Republic of the Philippines

Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ChE DEPARTMENT

MODULE 1.3 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Title Unit III. Convection Heat Transfer

A. Introduction
B. Analysis of Convection Heat Transfer
C. Evaluation of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient
Course Topic 1. Without Phase Change
2. With Phase Change
D. Natural convection

Convection heat transfer involves two mechanisms: diffusion or

conduction and a macroscopic transport of heat to (or from) a flowing
fluid.

In this lecture, we will gain a better understanding of the mechanism

Module involved in forced convection heat transfer (with and without phase
Overview/ change) and natural convection. Evaluation of convective heat
Introduction transfer coefficient using dimensional analysis is mathematically
simple as it does not yield equations but rather combines several
variables into dimensionless groups, such as the Nusselt number.
Other dimensionless groups of importance for heat transfer such as
Reynold’s number, Peclet number, Grashof number, etc will be used
in some application problems.

After finishing this module, you should be able to do following:

1. Understand the principles of heat transfers to fluids with and
without phase change.
2. Discuss the mathematical foundation of heat transfers to fluids.
3. Explain forced convection in laminar and turbulent flow by
Learning mathematical models.
Objectives 4. Discuss the different uses of dimensionless numbers to problems
in convection processes.
5. Explain the concepts of natural convection by example problems.
6. Solve application problems in heat transfer to fluids without phase
changes

This module provides students with a fundamental knowledge of

Learning
convection heat transfer with emphasis on forced and natural convection
Outcome
as applied to engineering problems.

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 • Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics physical sciences,
engineering sciences to solve heat transfer through forced and
Competence natural convection problems (high)
• Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems related
to convection (high)

Lecture Notes
A. Introduction

Convection – heat flow by mixing of warm and cool portions of the same fluid (gas or
liquid)

T 1 = 100oC T 2 = 20oC

Hot Cold
a. Forced convection – mixing is due to an external force (pump, gravity)
b. Natural convection – mixing is due to difference in density
Cooler air denser/heavier

warmer air less dense/lighter

Film Concept
- when rapidly moving fluid comes in contact with a stationary phase, a film is
formed on a stationary phase.

𝑘𝐴∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑥 1
𝑞= = ∆𝑥 = Recall Eq’n 2.1
∆𝑥 𝑘 ℎ
𝑘𝐴

where: h = heat transfer coefficient by

𝑊
T1 convection, 2 𝑚 𝐾

T2 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 1
𝑞= 1 = where 𝑅𝐹𝑖𝑙𝑚 = (Eq’n 3.1)
𝑅 ℎ𝐴
ℎ𝐴

film

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 B. Analysis of Convection Heat Transfer

Wall
T1

T1 T2

T2

outside inside
outside film film inside

outside inside
dirt dirt

1 1 ∆𝑥 1 1
𝑅𝑇 = + + + + (Eq’n 3.2)
ℎ𝑜 𝐴 𝑜 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑘𝐴𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐴 𝑖

1 1
𝑅𝑇 = =
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖

𝑊
where: U = overall heat transfer coefficient,
𝑚2 𝐾
ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑑𝑖 = fouling factors
𝐴𝑜 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐿 𝐴𝑖 = 𝜋𝐷𝑖 𝐿 𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 𝜋𝐷𝑚 𝐿
1 1 1 ∆𝑥𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜 (Eq’n 3.3)
= + + + +
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑖 𝐷𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐷𝑖
1 1 1 ∆𝑥𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
= + + + + (Eq’n 3.4)
𝑈𝑖 ℎ𝑖 ℎ𝑑𝑖 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝐷𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑞= = 1 = 1 thus,
𝑅𝑇
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖

𝑞 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇 Heat Transport Equation (Eq’n 3.5)

Note: The choice of Uo or Ui calculation is based on the location of the film with
HIGHER RESISTANCE
𝑊
Example: ho = 5000 2
𝑚 𝐾
𝑊 controlling film
hi = 200
𝑚2 𝐾
1 1
𝑅= thus = 2 𝑥 10−4
ℎ 5000
1
= 5 𝑥10−3 much higher resistance
200
thus, use: 𝑞 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇

30 | P a g e
 Evaluation of ΔT

t2 t1
cold fluid
T1 T2
Hot fluid

T1 T2
ΔT 2 ΔT 1
t2 ΔT t1

ΔT 1 = ΔT 2 = ΔT
T1
ΔT 2
t2
ΔT T2
ΔT 1
t1

∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = ∆𝑇1
Log Mean Temperature Difference (Eq’n 3.6)
𝑙𝑛 (LMTD)
∆𝑇2

Sample Problem:
Given the following double-pipe heat exchanger system:

o
L = 5m Cp = 1.16cal/g C
o o
165 C 200 C, Lube oil = W
H2O t2
o
40 C
w = 1000kg/hr 1" 18BWG Cu
Do = 1"
2" sch 40 Di = 0.902"
2
ho = 570 W/m K (oil) Δx = 0.049"
2
hi = 2270 W/m K (H2O) Kcu = 250 W/mK

Required:
a. Exit temperature of water, t2
b. Mass flow rate of lube oil, W
c. q
Solution: Using Eq’n 3.5,
𝑞 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝑤𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇 (𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡) = 𝑤𝜆 (𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡)
𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (𝑤𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇)𝐻2𝑂 = (𝑊𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇)𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑒
= 𝑤𝐶𝑝(𝑡2 − 40)

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 165oC 200oC
t2
o
40 C

(165 − 40) − (200 − 𝑡2 )

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = (165−40)
𝑙𝑛
(200− 𝑡2 )

w = 1000 kg/hr
Cp = 4184 J/kg-K
Ao = π(1.0) (0.0254)(5) = 0.399m2
Using Eq’n 3.3:
1 1 1 ∆𝑥𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜
= + + + +
𝑈𝑜 ℎ𝑜 ℎ𝑑𝑜 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑑𝑖 𝐷𝑖 ℎ𝑖 𝐷𝑖
Neglect dirt/ scale:
2.54
1 1 0.049( )(1") 1"
100
= + +
𝑈𝑜 570 1−0.902) 2270(0.902")
250 [ 1 ]
𝑙𝑛0.902

𝑈𝑜 = 444.84
Thus, 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 𝑤𝐶𝑝(𝑡2 − 40)

(165 − 40) − (200 − 𝑡2 ) 1ℎ𝑟

444.84 (0.399) (165−40)
= 1000(4184)(𝑡2 − 40)
𝑙𝑛 (200− ) 3600𝑠
𝑡2
a. solve by T & E:𝑡2 = 60. 2𝑜 𝐶
b. (𝑤𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇)𝐻2𝑂 = (𝑊𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇)𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑒
1000(4184)(60.2 − 40) = 𝑊(1.16)(4184)(200 − 165)
𝑊 = 497.5 𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
𝑘𝑔 1ℎ𝑟
c. 𝑞 = (𝑊𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇)𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 497.5 (1.16)(4184)(200 − 165)𝑥
ℎ𝑟 3600𝑠
𝑞 = 23.48𝑘𝑊

C. Evaluation of Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient (h)

1. Evaluation of h Without phase change
Forced Convection – always having flow rate (q)
a. Flow is parallel to heat transfer area (HTA)
i. Laminar: NRe > 2100
ii. Turbulent: NRe > 10,000
iii. Transition: 2100 < NRe < 10,000
𝑤
𝐷𝑣𝜌 𝐷𝐺 𝐷𝑆 (Eq’n 3.7)
Recall: continuity equation: 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = =
𝜇 𝜇 𝜇
b. Flow is perpendicular to HTA
- bank of tubes

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 Sample Problems:

1. Evaluate the convective heat transfer coefficient for a fluid flowing inside a 2” sch
40 steel pipe where the fluid is benzene heated from 20oC to 50oC at a rate of
1000m3/min. Assume that the pipe wall is maintained at 80oC.
tw = 80oC
C6H6 50oC
o
20 C
3
1000m /min 2" sch 40:Do =2.375(0.0254)
Di= 2.067(0.0254)
Required: h
Solution: No phase change (NPC)
Forced convection
Parallel to HTA
𝐷𝑣𝜌
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
𝑚3
𝑢 1000 𝑚
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑣= = 𝜋 60𝑠 = 7698.6
𝐴 (2.067)2 𝑥(0.0254)2 𝑚2 𝑥 𝑠
4 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝐶6𝐻6 = 863
𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
At Tave of 35 C: 𝜇 = 0.55(0.001) = 5.5 𝑥 10−4
o
thus,
𝑚−𝑠

(2.067)(0.0254)(7698.6)(863)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = 0.63 𝑥109 ≈ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤!
5.5 𝑥10−4
For turbulent flow:
1 𝜇
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 0.023(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.8 (𝑁𝑃𝑟 )3 ( )0.14 𝑺𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒓 − 𝑻𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑬𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 (Eq’n 3.8)
𝜇1
(Eq’n 10-50/p.10-16HB )
Note:
ℎ𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝑁𝑁𝑢 = 𝑵𝒖𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒕 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 (Eq’n 3.9)
𝑘
𝐶𝑝 𝜇
𝑁𝑃𝑟 = 𝑷𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒕𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 (Eq’n 3.10)
𝑘
From HB:
k = 0.0911(1.73) = 0.157603---------------------------------Table 3-313/p.3-253HB
Cp = 0.419 (4184) = 1753.096------------------------------ Table 3-183/p.3-136HB
𝜇𝑤 = 0.35(0.001) = 3.5 X 10-4 ------------------------------- Table 3-312/p.3-251HB
1753.096(5.5 𝑥10−4 )
𝑁𝑃𝑟 = = 6.12
0.157603
ℎ𝑖 (2.067)(0.0254) 1 𝜇
= 0.023(𝑁𝑅𝑒 )0.8 (𝑁𝑃𝑟 )3 ( )0.14
0.157603 𝜇1
1 5.5 𝑥10−4 0.157603
ℎ𝑖 = 0.023(0.63 𝑥109 )0.8 (6.12)3 ( −4 )0.14 ( ) = 1.5 𝑥106
3.5 𝑥10 (2.067)(0.0254)

33 | P a g e
 Dimensionless group of importance to convection:
𝐷𝑣𝜌𝐶𝑝
𝑁𝑃𝑒 = 𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑒𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (Eq’n 3.11)
𝑘

𝛼𝑡 4𝑘𝐿
𝑁𝐹𝑜 = 2 = 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (Eq’n 3.12)
𝐿 𝐶𝑝 𝜌𝐷 2 𝑣
𝜋𝐷 𝜋 (Eq’n 3.13)
𝑁𝐺𝑧 = 𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑒𝑡𝑧 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
4𝐿 𝑁𝐹𝑜

2. Calculate mass flow rate and h for H2O flowing through the anulus as shown:

Solution: NPC/FC/Parallel to HTA/H2O

at tave = 40oC ≈ 104oF: ρ = 996 kg/m3
µ = 0.725(0.001)
Deffective = Dibig pipe – Dosmall pipe = 3.75 – 2 = 0.0175 m

0.0175(2)(996)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = 48,082 > 10,000 ≈ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
7.25 𝑥10−4
𝑤 = 𝑣𝑆𝜌 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝑤 = 𝑉𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝜌
𝜋
2 2 𝜋
𝑆𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 = (𝐷𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑔 − 𝐷𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 ) = [(0.0375)2 − (0.02)2 ] = 7.9𝑥10−4 𝑚2
4 4
𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑤=2 (7.9 𝑥10−4 𝑚2 ) (996 3 ) = 1.57 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑠 𝑚
𝑉 0.8
ℎ = 1057[1.352 + 0.02𝑡] ( ) Eq’n 10-55a/p.10-17HB (Eq’n 3.14)
𝐷 0.2

20.8 𝑊
ℎ = 1057[1.352 + 0.02(40)] ( 0.2 ) = 8894.75 2
0.0175 𝑚 −𝐾

3. Same as in Example 2 but replace H2O with air at 1 atm and 20 m/s
Solution: NPC/FC/Parallel to HTA/Air
𝑔
𝑃𝑀 (1𝑎𝑡𝑚)(29 ) 𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = 𝐿−𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.129 = 1.129 3
𝑅𝑇 0.08205 (40 + 273) 𝐿 𝑚
𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑙−𝐾

𝜇 = 0.025(0.001) = 2.5 𝑥10−5

0.0175(20)(1.129)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = 15806 ≈ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
25 𝑥10−5

34 | P a g e
 𝑏𝑉 0.8
ℎ= Eq’n 10-54/p.10-17HB (Eq’n 3.15)
𝐷𝑒 0.2
3.52(20)0.8 𝑊
ℎ= = 86.85 𝑚2 −𝐾
0.01750.2

2. Evaluation of h with phase change

Given: Vertical condenser
C6H5Cl vapor
1 atm condensing

Tw

L = 1.5m 3/4" 16BWG Cu

Do = 0.01905 m
Di = 0.01675 m

2
H2O; ho =2270 W/m K
o
Liquid C6H5Cl tave = 80 C

Required: Mass flow rate of chlorobenzene, w

Solution:
𝑞 = (𝑊𝐶𝑝𝛥𝑇)𝐻2𝑂 = (𝑤𝜆)𝐶6𝐻5𝐶𝑙 = 𝑈𝑜 𝐴𝑜 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
At 1 atm from HB: λ = 77.59(4.184) = 325kJ/kg-----------Table3-179/p.3-126HB
T = 132.1oC (normal boiling point) -------Table 3-2/p.3-25HB
C6H5Cl 132.1oC 132.1oC ΔT lm = ∑ΔT = 52.1oC
o
H2O 80 C ΔT 80oC

Evaluation of hi with PC/ vertical tubes:

𝜋
4𝑤
𝐷
𝑁𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇
Assume 𝑁𝑅𝑒 < 2100
𝑘𝑓3 𝜌2 𝑔𝜆
ℎ = 0.943( ∆𝑇 𝐿𝜇 )1/4 Eq’n 13-12/p.338 MSH (Eq’n 3.16)
𝑜 𝑓

For condensing fluids, properties are based on Tf.

3 3∆𝑇𝑜
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝐻 − 4 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑤 ) = Eq’n 13-11/p.337 MSH (Eq’n 3.17)
4

where Tf =reference temperature

TH = temperature of condensing vapor
Tw = temperature of outside surface of tube wall
By Trial & Error Method:
Step 1: Assume Tw = 100oC
3
Tf =132.1 − (132.1 − 100) = 108oC
4
Step 2: At 108oC, get the following properties of C6H5Cl:
kf = 0.083(1.73)
µf =0.31(0.001)
ρ = 1.107(1000)

35 | P a g e
 g = 9.8m/s2
λ = 325,000J/kg
ΔT =(132.1 – 100) = 32.1
L = 1.5
[0.083(1.73)]3 [1.107(1000)]2 (9.8)(325,0000) 1
ℎ = 0.943{ }4 = 884.54
32.1(1.5)(0.310(0.001)
1
𝑈𝑖 = 1 𝑥𝐷𝑖 𝐷𝑖
+ +
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐷𝑙𝑚 ℎ𝑜 𝐷𝑜
1
𝑈𝑖 = 1 0.00165(0.01575) 0.01575
= 666.34
+ (0.01905−0.01575 + 2270(0.01905)
884.54 250 0.01905
𝑙𝑛
0.01575

Step 3. Check assumptions:

𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 (𝑇𝐻 − 𝑇𝑤 )
666.34(52.1) = 884.54(132.1 − 𝑇𝑤 )
𝑇𝑤 = 92.85𝑜 𝐶 ≠ assumed 100oC
𝑤𝜆 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
666.34(0.079)(52.1) 𝑘𝑔
𝑤= = 0.0084
325000 𝑠
4𝑤 4(0.0079)
𝜋𝐷 𝜋(0.01575)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 2060 < 2100
𝜇 0.31(0.001)
Step 4. Assume Tw = 92.85oC and repeat Steps 1-3 until:
𝑇𝑤 (assumed) = 𝑇𝑤 (calculated)!
D. Natural Convection

It is a heat transfer also referred to as free convection or buoyancy-induced flow with

heat transfer because it is the result of fluid motion produced by density inversion.
For example, air in contact with hot surface gets heated and rises up due to decrease
in density. On the other hand, when air comes into contact with colder surface, its
density increases and it sinks or moves downward.

Natural convection occurs when a body is in contact with a hotter or a colder fluid.
Heat exchange happens causing a density change of the fluid within the vicinity of
the surface. The difference in density leads to upward or downward flow motion.

Sample Problem:
Air at 1 atm pressure is passed through a horizontal 2” sch 40 steam jacketed steel
pipe at a velocity of 1.5 ft/s and an inlet temperature of 68oF. the pipe wall
temperature is 220oF. If the outlet temperature is to be 188oF, how long must the
heated section be?

Solution:
68 + 188
𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 128𝑜 𝐹
2
2.067
𝐷𝑖 = = 0.1723 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −App. 6/MSH
12

36 | P a g e
 µ (at 128oF) = 0.019 cP ---------------------------------------------------------App.9/MSH
ρ (at 68oF) = 0.0753 lb/ft3
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏 3600𝑠 𝑙𝑏
vρ = G = 1.5 𝑥 0.0753 𝑥 = 406.62
𝑠 𝑓𝑡 3 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 −ℎ
𝐷𝐺 (0.1723)(406.62)
𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = = 1523 < 2100 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤!
𝜇 0.019 𝑥 2.42
From McCabe, Smith and Harriot (MSH):
Cp (at 128oF) = 0.25 Btu/lboF -------------------------------------------------Appendix15
k (at 128oF) = 0.0163 Btu/ft-hoF----------------------------------------------Appendix 12
µw (at 220oF) = 0.021 cP--------------------------------------------------------Appendix 9
S = 0.02330 ft2---------------------------------------------------------------------Appendix 6
𝑙𝑏
Mass flow rate: 𝑤 = 𝐺𝑆 = (406.62)(0.02330) = 9.47
ℎ
𝐵𝑡𝑢
𝑞 = 𝑤𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑎 ) = 9.47(0.25)(188 − 68) = 284.1
ℎ𝑟
LMTD:
ΔT1 = 220 – 188 =32oF
ΔT2 = 220 – 68 = 152oF
152 − 32
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = 152 = 77𝑜 𝐹
𝑙𝑛
32
𝑞
ℎ= 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝐴 = 0.541𝐿 -------------------------------------------------Appendix 6
𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚

𝑞 284.1 6.820
ℎ= = = − − − − − − − − − − − −𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1
𝐴∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 0.541𝐿(77) 𝐿

2𝑘 𝑤𝐶𝑝 1/3 𝜇 0.14

ℎ= ( ) ( ) Eq’n 12-25/p.302 MSH (Eq’n 3.18)
𝐷 𝑘𝐿 𝜇𝑤

2(0.01630) 9.47 𝑥0.25 1/3 0.019 0.14

ℎ= ( ) ( )
0.1723 0.0163𝐿 0.021
0.9646
ℎ= − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2
𝐿1/3
solving Equations 1 & 2:
6.820 0.9646
= 1
𝐿 𝐿3
𝐿 = 18.8 𝑓𝑡 however, this length must be corrected using Grashof
number
𝐷𝑜3 𝜌2 𝑔𝛽∆𝑇 (Eq’n 3.19)
𝑁𝐺𝑟 = 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
𝜇2
Eq’n 12-73/p.324 MSH

where: Do – outside diameter

ρ – density of fluid
g – acceleration of gravity
β – coefficient of thermal expansion
ΔT - average difference in temperature between outside of pipe
and fluid distant from wall
µ - viscosity of fluid
for air:
1 1
β(at 128oF) == 460+128 = 0.0017𝑜 𝑅−1
𝑇
∆𝑇 = 220 − 128 = 92𝑜 𝐹

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 1(29) 𝑙𝑏
𝜌(𝑎𝑡 128𝑜 𝐹 ) = = 1.08418 ≈ 0.0676 3
(0.08205)(53 + 273) 𝑓𝑡

(0.1979)3 (0.0676)2 (32.174)(0.0017)(92)

𝑁𝐺𝑟 =
(0.019 𝑥 6.72𝑥10−4 )2
6
𝑁𝐺𝑟 = 1.09 𝑥10

Note: The effect of natural convection on the coefficient of heat transfer to fluids in
laminar flow through horizontal tubes can be accounted for by multiplying
the coefficient ℎ𝑖 by the factor:
1
3 )
2.25(1+0.010𝑁𝐺𝑟 (Eq’n 3.20)
∅= Eq’n 12-80/p.327 MSH
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑁𝑅𝑒
1
2.25[1 + 0.010(1.09𝑥106 )3 ]
∅= = 1.40
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1522
therefore,
0.9646 6.820
1 (1.40) =
𝐿3 𝐿
𝐿 = 11.35 ft corrected length

We have studied the principles of heat transfer by forced and natural

convection in this lecture and we have seen its close relation to fluid
flow as the nature of heat transfer is also greatly dependent whether
Summary the fluid is in laminar or turbulent flow.
For your convenience, a summary of the equations used to calculate
convection heat transfer is presented in Appendix A.
Optional
Activities/ ➢ Read Chapter 12 of our textbook Unit Operations of Chemical
Resources: Engineering by McCabe, Smith & Harriot.

1. McCabe, W., Smith, J., & Harriot, P. (2004) Unit Operations of

Chemical Engineering, 7th Ed., McGrawhill Education, USA
2. Foust, A.S., Wenzel, L.A., Clump, C. W., Maus, L., Amdersen, L.
B., (1980) Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and
Sons, NY
3. Green, D. & Southard, M.z. (2019) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’
Handbook, 9th Ed., McGrawhill Education, USA
References Note: Any other edition will suffice.

Recommended reading
1. Treybal, Robert Ewald (1980) Mass Transfer Operations, 3rd
Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, USA
2. E-books in Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena.

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 Learning Assessment

Activity 1. QUESTIONS.
Use the information given in this module and from our reference book to answer the following
problems:

1. Determine the rate of heat loss from a 100 mm diameter steam pipe placed
horizontally in ambient air at 30oC. The length of the pipe is 4 m and wall temperature,
Tw = 170oC.
Use the following empirical expression:
Nu=0.53 (NGr x NPr)1/4
Properties of air at 100oC are as following
 =1/373 K-1
 = 23.13 x 10 -6 m2 /sec
k= 0.0325 W/m.K
Pr = 0.7
2. A horizontal cylinder, 3.0 cm in diameter and 0.8 m length, is suspended in water at
20oC. Calculate the rate of heat transfer if the cylinder surface is at 55 oC. Given Nu
= 0.53 (NGr x NPr)1/4 The properties of water at average temperature are as follows:
Density,  = 990 kg/m3
Viscosity,  = 2.47 kg/hr.m
Thermal conductivity, k = 0.534 kcal/hr.m.oC
Cp = 1 kcal/kg.oC
3. Steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 0.25 m 2 vertical plate. The plate
temperature is 96oC. Find the heat transfer coefficient and the mass of steam
condensed per hour. The length of the plate is 50 cm. At 97 oC, c = 960 kg/m3; k =
0.68 W/m.K; c = 2.82 x 10-4 kg/m.s; hfg = 2255 kJ/kg

4. Air is blown at a rate of 2.4m3/s (measured at 0oC and 1 atm) at right angles to a tube
bank of 10 pipes and 10 spaces wide and 10 rows deep. The length of each pipe is 3m.
The tubes are on triangular centers, and the center to center distance is 75mm. It is
desired to heat the air from 20 to 40 oC at atmospheric pressure. What steam pressure
must be used? The pipes are 25mm OD steel pipe.

5. Forty-five pounds per minute of water is heated from 60 to 180oF in a 5/8 inch 16BWG
heat exchanger tube. If the steam condensing at 260oF on the outside of the tube gives
an ho =1000Btu/hr ft2oF, calculate the inside coefficient, the overall coefficient and the
tube length required.

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