JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.

ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

MATRIX Built Engineering

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL

DESIGN

DESIGN REPORT
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DETAILING FOR
FOUR STORIED RESIDENCE BUILDING

M A T RIX B UI L T E N G I N E E R I N G

`
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report is prepared as a design workout for Short Course on Structural Design
Online course conducted by MATRIX Built, as a part of its exercises.

The design report accounts for analysis and designing of structural element of a proposed
Hostel Building which is fourstoried reinforced concrete frame building with 1015.3 m2 of
floor area.

The design report contains design calculations with respect to the analysis which was
carried out using computer aided software such as “PROKON” and “ETABS” as well as
the manual calculations in accordance with the recommendations given in BS 8110:
Part1:1997, BS 8110: Part3 : 1985, CP3: Chapter V: Part 2:1972 and BS 6399: Part
1:1996 and detailing was done according to the Standard Method of Detailing Structural
Concrete: 1989. Sizing of the structural element is carried out to fulfill the architectural
and structural requirement. This report includes designing and detailing for second floor
slab, second floor beam, column up to roof, stair case and foundation. The foundation
design was adopted according to the soil investigation report with an allowable bearing
capacity of 175kN/m2 at 1.0m depth.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

2.0 DESIGN INFORMATION

2.1 REFERENCES

Design Codes

For structural use of concrete

· BS 8110: Part1: Code of practice for design and construction: 1997

· BS 8110: Part2: Code of practice for special circumstances: 1985
· BS 8110: Part3: Design chart for singly reinforced beams and doubly
reinforced beams and rectangular columns: 1985
For loads

· BS 6399: Part1: Code of practice for Dead and Imposed loads: 1996
· CP3: Chapter V: Part 2: Code of practice for Wind loads:
1972 For Detailing

· BS 8666:2005 Scheduling, Dimensioning, Bending and

Cutting of Steel Reinforcement for Concrete.
Text books

· The Institution of Structural Engineers, The Institution of Civil Engineers,

“Manual for The Design of Structural Elements”
· The Institution of Structural Engineers, Concrete Society – “Standard
Method of Detailing Structural Concrete”-1989
· “Design of Buildings for High Winds in Sri Lanka”- by Department of
Building of Sri Lanka
· W.M. C McKenzie – “Design of Structural Elements”
· W. P. S Dias – “Graded Examples in Reinforced Concrete Design”
· A. H. Allen – “Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110 simply
explained” - 1985 ∙ R. C. Hibbeler – “Structural Analysis”- 6th Edition
in SI Units
· C.E. Reynolds and J.C. Steedman - "Reinforced Concrete Designers
Handbook" 10th Edition
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

2.2 GENERAL INFORMATION

Project Proposed Nursing Quarters for Kekirawa Base Hospital

Client Provincial Health Department, North Central Province

Architect Provincial Engineering Department, North Central Province

Structural Engineer Provincial Engineering Department, North Central Province

Fire resistance Two hours for all structural elements

Exposure condition Mild

Wind loading condition Speed 38 m/s(post disaster structure in wind zone 3- Kekirawa)

General loading Dead Load:

condition Floor finish 1.0 kN/m2
Brick work (225mm) 5.0 kN/m2

Imposed Load:
Roof 0.75 kN/m2
Bed room 1.5 kN/m2
Toilet area 2.0 kN/m2

Foundation type Reinforced concrete pad footing

Allowable bearing capacity - 175 kN/m2

Material data C25 concrete

Self-weight of concrete for another element 24 kN/m3

Characteristic strength of steel

High Yield steel 460 N/mm2
Mild steel 250 N/mm2
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

2.3 ASSUMPTIONS

1. The strain distribution in the concrete in compression and strains in the

reinforcement, whether in tension or compression, are derived by assuming
that the plane sections remain plane. Strain in concrete is linearly proportional
to the distance from the neutral axis.

2. Stress in the concrete are derived from stress-strain curve in Fig 2.1 of BS
8110: Part 1 with γm = 1.5 and tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

3. Stress in reinforcement are derived from stress-strain curve in Fig 2.2 of BS

8110: Part 1 with with γm = 1.05.

4. Strain in the concrete at failure is 0.0035.

5. Where section is design to resist only flexure, the lever arm should not be
assumed to be greater than 0.95 times the effective depth.

6. Pinned connection is assumed at ground level where the Tie beam is

connected while no moment transfers to the foundation.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Table 2.4.1 Symbols for used in design

MATRIX Built Engineering
2.4 SYMBOLS

Gk Characteristic dead load.

Qk Characteristic imposed load.

fcu Characteristic strength of concrete.

fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement.

h agg size of aggregate

C nominal cover

As Area of tension reinforcement.

As´ Area of compression reinforcement.

M Design ultimate moment.

D Effective depth of the tension reinforcement.

X Depth to the neutral axis.

Z Lever arm.

Ac Area of concrete section.

symbols of Slabs

lx Length of shorter side.

Msx Maximum design ultimate moments either over supports or at mid-span on

strips of unit width and span lx.

Msy Maximum design ultimate moments either over supports or at mid-span on

strips of unit width and span ly.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

βsx , βsy moment coefficients

N Total design ultimate load per unit area (1.4gk + 1.6qk).

V Design shears force due to ultimate loads.

v Design shear stress at a cross-section.

vc Design concrete shear stress

fs Estimated design service stress in the tension reinforcement.

symbols of beams

b Width or effective width of the section or flange in the compression zone.

bw Average web width of a flanged beam.

hf Thickness of the flange.

Asv Total cross-section of links at the neutral axis, at a section.

bv Breadth of section

fyv Characteristic strength of links

Sv Spacing of links along the member.

symbols of columns

Ac Net cross-sectional area of concrete in a column.

b Width of a column (dimension of cross-section perpendicular to h).

h Depth of cross-section measured in the plane under consideration.

le Effective height of a column in the plane of bending considered.

lex Effective height in respect of the major axis.

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

ley Effective height in respect of the minor axis.

lo Clear height between end restraints.

M1 Smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads.

M2 Larger initial end moment due to design ultimate loads.

Mi Initial design ultimate moment in a column before allowance for additional

design moments arising out of slenderness.

Mx Design ultimate moment about the x-axis.

My design ultimate moment about the y-axis

Madd Additional design ultimate moment induced by deflection of column.

N Design ultimate axial load on a column.

xxx Continuous edge

/// Discontinuous edge

ley Effective height in respect of the minor axis.

lo Clear height between end restraints.

M1 Smaller initial end moment due to design ultimate loads.

M2 Larger initial end moment due to design ultimate loads.

Mi Initial design ultimate moment in a column before allowance for additional

design moments arising out of slenderness.

Mx Design ultimate moment about the x-axis.

My design ultimate moment about the y-axis

Madd Additional design ultimate moment induced by deflection of column.

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

N Design ultimate axial load on a column.

xxx Continuous edge

/// Discontinuous edge

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

CHAPTER-3
DESIGN OF SECOND FLOOR SLAB
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page

No:
Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

Reference Calculation Output

3.0 Design of slab (S1-S10)

The following figure shows the Second floor slab detail for the proposed four
story building. For the designing purposes selected the S4 slab. In that case firstly
it is need to find the slab thickness for each slab panel.

Proposed Slab panel detail

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

1. Slab thickness
Table 3.2 In the designing of slab assume the exposure condition of the
(BS8110) reinforcement as Mild and according to the fire resistance assume it has
1.5-hour fire resistance. So in order to that
Nominal cover against Fire resistance = 20 mm
Nominal cover against the exposure condition =25 mm

Considering the safety condition select the 25mm as the nominal cover

4500

3900
S3

Ly/Lx = 4500/3900 =1.15 < Since this is Two way one short edge
Table 3 ( discontinuous slab.
Design
Manual) Since this is four story housing project assume the designing imposed
load as 5 KN/m^2

The Span / Effective depth =40

3900/ d =40
d= 97.5: Then slab thickness (h)= 97.5+25+10/2 =127.5 mm (used T10
bars for slab designing)
select 150 mm as the slab thickness
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

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2. Load Calculations
Table 1 (BS Consider imposed load = 1.5 KN/mm^2
6399) Dead load
Finishes =1KN/mm^2
Self-weight = 24 x 0.15x 1 =3.6 KN/mm^2

Table 2.1 (BS Design load = 1.4 Gk + 1.6Qk

8100) =1.4 X 4.6+1.6 X 1.5
=8.84 KN /m^2

When we consider a one strip panel between Grid 1 & 2

Moments are different, since it is need to distribute the moments

Moment distribution

 Bending moments at supports

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

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At this stage no need to consider about the long span coefficients. Since
at this stage consider about the unit strip along the short spans.

S1 span consider as the four edges discontinuous span since there is

drop due to bathroom.

Let’s tale span S3

Bending moment at continuous edge (short span) = βsxnlx2

=0.039 x 8.84 x 3.9^2
=5.24 KNm

Bending moment at continuous edge (Mid span) = βsxnlx2

=0.035 x 8.84 x 3.9^2
=4.71 KNm

Bending moment at continuous edge (Long span) = βsxnly2

=0.037 x 8.84 x 4.5^2
=6.62 KNm

Bending moment at continuous edge (Long span-Mid span) = βsxnly2

=0.028 x 8.84 x 4.5^2
=5.01 KNm

So Similarly the same procedure was carried out for other slab panels for
find Bending moments.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
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𝑀𝑥
Considering the short strip 𝑘=
𝑏𝑥𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
At mid span

4.71 KNmx 1000 x1000

K=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

= 0.013 < 0.15

If K < K’, compression reinforcement is not required and:

Z= 0.98d > 0.95d

Then Z =0.95d

𝑀𝑋
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑧
4.71 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 120

=89.81 𝑚𝑚2

But in this case we need to consider about the minimum reinforcement

area for this one-way slab panel
100As,min
=0.13
Ac

𝟏𝟎𝟎 As,min
= 0.13
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎

As, min = 195 𝑚𝑚2

So the minimum reinforcement area should be greater than the provided

reinforcement area.
So the provide reinforcement area is = 195 𝑚𝑚2

Crack controlling Maximum spacing

Allowable Maximum spacing = lesser of {3d, 750 mm}

= lesser of {3×120 ,750 mm}
= lesser of {360 mm, 750 mm}
So maximum allowable spacing = 360 mm
Let’s consider the provided reinforcement bar diameter is 10 mm

195 𝑚𝑚2
The provided spacing is =
78.58

= 2.48 bars
So then provided spacing is =1000 / 2.48 = 403 mm
But the allowable maximum spacing is =360 mm
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

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Then reinforcement bars spacing is = 300 mm

So then according to given condition provided spacing can obtain as 300

mm, then since we used T10 bars the provided reinforcement area is 262
𝑚𝑚2

The deflection check is done for Mid span, since the Mid span is critical
for deflection. Not only that deflection check is do for shorter span also,
since the shorter span is critical for deflection check.

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙≤ 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Condition should be

satisfied to safe under deflection

Span
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ ×𝑀𝐹1×𝑀𝐹1
Effective depth

Span
= 26 (Continuous support)
Effective depth

𝑀𝐹2=1 (No moment redistribution)

(477−fs)
𝑀𝐹1= 0.55+ ≤2
120[0.9+Mbd2

fy x 2 xAs,req
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 3 𝑥As,provide x βb

In this case βb = 1

𝑓𝑠=228.43

MF1 = 2.06 > 2 but this MF1 should be less than

the 2 then select MF1 as 2.

Span
×𝑀𝐹1×𝑀𝐹1 = 26 x 2 x 1 = 52 > 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Effective depth

(Allowable deflection is 30)

So then the condition is satisfying.

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

At supports of the span

𝑀𝑥
𝑘=
𝑏𝑥𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

5.24 KNm x 1000 x1000

K=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

= 0.012 < 0.15

If K < K’, compression reinforcement is not required and:

Z= 0.99d > 0.95d

Then Z =0.95d

𝑀𝑋
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑧

5.24 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1000

𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 120

=99.924 𝑚𝑚2

But in this case we need to consider about the minimum reinforcement

area for this one-way slab panel

100As,min
=0.13
Ac

𝟏𝟎𝟎 As,min
= 0.13
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎

As, min = 195 𝑚𝑚2

So the minimum reinforcement area should be greater than the provided

reinforcement area.
So the provide reinforcement area is = 195 𝑚𝑚2
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

Crack controlling Maximum spacing

Allowable Maximum spacing = lesser of {3d, 750 mm}

= lesser of {3×120 ,750 mm}
= lesser of {360 mm, 750 mm}
So maximum allowable spacing = 360 mm
Let’s consider the provided reinforcement bar diameter is 10 mm

195 𝑚𝑚2
The provided spacing is =
78.58

= 2.48 bars
So then provided spacing is =1000 / 2.48 = 403 mm
But the allowable maximum spacing is =360 mm
Then reinforcement bars spacing is = 300 mm

So then according to given condition provided spacing can obtain as 300

mm, then since we used T10 bars the provided reinforcement area is 262
𝑚𝑚2

Usually deflection check does not used for edge supported of the slab.

Check for Shear Considering slab panel S3

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑣)= 𝑉/(𝑏𝑑)

= 14.14 KN / (1000 x 120)
=0.12 N/𝑚𝑚2

Maximum shear force can carry by concrete = vc

100𝐴𝑆 1 400 1
𝑣𝑐=0.79 x ( )3 𝑥 ( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
= 0.643 > 𝑣
Condition is satisfying
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date
𝑀𝑥
Considering the Long strip 𝑘=
𝑏𝑥𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
At mid span

5.01 KNm x 1000 x1000

K=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

= 0.0139 < 0.15

If K < K’, compression reinforcement is not required and:

Z= 0.98d > 0.95d

Then Z =0.95d

𝑀𝑋
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑧
5.01 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1000
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 120

=95.54 𝑚𝑚2

But in this case we need to consider about the minimum reinforcement

area for this one-way slab panel
100As,min
=0.13
Ac

𝟏𝟎𝟎 As,min
= 0.13
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎

As, min = 195 𝑚𝑚2

So the minimum reinforcement area should be greater than the provided

reinforcement area.
So the provide reinforcement area is = 195 𝑚𝑚2

Crack controlling Maximum spacing

Allowable Maximum spacing = lesser of {3d, 750 mm}

= lesser of {3×120 ,750 mm}
= lesser of {360 mm, 750 mm}
So maximum allowable spacing = 360 mm
Let’s consider the provided reinforcement bar diameter is 10 mm

195 𝑚𝑚2
The provided spacing is =
78.58

= 2.48 bars
So then provided spacing is =1000 / 2.48 = 403 mm
But the allowable maximum spacing is =360 mm
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

Then reinforcement bars spacing is = 300 mm

So then according to given condition provided spacing can obtain as 300

mm, then since we used T10 bars the provided reinforcement area is 262
𝑚𝑚2

The deflection check is done for Mid span, since the Mid span is critical
for deflection. Not only that deflection check is do for shorter span also,
since the shorter span is critical for deflection check.

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙≤ 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Condition should be

satisfied to safe under deflection

Span
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ ×𝑀𝐹1×𝑀𝐹1
Effective depth

Span
= 26 (Continuous support)
Effective depth

𝑀𝐹2=1 (No moment redistribution)

(477−fs)
𝑀𝐹1= 0.55+ ≤2
120[0.9+Mbd2

fy x 2 xAs,req
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 3 𝑥As,provide x βb

In this case βb = 1

𝑓𝑠=228.43

MF1 = 2.06 > 2 but this MF1 should be less than

the 2 then select MF1 as 2.

Span
×𝑀𝐹1×𝑀𝐹1 = 26 x 2 x 1 = 52 > 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Effective depth

(Allowable deflection is 30)

So then the condition is satisfying.

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

At supports of the span

𝑀𝑥
𝑘=
𝑏𝑥𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

6.62 x 1000 x1000

K=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

= 0.018 < 0.15

If K < K’, compression reinforcement is not required and:

Z= 0.97d > 0.95d

Then Z =0.95d

𝑀𝑋
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑧

6.62 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1000

𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 120

=126.24 𝑚𝑚2

But in this case we need to consider about the minimum reinforcement

area for this one-way slab panel

100As,min
=0.13
Ac

𝟏𝟎𝟎 As,min
= 0.13
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎

As, min = 195 𝑚𝑚2

So the minimum reinforcement area should be greater than the provided

reinforcement area.
So the provide reinforcement area is = 195 𝑚𝑚2
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

Crack controlling Maximum spacing

Allowable Maximum spacing = lesser of {3d, 750 mm}

= lesser of {3×120 ,750 mm}
= lesser of {360 mm, 750 mm}
So maximum allowable spacing = 360 mm
Let’s consider the provided reinforcement bar diameter is 10 mm

195 𝑚𝑚2
The provided spacing is =
78.58

= 2.48 bars
So then provided spacing is =1000 / 2.48 = 403 mm
But the allowable maximum spacing is =360 mm
Then reinforcement bars spacing is = 300 mm

So then according to given condition provided spacing can obtain as 300

mm, then since we used T10 bars the provided reinforcement area is 262
𝑚𝑚2

Usually deflection check does not used for edge supported of the slab.

Check for Shear Considering slab panel S3

In shear checking it Is enough for consider the maximum amount of

the shear of span

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑣)= 𝑉/(𝑏𝑑)

= 14.14 KN / (1000 x 120)
=0.12 N/𝑚𝑚2

Maximum shear force can carry by concrete = vc

100𝐴𝑆 1 400 1
𝑣𝑐=0.79 x ( )3 𝑥 ( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
= 0.643 > 𝑣
Condition is satisfying
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

SHORT COURSE ON STRUCTURAL DESIGN Page No:

Project : Designed : Date
Feature: Checked : Date

Bending moment calculation- Consider slab panel S5

The slab S5, Ly/Lx value is greater than the 2, then the S5 slab consider
as the one-way slab.
For one-way slab used table Table 3.12 to finding the bending moment
values. But in Table 3.12 it is used to find the ultimate bending moment.
So to find the design bending moment we should go with First principal.
Using first principal bending moment was calculated. Then Maximum
bending moment was selected for further calculations. Between any two
supports energy will not dissipate. In order to that after distributing the
bending moments at supports, the mid span bending moments can find
using energy efficiency.

𝑀𝐴=𝑀𝐵=𝑞𝑙212
= (8.84×1.0) ×2.4212
=4.24 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑀1=𝑞𝑙224
= (8.84×1.0) ×2.4224
=2.12 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Considering the short strip

𝑀𝑥
𝑘=
𝑏𝑥𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢
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At mid span

4.24 kNm x 1000 x1000

K=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

= 0.012 < 0.15

If K < K’, compression reinforcement is not required and:
BS8110:1997 -1
Cl 3.4.4.4

Z= 0.98d > 0.95d

Then Z =0.95d

𝑀𝑋
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑧

4.24
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 460𝑥0.95 𝑥 120

=85.12 𝑚𝑚2

But in this case we need to consider about the minimum reinforcement

area for this one-way slab panel
100As,min
=0.13
Ac
BS8110:1997
part 1 Table 3.25 𝟏𝟎𝟎 As,min
= 0.13
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎

As, min = 195 𝑚𝑚2

So the minimum reinforcement area should be greater than the provided

reinforcement area.
So the provide reinforcement area is = 195 𝑚𝑚2
As, min =
195 𝑚𝑚2
Crack controlling Maximum spacing

Allowable Maximum spacing = lesser of {3d, 750 mm}

= lesser of {3×120 ,750 mm}
= lesser of {360 mm, 750 mm}
So maximum allowable spacing = 360 mm
Let’s consider the provided reinforcement bar diameter is 10 mm

195 𝑚𝑚2
The provided spacing is =
78.58

= 2.48 bars
So then provided spacing is =1000 / 2.48 = 403 mm
But the allowable maximum spacing is =360 mm
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Then reinforcement bars spacing is = 300 mm Bar spacing

=300 mm
So then according to given condition provided spacing can obtain as 300
mm, then since we used T10 bars the provided reinforcement area is 262 As = 262 𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚2

T10@300mmB1

The deflection check is done for Mid span, since the Mid span is critical
for deflection. Not only that deflection check is do for shorter span also,
since the shorter span is critical for deflection check.

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙≤ 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Condition should be

satisfied to safe under deflection

Span
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ≤ ×𝑀𝐹1×𝑀𝐹1
Effective depth

Span
= 26 (Continuous support)
Effective depth

𝑀𝐹2=1 (No moment redistribution)

(477−fs)
𝑀𝐹1= 0.55+ ≤2
120[0.9+Mbd2

fy x 2 xAs,req
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = 3 𝑥As,provide x βb

In this case βb = 1

𝑓𝑠=228.43

MF1 = 2.06 > 2 but this MF1 should be less than

the 2 then select MF1 as 2.

Span
×𝑀𝐹1×𝑀𝐹1 = 26 x 2 x 1 = 52 > 𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Effective depth

(Allowable deflection is 40)

So then the condition is satisfying.

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At supports of the span

𝑀𝑥
𝑘=
𝑏𝑥𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

2.12 kNm x 1000 x1000

K=
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

= 0.005 < 0.15

If K < K’, compression reinforcement is not required and:

Z= 0.99d > 0.95d

Then Z =0.95d

𝑀𝑋
𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 𝑓𝑦 𝑥𝑧

2.12 𝑥 1000 𝑥 1000

𝐴𝑠=
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 120

=40.42 𝑚𝑚2

But in this case we need to consider about the minimum reinforcement

area for this one-way slab panel

100As,min
=0.13
Ac

𝟏𝟎𝟎 As,min
= 0.13
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟓𝟎

As, min = 195 𝑚𝑚2

So the minimum reinforcement area should be greater than the provided

reinforcement area.
So the provide reinforcement area is = 195 𝑚𝑚2
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Crack controlling Maximum spacing

Bar spacing
Allowable Maximum spacing = lesser of {3d, 750 mm} =300 mm
= lesser of {3×120 ,750 mm}
= lesser of {360 mm, 750 mm}
So maximum allowable spacing = 360 mm
As = 262 𝑚𝑚2
Let’s consider the provided reinforcement bar diameter is 10 mm
T10@300mmB1
195 𝑚𝑚2
The provided spacing is =
78.58

= 2.48 bars
So then provided spacing is =1000 / 2.48 = 403 mm
But the allowable maximum spacing is =360 mm
Then reinforcement bars spacing is = 300 mm

So then according to given condition provided spacing can obtain as 300

mm, then since we used T10 bars the provided reinforcement area is 262
𝑚𝑚2

Usually deflection check does not used for edge supported of the slab.

Check for Shear Considering slab panel S5

𝑉1=𝑉2=𝑞𝑙2
𝑉1=𝑉2= (8.84×1.0) ×2.42=10.61 𝑘𝑁

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑣)= 𝑉/(𝑏𝑑)

= 10.61 KN / (1000 x 120)
=0.09 N/𝑚𝑚2

Maximum shear force can carry by concrete = vc

100𝐴𝑆 1 400 1
𝑣𝑐=0.79 x ( )3 𝑥 ( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑
= 0.643 > 𝑣
Condition is satisfy
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Bending Moment of two-way slab panels are as follows

 JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

The above figure shows the moments at supports and the mid span before the distribution of the bending moments. Since at the edge of the panels
moments are differ since it is need to distribute the bending moments along the short strips and the long strip to find the designing bending moments at
edges.

The following figure shows the bending moments before the moment distribution.
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The bending moments before the moment distribution

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According to the above figure it is shows bending moments at support are different to
each other, so it is need to redistribute the bending moments along a considered strip
to find the relevant design bending moments at panel edges.

In this drawing mainly there are two slab panels, one is Fixed panel and the other one
is propped cantilever panel.

The stiffness for each member is depend on the member support condition. So in order
to that following table shows the relative stiffness for above two type of member.
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Considering 1m short way strip through C-H

Relative stiffness for each member is shown in flowing table.

Stiffness of the span according to the support condition

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Moment distribution for strip C-H in short span direction

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Bedding moment values after distribution the bending moments

Considering 1m short way strip through D-G

Stiffness of the short span strip

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Moment distribution for strip D-G in short span direction

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So the Bending moment values after distribution are as

follows
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Shear coefficient for two-way slabs in second floor slab as follows

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 JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

 The ultimate shear force and the bending moment for one-way slab panel can be obtain using table 3.5
 JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

But usually to find the shear force we used first principal, since these slab uniformly distributed slab shear forces can obtain using (WL) /2.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
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Shear force vales are shown in below figure and all

values are in KN.
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Required reinforcement area for the slab panel

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After finding the required rein-forcement area It is need to check the deflection check, check for shear and the cracking control check also.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Deflection check
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According to the above results the deflection check is satisfying with the propose condition
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Crack control
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According to the above results it is mentioned that the proposed condition the cracking control also satisfying.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Shear check
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Detailing

There are some few condition in detailing the slab panel. Those
are

 Support reinforcement of the simply supported edges should

extend 0.15× span length, but for torsion reinforcement
dominates extend top reinforcement of the discontinuous
edges by 0.20×span length. But usually we extend both
reinforcement up to 0.2 x span width

 For continuous panels extend top reinforcement 0.3×span length

from the support face. In that 100% steel should provide for first
0.15×span length and 50% can provide for next 0.15×span
length.

 Reinforcement arrangement can be curtailed but the maximum

spacing rule cannot be violated. Although 60% of the steel can
be curtailed, curtailing 50% is easier in practice, because every
other bar can be curtailed. The below figure shows the
reinforcement arrangement after curtail
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The reinforcement arrangement of slab

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CHAPTER 4
DESING OF SECOND FLOOR BEAM
(SPECIMEN CALCULAION FOR GRID J/1-4 BEAM)
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4.0 Design of Beam (B1-)

Figure: Beam Notation

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4.2 Concrete cover to reinforced beams

In this case we Assume as Mild Exposure condition and the fire

resistance also. By considering both of them select the cover size for
(BS8110:1997- the beam.
part 1 table Nominal cover for mild exposure condition = 25 mm
3.2) Nominal cover for fire resistance to 2 hours = 30 mm
According to the above results we can select the beam cover as 30 mm
(BS8110:1997-
part 1 table
3.4) 4.3 Initial sizing of the beams
Considering Grid H/1-4 (Beam B4) –Continuous beam

In initial sizing there are several methods to follow, those are thumb
rule, bending criterial, deflection criterial and the shear criteria

Usually the span length is 5m or the 6m the minimum beam

thickness can consider as the 150mm but if the span length is above
the 6m then the beam thickness is 200mm or higher.
In this case the longest span size is 4500mm so for initial sizing
select the longest span length.
(𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛) / (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ) =15 for continuous beam (Design
manual Table 3.4)
4500mm / d =15
d = 4500 / 15 = 300 mm
so according to that to find the beam height T25 main bars is used
and the R8 bars is used for stirrups.
h= d + (T25/2) + R8+ cover size
h = 300mm + (25mm/2) +8mm +30mm (usually for beam the cover
size is greater than the 25mm)
h = 350.5 mm
Then 350 mm height was selected as the beam height. Minimum
beam width need to be 200 mm corresponding to 2 hours’ fire
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Resistance.
So according to that beam width can taken as 225mm and the beam
height was selected as 350 mm
Then initial size of the beam (grid H/(1-4)) is =225mm x 350 mm .
In this design most the beams act as the continuous support bur the
J/( 2-4) beam act as simply supported beam. When considering the
simply support beam J/(2-4) beam

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛 / (𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ) =12

6900 /d = 12
Then d = 575 mm then according to that beam height is con
calculated as
h = 575 + (25/2) + 8 +30 = 625.5 mm
so then beam height can take as 625 mm

Loading Arrangement
There are several loading arrangements from those according to the BS
8110-1997 (BS 8110-1997 Clause 3.2.1.2.2) mainly 3 types of loading
arrangements were considered
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There are several loading arrangements from those according to the BS

8110-1997 (BS 8110-1997 Clause 3.2.1.2.2) mainly 3 types of loading
arrangements were considered.
Actually, the slab distributes the load in trapezoidal way. Then the load
distributes to the beam as follows
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

But usually we do not practice as above, Do not consider the slab

distribute the load in trapezoidal way, so we consider the slab load
distribute as rectangular way

Load calculation

Span 1-2
Dead load along the beam Self-weight of the beam = 0.225×0.350×24 =
1.89 kN/m
Dead load (Partition walls) = 4.5×3.75 = 7.31 KN/m2 (L type flange
section = (slab width /2 + web width /2)
Total dead load =1.89+7.31
= 9.20 kN/m2
The maximum dead load induced by the beam = 1.4 Gk
= 1.4 x 9.2
= 12.88 KN /m
Minimum dead load induced by the beam =1 x Gk
= 9.2 KN /m
The induced dead load from the slab to the beam;
The load induced by the slab S4 on the beam,
Dead load from slab S4-Two adjacent discontinuous slab
Trapezoidal loading from two-way slabs on beams are taken as the shear
force acting of 0.75L center of the span (BS8110:1997-part 1 Figure 3.10)
Beam B4 along ly direction, so vs = vsx
Maximum dead load along the beam vsx = βsxnlx
= 0.30 ×{1.4×4.6+1.6×1.5}×3.9
= 10.35 kN/m
Minimum dead load along the beam vsx = βsxnlx
= 0.30 ×{1.0×4.6}×3.9
= 5.38 kN/m
Dead load of Dead load Total dead
the beam from the load
slab(S4) -
0.75L
Maximum 12.88 KN 10.35 KN /m 23.23 KN/
/m m
Minimum 9.2 KN /m 5.38 KN /m 14.58 KN
/m
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Span 2-3

Dead load along the beam Self-weight of the beam

= 0.225×0.350×24
= 1.89 kN/m
Dead load (Partition walls) = 2.4 ×3.75 = 11.06 kN/m2
Total dead load = 12.95 kN/m2

Then in order to that we can find the minimum and the maximum
dead load
Maximum dead load = 1.4gk ```
= 1.4 ×12.95
= 18.13 kN/m
Minimum dead load along the beam =1.0 gk
= 1 x 12.95
=12.95 KN /m

Load from slab S10 One-way slab S10

Maximum dead load = (1.4gk + 1.6qk) kN/m^2 x 2/2

= 1.4 ×4.6 + 1.6×1.5 = 8.84 kN/m
Minimum dead load = 1.0 gk x 2/2
=1.0x 4.6 =4.6 KN /m
Span 3-4

Dead load along the beam Self-weight of the beam = 0.225×0.350×24

= 1.89 kN/m
Dead load (Partition walls) = 4.5 ×3.75
= 11.06 kN/m2
Total dead load = 12.95 kN/m2
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Then in order to that we can find the minimum and the maximum dead
load
Maximum dead load = 1.4gk ```
= 1.4 ×12.95
= 18.13 kN/m

Minimum dead load along the beam =1.0 gk

= 1 x 12.95
=12.95 KN /m
Dead load of Dead load Total dead
the beam - L from the load
slab(S10) – L
Maximum 18.13 KN 8.84 KN /m 26.97 KN/
/m m
Minimum 12.95 KN 4.6KN / m 17.55 KN
/m /m

Load from slab S10 One-way slab S10

Maximum design load = (1.4gk + 1.6qk) kN/m2×2.0/2 m

= 1.4 ×4.6 + 1.6×1.5
= 8.84 kN/m2
Minimum design load = (1.0gk ) kN/m2×2.0/2 m
= 1.0 ×4.6
= 4.60 kN/m2
Load from slab S9 Two-way slab S9
Maximum dead load along the beam vsx = βsxnlx
0.30×{1.4×4.6+1.6×1.5}×3.9
=

= 10.35 kN/m
Minimum dead load along the beam vsx = βsxnlx
= 0.30 ×{1.0×4.6}×3.9
= 5.38 kN/m
Dead load which is affect from the slab to beam is depend on
slab is one way or two ways. If affected slab is one way, we consider that
the affected length is equal to the beam length and also if the slab is two
ways then consider the affected length is 0.75l.
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Dead Dead load Dead load Total

load of from the from the dead
the slab(S10) – slab(S9) – load
beam - L 0.75L
L
Maximum 18.13 8.84 KN 10.35 37.32
KN /m /m KN /m KN/ m
Minimum 12.95 4.6 KN / 5.38 KN 22.93
KN /m m /m KN /m
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To find out the moment values at the supports and mid spans when the
frame in equilibrium we need to go for moment distribution method and
for that purpose need to calculate the second moment of inertia for the
section to calculate the relative stiffness values.
k =4EI/L

Second moment of inertia calculation in each section- Span 1-2

Flange L section
(BS8110:1997 𝑏𝑓 =𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ({𝑏𝑤+0.1𝑙𝑧 or 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)}
part 1 , Cl
3.4.1.3 , Cl
3.4.1.5)
𝑏𝑤+0.1𝑙𝑧=0.225+0.1×(0.7×𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)
=0.225+0.1×(0.7×4.5)
=0.540 𝑚

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ= (3900 /2) +(225/2) =2062.5 𝑚𝑚

So then selected 𝑏𝑓as =540 𝑚𝑚
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The span 1 & 2 beam flange section act as a L type beam flange section.

To find the neutral axis can take the moment around the A –A axis,
using moment equilibrium method.

540×150× (200+150/2) +225×200×200/2=(540×150+200×225) 𝑋̅

𝑋̅=212.5 𝑚𝑚
Second moment of inertia of the L section was found using parallel
axis theorem.
𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 ̅̅̅̅2
𝐼𝐼−2 = ∑ + 𝐴𝑋
12

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 3
̅̅̅̅2 ) 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + (∑ 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 + 𝐴𝑋
̅̅̅̅2 ) 𝑤𝑒𝑏
𝐼𝑁𝐴= (∑ + 𝐴𝑋
12 12
=112×540×1503 +540×150×62.52 +112×225 ×
2003 +225×200×112.52
=1.19×109 𝑚𝑚4
Second moment of inertia calculation in each section- Span 2-3

Flange T section
(BS8110:1997
part 1 , Cl 𝑏𝑓 =𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ({𝑏𝑤+0.1𝑙𝑧 or 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)}
3.4.1.3 , Cl
3.4.1.5) 𝑏𝑤+0.1𝑙𝑧=0.225+0.1×(0.7×𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)
=0.225+0.1×(0.7×2400)
=561 𝑚𝑚
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𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ= 2000/2

=1000 𝑚𝑚

So in order to that 𝑏𝑓=561 𝑚𝑚

561×150× (200+150/2) +225×200×200/2=(561×150+200×225) 𝑋̅

̅𝑋=214𝑚𝑚

Second moment of inertia of the T section was found using parallel

axis theorem.

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 ̅̅̅̅2
𝐼𝐼−2 = ∑ + 𝐴𝑋
12

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 3
̅̅̅̅2 ) 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + (∑ 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 + 𝐴𝑋
̅̅̅̅2 ) 𝑤𝑒𝑏
𝐼𝑁𝐴= (∑ + 𝐴𝑋
12 12

=1/12×561×1503 +561×150×612 +1/12×225

× 200 +225×200×1142
3

=1.21×109 𝑚𝑚4
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Second moment of inertia calculation in each section- Span 3-4

Flange T section

𝑏𝑓 =𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ({𝑏𝑤+0.1𝑙𝑧 or 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)}

(BS8110:1997
𝑏𝑤+0.1𝑙𝑧=0.225+0.1×(0.7×𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)
part 1 , Cl
3.4.1.3 , Cl
=0.225+0.1×(0.7×4500)
3.4.1.5) =855 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ= (3950+2000)/2

=2975 𝑚𝑚
So in order to that 𝑏𝑓=855 𝑚𝑚

855×150× (200+150/2) +225×200×200/2=(855×150+200×225) 𝑋̅

̅𝑋 =230𝑚𝑚
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Second moment of inertia of the T section was found using parallel

axis theorem.

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 ̅̅̅̅2
𝐼𝐼−2 = ∑ + 𝐴𝑋
12

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3 3
̅̅̅̅2 ) 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 + (∑ 𝑏 𝑥 𝑑 + 𝐴𝑋
̅̅̅̅2 ) 𝑤𝑒𝑏
𝐼𝑁𝐴= (∑ + 𝐴𝑋
12 12

=1/12×855×1503 +855×150×452 +1/12×225 ×

2003 +225×200×1302
=1.41×109 𝑚𝑚4
Then it is need to find the distribution factor of each and every
member, the second moment of inertia is also can calculated using
𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3
𝐼𝐼−2 =∑
12
According to the provided drawing column size can take as 225mm
x 225mm then the second moment of inertia of the column

𝑏 𝑥 𝑑3
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∑
12
225 𝑥 2253
=
12

= 2.135 𝑥108 mm
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Then it is need to find the relative stiffness of each beam and the
column section;
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1−2 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛=4𝐸𝐼/𝐿
4 𝐸 𝑋 1.19 𝑋109
=
4500

=10.6𝐸× 105
𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 1-A column section=4𝐸𝐼/𝐿
4 𝐸 𝑋 2.135 𝑥108
=
3000

= 2.85Ex 105
So in order to that we can find the relative stiffness and the
distribution factor for each and every section
Then we can relative stiff nesses were calculated and distribution
factor was found out in each element that show in below table
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Moment distribution for Load combination 1

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Bending moment and shear force diagrams for Load

combination 1

Consider span 1-2 (0 m to 4.5 m)

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Considering vertical equilibrium

𝑅1+𝑅2=12.88×4.5+10.35× (0.75×4.5) =92.9 𝑘𝑁

So then Considering system equilibrium moment around point 1

0= −24.64+32.36+(92.9x4.5/2)-4.5R2
R2 =48.17 KN
Solving two equation
R2 = 48.17 kN
R1 = 44.73 kN

Here we need to considet below three condition to generate the

bending moment diagram for 1-2 span
(a) 0 < x ≤ 0.562 ((4.5-(0.75 x 4.5)/2-(0.75 x 4.5)/2)m
(b) 0.562 < x ≤ 3.937 m
(c) 3.397 < x ≤ 4.5 m
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Bending

Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑥
𝑑𝑀=24.64+12.88×x× 44.73×𝑥
2

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−44.73+12.88 x
𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥

So x = 3.47 m x value not in a range

That means in this range we cannot meet the maximum bending
moment

Shear

Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=44.73−12.88×𝑥
When X= 0.562 m
𝑑𝑆 = 37.49 KN

(b) 𝟎.𝟓𝟔𝟐<𝒙 ≤𝟑.𝟗𝟑𝟕 𝒎

Bending

Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑥 10.35
𝑑𝑀=24.64+12.88×x× - 44.73×𝑥 +( 𝑥 (𝑥 − 0.562))^2
2 2

10.35
(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−44.73+12.88 x + ( x2 x(x-0.562))
2

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−44.73+12.88 x + 10.35x -5.82

𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

So x = 2.17 m x value is in a range

That means in this range we can meet the maximum bending moment
So in order to that maximum bending moment can obtain when X=
2.17 m
𝑥
Then maximum bending moment is ; 𝑑𝑀=24.64+12.88×x× -
2
10.35
44.73×𝑥 +( 𝑥 (𝑥 − 0.562))^2
2

= -28.72
= -28.72 KNm
Shear

Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=44.73−12.88×𝑥− 10.35×(𝑥−0.562)
=0.1376
= 0.1376
(When X=2.17 m)
𝑑𝑆 = 0.1376 KN

(c) 3.937<𝒙 ≤4.5 𝒎

Bending

Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑑𝑀=24.64+12.88×𝑥×(𝑥/2)−44.73×𝑥+10.35×(0.75×4.5)(𝑥−2.25)

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−44.73+12.88 x + 10.35x 0.75 x 4.5

𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥

So x = 0.936 x value is not in a range

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Shear

Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=44.73−12.88×𝑥− 10.35×(0.75×4.5)
= -2.26 KN
(When X=0.936m)
𝑑𝑆 = - 2.26 KN

Consider span 2-3 (4.5 m to 6.9 m)

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Considering vertical equilibrium

𝑅1+𝑅2=26.97×2.4=64.73 𝑘𝑁

So then Considering system equilibrium moment around point 1

(clock wise moment is positive)

0= −17.44+27.05+(64.73 x (2.4/2))-2.4R2
R2 =36.4 KN
Solving two equation
R4 = 36.4 kN
R3 = 28.33 kN

Here we need to considet below three condition to generate the

bending moment diagram for 1-2 span

26.97
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(a) 0 < x ≤ 2.4 m

Bending

Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑑𝑀=17.44+26.97×𝑥×(𝑥/2)−28.33×𝑥

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−28.33+26.97 x

𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥

So x = 1.05 x value is in a range

That means in this range we can meet the maximum bending moment
So in order to that maximum bending moment can obtain when X=
1.05 m
Then maximum bending moment is;
𝑑𝑀=17.44+26.97×𝑥×(𝑥/2)−28.33×𝑥

= 2.56 KNm
Shear

Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=28.33 -26.97x
= 0.01KN
(When X=1.05m) this means the at maximum bending moment point
the shear force is 0.01 KN
𝑑𝑆 = 0.01KN
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Consider span 3-4 (6.9 m to 11.4 m)

Considering vertical equilibrium

𝑅5+𝑅6=26.97×4.5+10.35× (0.75×4.5) =156.3 𝑘𝑁

So then Considering system equilibrium moment around point 1

consider the clock wise moments is positive

0= −38.09+52.57+(156.3 x4.5/2)-4.5R6
R6 =81.9 KN
Solving two equation
R6 = 81.9 kN
R5 = 74.4 kN

Here we need to considet below three condition to generate the

bending moment diagram for 3-4 span

(a) 0 < x ≤ 0.562

(b) 0.562 < x ≤ 3.937 m
(c) 3.397 < x ≤ 4.5 m
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(a) 0 < x ≤ 0.562

Bending
Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑥
𝑑𝑀=52.57+26.97×x× - 74.73×𝑥
2

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−74.73+26.97 x

𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥

So x = 2.8 m x value not in a range

That means in this range we cannot meet the maximum bending
moment within this range.
Shear

Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=74.4−26.97×𝑥
When X= 2.8 m
𝑑𝑆 = - 1.12 KN
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(b) 𝟎.𝟓𝟔𝟐<𝒙 ≤𝟑.𝟗𝟑𝟕 𝒎

Bending

Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑥 10.35
𝑑𝑀=52.57+26.97×x× – 74.4×𝑥 +( 𝑥 (𝑥 − 0.562))^2
2 2

10.35
(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−74.4+26.97 x + ( x2 x(x - 0.562))
2

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−74.4+26.97 x + 10.35x -5.82

𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥

So x = 2.15 m x value is in a range

That means in this range we can meet the maximum bending moment
So in order to that maximum bending moment can obtain when X=
2.15 m
𝑥
Then maximum bending moment is ; 𝑑𝑀=52.57+26.97×x× -
2
10.35
74.4×𝑥 +( 𝑥 (𝑥 − 0.562))^2
2

= --32.65
= -32.65 KNm
Shear
Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=74.4−26.97×𝑥− 10.35×(𝑥−0.562)
=-0.02
= -0.02
(When X=2.17 m)
𝑑𝑆 = -0.02 KN
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(c) 3.937<𝒙 ≤4.5 𝒎

Bending

Considering anticlockwise is positive

𝑑𝑀=52.57+26.97×𝑥×(𝑥/2)−74.4×𝑥+10.35×(0.75×4.5)(𝑥−2.25)

(𝑑𝑀)/(𝑑𝑥)=−74.4+26.97 x + 10.35x 0.75 x 4.5 x (x-2.25)

𝑑𝑚
=0
𝑑𝑥

So x = 2.47 x value is not in a range

Shear

Considering upward direction is positive

𝑑𝑆=74.4−26.97× x− 10.35×(0.75×4.5)

= -27.15 KN

(When X= 2.47m)
𝑑𝑆 = - 27.15 KN
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The same procedure can do for other load two load combinations
also, then it is need to find the bending moment diagram for the three
types of load combinations.
 JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

(BM)
52.57
32.4
38.09

24.66 27.05
4

2.56

32.65

28.36
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(SF)
74.4

24.64
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75.2

60.2
58.2

46.1 36.0
25.0

16.3

44.1

59.2
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105..5

80.1

30.2

40.4

88.3
99.2
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49.8

43.2

34.2

30.
2

0.87

35.7

29.2
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70.0

56.2
42.1

44.1
60.2
63.2
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52.57

32.36
38.07

26.64

2.56

57.48
41.22
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74.4

44.73

48.17

48.17

74.4
81.9
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Shear force diagram for beam section

Bending moment diagram for beam section

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Elastic deflection for entire beam section

Long term deflection for entire beam section

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Required shear reinforcement area (𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

Required bending reinforcement area (𝒎𝒎𝟐 )

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 JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Span 3
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Bending

Maximum moment at support 1 = 24.64 kNm

Maximum moment at support 2 = 32.36 kNm
Maximum moment at support 3 = 52.57 kNm
Maximum moment at support 4 = 38.07 kNm
Maximum moment at span 1-2 = 57.48 s kNm
Maximum moment at span 2-3 = 2.56 kNm (Hogging)
Maximum moment at span 3-4 = 41.22 kNm

Shear

Maximum shear at support 1 = 44.73 kN

Maximum shear at support 2 = 48.17 kN
Maximum shear at support 3 = 74.4 kN
Maximum shear at support 4 = 81.9 kN
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Design the Beam B4 (225×350 mm) for flexure

(a) Design beam for flexure at support 1 (Rectangular section)

Maximum moment at support 1 = 24.64 kNm

Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−20/2=304 𝑚𝑚 (The cover is selected
according to the exposure condition using BS 8110 -1997)

𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟐𝟒.𝟔𝟒 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.05 < 0.156 hence this is singly reinforcement

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.05
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

= 0.94d < 0.95d

𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛
24.64 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.94 x304
As = 197. 31 𝑚𝑚2
Then we can provide the 2T12, but we need to check the required
minimum reinforcement area
100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.13 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 013
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 102.4 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
Provided reinforcement area is 2T16
Then the required condition is satisfying. But in this case we need
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to provide the hanging bars to hanging the require reinforcement

bars.

Design beam for flexure for span 1-2 mid span (flange L beam)
Maximum moment at span 1-2 = 57.48 kNm
Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars and
assume that neutral axis is in the flange

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−20/2=304 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟓𝟕.𝟒𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.11 < 0.156 then this is in singly reinforcement condition

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.11
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

= 0.85d < 0.95d condition is satisfying.

𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛

57.48 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.85 x304
As = 509.02 𝑚𝑚2

Then we can provide the 2T16 + 1T12, but we need to check the
required minimum reinforcement area
100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 141.75 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 Then all the condition is satisfying
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Then the required condition is satisfying. But in this case we need

to provide the hanging bars to hanging the require reinforcement
bars.
Design beam for flexure at support 2 (Rectangular section)
Maximum moment at support 2 = 32.36 kNm
Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−20/2=304 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟑𝟐.𝟑𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.06< 0.156 then this is in singly reinforcement condition

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.06
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

=0.92d < 0.95d condition is satisfying.

𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛

32.36 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.92 x304
As = 264.8 𝑚𝑚2
Then we can provide the 2T16, but we need to check the required
minimum reinforcement area.

2T16 402 𝑚𝑚2

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100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 141.75 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 Then all the condition is satisfying

Then provided reinforcement area is 402 𝑚𝑚2

Design beam for flexure at mid span 2-3 (Flange T section)

Maximum moment at Mid span = - 2.56 kNm

Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−20/2=304 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟐.𝟓𝟔 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.004< 0.156 then this is in singly reinforcement condition

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.004
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

=0.99d > 0.95d condition is not satisfying. Then we can consider

the Z= 0.95d
𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛
2.56 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.95 x304
As = 20.28 𝑚𝑚2
Then we need to consider the minimum reinforcement area to find
the required reinforcement area.
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100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 141.75 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒
Then we need to provide the minimum reinforcement area

Then provided reinforcement area is 142 𝑚𝑚2

But usually for a beam provided reinforcement bar size is 12mm

Then provided reinforcement area is 226 𝑚𝑚2 2T12

Design beam for flexure at support 3 (Rectangular section)

Maximum moment at support 3 = 52.57 kNm

Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−202=304 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟓𝟐.𝟓𝟕 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.10< 0.156 then this is in singly reinforcement condition

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.10
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

=0.87d > 0.95d condition is not satisfying. Then we can consider

the Z= 0.95d
𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛
52.57 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.87 x304
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As = 454.85 𝑚𝑚2
Then need to check the minimum reinforcement area to select the
provided reinforcement area
100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 141.75 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 All required condition satisfy

Then provided reinforcement area is 454.85 𝑚𝑚2

Then provided reinforcement area is 𝑚𝑚2

1T12 +2T16 515 𝑚𝑚2

Design beam for flexure at mid span 3-4 (Flange T section)

Maximum moment at Mid span 3 -4 = 41.22 kNm

Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−202=304 𝑚𝑚
𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟒𝟏.𝟐𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.0.08 < 0.156 then this is in singly reinforcement condition

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.08
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

=0.90d > 0.95d condition is not satisfying. Then we can consider

the Z= 0.95d
𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛
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41.22 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.90 x304
As = 304 𝑚𝑚2
Then need to check the minimum reinforcement area to select the
provided reinforcement area
100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 141.75 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 All required condition is satisfying

Then provided reinforcement area is 402 𝑚𝑚2

Then provided reinforcement area is

2T16 𝑚𝑚2 402 𝑚𝑚2
Design beam for flexure at support 4 (Rectangular section)

Maximum moment at support 4 = 38.09 kNm

Assume that main bar was 20 mm and stirrups was 6 mm bars

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=350−30−6−202=304 𝑚𝑚

𝑴𝒙
K=
𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒄𝒖

𝟑𝟖.𝟎𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔
=
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝒙 𝟑𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟐𝟓

=0.073 < 0.156 then this is in singly reinforcement condition

𝑘
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

0.073
Z= [0.5 + √0.25 − ]d
0.9

=0.90d > 0.95d condition is not satisfying. Then we can consider

the Z= 0.95d
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𝑴𝒙
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝒇𝒚 𝒛
38.09 x 𝟏𝟎𝟔
As =
0.95x 460x 0.90 x304
As = 286 𝑚𝑚2
Then need to check the minimum reinforcement area to select the
provided reinforcement area
100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18 (BS8110:1997 part 1 Table 3.25)
𝐴𝐶

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 0.18
225 𝑥 350
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 141.75 𝑚𝑚2
Then 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 < 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 All required condition is satisfying

Then provided reinforcement area is 402 𝑚𝑚2

Then provided reinforcement area is

2T16 𝑚𝑚2 402 𝑚𝑚2
Design the Beam B4 (225×350 mm) Check Reinforcement

Checking for Maximum Reinforcement

As, max = 4% bh = 0.04 × 225 × 350 = 3150 𝑚𝑚2 (BS8110:1997

Cl 3.12.6)

𝐴𝑠 provided, max = 515 mm2 Hence OK

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Checking for Cracking

Bar diameter = 20 mm
Minimum bar spacing > hagg + 5 mm = 19.05 + 5 = 25 mm (the used
aggregate size is ¾ inch)
(BS8110:1997 Cl 3.12.11.1
Bar spacing at most critical location with bars 1T12+ 2T16
Clear distance = (225 – 30 -30 – (6 x2) – 12-(16 x 2)/3 = 54.5 mm

Since 54.5 mm > 25 mm Hence OK

Maximum clear distance between bars in tension → 155 mm (For
0% redistribution and fy = 460 MPa) – (BS8110:1997 Table 3.28)

Clear distance at most critical location with 2H12 bars

→ Clear distance = 225 – 30-30 – 12 – 2 x 12 = 129 mm < 155 mm
Hence OK

Distance between face of the beam and nearest longitudinal bar = 30

+ 6 = 36 mm < 155/2 (77.5 mm)
Hence OK
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Design and check the Beam B4 (225×350 mm) For shear

Consider span 1-2

Upper portion

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

100 𝑥 197.3 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
225 𝑥 304 304

𝑣𝑐 =0.56 N/mm2

𝒗𝒄+𝟎.𝟒=0.56+0.4=0.96 N/mm2

Shear force = 0.96 x 225 x 304 =65.67 KN

.𝟓𝒗𝒄=0.5×0.56=0.28 N/mm2
Shear force = 0.28 x 225 x 304 =19.152 KN
Lower portion

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

100 𝑥 264.8 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4 𝑚𝑚2
225 𝑥 304 304

𝑣𝑐 = 0.62 𝑚𝑚2
𝒗𝒄+𝟎.𝟒=0.62+0.4=1.02 N/𝑚𝑚2
Shear force = 1.02 x 225 x 304 =69.8 KN
.𝟓𝒗𝒄=0.5×0.62=0.31 N/𝑚𝑚2
Shear force = 0.31 x 225 x 304 =21.2 KN
So then shear links are provided according to the following figure.
According to the BS8110:1997 Table 3.7
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According to the table design reinforcement area, nominal

reinforcement and the area below 𝟎.𝟓𝒗𝒄 were found out for design
shear link and spacing
The distances of design reinforcement area, nominal reinforcement
and the area below 0.5𝑣𝑐 were found out using similar triangular
method
The below figure shows the corresponding areas and distance for
shear links
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𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔=0.75𝑑=0.75×304=228 𝑚𝑚.

We can provide nominal r/f for throughout the span

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅/𝐹 ≤ (0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣𝐴𝑠𝑣)/ (0.4𝑏𝑤)

62
𝑆𝑣 ≤0.95×460×{2×(𝜋× )}/
4

(0.4×225)

≤275 𝑚𝑚

So we can choose 225 mm as spacing 6T@225 mm

Consider span 2-3

Upper portion

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

100 𝑥 264.8 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
225 𝑥 304 304

𝑣𝑐 =0.62 N/mm2

𝒗𝒄+𝟎.𝟒=0.62+0.4=1.02 N/mm2

Shear force = 1.02 x 225 x 304 =69.8 KN

.𝟓𝒗𝒄=0.5×0.62 =0.31 N/mm2
Shear force = 0.31 x 225 x 304 =21.2 KN
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Lower portion

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

100 𝑥 454.85 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4 𝑚𝑚2
225 𝑥 304 304

𝑣𝑐 = 0.74 𝑚𝑚2
𝒗𝒄+𝟎.𝟒=0.74+0.4=1.14 N/𝑚𝑚2
Shear force = 1.14 x 225 x 304 =77.98 KN
.𝟓𝒗𝒄=0.5×0.74=0.37 N/𝑚𝑚2
Shear force = 0.37 x 225 x 304 =25.3 KN
Consider span 3-4

Upper portion

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

100 𝑥 304 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
225 𝑥 304 304

𝑣𝑐 =0.65 N/mm2

𝒗𝒄+𝟎.𝟒=0.65+0.4=1.05 N/mm2

Shear force = 1.05 x 225 x 304 =71.8 KN

.𝟓𝒗𝒄=0.5×0.65 =0.325 N/mm2
Shear force = 0.325 x 225 x 304 =22.23 KN
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Lower portion

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4
𝑏𝑑 𝑑

100 𝑥 286 1 400 1

𝑣𝑐 = 0.79𝑥 ( )3 x( )4 𝑚𝑚2
225 𝑥 304 304

𝑣𝑐 = 0.63 𝑚𝑚2
𝒗𝒄+𝟎.𝟒=0.63+0.4=1.03 N/𝑚𝑚2
Shear force = 1.03 x 225 x 304 =70.45 KN
.𝟓𝒗𝒄=0.5×0.63=0.32 N/𝑚𝑚2
Shear force = 0.32 x 225 x 304 =21.9 KN
Spacing for span 3-4

Design R/F

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔=0.75𝑑=0.75×304=228 𝑚𝑚.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑣) = 𝑉/ 𝑏𝑑

= (81.9 x 103 ) / (225 x 304)
=1.19 N / 𝑚𝑚2

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 design 𝑅/𝐹 ≤(0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣𝐴𝑠𝑣) /(𝑏𝑤(𝑉𝑑−𝑣𝑐))

62
≤(0.95×460×{2×(𝜋× )} / (225×(1.19−0.65))
4

≤ 203.4 𝑚𝑚

So we can choose 175 mm as spacing 6T@175 mm

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Nominal R/F (Upper & lower portion)

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅/𝐹 ≤ (0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣𝐴𝑠𝑣)/ (0.4𝑏𝑤)

62
𝑆𝑣 ≤0.95×460×{2×(𝜋× )}/
4

(0.4×225)

≤275 𝑚𝑚

So we can choose 225 mm as spacing 6T@225 mm

Design R/F (Lower portion)

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔=0.75𝑑=0.75×304=228 𝑚𝑚.

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 (𝑣) = 𝑉/ 𝑏𝑑

= (81.9 x 103 ) / (225 x 304)
=1.19 N / 𝑚𝑚2

𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 design 𝑅/𝐹 ≤(0.95𝑓𝑦𝑣𝐴𝑠𝑣) /(𝑏𝑤(𝑉𝑑−𝑣𝑐))

62
≤(0.95×460×{2×(𝜋× )} / (225×(1.19−0.65))
4

≤ 203.4 𝑚𝑚

So we can choose 175 mm as spacing 6T@175 mm

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Check the Beam B4 (225×350 mm) For Deflection

Consider span 1-2

In deflection check it is considering about the sagging moment which
is happened at the mid span of the beam
DeflectionActual ≤ Deflection𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Condition should be satisfied
to safe under deflection
Span
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑀𝐹1 𝑋 𝑀𝐹2
Effective depth

Span
=26
Effective depth

𝑀𝐹2=1 (No moment redistribution)

477− 𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝐹1=0.55+ ( 𝑀 )≤2
120 𝑥 [0.9+ ]
𝑏𝑑2
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2
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = (𝑓 1 𝐴𝑠,𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
3 𝑦)𝑥( )𝑥
βb 𝐴𝑠,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝛽𝑏=1
1
𝑓𝑠=(2/3)×460×(509.02/515)×
1

= 303.1
MF1 =1.5 <2
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =26 𝑥 1.5 𝑥 1
= 39
Then we can find the actual deflection as follows;
Span 4500
=
Effective depth 304

= 14.8
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛<𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 So condition
satisfied. Therefore, safe under deflection
Consider span 2-3
In deflection check it is considering about the sagging moment which
is happened at the mid span of the beam
DeflectionActual ≤ Deflection𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Condition should be satisfied
to safe under deflection
Span
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑀𝐹1 𝑋 𝑀𝐹2
Effective depth

Span
=26
Effective depth

𝑀𝐹2=1 (No moment redistribution)

477− 𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝐹1=0.55+ ( 𝑀 )≤2
120 𝑥 [0.9+ ]
𝑏𝑑2
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2
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = (𝑓 1 𝐴𝑠,𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
3 𝑦)𝑥( )𝑥
βb 𝐴𝑠,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝛽𝑏=1
1
𝑓𝑠=(2/3)×460×(20.28/226)×
1

= 27.5
MF1 =4.4 > 2 But MF1 should less than the 2, therefore we select
MF1 as 2
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =26 𝑥 2 𝑥 1
= 52
Then we can find the actual deflection as follows;
Span 2100
=
Effective depth 304

= 6.91
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛<𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 So condition
satisfied. Therefore, safe under deflection
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Consider span 3-4

In deflection check it is considering about the sagging moment which
is happened at the mid span of the beam
DeflectionActual ≤ Deflection𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 Condition should be satisfied
to safe under deflection
Span
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑀𝐹1 𝑋 𝑀𝐹2
Effective depth

Span
=26
Effective depth

𝑀𝐹2=1 (No moment redistribution)

477− 𝑓𝑠
𝑀𝐹1=0.55+ ( 𝑀 )≤2
120 𝑥 [0.9+ ]
𝑏𝑑2

2
𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑠 = (𝑓 1 𝐴𝑠,𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
3 𝑦)𝑥(βb ) 𝑥 𝐴
𝑠,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝛽𝑏=1
1
𝑓𝑠=(2/3)×460×(304/402)×
1

= 231.91
MF1 = 1.98 < 2
𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =26 𝑥 1.98 𝑥 1
= 51.8
Then we can find the actual deflection as follows;
Span 4500
=
Effective depth 304

= 14.8
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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No:
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𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛<𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 So condition satisfied.

Therefore, safe under deflection
There we can consider the designed beam is under in safe condition.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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CHAPTER 5
DESING OF COLUMN
(SPECIMEN CALCULAION FOR THE COLUMN)
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Column layout for the building

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Section view of the building

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H-1

Let’s consider the corner column (H-1) at first floor level

Dead load

Tributary area for the column = (4500/2) x (3900/2)

=4.39 𝑚2

For residential area = 15 KN /𝑚2

For commercial area = 18 KN /𝑚2

Let’s consider this as a commercial building, then dead laod for the
residential building taken as = 18 KN /𝑚2
First of all it is need to decide the size of the column, for that purpose
consider this building section as the commercial building.

Dead load for roof structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 x 4.39 𝑚2 = 79.02 KN

Dead load for 3rd floor structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 4.39 𝑚2 = 79.02 KN
Dead load for 2rd floor structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 4.39 𝑚2 = 79.02 KN
Dead load for 1rd floor structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 4.39 𝑚2 𝑥 2 = 158.04
KN

Total dead load = 395.1 KN

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Then total design load = 1.5 x 395.1 KN =592.65 KN

𝑁
𝐴𝑐𝑐 =
0.35 𝑓𝑐𝑢

592.65 x 103
=
0.35 𝑥 24
= 70.55 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚2
Then can obtain the size of the column as = √ 70.55 103 𝑚𝑚2

= 265.61mm
Then the column size is approximately = 250 x 250 𝑚𝑚2

Then it is need to check whether this is slender column or the short

column, the short column can have crushed, but slender column can
have subjected to a buckling.

𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑡

= 3000 mm – 350 mm
= 2650 mm

𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

= 3000 mm – 150 mm
= 2850 mm

Then it is need to check the condition at top and the Bottom.

.X-X direction

Top condition : d= 350 mm

h= 250 mm then d > h so condition 1
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Bottom condition: d= 350 mm

h= 250 mm then d > h so condition 1

Y-Y direction

Top condition : d= 150 mm

h= 250 mm then d < h so condition 2

Bottom condition: d= 150 mm

h= 250 mm then d < h so condition 2

this building can consider as a unbraced structure

then

X –X direction

ᵝ = 1.2 for both top and bottom condition

Y–Y direction

ᵝ = 1.5 for both top and bottom condition

X –X direction

𝐿𝑒𝑥 = ᵝ𝑥 𝐿0𝑒

= 1.2 x 2650 = 3180 mm

Y–Y direction

𝐿𝑒𝑦 = ᵝ𝑦 𝐿0𝑒

= 1.5 x 2850 = 4275 mm

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𝐿𝑒𝑥 3180 X
= = 12.72 > 10
ℎ 250

𝐿𝑒𝑦 4275
= = 17.1 > 10
𝑏 250

So then design column is a slender column

Axial Load

Dead load

Dead load (slab) = 3 x (0.150 x 24 x 4.39) = 47.412 KN

Dead load (Beam) = 3 x ((0.350 -0150) x 24 x 4.39) = 63.216 KN
Dead load (column) = 3 x ((3-0.350) x 24 x 0.25 x 0.25) = 11.925 KN
Finishes = 1 x 4.39 x 4 = 17.56 KN
.Total dead load = 140.113 KN

Imposed load

Roof = 1 x 4.39 = 4.39 KN

Floors = 2.5 x 4.39 x 2 = 21.95 KN
Total imposed load = 26.34 KN

The imposed load can reduce according to the floor vise also. the
BS 6399- proposed building is four story building so then reduction in total
Table 2 distributed imposed floor load is 30%.

30
Then total live load reduction = 26.34 KN x
100
= 7.902 KN
Then total imposed load = 26.34 -7.902
= 18.438 KN

Total design axial load = 1.4 Gk +1.6Qk

= (1.4 x 140.113 ) +(1.6 x 18.438)
= 255.15 KN
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𝑁 = 0.4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 0.8 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦

BS 8110 -
1996 – 255.15 𝑥 103 = 0.4 𝑥 25 𝑥( (250 𝑥 250) − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 0.8 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑥460
Equation 38 𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 538.128 𝑚𝑚2

So then provided reinforcement area 6T12 678 𝑚𝑚2

100Asc
Minimum reinforcement area ; = 0.4
Ac
100Asc
= 0.4
250 x 250
Asc =6T12
Asc = 250 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

If the neutral axis happens to be parallel to one of the coordinate

axes, then we call this “uniaxial” bending. If the neutral axis (or the
principle axis) is inclined with respect to the coordinate axis, then
bending can be resolved into two components parallel to each
coordinate axis, hence the term Biaxial Bending
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If beam is directed only for one direction, then it is called as

uniaxial bending column. Assume this column is uniaxial bending
braced column.
Since column is subjected to uniaxial bending

57 KNm

. 24 KNm

Let’s consider the

Bending moment at top = 57kNm
Bending moment at bottom= 24 kNm

𝑀𝑖 = 0.4𝑀1 + 0.6 𝑀2 >=0.4 𝑀2

𝑀1 = 24𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀2 = 57 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑖 = 0.4𝑀1 + 0.6 𝑀2 >=0.4 𝑀2
= 0.4 x 24 +0.6 x 57 = 43.8 KNm

𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎𝑢
N =255.15 𝐾𝑁
1 𝑙𝑒𝑥
ᵝ𝑒 = 𝑥 ( ′ )2
2000 𝑏
12
𝑏 ′ = 250 − 30 − ( ) −6
2

= 208 mm

1 3180 2
ᵝ𝑒 = 𝑥( )
2000 208

ᵝ𝑒 = 0.116

𝑎𝑢 = 0.116 𝑥 1 𝑥0.250 = 0.029 (Assume k =1)

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎𝑢
= 255.15 x 0.029 = 7.39 𝐾𝑁𝑚
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𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 7.39 𝐾𝑁𝑚

𝑀1 = 24𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀2 = 57 𝐾𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑖 =43.8 KNm

a) 𝑀𝑖 + 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 43.8 + 7.39 = 51.19 𝐾𝑁𝑚

b) 𝑀1 + 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 24 + 7.39 = 31.39 𝐾𝑁𝑚

c) 𝑀2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑑𝑑 = 57 + 7.39 = 64.39 𝐾𝑁𝑚

So then design moment is 64.39 KNm, according to that design moment

it is need to find the “k” value

𝑁 255.15 𝑥 103
= = 4.08
𝑏ℎ 250 𝑥 250

𝑀 64.39 𝑥 106
= = 4.12
𝑏ℎ2 250 𝑥 250 𝑥 250

Then k is approximately = 1
BS 8110 -
100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠
part 3 = 2.4
𝑏𝑥ℎ

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠
= 2.4
250 𝑥 250
𝐴𝑠 =
4T20 +2T16
𝐴𝑠 = 1500 𝑚𝑚2

Then provided 4T20 +2T16 1658 𝑚𝑚2

100Asc
Minimum reinforcement area ; = 0.4
Ac
100Asc
= 0.4
250 x 250

Asc = 250 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

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Deflection of column
Clause 3.8.5

Usually in column designing no check is necessary under the

following conditions.

a) Braced columns. Within the recommended limits of slenderness,

no specific check is necessary.
b) Unbraced columns. No check is normally necessary if in the
direction and at the level considered the average value of le/h for all
columns is not more than 30.

Since the end condition is 1 at top and the bottom and the design
column is unbraced column then
𝑙𝑒 ᵝ𝑙0 1.2 x 3000
BS 8110- Then = = =14.4 mm < 30
ℎ ℎ 250
1997- Table
3.20 Then no need to check for the deflection

Crack control

In crack control; following condition need to satisfy

N > 0.2𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐

0.2𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐 = 0.2 x 24 x (250- x 250 )= 300 KN then >N

Then let’s take N= 300KN

𝑁 300 𝑥 103
= = 4.8
𝑏ℎ 250 𝑥 250

𝑀 64.39 𝑥 106
= = 4.12
𝑏ℎ2 250 𝑥 250 𝑥 250

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠
= 2.8
250 𝑥 250
𝐴𝑠 = 6T20
𝐴𝑠 = 1750 𝑚𝑚2

Clause 3.8.6 Then provided reinforcement area is ;

6T20 1884 𝑚𝑚2

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G-2

Let’s consider the internal column (G-1) at first floor level

Dead load

Tributary area for the column = ((4500/2)+(2400/2)) x ((3900/2) x2)

=13.45 𝑚2

For residential area = 15 KN /𝑚2

For commercial area = 18 KN /𝑚2

Let’s consider this as a commercial building, then dead laod for the
residential building taken as = 18 KN /𝑚2
First of all it is need to decide the size of the column, for that purpose
consider this building section as the commercial building.

Dead load for roof structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 x 13.45 𝑚2 = 242.1 KN

Dead load for 3rd floor structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 13.45 𝑚2 = 242.1 KN
Dead load for 2rd floor structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 13.45 𝑚2 = 242.1 KN
Dead load for 1rd floor structure = 18 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 13.45 𝑚2 𝑥 1.25 =
302.625KN

Total dead load = 1028.93 KN

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Then total design load = 1.5 x 1028.93 KN = 1543.39 KN

𝑁
𝐴𝑐𝑐 =
0.35 𝑓𝑐𝑢

1543.39 x 103
=
0.35 𝑥 24
= 183.74 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚2
Then can obtain the size of the column as = √ 183.74 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚2

= 428.64mm
Then the column size is approximately = 450 x 450 𝑚𝑚2

Then it is need to check whether this is slender column or the short

column, the short column can have crushed, but slender column can
have subjected to a buckling.

450

𝑙𝑜𝑥 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝ℎ𝑡

= 3000 mm – 350 mm
= 2650 mm

𝑙𝑜𝑦 = 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑆𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠

= 3000 mm – 150 mm
= 2850 mm
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

Then it is need to check the condition at top and the Bottom.

.X-X direction

Top condition : d= 350 mm

h= 450 mm then d < h so condition 2

Bottom condition: d= 350 mm

h= 450 mm then d < h so condition 2

Y-Y direction

Top condition : d= 150 mm

h= 450 mm then d < h so condition 2

Bottom condition: d= 150 mm

h= 450 mm then d < h so condition 2

this building can consider as a unbraced structure

then

X –X direction

ᵝ = 1.5 for both top and bottom condition

Y–Y direction

ᵝ = 1.5 for both top and bottom condition

X –X direction

𝐿𝑒𝑥 = ᵝ𝑥 𝐿0𝑒

= 1.5 x 2650 = 3975 mm

Y–Y direction

𝐿𝑒𝑦 = ᵝ𝑦 𝐿0𝑒

= 1.5 x 2850 = 4275 mm

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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𝐿𝑒𝑥 3975
= = 8.8 < 10
ℎ 450

𝐿𝑒𝑦 4275
= = 9.5 < 10
𝑏 450

So then design column is a short column

Axial Load

Dead load

Dead load (slab) = 3 x (0.150 x 24 x 13.45) = 145.26 KN

Dead load (Beam) = 3 x ((0.350 -0.150) x 24 x 13.45) = 193.68 KN
Dead load (column) = 3 x ((3-0.350) x 24 x 0.25 x 0.25) = 11.925 KN
Finishes = 1 x 13.45 x 4 = 53.8 KN
.Total dead load = 404.665 KN

Imposed load

Roof = 1 x 13.45 = 13.45 KN

Floors = 2.5 x 13.45 x 2 = 67.25 KN
Total imposed load = 80.70 KN

The imposed load can reduce according to the floor vise also. the
proposed building is four story building so then reduction in total
distributed imposed floor load is 30%.

30
Then total live load reduction = 80.70 KN x
100
= 24.21 KN
Then total imposed load = 80.70 -24.21
= 56.49 KN

Total design axial load = 1.4 Gk +1.6Qk

= (1.4 x 404.665 ) +(1.6 x 56.49)
= 656.915 KN
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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𝑁 = 0.4 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝐴𝑐 + 0.8 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑦

656.915 𝑥 103 = 0.4 𝑥 25 𝑥( (450 𝑥 450) − 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 0.8 𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑥460

𝐴𝑠𝑐 = 1238.188 𝑚𝑚2

So then provided reinforcement area 4T20 1256 𝑚𝑚2

100Asc
Minimum reinforcement area ; = 0.4
Ac
100Asc
= 0.4
450 x 450
Asc =
Asc = 810 𝑚𝑚2 < 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 4T20

If the neutral axis happens to be parallel to one of the coordinate

axes, then we call this “uniaxial” bending. If the neutral axis (or the
principle axis) is inclined with respect to the coordinate axis, then
bending can be resolved into two components parallel to each
coordinate axis, hence the term Biaxial Bending
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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Since column is subjected to Biaxial bending

Let’s consider the

Major axis moments = 57.43kNm
Minor axis moments = 4.3 kNm

20
𝑏 ′ = ℎ′ = 450 − 30 − ( ) − 10
2
= 400 mm

Biaxial bending

𝑀𝑥 57.43 𝑥 103
= = 143.575
h′ 400

𝑀𝑦 4.3 𝑥 103
= = 10.75
b′ 400
𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
>
h′ b′
h′
𝑀𝑥′=𝑀𝑥+𝛽 𝑀𝑦
b′
Then it is need to find the ᵝ′ value

𝑁 656.915 KN
= = 0.14
𝑏ℎ𝑓𝑐𝑢 450 𝑥450 𝑥 24

ᵝ = 0.836
400′
𝑀𝑥′=57.43kNm +0.836 𝑥 𝑥 4.3 kNm
400
=61.025 kNm

h′
𝑀y′=𝑀y+𝛽 𝑀x
b′
400′
𝑀𝑥′=4.3 kNm +0.836 𝑥 𝑥 57.43 kNm
400
= 52.31 kNm

𝑀
=(61.025 x 106 )/( 450 𝑥 4502 )
𝑏ℎ2

=0. 7

𝑁 656.9 𝑥 103
= = 3.24
𝑏ℎ 450 𝑥 450
.
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

100𝐴𝑠 / 𝑏ℎ=0.4 𝐴𝑠 = 4T16

𝐴𝑠 = 810 𝑚𝑚2

Then provided reinforcement area is = 810 𝑚𝑚2

4T16 810 𝑚𝑚2

100Asc
Minimum reinforcement area ; = 0.4
Ac
100Asc
= 0.4
450 x 450

Asc = 810 𝑚𝑚2 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

The it is satisfying.
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Deflection of column

Usually in column designing no check is necessary under the

following conditions.

a) Braced columns. Within the recommended limits of slenderness,

no specific check is necessary.
b) Unbraced columns. No check is normally necessary if in the
direction and at the level considered the average value of le/h for all
columns is not more than 30.

Since the end condition is 1 at top and the bottom and the design
column is unbraced column then
𝑙𝑒 ᵝ𝑙0 1.2 x 3000
Then = = =8 mm < 30
ℎ ℎ 450

Then no need to check for the deflection

Crack control

In crack control; following condition need to satisfy

N > 0.2𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐

0.2𝑓𝑐𝑢𝐴𝑐 = 0.2 x 24 x (450- x 450 )= 972 KN then >N

Then let’s take N= 972KN

𝑁 972 𝑥 103
= = 4.8
𝑏ℎ 450 𝑥 450

𝑀 61.0 𝑥 106
= = 0.72
𝑏ℎ2 450 𝑥 450 𝑥 450

100 𝑥 𝐴𝑠
= 0.4
450 𝑥 450

𝐴𝑠 = 810 𝑚𝑚2 𝐴𝑠 = 4T16

Then provided reinforcement area is ;

4T16 810 𝑚𝑚2

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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CHAPTER 6
DESING OF FOUNDATION
(SPECIMEN CALCULAION FOR THE FOUNDATION)
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Let’s consider the internal column footing (G-1) at base level

Axial Load

Dead load

Dead load (slab) = 4 x (0.150 x 24 x 13.45) = 193.68 KN

Dead load (Beam) = 4 x ((0.350 -0.150) x 24 x 13.45) = 258.24 KN
Dead load (column) = 4 x ((3-0.350) x 24 x 0.25 x 0.25) = 15.9 KN
Finishes = 1 x 13.45 x 4 = 53.8 KN
.Total dead load = 521.62 KN

Imposed load

Roof = 1 x 13.45 = 13.45 KN

Floors = 2.5 x 13.45 x 3 = 100.875 KN
Total imposed load = 114.325 KN

The imposed load can reduce according to the floor vise also. the
proposed building is four story building so then reduction in total
distributed imposed floor load is 30%.

30
Then total live load reduction = 114.325 KN x
100
= 34.29 KN
Then total imposed load = 114.325 -34.29
= 80.03 KN

Total design axial load = 1.4 Gk +1.6Qk

= (1.4 x 521.62 ) +(1.6 x 80.03)
= 858.316 KN
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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First of all, it is need to find the footing thickness (h)

Let’s consider the imposed load (Live load) as 300 KN and let’s
consider the bearing capacity of soil is 200 KN / 𝑚𝑚2

Base area of the footing

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
ớ𝑏𝑐
858.316 + 300
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
250
= 4.63 𝑚2

X 4.63 𝑚2

X
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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Then one side length is = 2.15 m

Let’s assume h = 500 mm

Then d > 10√𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑡

d > 10√𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑡

Ultimate load affected to the footing = 1.4 𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘

= 1.4 x 858.316 + 1.6 x 300

= 1681.64 KN

3
d > 10√1681.64 𝑥 10

d > 410 mm

let’s check whether footing bearing capacity is enough or not.

Dead load for the base = 24 x 2.15 x 2.15 x 0.5 = 55.47 KN

1158.316+55.47
Bearing pressure =
2.4 𝑥 2.4

= 213.096 < bearing capacity of the soil so then it is nee

d to reduce the footing size then let’s consider the footing size as 2.4 x2.4.

1158.316+55.47
Bearing pressure =
2.4 𝑥 2.4

= 275.13 KN/𝑚2 < Soil bearing capacity

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Reinforcement design

N = 1.4 𝐺𝑘 + 1.6𝑄𝑘

= 1.4 x 858.316 + 1.6 x 300

= 1681.64 KN

dAverage = 500 -40 -20 =440 mm

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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When we consider one side of the footing;

Area = 2.4 x 0. 975 = 2.340 𝑚2

1681.64 𝐾𝑁
Pressure under the base area =
2.4 𝑋 2.4 𝑚2
= 291.95 KN / 𝑚2

Then can find the F value;

F = 291.95 x (2.4 x 0.975) =683.163 KN

Then affected bending moment bout the critical point axis
M = FX
0.975
= 683.163 x
2
= 333.042 KNm
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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𝑀
𝑘=
𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑢

333.042 𝑥 106
𝑘=
450 𝑥 4502 𝑥 24
= 0.152 < 0.156 then this is satisfying for singly reinforcement
condition.

Let’s take Z =0.95d = 0.95 x 440 = 418 mm

𝑀
𝐴𝑠 =
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑧

333.042 𝑥 106
𝐴𝑠 = = 1823.23 𝑚𝑚2
0.95 𝑥 460 𝑥 418
Then provided reinforcement area is;

6T20 1884 𝑚𝑚2

𝐴𝑠
Then provided spacing for the reinforcement = (2400 – 40x2) /5 = 1884 𝑚𝑚2
= 464 mm
=460 mm 6T20
6T20 @ 460 c/c
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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Check for shear

JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

F = 291.95 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 2.4 𝑥 0.535 𝑚2 = 374.86 𝐾𝑁

𝑉
v=
𝑏𝑑

374.86 𝑥 103
v=
2400 𝑥 440

= 0.355 N / 𝑚𝑚2

𝑉𝑐 = 0.34

So then this is in between 𝑉𝑐 < 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑐 + 0.4

𝑆𝑣 <= 38.86
Then minimum shear links spacing = 35 mm
S< 0.75d
S < 0.75x 440
S < 330 mm

Maximum shear at column face

𝑉
V=
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑋 𝑑

1681.64 𝑥 103
V=
450 𝑥 4 𝑥 440

V = 2.1 N /𝑚𝑚2 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢

So then it is satisfying
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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Punching shear
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190

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Area = (2.4)2 − (𝑐 + 3𝑑)2

= 2.63 𝑚2

F = 291.95 KN / 𝑚2 𝑥 2.63 𝑚2 = 767.83 𝐾𝑁

𝑉
v=
𝑏𝑑

767.83 𝑥 103
v=
2400 𝑥 440

= 0.25 N / 𝑚𝑚2

𝑉𝑐 = 0.34

So then this is in between 𝑉 < 𝑉𝑐

Then no need shear links

Check for cracking

No of bars provided = 6T20

Side corner = 40 mm
2400−(40 𝑥 2)−(6𝑥 20)
Spacing =
5
= 440 mm

The spacing should less than 750 or 3d

3d = 3 x 440 =1320 mm

Then proposed spacing < 750 or 3d

So then no need to consider about the cracking.
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Anchoring

BS 8110 – Min. Anchorage length = 44 Ø

Table 3.27 = 44 x 20
= 880 mm

Provided anchorage length = 2400 -975 =1425 mm

Then Provided anchorage length > Min. Anchorage length

Then this Is satisfying with the given consdition.

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Detailing
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JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190
JAYASEKARA J M P L M BSC.ENG (HONS), REG NO : 190