MARKING GUIDE FOR SET 3 BABALANDA SERIES
1 a) Ingestion of a meal caused the volume of sodium hydroxide required to
neutralize 10cm3 of stomach contents to decrease;✓ to a minimum; ✓ then
increase;✓ to a peak; ✓at 1.5hour;✓ and later decreased;✓ then remained constant;✓
and finally increased;✓
@1mark, max 08marks
b i) The acid level decreased gradually;✓ due to addition of the bolus to the stomach
which contained saliva; ✓ whose PH is 6.2-7.6/alkaline/ contains bicarbonate ions; ✓
and is also watery/ dilutes stomach contents; ✓ leading to a decrease in volume and
concentration of hydrochloric acid; ✓ Also the meal might have contained proteins;
✓ which buffer PH; ✓
@1mark, max 05marks
ii) The acid level increased rapidly to a peak; ✓ because food had reached the
stomach; ✓ expanding it and stimulating stretch receptors; ✓ which send impulses
to the Meissner’s plexus; ✓ which in turn send impulses to the gastric glands; ✓to
secrete gastric juice which contain the acid; ✓ Also stretching the stomach walls
stimulate some special endocrine glands to secrete gastrin hormone; ✓ which travels
in blood; ✓ to the gastric glands causing gastric acid production which contain the
acid; ✓ Also due to complete neutralization of the alkaline bolus; ✓ and proteins; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
ii) From 1.5 to 2.0hours the acid level decreased rapidly, then increased gradually
between 2.0 to 2.5hours and finally decreased rapidly between 2.5 to 3.0hours; ✓
due to the acidic chyme making contact with the duodenal walls; ✓ stimulating
receptors which send impulses to the brain; ✓ which inhibit gastric/acid production;
✓ secretin production also inhibit acid production ; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
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c) The initial and final volume of the sodium hydroxide required to neutralize
stomach contents are the same ( implying same initial and final volume of acid); ✓
and its important as it prevents wastage of energy; ✓ and materials; ✓ and increases
efficiency of digestion as enough acid is produced at the right time; ✓ and prevents
stomach ulcers; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
d) Less volume of sodium hydroxide will be required;✓causing little
differences/changes in the sodium hydroxide used at different intervals; ✓ making
the results hard to analyze /conclude on; ✓
@1mark, max 03marks
e) Provides optimum PH for stomach enzymes; ✓
Kills bacteria hence defends the body; ✓
Denatures proteins tertiary structure aiding digestion; ✓
Activates enzymes; ✓
Stops salivary amylase action; ✓
@1mark, max 05marks
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SECTION B
2 a) Structure of cellulose
It is a straight; ✓ polymer/ polysaccharide/ long chain; ✓ of beta glucose
molecules; ✓ linked by glycosidic bonds; ✓ between carbon 1 of one glucose and
carbon 4 of another glucose/ 1,4; ✓ the second carbon atom of the bond is rotated
about 180o; ✓ hydroxyl groups which project outwards from each chain link through
hydrogen bonds/form cross linkages; ✓ the chains associate in groups to form
myofibrils; ✓ which are then arranged in other larger bundles called macrofibrils;
✓ the chains are normally cemented by pectins; ✓ and hemicellulose; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
b) Roles of carbohydrates in plants
Energy sources when respired; ✓ e.g. glucose; ✓
Energy reserves/can be stored; ✓ e.g. starch; ✓
Form part of cell parts; ✓ e.g. cellulose in cell walls; ✓
Component of important molecules; ✓ e.g. Ribose in DNA, ribulose in RUBISCO; ✓
Raw materials for proteins, lipids; ✓ e.g. glucose; ✓
Aid in plant support; ✓ e.g. cellulose; ✓
Provide form in which photosynthetic products are translocated; ✓ e.g. sucrose; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
2a) Darwin finches are those that left the mainland and colonized the Galapagos
island; ✓ due to the stiff competition at the main land; ✓ at Galapagos they
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occupied habitats with food (seeds) which they used to eat at main land; ✓ due to
abundant resources like food; ✓ they reproduced beyond what their habitats could
support; ✓ competition set in; ✓ and due to the availability of vacant ecological
niches, adaptive finches migrated there; ✓ and became isolated ; ✓ due to
different food/ conditions in the different habitat; ✓ and mutation; ✓ they
evolved along their lines to suit their habitats; ✓ and this formed 13 new species;
✓from the only one which left the mainland; ✓ and this provides evidence for
adaptive radiation; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
b) Continuous use of a pesticide may induce a random mutation; ✓ that codes for an
enzyme that breakdown the pesticide; ✓ rendering it harmless to the pest; ✓
further use of the pesticide exerts a selection pressure on the pests; ✓ selecting
against the non-mutant/ resistant pests; ✓ which fail to survive and reproduce; ✓
and hence are eliminated; ✓ while the resistant/mutant pests are selected for; ✓
survive and reproduce; making their population higher; ✓ over several generations ;
✓the pest population will be of only the resistant pests; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
4 a) After fertilization, the trophoblastic cells of the blastocyst; ✓ secrete human
chorionic gonadotrophin hormone; ✓ which persists the corpus luteum; ✓ which
continues to secrete progesterone ; ✓and low but steady amount of oestrogen; ✓
which bring about increased growth of the endometrium of the uterus; ✓ and also
inhibit the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior lobe of the
pituitary gland; ✓ preventing further growth of the follicles; ✓
At about 3-4month/ 10-12weeks; ✓ the corpus luteum begins to
regress/degenerate/disintergrate; ✓ and the placenta takes over the job of
secretion of progesterone and oestrogen; ✓
On the course of pregnancy/ toward the end of gestation period, the levels of
oestrogen rises and that of progesterone falls; ✓ as oestrogen increases the
sensitivity of the uterine walls to oxytocin; ✓ the fall in progesterone also causes
secretion of oxytocin; ✓ from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; ✓ by
positive feedback mechanism; ✓ and cause contraction of uterine walls which aid in
expulsion of the baby from the womb; ✓
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Both hormones stimulate growth of mammary glands during pregnancy in
readiness; ✓ for milk production; ✓ After Parturition, flow of milk is initiated by
hormone prolactin; ✓ from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
b) The testes are outside and away from the body; ✓ providing a suitable
temperature, about 34-350c; ✓ for viable sperm production; ✓
Semen fluids are alkaline and neutralize acidic vaginal fluids; ✓ and also provide
the sperms food(fructose) maintaining its viability; ✓
Stored in the scrotum hence protected from infection, desiccation and
mechanical damage maintaining it viable; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
5 a) Wasps inject poisonous chemicals into the body causing inflammation; ✓ which
cause production of histamine and 5-hydroxytrptamine; ✓ these cause local
vasodilation; ✓ and increased blood flow to the infected area; ✓ the
permeability/leakiness of capillaries also increase;
antibodies/antitoxins/interferons/ phagocytes are supplied to the infected area
in enough amounts; ✓ and these reduce/neutralize the effects of the poison; ✓ and
the area become swollen/oedema; ✓ Also the neutropils are stimulated to produce
Pyrogens; ✓ which rises the temperature set-point of the body at infected area; ✓
facilitating the defensive response of the body; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
b) In the presence of lymphokines produced by the T- helper cells; ✓ when the B
cells bind to an antigen; ✓ it is activated to clone/divide to form many identical
copies; ✓ these later differentiate into memory B cells and effector /plasma cells;
✓ effector cells secrete antibodies; ✓ which destroy the antigen; ✓ by
agglutination; ✓opsonization/lysis/Precipitation/neutralization; ✓ while memory B
cells stimulate rapid production of antibodies; ✓ in case of re-infection of the
antigen; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
6 ai) Seed dormancy
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Abscissic acid promotes seed dormancy; ✓ by inhibiting imbibition/ water
absorption by the seed; ✓ which initiates germination; ✓
@1mark, max 03marks
ii) Seed growth
Gibberellins promote germination; ✓ by diffusing to the aleurone layer
stimulating synthesis of several enzymes e.g. alpha amylase; ✓ which breakdown
food reserves in the endosperm; ✓and products move to the embryo to promote
growth; ✓
Auxins promote cell enlargement; ✓ by causing action of proton pumps which
pump hydrogen ions into the cell wall; ✓ which provide low optimum PH for the
enzyme which breakdown the cell wall; ✓ and later the cell wall take up water by
osmosis; ✓ due to lower water potential; ✓ hence enlarging due to the now plastic
cell wall; ✓
Cytokininns promote cell division; ✓ bringing about increased size; ✓
@1mark, max 12marks
iii) Water stress
During water stress abscissic acid is produced; ✓ which cause stomatal closure; ✓
leaf senescence; ✓ abscission; ✓ and also inhibit plant growth; ✓ hence conversing
water during water stress; ✓
@1mark, max 10marks
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✓
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