chemicals/ tar in the cigarette (ii) Hydrochloric acid prepares a medium with which digests protein and pancreatic amylase
smoke/ smoking. suitable pH for pepsin to act which digests starch

• Air sacs are destroyed and the alveoli become (c)(i) Pepsinogen (b) Saliva contain enzyme amylase
inelastic.
(ii) Becomes pepsin after the activation by which breakdown starch into maltose that taste
• Breathing becomes difficult and less efficient. hydrochloric acid. Pepsin is the enzyme to sweet
hydrolyse protein into polypeptides.
• Less/ small surface area (alveolus) means less (c)
oxygen in the alveolus. (d) The human stomach is lined with three types
Function
of epithelial cell.
• Less oxygen diffuse from the alveolus into the
Rennin Coagulates milk/by
blood capillaries. These cells are modified to suit their functions as
converting
gastric glands.
• Body cells receive less oxygen caseinogen into
The chief cells secrete pepsinogen, an enzyme to casein
• The person always feels tired and is not able to digest protein.
carry out vigorous activity. Hydrochloric Provide acidic
The parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid that acid medium for the
(b)(i) • Haemoglobin has four polypeptide chains. provides an acidic medium in the stomach for action of enzyme//
• Haemoglobin also has four haem groups. pepsinogen to function.
Destroy bacteria in
The mucous cells secrete mucus that protects the food//
• Haem group contains iron (ion).
wall of the stomach from hydrochloric acid
Stop activity of
• Each iron can only carry one oxygen molecule to
(e) Gastric juice in the stomach contains salivary amylase
form oxyhaemoglobin,
hydrochloric acid.
(ii) The placenta has low partial pressure of (d) Chief cells secrete pepsinogen (an inactive
oxygen. Hydrochloric acid stops the enzymatic action of enzyme which is activated by hydrochloric acid
salivary amylase. into the enzyme pepsin)
• A higher affinity for oxygen will allow the foetal
haemoglobin to be able to take up more oxygen Hence, the digestion of starch in rice is stopped Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid that
provides an acidic medium in the stomach
(iii) Foetal haemoglobins may not crystallize
much at low partial pressure of oxygen. Mucous/ Goblet cells secrete mucus. Mucus
protects the stomach walls from the action of
• Red blood cells do not change shape. hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
(e) Gastritis Its walls have peptic glands that secrete pepsin QUESTION 3 (ii) Individual A:
which digests protein to polypeptides and
Gastric juice is secreted into lumen of stomach peptones and rennin which curdles milk protein, (a)(i) Individual A: • Needs to discuss and get the advise of a medical
whenever one feels hungry caseinoeens. to casein. doctor, psychological expert, counsellor,
• Anorexia nervosa is a psychological disease that nutritionist and support from family members.
Absence of food results in acidic gastric juice (k) reabsorption of nutrients causes a patient to refuse to eat food in fear of
acting on epithelial lining of stomach wall becoming fat. • Needs to take more of all classes of food to
(l) P1 - All water will be absorbed into the blood regain weight.
This results in inflammation of stomach lining and undigested food left become very hard and • The loss of essential nutrients from the body
when the breach in stomach lining develops into a causes the patient to experience many health
hole, gastric ulcer/ stomach cancer is formed F-Cause constipation. problems.
Individual E:
(f) Bile neutralise acid from duodenum (m) Bile stored in the gall bladder helps to • The loss of a lot of calories of energy affects
emulsify fats • Needs to lose weight gradually by 5% - 10% in
physical activities.
(g)(i) Organ T cannot produce enzyme lipase six months.
So the diet should contain less fat • Using the body’s tissues as a source of energy
Lipid cannot be digested into fatty acid and • Focus on the balance between the amount of
causes shrinkage/loss of fats and muscle tissues in
glycerol food calories for energy consumed and used.
the body
(ii) PI: Digestion of protein is not complete • Reduce the intake of food
• Can cause organ and system failure, for example
P2: No trypsin to digest polypeptide to peptide heart, muscle, joint, endocrine system, etc failure. • Follow a healthy eating plan such as reducing
the intake of high-fat food and increasing the
(h)(i) W produces more insulin and less glucagon Individual E:
intake of high-fibre food.
In R. insulin stimulates the conversion of excess • Obesity is caused by excessive intake of
• Carry out regular and periodic physical
glucose to glycogen for storage carbohydrates and fats.
activities.
(ii) W produces more glucagon and less insulin • Excessive intake of saturated fats increases the
risk of cardiovascular diseases,
In R. glucagon stimulates the conversion of stored (b) • Avoid consuming fast food which is an
glycogen to glucose • Excessive intake of carbohydrates such as sugar
unbalanced diet because...
and starch can cause diabetes.
(i)(i) S has sphincters (cardiac and pyloric - it has a high fat and cholesterol content
sphincters) that contract to keep solid food inside • Obesity also causes difficulty in movement.
- it has a high carbohydrate and sugar content
Its muscular walls then contract and relax • Being overweight can also give excessive stress
continuously to grind up the food into a paste to the musculoskeletal system and pain to the - it has a high salt content
joints during movement.
(ii) Its walls have peptic glands that secrete pepsin - it is insufficient in vitamins and roughage
which digests protein to polypeptides and
peptones - it contains food colouring and preservatives

and rennin which curdles milk protein, Replace fast food with a balanced diet - contain all
caseinogens, to casein food class needed by the body

(j) R has sphincters (cardiac and pyloric - Take more carbohydrates the meet the energy
sphincters) that contract to keep solid food inside requirements for activity and growth
// - Take a lot of proteins for rapid growth
Its muscular walls then contract and relax - Take milk for healthy growth of bones
continuously to grind up the food into a paste //

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
- Eat foods that are high in iron to produce more (b) P1: Food shown is cheese which has *fat (c) (d) Presence of villi and microvilli to increase
red blood cells for menstruation surface area for absorption of nutrients
P2 Cheese provide twice energy. Health Deficient Way to
« Food is taken in accordance with time, at least problems mineral overcome Villi covered with network of blood capillaries for
three meals a day which are breakfast, lunch and P3: Digestion of fats occurs in the duodenum Goitre Iodine Eat more absorption and efficient transport of digested food.
dinner. sea food
P4: Bile produced by the liver has a very thin walled (only one cell thick) thus
P5: helps to emulsify fats into fat droplets. Osteoporosis Calcium Drink milk undigested food can be absorbed rapidly.

QUESTION 4 and eat Presence of mitochondria to generate ATP for

P6: The pancreas secretes / pancreatic juice
milk active transport of some food substances
contains lipase
(a) P1 Bread contain starch / carbohydrate product
P7: The small intestine secretes / intestinal juice and Presence of lacteal to absorb fatty acid, glycerol
P2 Egg contain protein and fat/lipid and fat-soluble vitamin
contains lipase vegetables
P3 In P / mouth, saliva amylase is secreted (e) The surface area of the small intestine is
P8: which hydrolyses lipids into fatty acids and Anaemia Iron Eat more
P4 Amylase hydrolyse/breakdown starch in bread glycerol red meat, reduced.
to maltose liver,
P9: Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol take Thus, enzymes will also be reduced.
spinach
P5 In Q/ stomach, gastric juice is secreted place in the ileum / small intestine The process of food digestion and absorption
P6 Gastric juice contain pepsin enzyme P10: (fatty acids and glycerol) diffuses into the becomes slower
lacteals (across the villi) ASSIMILATION AND ABSORPTION
P7 Pepsin hydrolyse /breakdown protein in egg to (f)(i) cellulose is not digested in the alimentary
polypeptide and peptone P11: By simple diffusion QUESTION 5 canal

P8 In R/ duodenum, lipid is emulsified into tiny P12: In the lacteals, condensation of fatty acids (a) X: Fats cellulose adds bulk to the undigested food, helps
droplet by bile salt. and glycerol forms lipids. peristalsis of large intestine
Y: Carbohydrates
P9 Pancreatic juice is secreted by pancreas. P13: The lipids then is transported via the prevent constipation
Z: Protein
lymphatic system into the bloodstream. (ii) a large caecum contains many bacteria/
P10 Pancreatic juice contain lipase, amylase and
(b) P : Blood capillary protozoa which secretes cellulase
trypsin P14: Assimilation takes place in the cells.
Q : Lacteal the cellulase hydrolyses cellulose into glucose
P11 Lipase hydrolyse lipid droplet to fatty acid P15: Cells use lipid to form complex compounds /
and glycerol. sex hormones / plasma membrane which is absorbed by the herbivore
R : Epithelial cell
P12 Amylase hydrolyse starch to maltose (g) Amylase is not produced by the stomach
S: lymphatic vessel
P13 Trypsin hydrolyse polypeptide/peptone to Acid in the stomach cause the enzyme to be
(a) A site where digestion and absorption of food
peptide denatured
occurs.
Amylase only works in alkaline conditions
(b)(i) Glucose
(h)(i) Higher concentration in blood than in ileum,
Amino acid
so materials need to be moved against
(ii) Vitamin A D E K concentration gradient. The diffusion process
would be too slow.
(c) Erepsin / Maltase / Sucrase / Lactase
(ii) Energy in the form of ATP cannot be
produced through cellular respiration

Without energy, active transport cannot occur

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(i) In the colon, non-digestible and insoluble (e) PI: act as check point QUESTION 7 (b) Digestion of fats occurs in the duodenum
matter remains in faeces where water is absorbed
into bloodstream by colon by osmosis P2: which control the amount of nutrients released i. Glucose Bile produced by the liver helps to emulsify fats -
into blood circulatory system to Increase surface area for enzyme reaction
(j)(i) X: microvilli Excess of glucose in the blood is converted to
(f)(i) Glucose in the liver is used for cell glycogen and stored in the liver. The pancreas secretes lipase - digest lipids into
Y: mitochondria respiration fatty acids and glycerol
When glucose level in blood is low, glycogen is
(ii) X: increase the surface area for absorption Excess glucose is converted into glycogen for converted to glucose. Absorption of fatty acids and glycerol take place
storage in the liver in the ileum - absorbed into the lacteals
Y: provide energy/ATP for absorption against a When glycogen store in the liver is full, excess
concentration gradient (active transport) Further excess of glucose is converted into lipids glucose is converted into lipids by the liver, In the lacteals, condensation of fatty acids and
glycerol forms lipids
(iii) secrete mucus to lubricate movement of (ii) Amino acid is converted to ammonia through In the body cells, glucose is oxidized to release
undigested food the process called deamination energy during cellular respiration. Lipids then is transported via the lymphatic
system into the blood stream
Ammonia is then converted to urine and is ii. Amino acids
excreted out from body Assimilation takes place in the cells
QUESTION 6 The liver synthesis plasma proteins from amino
(iii) F: Lipids are not transported to the liver acids. Cells use lipid to form complex compounds.
(a) Absorption of digested nutrients
PI: Fatty acids a glycerol/lipid are absorbed into When there is short supply of glucose and (c) • Enzyme is protein.
(b) P : Hepatic portal vein lacteal not into blood capillaries glycogen, the liver converts amino acids to
• The lipid coating helps to protect the enzymes
Q : Subclavian vein glucose
P2: from lacteal lipids is transported through from digestion by pepsin in the stomach.
(c) P1 : less/no glucose can be used for cellular lymphatic system to blood circulatory system Amino acids are used to synthesize new
• The stomach does not secrete any lipase which
respiration protoplasm/ repair of damaged tissues.
P3: excess lipid stored in adipose tissue will digest lipid.
P2 : less/no amino acids can be used to synthesise Amino acids used to synthesize enzymes/
(g) Acts as a cushion to protect internal organs • Hence, the capsule can reach small intestine
plasma proteins antibodies/ hormones
from injuries where it is broken down by lipase secreted by
P3 : When glucose is excess, less/no glucose can Excess amino acids cannot be stored in the body pancreatic juice in duodenum.
Excess fats are stored in the adipose tissue
be converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and are broken down in the liver by deamination
underneath the skin as a reserve energy
into urea.
P4 : less/no amino acids can be used to synthesise Act as a heat insulator to keep body warm
plasma membrane/ make new iii. lipids
protoplasm/enzymes/hormones (h) DEFAECATION
Excess lipids is stored in the adipose tissues,
Enzyme Site of Substrate Product
(d) Similarities: QUESTION 8
production Phospholipids and cholesterol are used to make
both transport deoxygenated blood Salivary Salivary Starch Maltose the plasma membrane. (a)Blood vessels
amylase glands
(b)Ileum
Pepsin Stomach Protein polypeptide
Difference: (c)Caecum
Lipase Pancreas Lipid Fatty acid
P Hepatic vein and (d)Appendix
Higher level of Low level of glucose/ glycerol
Maltose Ileum Maltose Glucose (e) Large intestine
glucose/ amino acid amino acid
(f) Faeces
Transports blood to Transports blood from
the liver the liver (g) Anus

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
(a) Colon (h) F Part of the colon become enlarge// some part EATING HABIT (b) • Irregular meal time leads to gastric.
of the colon become thin
(b) The undigested substances from the small QUESTION 9 It occurs because gastric juice, corroding the
intestines enters the colon. PI because internal wastes accumulate empty stomach wall.
(a) The food consumed is rich in lipid, protein and
• The intestinal content consist of a mixture of P2 colon become stagnant pockets// carbohydrate. Excessive intake of fats can cause cardiovascular
water, indigestible food, bacteria, dead cells and diseases such as angina and high blood pressure
pigments. P3 becomes the breeding ground for harmful Good effect
bacteria / parasites Fats will deposit at the artery wall and block the
• The contents move slowly along the colon by • Lipid and carbohydrate provide energy to the blood circulation.
peristalsis. P4 inhibits normal bowel contraction thus leading girl for daily activities.
to a slower transit time The partially blockage can cause angina and high
• Water is reabsorbed and the remaining food • High protein food is needed for growth blood pressure
residue is known as faeces. P5 internal wastes product also undergo
fermentation P6 produce large amount of gases Bad effects If the person afraid to eat any food, it can cause
(c)(i) The faeces consists of undigested food • Lack of dietary fibre and water leads to malnutrition.
residue, dead epithelium cells, bile pigments and (i) stimulates peristalsis to facilitate the movement
of faeces through the colon constipation and increase the risk of colon cancer. The person also easy to fall side
bacteria
increases the population of good bacteria in the • Over consumption of carbohydrate causes Without taking roughage in daily meal such as
(ii) Vitamin B12 and K obesity, which may lead to hypertension, heart
large intestine vegetables and fruits can cause constipation
(d) The microorganisms maintain a stable disease and diabetes.
environment in the alimentary canal. prevents health problems such as constipation, Without taking vegetables and fruits, the person,
colon cancer, rectum cancer and haemorrhoids • Over eating of protein increase the risks of heart also lack of vitamin such as vitamin A and can
prevents the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria diseases. cause night blindness
which can cause diseases. regulates the absorption of glucose especially in
patients with diabetes mellitus • Consuming excessive protein burdens the Self-induced vomiting after taking meal can cause
(e) Consumption of antibiotics can kill and kidneys to excrete the nitrogenous waste. the person lack of water and nutrient.
decrease the population of bacteria in the colon. Excess fat is stored in adipose tissue and cause the This can lead to malnutrition and damage in the
As a result, vitamin B12 and K cannot be obtained girl inactive physically. stomach.
from the colon bacteria • Taking excess saturated fats increases the
(f) Fibre stimulates peristalsis as well as absorbs cholesterol level in blood.
water which helps to soften faeces • Cholesterol deposits on the wall of blood vessels
(g)(i) Faeces leaks out of the caecum, causing narrowing the lumen and causes cardiovascular
contamination in the abdomen diseases.

Bacteria from the colon leak out, causing infection Fats also increase the risk of cancer growth.
to the abdomen • Lack of vitamin C causes scurvy
Formation of faeces is interrupted

(ii) Colon has good bacteria / lactobacillus / E.

coli that synthesise vitamins B and K

maintain the normal condition in the large

intestines

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 10 (b)(i) F: (Due to the stomach becomes too small) E7: Faeces move slowly ii. from the epithelial cell into the blood
the patient has less appetite through the colon
(a)(i) P1 the blood may contain high cholesterol The transport of sodium ions from the cell into the
level / glucose level PI: reduce food intake blood is through active transport

P2 Leads to high blood pressure/ hypertension (in P2: reducing the absorption of nutrients (from P4: Lack of E8: Any disease related The concentration of sodium ions is higher inside
adulthood) digested food) vitamins to deficiency of vitamins the blood.

P3 High possibility to suffer from diabetes (in P3: causing the system in body takes energy from The sodium ions are transported against a
adulthood) fat (in the body as a substitute for food that is P5; Highly intake E9: Gout concentration gradient, from a region of lower
often taken) of protein concentration to a region of higher concentration.
P4 Have low self-esteem/ inactive lifestyle E10: Accumulation of
P4: leading to weight loss uric acid at the joint Sodium ions approach the carrier protein in the
P5 (due to) negative body image plasma membrane.
(ii) Risk of infection during surgery
P6 Leads to depression Each carrier protein has a site for binding three
• Absorption of nutrients reduced as the length of i. from the lumen of small intestines into
P7 high risk of getting cardiovascular disease/ sodium ions at one time and another site for
small intestine is shortened the epithelial cell
heart attack/ angina binding ATP.
• Patient may vomit if he/ she overeats The movement of sodium ions from the lumen
P8 earlier death (in adulthood) The ATP molecule is split into ADP (adenosine
into the epithelial cell is through facilitated
diphosphate) and P (phosphate).
(ii) P1 Practise healthy eating habits diffusion
QUESTION 11 The phosphate group (P) attaches itself to the
P2 Reduce high sugar/lipid level food // any The sodium ions move through the pore proteins.
carrier protein.
suitable example of P1 (a)15800KJ Pore proteins form channels or openings through
The splitting of ATP releases energy to the carrier
P3 Awareness / Education on the consequences of (b) No. The calorie taken is more than the daily which small, dissolved particles like sodium ions
protein.
obesity requirement can diffuse across the selectively permeable
membrane. Energy from the ATP changes the shape of the
P4 Awareness campaign of ideal BMI among (c) carrier protein, causing the carrier protein to
students // any suitable example of P3 Pore proteins have specific internal characteristics
release the three sodium ions outside the cell.
Justification Consequences that only allow specific ions to pass through.
P5 exercise regularly jogging / jumping rope / P1: Highly rich in E1: Diabetes mellitus
swimming // any other suitable example of P5 The sodium ions are transported from the region
carbohydrate
E2: Excess glucose in of higher concentration in the lumen to the region
P6 increase outdoor activities blood of lower concentration in the epithelial cells.

P7 avoid watching TV / screening time for too P2: Highly rich in E3: Obesity / heart attack
long lipids / fats / / arteriosclerosis / angina
cholesterol
E4: Increase in body
weight (drastically)

E5: Blockage in the

blood vessels

P3: Lack of fibre E6: Constipation/

haemorrhoid / bowel
cancer

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023

C10 TRANSPORT IN HUMANS AND QUESTION 2 QUESTION 3 QUESTION 4

ANIMALS (a)(i) - close circulatory system (a) Differences: (a) Similarities:
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN -blood flows in blood vessel 1.In humans, blood flows in blood vessels while Closed circulatory system (blood flows in blood
ORGANISM in insects, the haemolymph does not flow in vessels in a closed loop)
-have hearts vessels.
QUESTION 1 Differences:
-no mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated 2. In humans, there is double circulation while in
(a) Blood pressure in P is higher than R bloos Organism Amphibia Mammali Fish
insects, there is single circulation.
s n an
Direct from heart -both circulatory system pass through body Type of Double Double Single
3. In humans, gaseous exchange takes place in the
capillaries lungs while in insects, it takes place directly circulatio closed closed closed
(b)
between the tracheoles and the cells n incomplet complete complete
-blood as transport medium
Characteristic Function e
-both have atrium and ventricle Similarity:
P Thick muscular Overcome high blood Separatio Incomplet Complete Complete
wall pressure In both humans and insects, the heart acts as a
-both have valve n of e (there is (there is (there is
Q One cell thick Exchange of nutrients pump. oxygenate some no mixing no mixing
(ii) d and mixing of of the of the
R Thin muscular wall More blood flow (b) The haemolymph is pumped out of the heart
X Y deoxygen the oxygenate oxygenate
through through the aorta at the anterior end of the insect.
ated oxygenate d and d and
(c) Size of lumen is small Double circulation single circulation blood d and deoxygen deoxygen
It then bathes the cells, and nutrients are supplied
to the cells. deoxygen ated ated
Formation of plaques (atherosclerosis) Four chambered heart Two chambered heart ated blood in blood in
Blood returns to the heart via ostia. blood in the the
Obstructing the blood flow
Deoxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood the ventricle) ventricle)
(c)(i) Not all cells are bathed in the haemolymph
Blood pressure is high from the heart is pump from the heart is pump ventricle)
for maximum exchange of nutrients and waste
to the lung to the gills
Myocardial arrest /heart attack products Number Three (2 Four (2 Two (1
Oxygenated blood has Oxygenated blood has of atria, 1 atria, 2 atria, 1
(d) Due to blockage / narrowing of the coronary (ii) Digested food in the stomach and intestines
higher pressure lower pressure chamber ventricle) ventricle) ventricle)
artery I arteriosclerosis I atherosclerosis. diffuses out into the haemolymph surrounding it.
The digested food is then carried by the in the
The heart muscles receive less/no supply of haemolymph to the cells. heart
oxygen and nutrients. (b) There is no mixing of oxygenated and
(d)(i) Closed, complete double circulation Present of Absent Present Absent
This can cause angina / myocardial infarction / deoxygenated blood.
septum
heart attack. Therefore, more oxygen can reach the tissues. (ii) It ensures that all the cells of the body receive
adequate oxygen and nutrients which are
The heart muscles cannot pump blood to the Helps to maintain high blood pressure. necessary for the metabolism of the body.
whole body. -Mammalian circulatory system is more efficient
(c) consists of a battery (iii) Oxygen, glucose because oxygenated blood and deoxygenated
Bypass surgery returns back supply of oxygen and blood do not mix and flow under high pressure
nutrients to the muscles of the heart. - send electrical pulses to the heart to control the
heart beat - Thus, supply of blood is fast enough to active
So that heart can pump blood to the whole body tissues and contains adequate oxygen and
(d) A nutrients.
blood flow faster

pressure is higher because direct from heart

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 5 HUMAN HEART (e) • Ali needs to walk or move his feet so that the Less energy generated due to decrease in cellular
skeletal muscles on his feet can contract. respiration
(a)(i) Erythrocytes QUESTION 6
•The contraction of the foot skeletal muscles causing numbness/tingling sensation on leg due to
(ii) Transport oxygen (a)(i) X: bicuspid valve produce a force that pushes blood in the veins to lack of blood flow
(iii) Phospholipid bilayer in plasma membrane Y: semi-lunar valve return to the heart.
might develop varicose vein due to excessive
Phospholipid bilayer dissolves (ii) Bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing • The contraction of muscles also force blood to pressure on vein and causes enlargement of vein
back into the left atrium when the left ventricle flow to foot tissues that suffer from a shortage of
Content release blood supply (e)
contracts.
(b)(i) S - Red blood cell/ erythrocyte X Y
(iii) If valve Y is faulty, then blood cannot be Artery Vein
T - White blood cell/ leucocyte/ lymphocyte prevented from flowing backwards into the left QUESTION 7
ventricle when the left ventricle contracts. Thick/ more elastic / Thin /less elastic / less
(ii) A mature red blood cell has no nucleus. A (a) • The vein contains valves to prevent the muscular wall to muscular wall
white blood cell has a nucleus. High blood pressure cannot be maintained in the flowback of blood. withstand higher
left ventricle. blood pressure Big lumen
The white blood cell is larger than the red blood • If the vein are sewn in an incorrect orientation,
(b)(i) A greater force is needed to pump blood to Small lumen Present of valve
cell. the backflow of blood back into heart may occur.
the lungs compared to the force needed to pump
So that there is faster Valves prevent the
(iii) The ratio of cell T (white blood cell) to cell S blood to the adjacent chamber of the heart. • The blood will not be transported to heart muscle
flow of blood in X backflow of blood
(red blood cell) increases
(ii) The left ventricle has a thicker wall because a (b) • The veins do not possess a thick and elastic
No valve Transport
The white blood cells are involved in the body's greater force is needed to pump blood through the wall compared to arteries.
deoxygenated blood
defence against diseases (immune response) aorta to the rest of the body.
• As the coronary branched out from aorta, the Transport oxygenated (except pulmonary
(iv) • Himalaya is a high altitude region where its (c)(i) Sinoatrial node blood is transported under high pressure. blood (except vein)
partial oxygen pressure is low pulmonary artery)
(ii) Initiates and coordinates the contractions of • The veins may not be capable of withstanding To transport carbon
• An individual must have more red blood cells to the heart. the high pressure To supply oxygen to dioxide from the body
transport more oxygen the body cells cells
(d) The sinoatrial node generates electrical (c) • This is to minimise / reduce the risk of tissue
(c) • Low erythrocyte count is known as anaemia. impulses which spread rapidly over the walls of rejection.
both atria, causing them to contract rhythmically.
• Anaemia is caused by iron deficiency in the diet. • The body immune system is less likely to be
The impulses are then relayed to the triggered to produce antibodies that may destroy
• Lack of iron affects the synthesis of
atrioventricular (AV) node which sends electrical the transplanted blood vessels.
haemoglobin.
impulses to the ventricles, causing them to
contract. • This increasing the success of bypass surgery.
• Lack of haemoglobin makes him look pale [1 m]
From the AV node, impulses are sent to the (d) Causes:
• And he always feels tired because his blood is
unable to transport enough oxygen in his body [1 bundle of His fibres, bundle branches and Purkinje Deposited of cholesterol on the wall of artery due
m] fibres, which then send impulses to the apex of the to excessive intake of high cholesterol food
heart and throughout the walls of the ventricles.
• As a result he is unable to participate in active Narrowing the artery reduced the blood flow and
physical activities The ventricles contract and pump blood out to the increase blood pressure
lungs and other parts of the body.
Effect:

Less oxygen and nutrients supply to the cells

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 8 (c) P1: When the heart beats, some of the blood in (c) When a blood vessel is damaged, the (h)(i) Phagocytosis
left ventricle flow through the hole in the septum connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to
(a) Similarity: into the right ventricle. blood plasma. (ii) granular cytoplasm, lobed nucleus, amoeboid
shape
■ Both carries oxygenated blood P2: Allow the mixing of oxygenated and Platelets stick rapidly to the collagen fibres in the
deoxygenated blood. connective tissue and release clotting factors that (iii) Q contains digestive enzyme. Q fuses with the
■ Both structure of the walls are three layers vacuole containing bacteria, releases its enzyme
make the surrounding platelets sticky.
P3: Blood flow at lower pressure in the aorta P4: which hydrolyses the bacterial cells
■ The walls are made up of smooth muscles Less oxygen reaching the body cells The clumping of the platelets forms a platelet plug
Differences: that stops the blood flow
P5: The blood flowing through the hole creates an
extra noise/ heart murmur. (d) If the cut is deeper, the clumped platelets, the QUESTION 10
Blood vessel Q Blood vessel P
(aorta) (pulmonary vein) damaged cells and clotting factors in the plasma (a) - The wall of blood vessel is damaged and the
P6: Fatigue /tiredness form thromboplastins.
Aorta Pulmonary vein connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to
P7: Tiring /faint easily during physical activity Thromboplastins, together with the help of blood.
Blood flow away Blood flow into the
from heart heart P8: Shortness of breath calcium ions and vitamin K, convert the - Platelets stick to the collagen fibres in the
prothrombin to thrombin. connective tissue to form the platelet plug.
Thick, muscular / Thin, less muscular / P9: A build-up of blood and fluid in the lungs
elastic less elastic Thrombin catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen - The clumped platelet, damaged cells and clotting
P10: Swelling in the ankles/ feet/legs/ abdomen/ present in the blood plasma into fibrin which factors in the plasma forms thromboplastin.
to withstand high for low blood pressure veins in the neck forms a mesh over the wound, trapping the red
pressure blood cells and sealing the wound. - Thromboplastin, in the presence of calcium and
Lumen size / diameter
vitamin K converts prothrombin (inactive plasma
Lumen size / diameter is large (e) The dengue fever infected blood has low
BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM protein) into thrombin (active plasma protein)
is small platelet levels.
Have valves
QUESTION 9 - Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble
Have no valve Less thrombokinase / thromboplastin is released.
Need to maintain the fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.
No need to maintain blood flow one way P: thromboplastin Causes the clotting of blood to occur at a slower - Fibrin threads form a network that mesh over the
the blood flow one rate.
Carries blood from the R: Thrombin wound trapping red blood cells and sealing the
way
lung to the heart Excessive loss of blood occurs and can cause wound.
Carries blood from S: Fibrinogen
death. - A blood clot is formed preventing further blood
the heart to all parts VIt Q: Vitamin K
(f) A blood clot formed in the brain produces loss from the vessel.
of the body
paralysis called a stroke, - Prevent—bacteria/ pathogen/ microbe from
i. to prevent excessive bleeding A blood clot formed in the coronary artery causes entering the cell through wound.
(b) Blood is able to flow back to the left ventricle a heart attack or coronary thrombosis.
(ii) Haemophilia (b) Mr. Raja suffers from haemophilia.
when the left ventricle contracts to pump blood
out through the aorta. (g)(i) a condition of blockage of the artery caused His blood takes a long time to clot.
(iii) blood transfusion
by a blood clot or thrombus that is formed on the
Body tissues will receive less oxygenated blood. by injecting the deficient clotting factor damaged inner wall of the artery. This disease occurs because of lack of a clotting
factor which is needed in the mechanism of blood
Blood circulation becomes slower and pressure 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 (ii) condition when the thrombus dislodges and
(b) Prothrombin >Thrombin clotting.
drops carried away by blood circulation. It is now called
𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 as embolus. The embolus may be trapped in a He will lose a lot of blood.
Fibrinogen >Fibrin
small artery and block the blood flow
This condition will cause his blood pressure to be
abnormal

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
RHESUS FACTOR LYMPHATIC SYSTEM QUESTION 13 QUESTION 14

QUESTION 11 QUESTION 12 (a) D : Interstitial fluid (a) Transport oxygen and nutrients to the body
cells.
■ (Problem will arise during pregnancy) if the (a)(i) blood plasma E : Blood plasma
mother is homozygous recessive / Rhesus negative Regulate body temperature.
(ii) interstitial fluid F: Lymph
and
(b)
(b)(i) RBC ( erythrocyte) / platelets / large protein (b) When blood flows from an arteriole into
■ the father is heterozygous for Rhesus positive //
molecules capillaries, there is higher hydrostatic pressure Artery Vein
homozygous for Rhesus positive
(ii) the higher hydrostatic pressure in the which forces some fluid out through the capillary Transports Transports
■ Produce the child with 50% Rhesus positif // capillaries forces fluid out through the capillary walls oxygenated blood deoxygenated blood
Produce child with 100% Rhesus positive wall into the interstitial space
into the intercellular spaces between the cells Carries blood Carries blood back
■ (During late pregnancy or during birth) some (c) It has no valve away from the to the heart
of the foetal blood diffuse into maternal blood (c) D and F have no erythrocytes, platelets and heart
It has a very narrow lumen large protein molecules
■ through placenta (c)(i) Tissue fluid is derived from blood plasma
It has one cell thick wall (d) Forms the internal environment of the body which diffuses through the capillary wall.
■ This triggers the mothers blood to produce
(d) 85% -90% of it returns to the venous end of Oxygen, amino acids and glucose from the blood (ii) To maintain the constant internal environment.
anti-rhesus antibodies.
capillary, 10%-15% enters the lymphatic diffuse through the interstitial fluid to be supply to
■ The harmful effect do not show during the first capillaries the body cells To act as medium to supply nutrients to body cells
pregnancy and eliminate the waste products from body cells
(e) The lymphatic fluid collects in the body tissues Carbon dioxide and urea diffuse from the body
which become swollen cells into the interstitial fluid (d) The blockage of lymphatic vessel by filarial
■ With successive pregnancies, the antibody
parasitic worm which is transmitted by
level builds up in the maternal blood stream. Excess accumulation causes odema / oedema may (e) • Filarial worms fill in the lymphatic vessel mosquitoes.
caused by a blocked lymphatic vessel and lymph nodes.
■ Her anti-rhesus antibodies may across the
(e) Lymph node filters the lymph fluid by
placenta (f)(i) subclavian veins • Reduce defence mechanism and prevent the producing lymphocyte cells to loll pathogens.
lymph from returning to the bloodstream,
■ And cause agglutination / haemolysis of the (ii) the presence of valves in the lymphatic vessel Lymph nodes can swell up because they are
foetal red blood cell • Interstitial fluid stay in the tissue. The worms reacting to the infection or they are infected by the
the contraction of the surrounding skeletal produce millions of larvae// worms reproduce in
muscles pushes the fluid forward bacteria
■ known as erythroblastosis fetalis. lymphatic vessel.
■ resulting in new born being born with jaundice • The larvae/ worm circulate in the blood and
(yellowing of the skin and eyes) cause the affected organ/ tissue to become
swollen// Oedema.
■ could results in brain damage / heart failure /
death • The disease is called elephantiasis// Skin or
tissue thickening of limbs.

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 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023 F4 FINAL EXAM REVISION C4-10 (ANS) 2023
QUESTION 15  (ii) Formation of lymph QUESTION 16

(a)(i) • (From the lymphatic vessel), the lymph is • Diameter of arteriole end is larger compared to (a) • Oxygenated blood at the arteriole end of the
drained into thoracic duct and the right lymphatic the blood capillary. capillaries is under high hydrostatic pressure.
duct.
• Cause high hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole • This pressure forces water and dissolved
• The thoracic duct receives lymph from the left end and blood capillary. substances out through the capillary wall into the
side of the entire body below the rib. interstitial spaces / extracellular space.
• Some of the blood plasma is filtered into the
• The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from spaces between the cells/intercellular spaces. • Erythrocyte and plasma protein are too large to
the right arm/shoulder area//right side of the pass through the capillary wall and remain in the
• Forming interstitial fluid.
head/neck. capillary.
• Contains nutrients/oxygen/amino
• The right lymphatic duct empties its lymph into • The fluid that passes through the capillary wall is
acid/glucose/water/ions.
the right subclavian vein (entering back into the called interstitial fluid or tissue fluid.
blood circulating system). • Except large molecules/red blood cells/plasma
• The interstitial fluid contains water with
protein/fibrinogen/globulin/platelets.
• The thoracic duct empties its lymph into the left dissolved oxygen, amino acids, glucose, fatty
subclavian. • Some/85 - 90% of the interstitial fluid are acids, glycerol, vitamins, minerals and hormones.
reabsorbed into the blood capillary (at venule
• The valves prevent back flow of lymph. (b)
end).
• Muscular contraction//peristalsis Composition of Composition sf tissue
• Some/10% is absorbed into the lymphatic arteriole fluid
movement//pressure changes during inhalation
capillary/vessels (forming lymph/lymphatic fluid). Contains more protein Contains less protein
and exhalation breathing action push the lymph to
flow forward than tissue fluid than blood plasma
because present of because plasma
 Body defence mechanism plasma protein protein is too large to
pass through capillary
• Lymph nodes produce lymphocytes. wall.
• Lymphocytes produce
antibodies/lysine/opsonin/agglutinin/antitoxin. Blood cells present Only leucocytes
included erythrocytes, present as blood cells
• Destroy pathogen/neutralize the toxin produced leucocytes and because only
by the pathogen. platelets. leucocytes such as
neutrophil can pass
• Phagocytosis occurs.
through capillary
• Phagocytes/neutrophil/ monocytes engulf and wall.
destroy/digest/hydrolyse pathogen.
Inside blood vessel In the intracellular
• Lymph nodes filtered pathogen spaces.

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