HOA REVIEWER protection in caves or animal hides over wooden
poles.
INTRODUCTION TO HOA (Lesson 1)
Religious – no organized religion, the dead are
History – chronological narrative of significant
treated with respect which can be seen in their
events
burial rituals and monuments
History of Architecture – traces the origin, growth
Social – political
and decline of architectural styles which have
prevailed lands and ages. Historical – direct human ancestors evolved in
Africa from 2.3 million years ago.
Prehistoric – human events knowledge of which is
gained mainly through archeological discoveries, Bronze Age – a period in the ancient and
study, and research. prehistoric cultures of the Near East and Europe
from 3500 to 800 BC during which forging
Civilization – An advanced state of human society
technology for rudimentary implements etc. in
marked by a relatively high level of cultural,
bronze was first developed, running concurrently
technical, and political development.
with the Stone Age.
Society – large-scale community of people having
Iron Age – a prehistorical or historical period,
common traditions, Institutions, and identity.
running concurrent with the Bronze Age from
Culture – the integrated pattern of human c.1200 BC to 1 AD, during which implements were
knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors. forged from iron.
Style – an artistic expression characteristic of a Constructive Principles
person, people, or period. ▪ Post and Lintel (Trabeated)
▪ Arch and Vault
Expression –communicated in the execution of an ▪ Corbel and Cantilevered
artistic work. ▪ Trussed
Stone Age – the earliest known period of human
Classification of Early Known Types of
culture, and characterized by the use of stone
Architecture
implements and weapons.
▪ Dwellings
Paleolithic – Old Stone Age, a prehistoric period ▪ Religious Monuments
from c.600 000 to 8000 BC and characterized by ▪ Burial Grounds
the rise to dominance of the human species, Homo
sapiens, during which the first implements were Dwelling Structures
struck from stone.
Primitive Dwellings - mostly had one room,
Mesolithic – Middle Stone Age, a prehistoric development of more complex civilizations led to
period from c.8300 to 4000 BC, during which use of division of the room into smaller ones.
the axe became widespread and principal tools
1. Rock Shelter - a shallow cave like opening at
were struck from stone.
the base of a bluff or cliff.
Neolithic – of or pertaining to the last phase of the 2. Rock Caves
Stone Age, characterized by the cultivation of grain 3 Stages of the Evolution of Cave
crops, domestication of animals, settlement of a. Natural Cave
villages, manufacture of pottery and textiles, and b. Artificial Cave
use of polished stone implements, thought to have c. Cave above the ground
begun c9000-8000BC. 3. Cliff Dwelling - the general archaeological
term for the habitations of prehistoric peoples,
New Stone Age – a prehistoric period in Europe formed by using niches or caves in high cliffs.
from c.4000 to 2000 BC, after the Mesolithic, during 4. Tents and Huts - made from tree barks,
which the use of clay became widespread and the animal skins, and plant leaves. Huts are
principal tools were finished by grinding. usually made up of reeds, bushes and
wattles.
Six Influences of Architecture: 5. Clochan - an Early Christian drystone
Geographical Geological dwelling used by monks in Ireland and the
Scottish Western Isles, constructed in the
Climatic – people in warmer climates needed little shape of a beehive with corbelled vaulting.
clothing while those in colder climates took
6. Trullo - a dry walled rough stone shelter with Tumuli/Barrow – earthen mounds used for burials
corbelled roof. Done by dabbing dry roughly of several to couple hundred of ordinary persons.
plastered walls.
Passage grave – a megalithic tomb of Neolithic
7. Wigwam - rush mats over a wooden frame,
and early Bronze Ages found in the British Isles
with animal skin door.
and Europe, consisting of a roofed burial chamber
8. Tepee - conical tent with poles as framework
and narrow entrance passage, covered by a
and bark or animal skins.
tumulus.
9. Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined
logs.
WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE (Lesson 2)
10. Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of
palm leaves. Mesopotamia – West Asiatic Architecture
11. Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of flourished and developed in the Twin Rivers Tigris
snow blocks with an entrance tunnel. Made of and Euphrates; “Cradle of Civilization”
hard packed snow blocks built up spirally.
12. Sod house - a house built of strips of sod, Babylon – was the capital of ancient of Babylonia
laid like brickwork, and used esp. by settlers in southern Mesopotamia now the modern Iraq.
on the Great Plains when timber was scarce.
Ziggurat – pyramidal stepped temple tower that is
13. Yurt – a circular, tent like dwelling of the
an architectural and religious structure
Mongol nomads of central Asia, consisting of
characteristic of the major cities of Mesopotamia
a cylindrical wall of poles in a lattice
from approximately 2200 until 500 bce.
arrangements with a conical roof of poles,
both covered by felt or animal skins. City of Babylon – a city surrounded by a
14. Catal Huyuk, Turkey – a Neolithic settlement fortification of double walls and has defensive
in Anatolia, dated 6500 - 5000 B.C. One of towers that project well above the walls.
the world’s earliest cities. They were
rectangular single roomed with mud plastered Ishtar Gate (575 B.C.) - originated a procession
wall and floors. Access was by ladder from street that cuts through the city raised above the
the roof. There were no roads but everybody ground to the tower of Babel.
walked on each other’s roof. Hanging Gardens of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar’s
Palace – garden. - This is recorded as one of the
Classification of Megalithic Religious seven wonders of the ancient world, but exact
Structures knowledge of the nature of this garden is not
Megalith – large stone used to construct a known.
structure either alone or together with other stones. Portico - portico is a porch leading to the entrance
Monolith – a single block of stone of considerable of a building, or extended as a colonnade, with a
size, often in the form of an obelisk or column. roof structure over a walkway, supported by
columns or enclosed by walls.
Menhir – a prehistoric monument consisting of an
upright megalith, usually standing alone but Megaron - was the great hall in very early
sometimes aligned with others. Mycenean and ancient Greek palace complexes.
Dolmen – a prehistoric monument consisting of The White Temple - a religious structure, built over
two or more large upright stones supporting a the Anu ziggurat, and dedicated to the dedicated to
horizontal stone slab. the sky god Anu.
Cromlech – a circular arrangement of megaliths Palace of Persepolis - founded by Darius I in 518
enclosing a dolmen or burial mound. B.C., Persepolis was the capital of the Achaemenid
Empire. It was built on an immense half-artificial,
Trilithon – two upright megaliths supporting a half-natural terrace, where the king of kings created
horizontal stone. Also called trilith. an impressive palace complex inspired by
Stone Circle or Stone Row – made up of 3000 Mesopotamian models.
stones spaced upright. Tower of Babel - is an origin myth and parable
Stonehenge – a megalithic monument erected in meant to explain why the world's peoples speak
the early Bronze Age c2700 B.C. on Salisbury different languages.
Plain, Wiltshire, England. Temple of Marduk - s a temple dedicated to
Marduk, the protector god of Babylon. It lay south
of the ziggurat Etemenanki.
Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad - the courtyard Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) - the largest of the
displays the remains of a gigantic city built in under three main pyramids at Giza, was built by Khufu
ten years in the late 8th century BC. and rises to a height of 146 meters (481 feet).
Palace Platform, Persepolis - Darius I built the Pyramid of Chephren (Khafra or Khafre) - is the
greatest palace at Persepolis on the western side middle of the three Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of
of platform. This palace was called the Apadana. Giza, the second tallest and second largest of the
The King of Kings used it for official audiences. group.
Propylaea - it serves as a partition, separating the Pyramid of Mykerinos (Menkaura) - the smallest
secular and religious parts of a city. of the three main pyramids of the Giza pyramid
complex.
Hall of Hundred Column – it is the second largest
building of the Persepolis Terrace next to the Pylons - monumental gateway to the temple
Apadana. consisting of slanting walls flanking the entrance
portal.
Palace of Darius and Xerxes - the greatest palace
at Persepolis on the western side of platform. Great Temple of Ammon, Karnak, Thebes - the
principal religious center of the god Amun-Re in
Tomb of Darius the Great - is one of the four
Thebes during the New Kingdom. The complex
tombs for Achaemenid kings at the historical site of
remains one of the largest religious complexes in
Naqsh-e Rostam, located about 12 kilometres
the world.
northwest of Persepolis in Iran.
Temple of Khons - is an ancient Egyptian temple.
EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE (Lesson 3) It is located within the large Precinct of Amun-Re at
Karnak, in Luxor, Egypt. The edifice is an example
Egypt - known as the Land of Pharaoh and Desert of an almost complete New Kingdom temple, and
Land. was originally constructed by Ramesses III on the
Nile River - is the life of Egypt they used it for site of an earlier temple.
irrigation to turn desert lands into fruitful fields. Mammisi Temple - is an ancient Egyptian small
Pharaohs - gods dwelling on earth; - builders and chapel attached to a larger temple built from the
leaders. Late Period, and associated with the nativity of a
god.
Sphinx – representation of Egyptians solar deity,
Sun God, Horemakhet or Horus of the Horizon; Great Temple of Abu-Simbel - a historic site
symbolized royalty and sacred status. comprising two massive rock-cut temples in the
village of Abu Simbel, Aswan Governorate, Upper
Androsphinx – human-headed sphinx Egypt, near the border with Sudan.
Criosphinx – ram-headed sphinx Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri - built into a
cliff face that rises sharply above it, and is largely
Heiracosphinx – falcon-headed sphinx
considered to be one of the "incomparable
Mastabas - first type of Egyptian tomb monuments of ancient Egypt".
Pyramids - massive funerary structure of stone or Obelisks - upright stone square in plan, with an
brick square plan and four sloping triangular sides electrum-capped pyramidion on top.
meeting at the apex.
Fortress of Buhen - constructed during the reigns
Bent pyramid, Rhomboid pyramid - an Egyptian of Senwosret I and Senwosret III during the 12th
pyramid-type in which each triangular planar Dynasty and both pharaohs were later worshiped
surface changes direction as it approaches the top, as deified rulers at a temple on the site.
as in a mansard roof; sometimes also called a blunt
or false pyramid. GREEK ARCHITECTURE (Lesson 4)
Pyramid of Giza - is the largest Egyptian pyramid Marble – chief building materials, they also had
and served as the tomb of pharaoh Khufu, who ample supplies of building stones.
ruled during the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Aegean Civilization - the first great sea-power in
Kingdom. the Mediterranean.
Aegean Period - civilizations on Crete and Greek
mainland from earliest times until about 1100 BC.
Mycenaean or Helladic (1400 to 1100 BC) - pseudo-peripteral - flanking columns attached
continuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship to naos
Hellenic Period (800 to 323 BC) - the "polis" or dipteral - double line of columns surrounding
city-state emerged as the basis of Greek society naos
Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC) - Greek pseudo-dipteral - like dipteral, but inner
civilization extended; shift to eastern part of the columns omitted on flanks of naos
Mediterranean, west was unimportant.
Doric Column – oldest column, simplest and most
Megaron – an early Greek or Mycenaean dwelling massive of the three Greek orders; without base,
type; single-storey dwelling with a central room and directly on crepidoma.
porticoed entrance; columns support roof.
Ionic Column - more slender than Doric; needed a
Prostas house - a Greek dwelling-type entered base to spread load; height was 9 times the base
from the street via a passage to an open courtyard, diameter; have 24 flutes separated by fillets.
around which all spaces are arranged.
Caryatid – also Kore, a carved statue if a draped
Pastas house - a dwelling-type from the classical female figure which functions as a column.
period of northern Greece, 423–348 BC, with a
Canephora, Canephore, Canephorum,
courtyard in the centre of the south side and deep
Kanephoros – ‘basket-carrying’; carved
columned veranda or pastas affording access to
statuesque column of a draped female figure
rooms.
carrying a basket, or with a basket on her head.
Peristyle house - a Greek dwelling-type whose
Atlas, Telamon, Atlantes (plural) – a massive
open courtyard is surrounded by colonnades on all
carved statuesque stoop of male figure, often
sides, often more luxurious than a prostas or
serving as a columnar support for a pediment.
pastas house.
Herm, Herma, Hermae (plural) – a square tapered
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae - also called Tomb
column capped with the carved head, bust or torso
of Agamemnon, a beehive, or tholos, tomb built
of a figure, usually Hermes; originally used by the
about 1350 to 1250 BC at Mycenae, Greece.
Greeks as a bopundary marker, later as decoration.
Entasis - a slight convex curve in the shaft of a
Agora – a market or meeting place in a Greek city,
column, introduced to correct the visual illusion of
the hub of public life where the most important
concavity produced by a straight shaft.
public buildings were situated.
Acropolis – “City in the Height.” in Classical
Theatron – designed for the presentation of plays
architecture, a city stronghold or fortress
in which choral songs and dances were prominent
constructed on higher ground than surrounding
features.
urban fabric.
Stoa of Attalos, Athens – an ancient Greek
Temenos – the sacred area or enclosure a
portico, usually detached and of considerable
classical Greek temple.
length, used as a promenade or meeting place
Propylaea – a monumental gateway to a sacred around public places.
enclosure, fortification, town or square.
Prytaneion of Panticapaeum, Ukraine – senate
Parthenon - Athens, Greece - Ictinus and house; A public town hall for the citizens of ancient
Callicrates – built from 447-438 B.C. in honor of Greece, containing state banquet halls and
Athena, the city’s patron goddess. hospitality suites.
Temples planned by column arrangement: Bouleuterion, Priene – council chamber with rows
of stepped benches surrounding a central platform.
in-antis - between anta and the front
Ephesus Odeon, Turkey – A roofed theater
amphi-antis - at front and rear building in antiquity, especially one for the
performance of vocal and instrumental music.
prostyle - portico at front
Nemea Stadioin, Greece – an ancient Greek
amphi-prostyle - porticoes at front and rear
elongated sports venue with rounded ends,
peripteral - on all sides surrounded on all sides by banked spectator
stands; venue for foot racing.
Hippodrome, Tyre, Lebanon – an open or roofed
track or arena for chariot and horse racing in
ancient Greece.
Palaestra, Vaison-la-Romaine – wrestling house;
A place used for the instruction and practice of
wresting and athletics.
Pompeii Gymnasion – an ancient Greek center for
sports, with buildings, playing areas and baths
DORIC COLUMN
IONIC COLUMN
