Ale AT, et al.

, J Anim Res Vet Sci 2023, 7: 053

DOI: 10.24966/ARVS-3751/100053

HSOA Journal of
Animal Research and Veterinary Science
Research Article

Introduction
Assessment of Sheep Background of the Study
Production and Marketing Ethiopia has the largest livestock population in Africa with esti-
System in Jimma Geneti mated number of 65 million cattle, 40 million sheep and 51 million
goats respectively [1] indicated that the livestock production systems
Wereda, Horo Guduru Wollega in Ethiopia have evolved largely as a result of the influence of the
natural production environments and socio-economic circumstances
Zone of Oromia Regional State, of farmers/pastoralists rather than market forces. Sheep and goat in
Ethiopia and most developing countries are kept under traditional ex-
Western Ethiopia tensive systems. The livestock production a system is of subsistence
nature has evolved largely as a result of the influence of the natural
production environments and socio-economic circumstances of farm-
Abera Teshome Ale*, Abaru Oljira, Desalegn Daraje, Fayisa
ers, rather than market forces in Ethiopia. Like all other livestock spe-
Abara, Korsa Chimdesa, Namomsa Amsalu and Obsi File
cies, sheep and goat in Ethiopia are kept under traditional extensive
Department of Animal Science, Ambo University Guder Mamo Mezemir Cam-
systems with no or minimal inputs and improved technologies, which
pus College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, Ethiopia
results in characteristically low productivity [2]. Even though differ-
ent attempts have been made in the past to improve the performance
Abstract of sheep, there was no significant increase in the productivity in Jim-
ma Genet Woreda in particular and Ethiopia in general. For instance,
The study was conducted in Jimma Geneti district to assess pro-
duction and marketing system of sheep. Three kebeles were ran- [3] indicated that although various research and development activi-
domly selected as sample kebeles from which sample respondents ties have been carried out, no significant increase in productivity was
were purposively selected based on their potential. Data were col- achieved. As a result, improvement programs are highly important to
lected from 15 respondents from each kebele. The result of the study improve productivity of sheep in a sustainable manner of the country.
showed that the most dominant sheep production system was ex-
However, such development achievement for sheep will only be suc-
tensive system (93.3%). The housing systems with 53.3% of house
with main house, 31.1% of separated house and 15.6% sheltering cessful when accompanied by a good understanding of the different
with main house and feeding resources were also identified from farming systems and when simultaneously addressing several con-
the production status. Regarding marketing of sheep, high demand straints: feeding, health control, general management, as well as cost
for sheep was found during holidays of Easter, Christmas, New Year and availability of credit and marketing infrastructure.
and others in 44.4%, 31.1%, 20% and 4.4% respectively. The price
of a sheep is determined by body condition of a sheep (51.1%), Age Statement of the Problem
of sheep, color of sheep and season of selling have contributed to
24.4%, 17.8% and 6.7% respectively. It can be concluded that sheep Despite the potential of sheep and their contribution to the live-
production in the study area was traditional and constrained by low lihood of the farmers and the national economy, sheep production
input ,lack of awareness and feed shortage. in Ethiopia is below its potential due to different factors like feed
Keywords: Feed Resource; Marketing Constraints; Production sys- shortage, prevalence of disease and parasites. In the same manner,
tem; Sheep housing Jimma Geneti woreda of Horo Guduru Wollega zone is one of the
most potential of sheep production found in southern Ethiopia. The
productivity of sheep production in the study area remains low like
*Corresponding author: Abera Teshome Ale, Department of Animal Science, in Ethiopia despite of the large potential and suitable environment for
Ambo University Guder Mamo Mezemir Campus College of Agriculture and Vet-
erinary Sciences, Tel: +251946379170, Email: [email protected]
production. Moreover, sheep has a great economic importance, the
production; management and marketing system are not well studied
Citation: Ale AT, Oljira A, Daraje D, Abara F, Chimdesa K, et al. (2023) Assess- and documented so far at Jimma Geneti Woreda Horo Guduru Wolle-
ment of Sheep Production and Marketing System in Jimma Geneti Wereda, Horo ga zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. Therefore, the
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. J Anim Res
present study was designed to assess the existing sheep production
Vet Sci 7: 053.
and marketing system in Jimma Geneti wereda.
Received: September 20, 2023; Accepted: October 05, 2023; Published: Oc-
tober 11, 2023 Objective of the Study
General Objective
Copyright: © 2023 Ale AT, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestrict-
ed use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author The general objective of this study was to assess the existing sheep
and source are credited. production and marketing system in Jimma Geneti wereda.
Citation: Ale AT, Oljira A, Daraje D, Abara F, Chimdesa K, et al. (2023) Assessment of Sheep Production and Marketing System in Jimma Geneti Wereda, Horo
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. J Anim Res Vet Sci 7: 053.

• Page 2 of 6 •

Specific Objectives personal observation. The Primary data like respondents’ socio eco-
nomics characteristics, livestock holdings, sheep production systems
• To identify existing sheep production systems
and constraints of [5-7] sheep production were gathered from the
• To identify major sheep marketing systems selected respondents through the pretested semi structured question-
naire. The secondary data were obtained from written documents,
• to assess the sheep production and marketing constraints
journals and the Woreda Agriculture and Natural Resource office,
Scope of the Study livestock department.

The study was delimited to Jimma Geneti district for assessing Data analysis
sheep production and marketing systems.
Data collected through questionnaire, interview, personal observa-
Significance of the Study tions and secondary sources were analyzed qualitatively using excel.
The result of this study would be used as a survey line study for Simple descriptive statistics (frequency count, percentage, mean and
next research works beside help us as a requirement for holding BSc standard deviation) were used to describe and summarize the data.
degree.
Results and Discussion
Materials and Methods Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respon-
Description of the study area dents
This study was carried out in the Jimma Geneti district, Horo Sex of the Respondents
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia region, Western Ethiopia. Geo-
graphically, it lies between 9°13ʹ00’’ to 9°33ʹ00’’ North latitudes and As shown in the (Table 2), about 73.3% male respondents and
36°3ʹ00’’ to 36°17ʹ00’’ East longitudes (Figure 3). It is situated be- 26.7% of female participants were involved in this study. This indi-
tween 2100 to 3100 meter above sea level. And thus the wareda is cates that the overwhelming majority of male household heads that
categorized into mid and high land agro ecological zones. The annual [8] participated in sheep production and marketing. But, it also indi-
average rainfall and temperature are 1500mm and 180c respectively cates that large numbers of female household heads are participated
[4]. The wareda has 14 kebeles (lowest administrative systems); 12 in sheep production and marketing in the study area.
rural kebeles and 2 urban kebeles. This woreda is known by mixed
farming system, i.e., crop production and livestock rearing. The pop- S.N. Respondents from sample kebeles Male Female Total
ulation of livestock found in the district is listed in the (table 1). 1 Charo Gobana 11 4 15

2 Gudetu Geneti 13 2 15
Types of livestock Total number
3 Lalisa Biya 9 6 15
Cattle 170367
Total 33 12 45
Sheep 92884

Goat 60997 Percent 73.3% 26.7% 100%

Donkey 16149 Table 2: Sex of respondents. Source: own computation from survey
Horse 21335 (2022).
Mule 3735
Age of Respondents
Poultry (local and improved breed) 640400

Table 1: Types and number of livestock in Jimma Geneti Wereda. Source: Regarding ages of respondents, for simplicity ages of the respon-
JGANRO, Livestock dep’t socioeconomic data, (2021). dents are categorized into three groups. Accordingly, the ages of ma-
jority of respondents (75.56%) were dropped between 30-50 years
Sampling Techniques and Sample Size while about 15.56% and 8.89% of respondents were below 30 years
and greater than 50 years respectively (Figure 1). This indicates that
Jimma Geneti district has 14 Kebeles. The Woreda is character- most herders are those whose ages fall in active working age [9]. This
ized by two agro-ecologies namely ‘Woina Dega’ (mid altitude) and presence of high proportion of active working age force may be an
‘Dega’ (high land). The number of Kebeles in the Woreda which is opportunity for active participation in agricultural activities and this
characterized by ‘Woina Dega’ and ‘Dega’ is 9 and 5 respectively. For agrees with reports of Asaminew and Eyasu (2009).
the present study to make representative based on agroecolgy 2 and 1
Kebeles were selected by proportional simple random from “Woina Educational backgrounds of Households
Dega” and “Dega” respectively. From each Kebele, 15 households
As indicated in the (Table 3), majority 27(60%) of the household
were selected purposely based on the experience and involvement of
heads had attended basic primary education and 31.1% had attended
sheep production. Thus, the total number of respondents who includ-
secondary school education and above. But, few households 4 (8.9%)
ed in the study was 45 (i.e. 3 Kebeles ×15 house holders). have no formal education (uneducated). This shows that most of re-
Data Collection spondents participated in this study are literate (can read and write). It
is understood that the presence of high percentage of literate individ-
Both primary and secondary source of data were used for the uals in farming community can be an opportunity for easily training,
study. The primary data were obtained through questionnaire and transfer and adoption of improved farming practice [10-12].
J Anim Res Vet Sci ISSN: 2639-3751, Open Access Journal Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 100053
DOI: 10.24966/ARVS-3751/100053
Citation: Ale AT, Oljira A, Daraje D, Abara F, Chimdesa K, et al. (2023) Assessment of Sheep Production and Marketing System in Jimma Geneti Wereda, Horo
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. J Anim Res Vet Sci 7: 053.

• Page 3 of 6 •

Sheep production system in the study area

Method of sheep production
The production method of sheep in the study area is shown in the
(Figure 2). As it is evident from the figure, most (98%) of the inter-
viewed households were practicing using extensive sheep production
system, while the rest (2%) practiced semi intensive system [14-16].
This indicates that the extensive production system is considered to
be the most dominant in sheep production system under small hold-
er farmers in the study area. This production system is known to be
the low input, management and finally low output system. Therefore,
awareness to the farmer about improved management system of sheep
Figure 1: Age of Respondents. Source: own computation from survey production should be advised (Table 5).
(2022).

S.No Educational status Frequency Percent

1 No formal education 4 8.9

2 Primary education 27 60.0

4 Secondary and above 14 31.1

Total 45 100.0

Table 3: Educational backgrounds of Household heads of charcoal pro- Figure 2: Sheep production system in the study area. Source: own com-
ducers. Source: own computation from survey (2022). putation from survey (2022).

The livestock type and size of the respondents Feed resources and feeding management of sheep
As indicated in the (Table 4), types of livestock and their number Grazing of sheep in different forms is the dominant feed resources
were identified. Accordingly, the highest average number of livestock for sheep in the study area. Accordingly, the major (86.7%) of the
per household head was identified as sheep with 12 heads of sheep per respondents use natural grazing and browsing land to feed their sheep,
household. Thus, sheep was ranked first in the study area. The pres- and about 13.3% give supplementary crop residues during dry season.
ent research finding indicated that the population of sheep is slightly But none of them provide concentrate feed to their animals (Table 5).
higher than the finding of Madebo and Anja (2018) who showed that In agreement to the results of the current study, Belete (2009) reported
the average number of sheep was 10 for study conducted in Shashego that Communal grazing land, roadside grazing, riverside grazing and
wereda, Hadiya zone and also the result of present study is higher than aftermath grazing are the major types of grazing for sheep [17].
the study of [13] who indicated that the average number of sheep was
7.4 for the sites being dominant in sheep dominating site in Alaba, Parameters Frequency Percent
Southern Ethiopia. The higher number of sheep in study area com-
Feed resource
pared to other livestock species can indicate that the area is potential
of sheep production and also its higher importance to the contribution Natural grazing 39 86.7

of the livelihood of the community. crop residue 6 13.3

concentrates 0 0

Number of Average Season of feed shortage

Total number Propor-
respondents number of Dry season 27 60.0
Types of of livestock re- tion of
who do not livestock Rank
livestock corded from all livestock wet season 18 40.0
have the per house-
respondents (%)
livestock hold Frequency of feeding

Once a day 29 64.4

cattle 270 8 6 21 3
twice a day 16 35.6
sheep 540 0 12 42 1
Table 5: Feed sources and feeding management of sheep in study area.
goat 430 2 9 33 2 Source: own computation from survey (2022).

equine 49 16 1 4 4
In this study, majority (60%) of the respondents faced feed short-
Total/
1289 7 7 100
age during dry season, while the rest (40%) reports feed shortage
Average occurs during the wet season (Table 5). This shows that there was
Table 4: Type and number of livestock recorded from the respondents. feed shortage problem both during the dry and the rainy seasons. With
Source: own computation from survey (2022). respect to feeding frequency most (64.4%) of respondents feed their
sheep once a day. In this case the products let out their animal to
J Anim Res Vet Sci ISSN: 2639-3751, Open Access Journal Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 100053
DOI: 10.24966/ARVS-3751/100053
Citation: Ale AT, Oljira A, Daraje D, Abara F, Chimdesa K, et al. (2023) Assessment of Sheep Production and Marketing System in Jimma Geneti Wereda, Horo
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. J Anim Res Vet Sci 7: 053.

• Page 4 of 6 •

grazing/browsing area at the morning and this type of feeding sys- study area is exercised largely by formal system in which a seller
tem is common in the extensive sheep production system. This find- and a buyer meet at a specific market place. Respondents were asked
ing agrees with the results of Madebo and Anja (2018) who found to give a response on what was a high demand season or occasion
that 66.7% of the respondents faced feed shortage during dry season for sheep marketing. Accordingly, the data collected from the respon-
and also the same number of respondents responded that thy let their dents revealed that about 44.4% of the respondents indicated that
sheep to graze once a day [18-20]. there is a high demand of sheep in the market during Easter holiday.
In the same manner, about 31.1 and 20% of the respondents indi-
Housing of sheep
cated that the demand for sheep is high during Christmas and New
Farmers in the area use different types of sheep houses. Attach- Year occasions respectively. Few respondents responded that there is
ing sheep house with a main house is predominant housing system a high demand for sheep other than these aforementioned occasions.
in the area (53.3%) followed by sheep houses separately constructed The seasons might be during Muslim holidays.
(31.1%). Sheltering sheep in the main house (15.6%) is also found in
the area (Table 6). Sheep houses were made of locally available mate- Response
Parameters/questions
rials. The types of materials used for wall construction of sheep hous- Frequency Percent
es were different among kebeles based on the availability construction Season of high demands of sheep
materials [21]. In Lalisa Biya and Charo Gobano kebeles, the wall of
New year 9 20.0
most of sheep houses were constructed using eucalyptus poles while
Christmas 14 31.1
indigenous woods were used in case of Gudetu Geneti kebele. In the
two kebeles, eucalyptus trees are widely grown. Easter 20 44.4

Others 2 4.4
The wall was usually plastered with mud to protect against wild Total 45 100.0
prey animals. The roof is usually made of corrugated iron sheet (90%)
Marketing method
[22-24]. The dominant floor type was usually earth both during the
Formal 36 80.0
dry (70%) and rainy (52%) seasons (Table 6). Regarding cleaning
of houses, majority of respondents (42.2%) clean sheep houses once Informal 9 20.0

a week. While about 26.7%, 17.8%, and 13.3% of households clean Total 45 100.0
sheep house twice a week, three times a week and on a daily basis
respectively. The differences of frequency of cleaning by the respon- Table 7: Marketing system and season of high demand for sheep. Source:
own computation from survey (2022).
dents might depend on number of herds they have.

Parameters Frequency Percent Marketing constraints

Housing method As indicated in Table 8, marketing of sheep was constrained by
Sheltering sheep in home 7 15.6 different factors (Table 8).

Attaching sheep house with home 24 53.3 Response

Parameters
Separated sheep house 14 31.1 Frequency Percent
Type of floor Marketing constraints
Earth 34 75.6 Lack of awareness 17 37.8
wood 3 6.7 Distance of market place 7 15.6
Stone 8 17.8 lack of marketing channels 21 46.7
Frequency of cleaning Total 45 100.0
Daily 6 13.3 Factors affecting price of a sheep
Three times a week 8 17.8 Age of sheep 11 24.4
Two times a week 12 26.7 Color 8 17.8
Once a week 19 42.2 Body condition 23 51.1

Table 6: Housing and house management for sheep production in the study Season 3 6.7
area. Source: own computation from survey (2022).
Total 45 100.0

Sheep marketing in the study area Table 8: Marketing constraints and determinants of sheep price. Source:
own computation from survey (2022).
Sheep marketing system and high demand season for sheep
Mainly lack of marketing channels (46.7%) was indicated as ma-
The marketing system and season of high demand of sheep area
jor marketing constraint in sheep marketing in the study area. And
are shown in (Table 7). According to the data collected from the re-
also lack of awareness on marketing issues and distance of a house-
spondents, majority (80%) of respondents indicated that sheep were hold home from a market place were considered as constraints in
marketed through formal system, i.e., bringing to market place while sheep marketing system by about 37.8% and 15.6% of respondents
only (20%) of the respondents showed that sheep were marketed respectively (Table 8).The respondents also reported that the price
through informal systems. This shows that marketing of sheep in the of a sheep is determined by physical characteristics of a sheep and
J Anim Res Vet Sci ISSN: 2639-3751, Open Access Journal Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 100053
DOI: 10.24966/ARVS-3751/100053
Citation: Ale AT, Oljira A, Daraje D, Abara F, Chimdesa K, et al. (2023) Assessment of Sheep Production and Marketing System in Jimma Geneti Wereda, Horo
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. J Anim Res Vet Sci 7: 053.

• Page 5 of 6 •

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J Anim Res Vet Sci ISSN: 2639-3751, Open Access Journal Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 100053
DOI: 10.24966/ARVS-3751/100053
Citation: Ale AT, Oljira A, Daraje D, Abara F, Chimdesa K, et al. (2023) Assessment of Sheep Production and Marketing System in Jimma Geneti Wereda, Horo
Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia Regional State, Western Ethiopia. J Anim Res Vet Sci 7: 053.

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J Anim Res Vet Sci ISSN: 2639-3751, Open Access Journal Volume 7 • Issue 3 • 100053
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Journal Of Clinical Studies & Medical Case Reports | ISSN: 2378-8801
Journal Of Pulmonary Medicine & Respiratory Research | ISSN: 2573-0177
Journal Of Community Medicine & Public Health Care | ISSN: 2381-1978
Journal Of Reproductive Medicine Gynaecology & Obstetrics | ISSN: 2574-2574
Journal Of Cytology & Tissue Biology | ISSN: 2378-9107
Journal Of Stem Cells Research Development & Therapy | ISSN: 2381-2060
Journal Of Dairy Research & Technology | ISSN: 2688-9315
Journal Of Surgery Current Trends & Innovations | ISSN: 2578-7284
Journal Of Dentistry Oral Health & Cosmesis | ISSN: 2473-6783
Journal Of Toxicology Current Research | ISSN: 2639-3735
Journal Of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders | ISSN: 2381-201X
Journal Of Translational Science And Research
Journal Of Emergency Medicine Trauma & Surgical Care | ISSN: 2378-8798

Journal Of Environmental Science Current Research | ISSN: 2643-5020 Journal Of Vaccines Research & Vaccination | ISSN: 2573-0193

Journal Of Food Science & Nutrition | ISSN: 2470-1076 Journal Of Virology & Antivirals

Journal Of Forensic Legal & Investigative Sciences | ISSN: 2473-733X Sports Medicine And Injury Care Journal | ISSN: 2689-8829

Journal Of Gastroenterology & Hepatology Research | ISSN: 2574-2566 Trends In Anatomy & Physiology | ISSN: 2640-7752

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