Asset

Standard
Management

Title: Chemistry Standard for Water Unique Identifier: 240-55864795

Cooled Generator Windings
(Stator Coolant)
Alternative Reference Number: N/A

Area of Applicability: Generation,

Engineering

Documentation Type: Standard

Revision: 4

Total Pages: 17

Next Review Date: January 2027

Disclosure Classification: CONTROLLED

DISCLOSURE

Compiled by Approved by Authorised by

………………………………….. ……………………………….. …………………………………..

Nestor van Eeden Zanele Dladla Setsweke Phala
Chief Scientist Chemistry Cycle Chemistry Care Group Senior Manager (Acting):
Chairperson Production Engineering
Auxiliary
2022-01-10
Date: …………………………… 2022-01-19
Date: ………………………… 2022-01-19
Date: ……………………………

Supported by SCOT SC Supported by SCOT TC

………………………………….. …………………………………
Dheneshree Lalla Marlize Andre
Chemical Sciences and Power Plant TC Chairperson
Technology SC Chairperson
2022-01-19
Date: ……………………. 2022-01-21
Date: …………………………..

PCM Reference : 240-53458841

SCOT Study Committee Number/Name : Water Science and Technology
 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 2 of 17

CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
2. SUPPORTING CLAUSES ........................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.2 Purpose ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.3 Applicability................................................................................................................................................ 4
2.2 NORMATIVE/INFORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 4
2.2.1 Normative .................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.2 Informative ................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.3 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Disclosure Classification ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................................. 5
2.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................................... 5
2.6 PROCESS FOR MONITORING ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.7 RELATED/SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ......................................................................................................... 6
2.7.1 Related/Supporting Documents ................................................................................................................ 6
2.7.2 Superseded Documents ............................................................................................................................ 6
2.7.3 Records ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. CHEMISTRY SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER COOLED GENERATOR WINDINGS (STATOR COOLANT) ..... 6
3.1 COPPER HOLLOW CONDUCTORS ................................................................................................................ 9
3.1.1 Elevated pH Regimes ................................................................................................................................ 9
3.2 STAINLESS STEEL HOLLOW CONDUCTORS ............................................................................................. 13
3.2.1 Neutral pH Regimes ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.3 WATER COOLED BREAKERS ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.4 ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL PARAMETERS ..................................................................................................... 14
4. AUTHORISATION .................................................................................................................................................. 15
5. REVISIONS ............................................................................................................................................................ 16
6. DEVELOPMENT TEAM ......................................................................................................................................... 17
7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................................................... 17

TABLES
Table 1: SCWS specifications and surveillance requirements for Elevated pH Chemistry Regimes (applicable to
copper hollow conductor circuits) .................................................................................................................. 9
Table 2: Troubleshooting Guide for Out-of-Specification Dissolved Oxygen Conditions under Elevated pH SCWS
Chemistry Regimes. .................................................................................................................................... 11
Table 3: Side-stream ion exchange demineraliser outlets for copper hollow conductors .......................................... 12
Table 4:SCWS specifications and surveillance requirements for the recognised chemical regimes for stainless
steel hollow conductors ............................................................................................................................... 13
Table 5: Side-stream ion exchange demineraliser outlet for stainless steel conductors ........................................... 13
Table 6: Chemical ranges and limits for water-cooled breakers ................................................................................ 14

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 3 of 17

1. INTRODUCTION

This standard establishes the chemical control ranges for the chemical conditioning of stator cooling water
systems, together with the limits for impurities within the systems.

Limits and ranges have been derived from credible literature sources, manufacturer recommendations and
operating experience to constitute the best practical means of mitigating internal corrosion. Corrosion
product deposition normally results in blockage of strands, overheating and subsequent failure in copper
hollow conductor bars.

The standard specifies the minimum frequency for grab sampling and analysis together with the
requirements for continuous on-line monitoring. In addition, the physical parameters that must be recorded
are also specified.

Since the Eskom fleet is not uniform, the requirements of different equipment manufacturers have been
taken into account. Eskom’s recommended options are covered by this Standard and the rationale and
explanation of the chemistry regimes is described in the companion document Chemistry Guideline for
Water Cooled Generator Windings (Stator Coolant) 240-86847241.

2. SUPPORTING CLAUSES

2.1 SCOPE
This standard defines the chemical limits, ranges and surveillance requirements for parameters that shall
be controlled in water cooled stator systems.

• A comprehensive list of the recommended physical parameters that shall be recorded alongside the
chemistry results in the laboratory database is provided. It is recognised that not all parameters are
available at every station. However, those that are available at specific power stations must be
recorded. Where the station does not have the equipment to monitor all the required physical
parameters, the station shall have on formal record all mitigations for those parameters not being
monitored.

• The rationale for chemical parameters included in the specification tables is discussed in the
companion document Chemistry Guideline for Water Cooled Generator Windings (Stator Coolant)
240-86847241. Ion exchange selection and operation and options for cleaning stator bars are also
described in the companion guideline document. Only the elevated pH regimes are recognised within
Eskom for copper hollow conductors - elevated pH/low oxygen and elevated pH/high oxygen.

• Neutral pH regimes are applicable only to circuits with stainless steel hollow conductors within Eskom;
they are expressly prohibited within Eskom for use on circuits with copper hollow conductors.

• Parallel operation of the dual column mixed bed ion exchange system is described.

Under certain circumstances it may be possible that an exemption from these requirements, in whole or in
part, could be granted, see 2.5 below

2.1.2 Purpose

The purpose of the standard is to ensure the integrity of the components of the stator cooling water system
(SCWS) by operating under optimal aqueous chemistry conditions relevant to the specific SCWS system,
thereby minimising corrosion, which may otherwise lead to stator bar flow restrictions (partial/total
blockages), and/or flashover via tracking to ground.

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 4 of 17

2.1.3 Applicability
This document shall apply to the Engineering Department of the Generation Division; specifically those
stations equipped with Water Cooled Generator Windings (Stator Coolant), and/or water-cooled Generator
Circuit Breakers within Eskom Holdings SOC Limited.

2.2 NORMATIVE/INFORMATIVE REFERENCES

Parties using this document shall apply the most recent edition of the documents listed in the following
paragraphs.

2.2.1 Normative
[1] ISO 9001 Quality Management Systems.

2.2.2 Informative
[2] OEM Chemistry Specifications, in particular General Electric, Westinghouse, Parsons, ABB,
Siemens and GEC/Alstom
[3] EdF-GDL; “Document standard des specifications chimiques des paliers 900 MWe CP1/CP2” –
D5710/IMC/1999/014970/00
[4] EPRI; “Turbine Generator Auxiliary System Maintenance Guides, Volume 4: Generator Stator
Cooling System” EPRI Report TR-1015669, Dec. 2008
[5] Svoboba R. and M Svoboda M.; “Chemistry Related Monitoring of Generator Cooling Water
Systems”, Power Plant Chemistry (PPChem) Journal, Waesseri GmbH (Pub.)., pp 128-135, March
2011
[6] VGB Guidelines for Boiler Feedwater, Boiler Water and Steam of Steam Generators with a
Permissible Operating Pressure > 68 bar, VGB-R 450 Le, 1988.
[7] 240-55864792, Chemistry Standard for Coal Fired Units with Once through Boilers Operating at
17MPa.
[8] EPRI; “Stator Water Cooling System Chemistry Sourcebook”, EPRI TR 3002019747, June 2021

2.3 DEFINITIONS

Definition Description
A limiting value for a parameter that initiates a corrective action. Each Action
Action Level (designated Level has an associated duration of applicability. Action Levels are intended to
AL1/AL2/AL3) provide a graded response to a deteriorating condition and to recognise the
severity of the condition by the urgency of the response.
The deployment of one (or more) dedicated on-line chemical analyser(s) to
provide uninterrupted monitoring of a sample stream, facilitating early
Continuous Measurement
response to excursions and the formulation of fundamental operational
decisions.
The maximum or minimum value (as appropriate) that a given parameter may
Limit Value take (i.e. the limiting condition) without initiating corrective action. In the case
of dissolved oxygen this is synonymous with Action Level 1.
For dilute aqueous solutions this is effectively the negative logarithm of the
pH
hydrogen ion concentration (mol/L) measured at 25°C, i.e. –log10([H+]).
An upper or lower (as appropriate) parameter value (or range of values) for a
Target Value given parameter that the Chemical Services Department shall strive to attain
and maintain during normal operation.

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 5 of 17

2.3.1 Disclosure Classification

Controlled disclosure: controlled disclosure to external parties (either enforced by law, or discretionary).

2.4 ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Description
Conductivity After Cation Exchange; measurement of conductivity after passing
the solution through cation type ion exchange resin in the hydrogen-form. Also
CACE
known as acid conductivity, cation(ic) conductivity, after cation conductivity, and,
peculiar to Eskom, K(HI).
CSM Chemical Services Manager
The electrical (or specific, or straight, or direct) conductivity of a solution measured
ECT/SCT (κT) in micro-Siemens per centimetre (μS.cm-1) at a defined temperature, subscript T; in
most instances this will be the reference temperature, 25°C.
Mixed Bed Ion exchange resin in which the cation resin portion is in the hydrogen
H/OH (or H+/OH-)
ionic form and the anion resin is in the hydroxide ionic form.
HEx Heat Exchanger
IX Ion Exchange
LIMS Laboratory Information Management System
LTPH Long Term Plant Health
Mixed bed ion exchange resin containing intimately mixed cation and anion resin
MB / MBIX
portions
Mixed Bed Ion exchange resin in which the cation resin portion is in the sodium
MBIX-Na/OH (or Na+/OH-)
ionic form and the anion resin is in the hydroxide ionic form.
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
PE Production Engineering
SCWS Stator Cooling Water System

2.5 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The Power Station Chemical Services Manager (CSM) shall be responsible for the implementation of this
Standard to ensure adherence to the requirements.

The Power Station Electrical Engineering Manager shall include stator Long Term Plant Health (LTPH) in
the outputs of the Generator System Engineer.

From an assurance perspective, the Corporate Specialist (Chemistry) within Production Engineering (PE)
shall be responsible to measure and report on the level of compliance with the requirements of this
Standard. The Production Engineering Manager is the custodian of this Standard and shall be responsible
for its periodic review.

2.6 PROCESS FOR MONITORING

Compliance with the requirements of this Standard shall be monitored by inclusion of key parameters in
the Sustainability Index.

Excursions beyond the limiting conditions of this Standard shall be monitored, tracked and reasons
recorded within the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) maintained by each power station
laboratory. The records shall be periodically reviewed by Chemistry Specialists within PE.

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 6 of 17

An assessment of Stator Coolant Chemistry data and compliance with this Standard shall be included in
any Peer Review process that assesses Cycle Chemistry Control.

2.7 RELATED/SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS

2.7.1 Related/Supporting Documents

[1] 240-86847241 Chemistry Guideline for Water Cooled Generator Windings (Stator Coolant).

2.7.2 Superseded Documents

a) GGS0323 Chemistry Standard For Water Cooled Generator Windings (Stator Coolant)
b) S4 36-689 Chemistry Standard For Water Cooled Generator Windings (Stator Coolant)

2.7.3 Records
a) Sustainability Index (Chemistry Index)
b) LIMS Database
c) Parameter Excursions

3. CHEMISTRY SPECIFICATIONS FOR WATER COOLED GENERATOR WINDINGS

(STATOR COOLANT)
The following tables provide the chemistry specifications applicable to SCWS and water-cooled breaker
circuits. A listing of physical parameters that should be captured in association with the chemical
parameters is also provided.

The tables provide operating ranges and limiting conditions for chemical impurities and additives, where
appropriate. Requirements for SCWS circuits with copper hollow conductors and those with stainless steel
hollow conductors are addressed.

Four chemistry regimes are recognised internationally, viz.:

i) Low Oxygen, Elevated pH
ii) High Oxygen, Elevated pH
iii) Low Oxygen, Neutral pH
iv) High Oxygen, Neutral pH

Prior to the introduction of stainless steel hollow conductors, Eskom recognised only two of these four for
application in copper hollow conductor circuits, i.e.
i) Low Oxygen, Elevated pH
ii) High Oxygen, Elevated pH

Following the introduction of stainless steel hollow conductor circuits, all four regimes are now recognised
as acceptable to Eskom; however, copper hollow conductor circuits remain limited to options i) and ii),
while options iii) and iv) are applicable to stainless steel hollow conductors. In principle all four regimes
could be applied to stainless steel hollow conductor circuits, but elevated pH is unnecessary and limiting
these circuits to options iii) and iv) reduces the risk of accidental elevated conductivity and electrical
flashover.

Stainless steel hollow conductors are also indifferent to dissolved oxygen concentrations, unlike copper
hollow conductors where the dissolved oxygen range 100 – 1000 μg/kg (as O2), and in particular the range

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 7 of 17

150 – 300 μg/kg (as O2) where copper release rates from the oxide deposits reaches a peak. Since there
may be some residual copper bearing material in the circuit outside of the stainless steel hollow
conductors, as a precautionary restrictions on oxygen operating ranges have been retained.

In every case, the applied oxygen regime shall be that specified by the Original Equipment Manufacturer
(OEM); i.e. either high oxygen or low oxygen. Operation in the regime not specified by the OEM, e.g.
operating high oxygen when the OEM specified low oxygen, or transit between the two oxygen regimes is
prohibited. Should circumstances arise that preclude operation within the OEM specified oxygen regime,
permission to implement the alternative oxygen regime shall be sought from the Chemical Sciences and
Technology Study Committee. The application shall be accompanied by a full technical justification, an
engineering risk assessment, and a recommendation from the Corporate Specialist (Chemistry). If the
application is successful, the Production Engineering Department Engineering Manager may authorise the
adoption of the alternative oxygen regime, and may also stipulate the procedure to be followed to effect
the transit between the oxygen regimes.

For elevated pH regimes, the pH shall be monitored continuously by one of the following methods:
i) Low Oxygen Circuit

In mildly alkaline, low ionic strength solutions, such as stator coolants, direct measurement of pH is difficult
and generally requires the use of a flowing liquid junction potential reference electrode. If such is used, it
shall be located on a sidestream sample of the bypass line feeding the H/OH MBIX resin. Following pH
measurement the sidestream sample shall be returned to the inlet of the H/OH MBIX resin to ensure that:
• the potassium in the reference solution is removed before return to the main circuit.
• There is no loss of sample from the system, to minimise make-up.

An alternative is to derive the pH from differential conductivity measurement. As with the direct
measurement, the differential conductivity analyser (electrical conductivity before cation resin column and
the cation conductivity following the cation resin column) shall be located on a side stream sample ahead
of the H/OH form MBIX, and returned to the inlet to the H/OH form MBIX resin; this to ensure no sample
loss from the system.

The differential conductivity algorithm is adapted from the VGB Guidelines for Boiler Feedwater, Boiler
Water and Steam of Steam Generators with a Permissible Operating Pressure > 68 bar, VGB-R 450 Le,
1988 [6].

𝐶𝐴𝐶𝐸
𝑝𝐻 = 8.6 + log10 (𝐸𝐶 − )
3

Where: EC = Specific conductivity

CACE = Conductivity after cation exchange

The derivation of this algorithm, a modified version of the VGB original.

Source: KJ Galt

In the absence of air in-leakage, or if there is a low make-up rate bringing deaerated make-up into the
circuit, the electrical (specific/direct) conductivity can be used to derive the pH. Maintaining the
conductivity within the specified limits will maintain the pH. The relationship is:

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(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 8 of 17

𝜅25 𝜅25 2
𝑝𝐻 = log10 ( + √( ) − 2.982 × 10−8 ) + 2.778
997 997

Source: KJ Galt

ii) High Oxygen Circuit

In aerated systems, unless the system is very stable with low make-up rates, the presence of CO2 in the
stator water generally negates this simple correlation

It is assumed that all dual mixed bed circuits will have adopted parallel operation in accordance with
previous requirements. Routing of either direct pH (flowing liquid junction) or derived pH (differential
conductivity) to the H/OH form MBIX requires continuous flow through the bed (i.e. balanced flow through
both beds).

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 9 of 17

3.1 COPPER HOLLOW CONDUCTORS

3.1.1 Elevated pH Regimes

Table 1: SCWS specifications and surveillance requirements for

Elevated pH Chemistry Regimes (applicable to copper hollow conductor circuits)

Frequency
Target Limit
Parameter Units

Lower Upper Lower Upper

Elevated pH - Low Oxygen

Specific conductivity1 (µS.cm-1) > 1.00 < 2.00 0.50 2.50 C

pH2 > 8.60 < 8.90 8.30 9.00 C
Dissolved Oxygen3 (µg.kg-1) < 30 50 C
Total Copper (as Cu)4 (µg.kg-1) <2 5 W
Sodium (as Na) (µg.kg-1) > 75 < 175 25 225 W
Silica (as SiO2) (µg.kg-1) < 10 20 W
Elevated pH - High Oxygen

Specific conductivity1 (µS.cm-1) > 1.00 < 2.00 0.50 2.50 C

pH2 > 8.60 < 8.90 8.30 9.00 C
Dissolved Oxygen3 (µg.kg-1) > 4000 < 6000 2000 C
Total Copper (as Cu)4 (µg.kg-1) <2 5 W
Sodium (as Na) (µg.kg-1) > 75 < 175 25 225 W
Silica (as SiO2) (µg.kg-1) < 10 20 W
Notes

• On dual column mixed bed systems, the demineralisers shall be operated in parallel mode. Flow
shall be established through both demineralisers simultaneously. To achieve the desired pH, the
flow through the Na+/OH- form mixed bed shall be maintained at normal flow rates, while adjusting
the flow through the H+/OH- form mixed bed. Once the desired pH is attained the flow through the
H+/OH- form bed should be maintained as constant as possible to control the pH. Automatic control
of the dual column mixed bed system operation (based on conductivity measurement) is advised.

• Resin change-out of the demineralisers is recommended at a frequency of 18 months or earlier as

indicated by the deteriorating chemical parameters.

1 Specific conductivity shall be controlled close as possible to the upper target of 2.00 S.cm-1.
2 pH shall be measured by either derivation from differential conductivity or directly via a measuring electrode and a flowing liquid
junction potential reference electrode.
3 Continuous dissolved oxygen measurement for high and low oxygen systems is specified. On-line monitoring installations shall
be constructed in such a manner as to ensure serviceability of the equipment while the system is in operation, including changing
of probes, etc., as necessary. An isolable sidestream configuration that allowing servicing of on-line instrumentation is preferred
to extractable probes located in the main circuit. Should continuous measurement be temporarily unavailable, the frequency of
off-line sample analysis shall be at least three times weekly for low oxygen circuits and twice weekly for high oxygen circuits.
4 The total copper content shall be determined by analysis of an acidified sample

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 10 of 17

• For the low oxygen regimes, palladium dotted anion resin is normally loaded into the Na+/OH- column
as this column must be in service at all times (except during resin change-out). This resin may be
loaded in a separate specifically designed stainless steel basket inside the Na+/OH- column. Prior
to loading, the palladium dotted resin shall be rinsed for a minimum period of 24 hours. It is not
required that the palladium dotted resin be replaced every 18 months. The volume of palladium
dotted resin should be 10% of the volume of the Na+/OH- column. Care should be taken not to
disturb/damage the palladium particles, as they may detach from the resin beads and find their way
into the SCWS as fine abrasive particles. Erosion of copper in the water boxes will occur resulting
in elevated copper levels. It is important to immediately remove the palladium coated resin and flush
the SCWS till the palladium particles are removed. Regular monitoring of the turbidity is essential.
The turbidity will increase as a result of the above problem with palladium dotted resin. This is an
intermittent problem, and it is difficult to establish the root cause.

• Operation with elevated oxygen may be problematic during hydrogen in-leakage problems. The
stator cooling water may turn milky; if a sample taken in a glass beaker clears up, from the bottom
of the beaker, within a short time, excessive hydrogen is present. Venting of the excess hydrogen
will simultaneously reduce the dissolved oxygen content. OEM’s have limitations on hydrogen in-
leakage which should be strictly followed. When the dissolved oxygen cannot be maintained
> 750 g.kg-1, the unit shall be shut down and the hydrogen in-leakage defect detected and repaired.

• Loss of water from the stator coolant system will increase the dissolved oxygen as the demineralised
make-up water on Eskom plant is seldom deaerated and is thus rich in dissolved oxygen. The stator
water conductivity will tend to decrease as a result of the introduction of low conductivity
demineralised make-up water. In the event that no visible leak can be found, the stator water may
be leaking into the main cooling water due to a HEx tube leak. This is specifically problematic when
the low oxygen regime is utilised. The HEx should be taken out of service, one at a time and pressure
tested.

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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
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Page: 11 of 17

Table 2: Troubleshooting Guide for Out-of-Specification Dissolved

Oxygen Conditions5 under Elevated pH SCWS Chemistry Regimes.

Limit
Regime Target AL2 AL3
(AL1)

Elevated pH Low O2 < 30 > 50 ≥ 80 ≥ 100

Suggested Actions None • Check for air leak • Check for air leak • Check for air leak
• Bleed and feed system • Bleed and feed • Bleed and feed system
with de-aerated make-up. system with de- with de-aerated make-
• Pass over Pd-catalyst aerated make-up up
dotted ion exchange (IX) • Pass over Pd-catalyst • Pass over Pd-catalyst
resin to remove O2 dotted IX resin to dotted IX resin to
• Check for water leaks and remove O2 remove O2
losses • Check for water leaks • Inject hydrogen into
• Check for loss of and losses stator water. Proper risk
conductivity, if no external • Check for loss of assessment
leaks, water could be lost conductivity, if no • Check for water leaks
due to Heat Exchanger external leaks, water and losses
(HEx) tube leak could be lost due to • Check for loss of
• Pressure test HEx HEx tube leak conductivity, if no
• Increase monitoring • Pressure test HEx external leaks, water
frequency to 2W (if not C) • Increase monitoring could be lost due to
frequency to D (if not HEx tube leak
• Restore to < 50 within 2
weeks or go to AL26 C) • Pressure test HEx
• Restore to < 50 within • Restore to < 50 within
2 days or go to AL36 8 h or shutdown unit6

Elevated pH High O2 > 4000 < 2000  1000  750

Suggested Actions None • Check for H2 in-leakage, • Check for H2 in- • Check for H2 in-leakage
Stator water could be leakage • Shut down unit to repair
milky • Determine hydrogen hydrogen in-leakage
• Bleed and feed system in-leakage rate-Refer defect
with aerated make-up OEM • Bleed and feed system
• Inject O2/air • Bleed and feed with aerated make-up
• Increase monitoring system with aerated • Inject O2/air
frequency to 2W (if not C) make-up • Restore to > 2000 within
• Restore to > 2000 within • Inject O2/air 8 h or shutdown unit6
2 weeks or go to AL26 • Increase monitoring
frequency to D (if not
C)
• Restore to > 2000
within 2 days or go to
AL36

5 All concentrations in the table are in μg.kg-1

6 The rationale for the Action levels can be found in 240-55864792 [7]

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Page: 12 of 17

Table 3: Side-stream ion exchange demineraliser outlets for copper hollow conductors

Frequency
Target Limit
Parameter Units
Lower Upper Lower Upper

Na+/OH- form Mixed Bed Outlet: Elevated pH regime

Specific Conductivity7 (S.cm-1) 2.5 C

H+/OH- form Mixed Bed Outlet: Elevated pH regime

Specific Conductivity (S.cm-1) 0.2 C

7 Specific conductivity shall be controlled close as possible to the upper target of 2.00 S.cm-1.

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Page: 13 of 17

3.2 STAINLESS STEEL HOLLOW CONDUCTORS

3.2.1 Neutral pH Regimes

Table 4:SCWS specifications and surveillance requirements for the
recognised chemical regimes for stainless steel hollow conductors

Frequency
Target Limit
Parameter Units

Lower Upper Lower Upper

Neutral pH - Low Oxygen

Specific conductivity (µS.cm-1) < 0.2 0.3 C

Dissolved Oxygen8 (µg.kg-1) <5 C

Soluble Copper (as Cu) (µg.kg-1) <5 10 W

Iron (as Fe) (µg.kg-1) < 10 20 W

Silica (as SiO2) (µg.kg-1) < 10 20 W

Neutral pH - High Oxygen

Specific conductivity (µS.cm-1) < 0.2 0.3 C

Dissolved Oxygen8 (µg.kg-1) > 4000 < 6000 C

Dissolved Copper (as Cu) (µg.kg-1) <5 10 W

Iron (as Fe) (µg.kg-1) < 10 20 W

Silica (as SiO2) (µg.kg-1) < 10 20 W

Table 5: Side-stream ion exchange demineraliser outlet for stainless steel conductors

Target Limit

Frequency
Parameter Units
Lower Upper Lower Upper

H+/OH- form Mixed Bed Outlet: Neutral pH regime

Specific Conductivity9 10 (S.cm-1) 0.10 0.15 C

8 A High Oxygen regime is applied for the early detection of hydrogen in-leakage. Reduction of dissolved oxygen concentration
is an indication of hydrogen in-leakage. For stainless steel conductors, low dissolved oxygen has no known negative chemistry
effect and is therefore not a mandatory parameter
9 The single mixed bed demineraliser shall be in service at all times, except when resin change-out is carried out on-load (i.e.

during unit power operation). The maximum allowable time to complete a resin change-out operation, i.e. the maximum period
the stator coolant system may be without the demineraliser circuit, is 24h.
10 Resin change-out of the demineralisers shall be performed at a frequency of 18 months or as indicated by conductivity

increasing above the upper limit.

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When downloaded from the EDMS, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line
with the authorised version on the system.
 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 14 of 17

3.3 WATER COOLED BREAKERS

Table 6: Chemical ranges and limits for water-cooled breakers

Frequency
Target Limit
Parameter Units
Lower Upper Lower Upper

H+/OH- form Mixed Bed Outlet: Water-cooled breakers11

Specific Conductivity (S.cm-1) 0.2 M

3.4 ASSOCIATED PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

Where available, the following physical parameters shall be recorded in the laboratory database alongside
the chemical analysis results:

a) stator differential pressure (inlet and outlet)

b) filter differential pressure, where installed

c) stator coolant main circuit flow, plus inlet pressure

d) stator coolant ion-exchanger flow

e) stator winding outlet water temperature, plus individual bar temperature

f) generator load

g) stator water cooler inlet and outlet temperature, where installed

h) hydrogen gas leak rate, where installed

It is important that this information is kept with the chemistry data. However, it is recognised that this is
largely duplication as this data is captured elsewhere and will in most cases be available from the Unit
computer. It is acceptable to periodically download the required information from the Unit computer (in
either electronic or hard copy format) for inclusion into the LIMS database.

It is also important that long term trending is carried out on all of the collected information, as this can
provide early warning of impending problems.

11The mixed bed resin shall be in a 1:1 equivalents H +/OH- ratio. The resin shall be changed at a frequency of 3 years or as
prescribed by the OEM, whichever period is shorter, unless the conductivity of the cooling water deteriorates to the limit value

CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
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 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 15 of 17

4. AUTHORISATION
This document has been seen and accepted by:

Name & Surname Designation

Cycle Chemistry Care Group Members
Bathandwa Cobo Middle Manager, Production Engineering, Generation
Dheneshree Lalla Corporate Specialist (Chemical Engineering), Production Engineering, Generation
Kediemetse Moloko Senior Advisor Chemistry, RTD
Keikantse Pule Senior Advisor Chemistry, RTD
Mandisi Stwayi Chemical Services Manager, Koeberg, Generation
Nestor van Eeden Chief Scientist, Nuclear Strategy and Regulation, Generation
Paul Kruger Technologist Chemistry, Lethabo Power Station
Setsweke Phala Chief Scientist, Production Engineering, Generation
Stephanie Marais Corporate Consultant (Chemistry), Production Engineering, Generation
Sumayyah Sulliman Chief Engineer, Production Engineering, Generation
Zanele Dladla Chief Scientist, Arnot PS, Generation
Water Sciences and Technology Study Committee members
Bonginkosi Nyembe Chief Scientist, Production Engineering, Generation
Corne du Plooy Chemical Engineer, System Dynamics, RTD
Heena Madhav Senior Chemist, Water and Applied Chemistry, RTD
Anesh Surendra Middle Manager, Primary Energy
Justin Varden Senior Engineer, Kriel PS, Generation
Keith Northcott Senior Consultant, Materials and Corrosion, RTD
Kelly Reynolds-Clausen Senior Consultant, Water and Applied Chemistry, RTD
Mpetjane Kgole Middle Manager, Environmental Management (Water)
Perusha Moodley Senior Engineer, Lethabo PS, Generation
Dhelia Raman Senior Engineer, Lethabo PS, Generation
Terence Abboo Senior Engineer, Koeberg PS, Generation
Sidwell Muthavhine Chief Scientist, Production Engineering, Generation
Nthabiseng Dingaan Senior Engineer, Tutuka PS, Generation
Generation Chemical Services Managers
Themba Shabalala Duvha Power Station Chemical Services Manager (Acting)
Ethel Simelane Kriel Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Kutlwano Mahlangu Lethabo Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Lefumo Maswanganye Hendrina Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Mpho Manamela Komati Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Mathuhlwe Malebana Grootvlei Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Mildrad Mahlaba Kendal Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Mokgadi Manthata Matimba Power Station Chemical Services Manager

CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
When downloaded from the EDMS, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line
with the authorised version on the system.
Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 16 of 17

Name & Surname Designation

Ntombi Ngobese Camden Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Neo Monini Medupi Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Stanley Motha Matla Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Selaelo Kobe Arnot Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Tshiki Mashabane Majuba Power Station Chemical Services Manager
Vusi Mahlaba Tutuka Power Station Chemical Services Manager

Turbine Centreline Care Group Representative

Duduzile Ramasimong Corporate Specialist, Asset Management, Generation

5. REVISIONS

Date Rev. Compiler Remarks

May 2014 1 N van Eeden TDAC Approved Documents

August 2014 1.1 N van Eeden Removal of informative but extraneous material from
Standard to accompanying document and reformatting
December 2014 1.2 N van Eeden Updated Draft after Comments Review Process
January 2015 1.3 N van Eeden Additional updates after Review
February 2015 1.4 N van Eeden Final Draft for Second Comments Review Process
March 2015 1.5 N van Eeden Updated Draft after Comments Review Process
March 2015 2 N van Eeden Final Rev 2 Document for Authorisation and Publication
October 2016 2.1 N van Eeden Dissolved oxygen continuous measurement made not
compulsory for stainless steel conductors. Cycle
Chemistry Care Group decision on 27 September 2016.
Final Draft after SC Review
October 2016 3 N van Eeden Final Rev 3 Document for Authorisation and Publication
October 2021 3.1 N van Eeden Reviewed according to review schedule first Draft
October 2021 3.2 N van Eeden Final Draft after Comments Review Process
November 2021 3.3 N van Eeden Additional Updates Completed
November 2021 3.4 N van Eeden Final Draft after Additional Updates Completed
January 2022 4 N van Eeden Final Rev 4 Document for Authorisation and Publication

CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
When downloaded from the EDMS, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line
with the authorised version on the system.
 Chemistry Standard for Water Cooled Generator Windings Unique Identifier: 240-55864795
(Stator Coolant) Revision: 4
Page: 17 of 17

6. DEVELOPMENT TEAM

The following persons were involved in the development of this document:

• KJ Galt
• N van Eeden

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The contributions of previous compilers in the preparation of this standard and /or its predecessors are
acknowledged:
• AJ Goosen
• JD Aspden
• D Dalgetty
• SP Mellor
• SDM Marais
• JJ van Noordwyk

CONTROLLED DISCLOSURE
When downloaded from the EDMS, this document is uncontrolled and the responsibility rests with the user to ensure it is in line
with the authorised version on the system.