Chapter 8 Impulse and Momentum THE LINEAR MOMENTUM (j) of a body is the product of its mass (m) and velocity (): (mass of body) (velocity of body) Baw Linear momentum Momentum is a vector quantity whose direction is that of the velocity. The units of momentum are ‘kgom/s in the SI. AN IMPULSE is the produet of a force (F) and the time interval (A1) over which the force acts: Impulse = (force) (length of time the foree acts) Impulse is a vector quantity whose direction is that of the force. Its units are N-s in the SL AN IMPULSE CAUSES A CHANGE IN MOMENTUM: The change of momentum produced by an impulse is equal to the impulse in both magnitude and direction. Thus, if a constant force F acting for a time Ar on a body of mass m changes its velocity from an initial value ¥ to & final value @, then Shange in momentum mG —¥) Newton's Second Law, as he gave it, is P= AB/AL from which it follows that FAr= Aj. Moreover, FAr= A(mi) and if m is constant F At = mi; ~¥}) CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM: If the net external force acting on a system of objects is zero, the vector sum of the momenta of the objects will remain constant. IN COLLISIONS AND EXPLOSIONS, the vector sum of the momenta just before the event equals the vector sum of the momenta just after the event. The vector sun of the momenta of ‘the objects involved does not change during the collision or explosion. Tus, when two bodies of masses m and my collide, Total momentum before impact = total momentum after impact iy + iby = rT + oma¥ where a, and i are the velocities before impact, and ¥; and % are the velocities after. In one dimension, in component form, , Myth + Mya, = MV, + Me and similarly for the y- and 2-components. Remember that vector quantities are always botéfaced and velocity isa véetor. On the other hand, uy. tars vies and vy, are the sealar values of the velocities (they, ‘can be positive or negative). A positive direction is initally selected and vectors pointing opposite to this have negative numerical scalar values, 87 Copyright 1997, 1989, 1979, 1961, 1942, 1940, 1939, 1936 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, Clic Here for Terms of Use.88 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM ICHAP. 8 A PERFECTLY ELASTIC COLLISION is one in which the sum of the translational KEs of the objects is not changed during the collision. In the case of two bodies, Simi donald = Sond + dome COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION: For any collision between two bodies in which the bodies ‘move only along a single straight line (e.¢., the x-axis), a coefficient of restitution e is defined. It isa pure number given by Paes Where mix and uz, are values before impact, and vy and vz, are values after impact. Notice that |g — ua, | is the relative speed of approach and |vz, — ria is the relative speed of recession. Fora perfectly elastic collision, e = 1. For inelastic collisions, e < 1. Ifthe bodies stick together after collision, ¢ = THE CENTER OF MASS of an object (of mass m) is the single point that moves in the same way as a point mass (of mass m) would move when subjected to the same external forces that act on the object. That is, if the resultant force acting on an object (or system of objects) of mass m is F, the acceleration of the center of mass of the object (or system) is given by fom = F/m. If the object is considered to be composed of tiny masses m,, ma, s, and 60 on, at coordinates (x1.71,21), (12,32, 22). and so on, then the coordinates of the center of mass are given by _ Eyam, =m, ‘where the sums extend over all masses composing the object. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of mass and the center of gravity coincide. Solved Problems 81 An 8.0-g bullet is fred horizontally into a 9.00-kg cube of wood, which is at rest, and sticks init. ‘The cube is free to move and has a speed of 40 cm/s after impact. Find the initial velocity of the bullet Consider the system (cube + bullet). The velocity, and hence the momentum, of the cube before impact is zero. Take the bullet's initial motion to be positive in the positive x-direction. The momentum conservae tion law tells us that Momentum of system before impact = momentum of system after impact (momentum of bullet) + (momentum of cube) = (momentum of bullet + cubs) mavar + Meee = (ma + mc). (0.008 0 kg}vac +0 = (9.008 kg)(0.40 m/s) Solving gives vp, ~ 0.45 km/s and so ¥p = O.AS km/s—nostrive eDIRECTION,CHAP. 8] IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 89 a2 a3 85 A 16-¢ mass is moving in the +x-direction at 30 cm/s while a 4.0- mass is moving in the x-direction at 50 cm/s. They collide head on and stick together. Find their velocity after the collision, Let the 16-g mass be m; and the 4.0-g mass be ms. ‘Take the x-direction to be postive, That means thatthe velocity ofthe 4.0-g mass hasa scalar value of ‘vy, = ~50 m/s. We apply the law of conservation of mamentum to the system consisting of the two masses: ‘Momentum before impact = momentum after impact mnie t Miatag = (mt ma). (0.016 kg) (0.30 m/s) + (0.0040 kg)(—0.50 m/s) = (0.020 kg)u, = 40.14 m/s (Notice that the 4.0-g mass has negative momentum.) Hence, 114 m/s—rosirve s-pIRECTION. A 2.0-kg brick is moving at a speed of 6.0 m/s. How large a force F is needed to stop the brick in a time of 7.0 x 10s? Let us solve this by use of the impulse equation: Impulse on brick ~ change in momentum of brik FAC= amy — mo, (70x 10s) = 0 ~ (2.0 kg)(6.0 m/s) from which # = ~1,7 x 10* N. The minus sign indicates that the force opposes the motion. A 15¢g bullet moving at 300 m/s passes through a 2.0 om thick sheet of foam plastic and emerges With a speed of 90 m/s. What average force impeded its motion through the plastic? Use the impulse equation to find the force F on the bullet as it takes a time Av to pass through the plastic. Taking the initial direction of motion to be positive, FAt= my, muy We can find At by assuming uniform deceleration and using x iq = 4(vi + up) = 195 mis. This gives 1 = 1.026 x 10s, Then (F)(1.026 x 10° 5 ‘which gives F = —3.1 x 10" N as the average retarding force. How could this problem have been solved using F = ma instead of the impulse equation? By using energy methods? 020 mand (0.015 kg)(90 m/s) ~ (0.015 g)(300 m/s) The nucleus of an atom has a mass of 3,80 x 10- ke and is at rest, The nucleus is radioactive and suddenly ejects a particle of mass 6.6 x 10-7 kg and speed 1.5 x 10” m/s. Find the recoil speed of the nucleus that is left behind Take the direction of the ejected particle as positive. We are given, my = 3.80 x 107% kg, my = 665 « 107 kg, mgy = ms ~ mp ~ 3.73 = 10™™ kg, andy ~ 15 x 10" m(s find the final speed of the nucleus, yy. The momentum of the syslem is conserved duting the explosion. Momentum before = momentum after 0 maytag + yg 0 3.73 x LO kg) (ty) + (6.6 x 10-2” kg)(1.5 x 10? m/s)86 87 88 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM [CHAP. 8 Solving gives (6.6 «10° kg (1.5 x 10" m/s) _ 10.0x 10 33 x 10 kg 373x105 ‘The fact that this is negative tells us thatthe velocity veetor ofthe nucleus points in the negative direction, ‘opposite to the velocity of the particle, 2.7 10 m/s ‘A 0.25-kg ball moving in the +-direction at 13 m/s is hit by a bat, Its final velocity is 19 mys in the ~2-direction, The bat acts on the ball for 0.010 , Find the average force F exerted on the ball by the bat We have vy = 13 m/s ang vy = ~19 my. Taking the initial direction of motion as postive, the impulse ‘equation then gives FAE= vy — mo, (0.010 s) = (0.25 kg)(—19 m/s) ~ (0.25 kg)(13 m/s) from which F = —0.80 KN. Two girls (masses m, and m,) are on roller skates and stand at rest, close to each other and facs to face. Girl 1 pushes squarely against girl 2 and sends her moving backward. Assuming the girls ‘move freely on their skates, with what speed does giel 1 move? We take the two girls to comprise the system under consideration. The problem states that girl 2 moves “backward,” so lt that be the negative direction; therefore the “forward” direction is postive. There is no resultant external force on the system (the push of one girl on the other is an internal force), and s0 ‘momentum is conserved: Momentum before = momentum after O= mn +m ‘rom whieh 4 e Girl | rozolls with this speed. Notice tha if m,/m is very large, »; is much larger than v. The velocity of girl 1, ¥iy points in the positive forward direction. The velocity of girl 2, ¥2, points in the negative backward direction. If we put numbers into the equation, v2 would have to be negative and » would come out positive, As shown in Fig. 8-1, a 15-g bullet is fired horizontally into a 3.000-kg block of wood suspended bya long cord, The bullet sticks in the block. Compute the speed of the bullet if the impact causes the block to swing 10 em above its initial levelCHAP. s} IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 1 89 810 an Consider first the collision of Bock and bl. During the colision, momentum is conserved, so Momentum just before = momentum just after (0015 kejo~0 = G.015 keV where isthe intl peat ofthe bullet, and isthe sped of bloc and built just after coltsion. ‘We have two unknowns in this equation. To find another equation, we ean us the fast that the block sorngs 10 em high, If we let PEg = 0 atthe inital level ofthe block, energy conservation gives KEE just after colon = inal PE 4 (3.015 kg)? = (3.015 kg)(9.81 m/s?)(0.10 m) From tis we id ¥ = 1.40 ans. Substituting this inthe previous equation gives of the bullet, ‘Notice that we cannot write tbe conservation of energy equation Jom? =(0-+Af)eh, where m= 0.015 kg and M = 3.000 kg because energy is lost (through friction) in the collision process. 28 km/s forthe speed ‘Three masses are placed on the x-axis: 200g at x x= 70 em. Find their center of mass. ), $00. at x= 30cm, and 400 g at (0)(0.20 kg) + (0.30 m)(0.50 ke) + (0.70 m}(0.40 ks) (0.20-+ 0.30 + 040) ke ‘The y+ and =coordinates of the mass center are ze, A system consists of the following masses in the xp-plane: 4.0 kg at coordinates (x= 0, y= 5.0 m), 7.0 kg at (3.0 m, 8.0 m), and 5.0 kg at (-3.0 m, ~6.0 m). Find the position of its center of mass, Bim, _(O)(AO ke) + (3.0 m)(7.0 ke) + (“3.0 (5.0 KB) _ 9 5g oo (804 7.04 50) ke ae (5.0 (4.0 kg) + (8. mm) (7.0 kg) + (6.0 m){5.0 ke) 16 Kg, and =m = Two identical railroad cars sit on a horizontal track, with a distance D between their centers. By means of a cable between them, a winch on one is used to pull the two together. (a) Deseribe their relative motion. (b) Repeat if the mass of one car is three times that of the other. ‘The foroes due to the cable on the two cars ure internal forces for the two-car system. The net external Force on the system is zero, and so its center of mass does not move, even though each car moves toward the other. Taking the origin of coordinates at the mass center, we have Tm mm where xy and x2 ate the positions of the centers of the two cars. (@) If m= may this equation becomes 73k “The two cars approach the center of mass, which is originally midway between the two cars (that is, ‘D/2 from each), in such a way that their centers are always equidistant from it. () Hem, = 3m, then we have2 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM ICHAP. 8 from which xy = 1/3. The two cars approsch cach other in such ¢ way that the mass center remains ‘motionless and the heavier car is always onc-third as far away from itas the lighter ear. Originally, because |xi|+ |x| =D, we had x,/3+x2=D. Som; was originally a distance 32 = 3D/4 from the mass center, and my, was a distance D/4 from it. : 8.12 A pendulum consisting of a ball of mass mis released from the position shown in Fig. 8-2 and strikes a block of mass IM. The block slides a distance D before stopping under the action of a steady friction force 0.20Mg. Find D if the ball rebounds to an angle of 20°. ‘The pendulum ball falls through a height (Z.— Lcos 37°)=0.2012 and rebounds to a eight (L~Lcos 20°) = 0.06032. Because (glo, = (Lem?)ixaam £04 the ball, its speed at the bottom is v= ViRh. Although KE is not conserved! in the colision, momentum is. Therefore, for the collision, ‘Momentum just before = momentum just after my Fg{OIO1T) + 0 ~ mV Fe(O0G0ST) + MY where V is the velocity of the block just after the collision. (Notice the minus sign on the momentum of the rebounding ball.) Solving this equation, we find v= MaoeivieZ The block uses up it translational KE doing work against fiction as it slides a distance D, Therefore, jMr= FD or 4M(0963¢L)(7)'= (0.2Me)(D) from which D = 2.4(m/M)*2. 8.13 Two balls of equal mass approach the coordinate ofigin, one moving downward along the +y-axis at 2.00 m/s and the other moving to the right along the a-axis at 3.00 mjs. After they collide, one ball moves out to the right along the +x-axis at 1.20 m/s. Find the scalar x and y velocity components of the other ball. ‘Take up and to the right as positive, Momentum is conserved in the collision, so we ean writeCHAP. §] IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 93 (coomentum before), = (momentum after), or ‘m(3.00 m5} +0 = 20 m/3) + m0, and (omentum before), = (momentum aftr), or 0+ m{-2.00 m/s) = 0-4 mo, (Why the minus sgn?) Solving, we find that vy = 1.80 m/s andy 2.00 mis. 8.14 A 7500-kg truck traveling at 5.0 m/s east collides with a 1500-kg car moving at 20 m/s in a direction 30° south of west, After collision, the two vehicles remain tangled together. With what speed and in'what direction does the wreckage begin to move? ‘The original momenta are shown in Fig. 8-3(a), while the final momentum M¥ is shown in Fig. 8-3(). ‘Momentum must be conserved in both the north and east directions. Therefore, (momentum before); = (momentum afters (7500 kg}(5.0 m/s) ~ (1500 kg}[(20 m/s) cos 30°] = Mug where IM = 7500 kg +1500 kg = 9000 kg, and ny is the scalar eastward component of the velocity of the wreckage. (momentum before)y = (momentum after)y (7500 g)(0) ~ (1500 kg)[(20 m/s) sin 30°) = Mfoy ‘The first equation gives vf = 1.28 m/s, and the second gives ey = —1.67 mis, The resultant is v= (1.67 m/s)? + (1.28 m/s? = 2.1 m/s The angle 0 in Fig. 8-36) is 7500kg x 50 ms ” Fig. 83 8.15 Two identical balls collide head-on, The initial velocity of one is 0.75 mjs—easr, while that of the other is 0.43 m/s—west. If the collision is perfectly elastic, what is the final velocity of each ball? Since the collision is head-on, all motion takes place along a straight line. Take east as positive and call the mass of each ball m, Momentum is conserved in a colision, so we can write8.16 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM ICHAP. 8 Momentum before = momentum after sm( 0-75 m/s) -+0m(—0.43mofs) = ey + m0» Wwinere vy and oy are the final values. This equation simplifies to O32m/s= 44m ” Because the colsion i assumed vo be perfectly clastic, KE is also conserved, Thus, KE before — KE after rn(0.75 ma/s)? + 4om(0.43 m/s)? = ded + fmt ‘This equation can be simplified to omadid @ ‘We can solve for sy in (J) to get m = 0.32~ oy and substitute this in (2). This yields 0.747 = 0.32»)? +94 from which 2of = 0.64 ~ 0.645 =0 Using the quadratic formula, we find that 0.44 Ylosay 45:16 0.16 + 0.59m/s q {om which vy = 0.75 mjs or —0.43 ms. Substitution back into Eq. (1) gives 1 = ~0.43 mys or 0.75 mis. ‘Two choices for answers are available (ej =0.75 m/s, v= 0.43 m/s) and (vy = -0.43 m/s, vy = 0.75 m/s) We must discard the first choice because it implies that the balls continue on unchanged: that is to say, no collision oscurred. The correct answer is therefore v, = ~0.43 m/s and vy = 0.75 ms, which tlls us that in a perfectly elastic, head-on collision between equal masses, the two bodies simply exchange velocities, Hence ¥) = 043 m/s—west and ¥ = 0.75 m/s—east. Alternative Method If we recall that e = | for a perfectly clastic head-on collision, then eae aa rs (WIS mja) = (045 m/s) Which gives yay = 118 m/s @ ‘Equations (1) and (3) determine v, and v; uniquely. A 1.0-kg ball moving at 12 mys collides head-on with a 2.0ckg ball moving in the opposite direction at 24 m/s. Determine the motion of each after impact if (a) e= 2/3, (8) the balls stick together, and (c) the collision is perfectly elastic. In all three cases momentum is conserved, and 30 we ean write Momentum before = momentum after {1.0 g)(12 m/s) + (20 ka)(-24 m/s) = (1.0 kg), + (2.0 kg)» ‘which becomes 36 m/s= vj +2 (0) When e = 2/3, 2 th nam POMS 5~Te) mA)CHAP. 8) IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 95 from which 24 m/s= 1 —v. Combining this with the momentum equation found above gives 1 = —40 m/s and» = —28 m/s (#) In this case vj = my = wand so the momentum equation becomes Be=-36m/s of v= —12 m/s (e) Here e= 1,50 y a pe a Dah) --aay {from which vy ~ vj ~ 36 m/s, Adding this to the momentum equation gives v» ~ 0. Using this value for vy then gives 1) = 36 mis. becomes 8.17 A ball is dropped from a height h above a tile floor and rebounds to a height of 0.65h. Find the coefficient of restitution between ball and floor. The initia and final velocities of the Noor, m and», are zero. Therefore, aon 2 But we can write equations for the interchange of PEg and KE both before and after the bounce: mgh = yoni and me(.65A) = bn Therefore, taking down ws positive, we have uy = VZgh and v, = —/T3O0gh. Substitution gives vU30gh mi age = VOR = 081 8.18 The two balls shown in Fig. 8-4 collide and bounce off each other as shown. (a) What is the Snal velocity of the $00-g ball if the 800-g ball has a speed of 15 em/s after the collision? (6) Is the collision perfectly elastic? Fig. 84 (a) Take motion to the sight as positive, From the law of conservation of momentum, {momentum before), = (momentum afer), {0-80 kg)(0.30 m/s) + (0.50 kg)(~0.5 m/s) = (0.80 kg)|(0.15 m/s) cos 30°} + (0.50 kg)v. from which », = ~0.228 m/s. Taking motion upward as positive, (momentum before), = (momentum after), 0~ (0.80 kg)[-(0.15 m/s) sin 30" + (0.50 ka}e,819) 8.20 IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM [CHAP. § from which v, = 0.120 m/s. Then Veer = 10228 m/5) + (0.120 m/s) = 026 m/s and # = 0.26 m/s—icar. Also, for the angle @ shown in Fig. 84, 1) ‘Total KE before = §(0.80 ke)(0.30 m/s}* +4(0.50 kg)(0.50 m/s) = 0.0993 Total KE after = $(0.80 ke)(0.15 m/s)* +4(0.50 kg)(0.26 m/s)? = 0.0263 Because KE is lost in the collision, it i not perfectly elastic. What force is exerted on a stationary flat plate held perpendicular to a jet of water as shown in Fig. 8-5? The horizontal speed of the water is 80 cm/s, and 30 mL of the water hits the plate each second. Assume the water moves parallel to the plate after striking it. One milliliter (mL) of water thas a mass of 1.00 g. seme waa Fig. 85 ‘The plate exerts an impulse on the water and changes its horizontal momentum. Taking the direction to the right as positive, (impulse), = change in s-directed momentum FAS (ona ~ (Hatt Let us take £ to be 1,00's so that m will be the mass that strikes in 1.00 s, namely 30g. Then the above equation becomes F, (1.00 5) = (0,030 kg)(0 m/s) ~ (0.030 kg)(0:80 m/s) from which F, = 0.024 N, This is the force of the plate on the water. The law of aetion and reaction tells us that the jet exerts an equal but opposite force of the plate ‘A rocket standing on its launch platform points straight upward. Its jet engines are activated and eject gas at a rate of 1500 kg/s. The molecules are expelled with a speed of 50 km/s. How much mass can the rocket initially have if itis slowly to rise because of the thrust of the engines? ‘Because the motion of the rocket itself s negligible in comparison to the speed of the expelled gas, we can assume the gas to be accelerated from test to a speed of $0 kis. The impulse required to provide this acceleration to & mass m of gas isCHAP. 8] IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM 7 821 an 823 a4 825 827 829 830 PAs = omy — mm, = (50000 m/s) — 0 (50000 m/s) From which ‘But we are told that the mass ejected per second (m/ i) is 1500 kgis, and so the force exerted on the expelled gasis F = (50000 m/s)(1500 kg/s) = 75 MN ‘An equal but opposite reaction force acts onthe rocket, and this is the upward thrust on the rocket. The engines can therefore support a weight of 75 MN, so the maximum mass the rocket could have is Maa = ete a9 10? kg Supplementary Problems ‘Typically, a tennis ball hit during a serve travels away at about 51 m/s. Ifthe ball is at rest mid-air when struck, and it has a mass of 0.058 kg, what is the change in its momentum on leaving the racket? Ans. "3.0 kgimis During a soccer game a ball (of mass 0.425 kg), which is initially at rest, is kicked by one of the players. The ball moves off at a speed of 26 m/s. Given that the impact lasted for 8.0 ms, what was the average force exerted on the ball? Ans, 14 EN ‘A 40000-kg freight car is coasting at a speed of 5.0 m/s along a straight track when it strikes @ 30000-Kg. stationary freight ear and couples to it. What will be their combined speed after impact? Ans. 2.9 ms ‘An empty 15000-kg coal car is coasting on a level track st 5.00 mys. Suddenly $000 kg of coal is dumped into it from directly above it. The coal initially has zero horizontal velocity. Find the final speed of the car. Ans. 3.75 mp. Sand drops ata rate of 2000 kgmin from the hottom of a hopper onto a belt conveyer moving horizontally ‘at 250 m/min, Determine the force needed to drive the conveyer, neglecting friction. ns. 139 N “Two bodies of masses 8 kg and 4 kg move along the x-axis in opposite directions with velocities of 11 ms— Positive EDIRECTION and 7 m/s—NBGATIVE s-DIRECTION, respectively. They collide and stick together. Find their velocity just after collision. ns. 5 m/s—POSITIVE -DIRECTION A 1200-kg gun mounted on wheels shoots an 8.00-Kg projectile with a muzzle velocity of 600 m/s at an angle (of 30.0° above the horizontal, Find the horizontal recoil speed of the gun. ant. 3.46 m/s. ‘Three masses are placed on the y-axis: 2 kg at y ~ 300 em, 6 kg at y— 150 em, and 4 kg at y = —75 em. Find their center of mass. ns. y= 1m Four masses are positioned in the xy-plane as follows: 300 g at (x= 0, y= 20m), 500g at (20m, =3.0 m), 700 at (S0em, 30cm), and 900g at (80m, 150 cm). Find their center of mass. m, y= 0.28 m AA ball of mass m sits atthe coordinate origin when it explodes into two pieces that shoot along the x-axis in ‘opposite directions. When one of the pieces (wihich has mass 0.270m) is at x= 70.em, where is the other pices? (Hint: What happens to the mass center!) Ans, at x = ~26 em98 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 838 339 340 Bat aan IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM [cHaP. s ‘A ball of mass m at rest at the coordinate origin explodes into three equal pieces. At a certain instant, one piceeis on the s-axis atx = 40 em and another is at x = 20 em, y = —60 cm. Whereis the third piece at that instant? Ans, at x= —60 em, y = 60 om A 20skg block of wood rests on a long tabletop. A 5.0-g bullet moving horizontally with a speed of 150 m/s is shot into the block and sticks in it, The block then slides 270 em along the table and stops. (a) Find the speed of the block just after impact, (8) Find the friction force between block and table, Ans, (a) 037 ms: (b) 0.052 N ‘A 2.0-kg block of wood rests on a tabletop. A 7.0-g bullet is shot straight up through a hole in the table bbeneath the block. The bullet lodges in the block, and the block fs 25 em above the tabletop. How fast was, the bullet going initially? — Ans. 0.64 km/s A 6000-kg truck traveling north at 5.0 m/s collides with a 4000-ke truck moving west at 15 m/s. I the two trucks remain locked together after impact, with what speed and in what direction do they move immediately after the colision? Ans. 6.7 mys at 27° north of west What average resisting force must act on a 3.0-kg mass to reduce its speed from 65 em/s to 1S ems in 0208 Ans. 7.5 ‘A 7.00-g bullet moving horizontally at 200 mis strikes and passes through a 1S0-g in can sitting on a post. Just aller impact, the ean has a horizontal speed of 180 em/s. What was the bullets speed after leaving the can? dns, 161 m/s Two balls of equal mass, moving with speeds of 3 mjs, collide head-on. Find the speed of cach after impact if (a) they stick together, (#) the collision is perfectly clastic, (c) the coefficient of restitution is 1/3 Ans. (a) 0 mjs; (b) each rebounds at 3 m/s; (c) each rebounds at 1 mis A 90-g ball moving at 100 cm/s collides head-on with a stationary 10-g ball. Determine the speed of each after impact if (a) they stick together, (B) the collision is perfectly clastic, (c) the coefficient of restitution is 0.90. Ans. (a) 90 cm/s; (B) 80 ems, 1.8 mis; (e) 81 ems, 1.7 m/s A\ ball is dropped onto a horizontal floor. It reaches a height of 144 cm on the first bounce, and 81 cm on the second bounce. Find (a) the coefficient of restitution between the ball and floor and (6) the height it attains fom the third bounce, Ans. (a) 0.75; (8) 46 em ‘Two identical balls undergo a collision at the origin of coordinates. Before collision their scalar velocity components are (u, = 40 emis, u, = 0) and (u, = ~30 cm/s, u = 20 cm/s). After collision, the first ball is standing still. Find the scalar velocity components of the sscond ball. ns. vu, = 10 emis, v, = 20 cm/s Two identical balls traveling parallel to the x-axis have speeds of 30 em/s and are oppositely directed. They collide perfectly elastically. After collision, one bal is moving at an angle of 30° above the +x-axis. Find its speed and the velocity of the other ball. Ans. 30 em/s, 30 em/s at 30° below the —x-anis (opposite to the first ball) (@) What minimum thrust must the jet engines of a 2.0 x 10° kg rocket have if the rocket is to be able to rise from the Earth when aimed straight upward? (b) If the engines ¢ject fuel at the rate of 20 kg/s, how fast must he gascous Fel e moving si aves the engines? Neglet the smal change in the mass of the reckst duc to ‘he ete fuck. dnt (a) 20> 10" N;() 98 kes