FLUID POWER SYSTEM:
Introduction
1
Typical Electrical System
2
Introduction
• Fluids (liquid and gas) can also be used to
convey energy from one location to another.
• Fluid can be used to produce rotary or linear
motion or apply a force.
– Fluid-based systems using liquids as transmission
media Hydraulic systems.
– Fluid based system using gases as transmission
media Pneumatic systems.
3
Pascal’s Law
“Pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout by
the same amount”
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
𝐹1 𝐹2
=
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐹1 𝐴1
=
𝐹2 𝐴2
The area ratio A2/A1 is called the ideal Lifting of a large weight by a small force
mechanical advantage of the hydraulic lift. by the application of Pascal’s law
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Pascal’s Law
F1 = ???
A1 = 2 cm2
A2 = 500 cm2
F2 = 2000 N
𝐴1
𝐹1 = 𝐹
𝐴2 2
2
𝐹1 = 2000 = 8 𝑁 ≈ 0.8 𝑘𝑔
500
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Typical Pneumatic System
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Characteristics – Pneumatic System
Advantages:
• Speed of actuators.
• Linear and rotary motion.
• Large forces and torques.
• Easy speed and force control.
• Overload safe; fire proof.
• Easy energy storage.
• Clean, reliable and temperature independent.
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Characteristics – Pneumatic System
Disadvantages:
• Cost of signal and logic elements
• Accuracy, positioning and control
• Noise
• Load dependent speed control
• Relatively slow signal speed and smaller travel
distance
8
Application – Pneumatic Systems
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Application – Pneumatic Systems
(Mechatronics)
10
Compressor
• Similar to pump, it delivers air flow to pneumatic
system.
• A compressor is selected by the pressure it is
required to work at and the volume of gas it is
required to deliver.
Piston compressor
11
Air compressor
12
Pneumatic Service Unit
• It contains:
– Moisture separator
– Pressure regulator
– Pressure gauge
– Filter
– Lubricator
13
Pneumatic Service Unit
14
Valves
Valves are elements which start, stop, control and
regulate pressure, and the direction or flow rate of the
fluid flowing through it.
There are three basic types of valve:
• Directional control valve
• Pressure control valve
• Flow control valve
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Directional Control Valve (DCV)
• Functionality: To control the direction of flow in a
hydraulic/pneumatic circuit.
• It contains ports that are external openings through which fluid
can enter or leave the valve
• Symbols:
Position
Shut connection (Closed port)
Connection between two ports
Direction of flow
16
Directional Control Valve (DCV)
Specifications:
• Number of ports
• Number of positions
• Normal/middle position
• Type of actuation
• Type of return
• Flow rate
• Maximum pressure
17
Directional Control Valve (DCV)
Number of ports:
• Ports are external openings through which fluid can enter or
leave the valve.
• Ports are labeled A, B, P and T.
• In pneumatic, air is released through port R.
Port Designation
Working lines A, B, C, and so on.
Pressure (power) supply P
Exhaust/return R, S, T and so on (T normally for hydraulic
systems, R and S for pneumatic systems).
Control (Pilot) lines Z, Y, X, and so on.
18
Directional Control Valve (DCV)
Types of actuation:
• Hand level
• Foot pedal
• Roller lever
• Detent (lock)
• Electrical solenoid
• Pilot operated.
19
3/2 way DCV
• 3/2 way DCV has three ports and two positions.
• At its initial state (default position), fluid flows from A to R and
P is blocked
• It is commonly used as on/off switch and to control single
acting cylinder
Symbol
20
5/2 way DCV
• 5/2 way DCV has five ports and two positions.
• The fluid flows from P to B and A to R at its initial
state (default state)
• It is commonly used to control cylinder/actuator
extension and retraction
21
5/2 way DCV
22
Check Valve
• Unloaded check valve
• Spring loaded check valve
• Pilot operated check valve
???
23
Speed Control
• Load dependent control
– Throttle
– Orifice
– One way flow control valve
• Load independent control
– Flow regulator
24
Quick Exhaust Valve
• Functionality: Vent cylinders quickly.
• It is primarily used with spring return
pneumatic cylinders.
Symbol
Construction
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Basic Types of Actuator
• Linear Actuator To move an object or apply a force in a
straight line
– Single acting cylinder
– Double acting cylinder
• Rotary actuator Equivalent to an AC/DC electric motor
– Semi-rotary actuator
– Motor
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