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Chapter 4 Electrical Systems - For Class - Part 1

Here are the steps to solve this example: (a) Write KCL equations at the nodes: iR1 + iC1 = 0 iR1 = iC1 Write component equations: iR1 = (e1 - e0)/R1 iC1 = C1de1/dt Substitute and simplify to get: C1de1/dt + e1/R1C1 = e0/R1C1 This is a first order differential equation in the form [τD + 1]e1 = Ge0 Where: τ = R1C1 (time constant) G = 1/R

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42 views

Chapter 4 Electrical Systems - For Class - Part 1

Here are the steps to solve this example: (a) Write KCL equations at the nodes: iR1 + iC1 = 0 iR1 = iC1 Write component equations: iR1 = (e1 - e0)/R1 iC1 = C1de1/dt Substitute and simplify to get: C1de1/dt + e1/R1C1 = e0/R1C1 This is a first order differential equation in the form [τD + 1]e1 = Ge0 Where: τ = R1C1 (time constant) G = 1/R

Uploaded by

shamu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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chp4 1

Modeling Electrical Systems

Dr. H. Maverengo
MTR502
chp4 2

Agenda
• Basic Electrical Elements
• Passive Circuit Analysis
• Active Circuit Analysis
• Case Study: A Speaker Model

• Active Learning: Pair-share Exercises, Case


Study
chp4 3

Basis Electrical Elements


chp4 4

Electrical System
• Composed of resistors, capacitors, inductors,
transistors, amplifiers, power supplies
– Passive circuits: respond to applied voltage or current and
do not have any amplifiers
– Active circuits: made of transistors and/or amplifiers,
require active power source to work
• Basic quantities
– Charge q [coulomb] = 6.24x1018 electrons
– Current i [ampere] = dq/dt
– Voltage e [Volt] = dw/dq
– Energy or Work w [joule]
– Power p [watt] = e x i = dw/dt
chp4 5

Units and Representations for Common Electrical Quantities


Chap4 6

General Model Structure for


Mechanical System
Chap4
General Model Structure for Electrical 7

System
chp4 8

Equivalent Circuit for Spring-Mass-


Dashpot Systems
chp4 9

Resistance
• Resistance behavior is between insulator and
conductors, allowing a predictable restriction
of electron flow

• Power dissipated =
• Resistance
– A: cross section are of wire
– l: length of wire
– ρ: resistivity of material
chp4 10

Capacitance
• Capacitor stores electrons on 2 parallel plates
separated by an insulating dielectric material in an
electric field
or

• Energy stored in capacitor

• Capacitance
– A: area of plates
– D: spacing between plates
– ϵ:permittivity of the dielectric
chp4 11

Inductance
• Inductance relates voltage induced to time
rate of change of magnetic field
• Faraday’s law:
where φ is the magnetic flux, φ = Li

• Energy stored:
• Inductance:
where A= wire cross section area, l = wire length, n =
number of turns, μm =permeability of magnetic
circuit
chp4 12

Impedance
• Impedance Z: instantaneous ratio of voltage
difference to current

• Impedance of common circuit elements


– Resistive: Zr = R (not dynamic)
– Capacitive: Zc = 1/CD
– Inductive: ZL=LD
Where D= differential operator d/dt,
1/D = integrator operator
chp4 13

Ideal and Non-Ideal Sources


Voltage Source Current Source

Ideal

Non-Ideal

Battery
chp4 14

Open and Short Circuits


• An open circuit is any element through which
current cannot flow

• A short circuit is any element across which


there is no voltage
chp4 15
Series and Parallel
Impedance Combinations

L
chp4 16

Laws for Passive Circuit Analysis


chp4
Techniques for Passive Circuit Analysis for 17

Classical Deriving Differential Equations


1. Draw circuit schematic and label components (e.g., R1, R2, C1,
L1…)
2. Assign voltage at each node (e.g., e1, e2)
3. Assign current in each component (e.g., i1, i2, ..) and show
positive current direction with arrows
4. Write equation for current for each component (e.g., iR1 =
(e1-e2)/R1 or iC1 = CDe1 )
5. Write node equations for each significant node (not
connected to voltage or current source)
6. Substitute component equations into node equations and
reduce results to a single differential equation with output
and input variables
chp4 18

Example 1: Voltage Divider


Evaluate e1
chp4 19

Example 2: Resistor Circuit


• Calculate the amount of power dissipated in resistor R3 in the
circuit shown below

• Solution:
chp4 20

Example 3: Pair-Share Exercise


Seven-Resistor Circuit
• The resistive circuit shown consists of a voltage source
connected to a combination of seven resistors. The output is
voltage e0. Find the equivalent resistance Req of the seven-
resistor combination and evaluate e0.
chp4 21

Example 3: Pair-Share Exercise


Seven-Resistor Circuit

Apply voltage divider equation repeatedly


chp4 22

Example 4: Dual RC Circuit

• Write the modeling equations for circuit (a)


• Derive the differential equation in the form [τD+1]e1=Ge0
• What are the mathematical expressions for time constant τ
and gain G?
• For circuit (b), is the differential equation for this circuit a
product of two RC’s circuit, that is, [τ1D+1][τ2D+1]e2=e0 ?
chp4 23

Example 4: Dual RC Circuit


(a)

iR1
iC1
chp4 24

Example 4: Dual RC Circuit

iR1 iR2
iC1 iC2

(b)
chp4 25

Example 4: Dual RC Circuit

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