PEÑA, ALIAH EUNICE C.

• involves the study of specific policy problems and

BSA 2-1 governmental responses to them
POLGOV • is about problem solving, designing and implementing
strategies, and evaluating outcomes.
Lesson 1 : POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PHILIPPINES AS A • Political scientists involved in the study of public policy
NATION-STATE attempt to devise solutions for problems of public concern.

Political Science 5. Political Behavior

• is an academic discipline that deals with the study of • involves the study of how people participate in political
government and political processes, institutions, and processes and respond to political activity
behaviors. • emphasizes the study of voting behavior, which can be
• Under social sciences. affected by social pressures; the effects of individual
• is important because politics is important. psychology, such as emotional attachments to parties or
• motivated by the need to understand the sources and leaders; and the rational self-interests of voters
consequences of political stability and revolution, of repression • The results of these studies are applied during the planning
and liberty, of equality and inequality, of war and peace, of of Campaigns and elections, and influence the design of
democracy and dictatorship advertisements and political-party platforms.
• reveals that the world of politics, along with its
institutions,leaders, and citizens, is a complex and far-reaching Concept of Power and Authority
one
Power
Social sciences • is frequently defined by political scientists as the ability to
-study the human aspects of the world—human-made influence the behavior of others with or without resistance.
constructs and structures. • Is endemic to humans as social beings.
• can be exercised through persuasion, offer of rewards,
Politics granting of rewards, threat of punishment, infliction of non-
-is the study of power—what it is, who gets it, and how. violent punishment, command from a person in authority, use
of force, domination and manipulation.
Sub-disciplines of Political Science • may derive from a number of sources, including:
1. Comparative Politics
• involves the study of the politics of different countries 1. social class (material wealth can equal power),
• Political scientists compare countries that are culturally, 2. resource currency (material items such as money, property,
politically, and linguistically dissimilar. food),
3. personal or group charisma, ascribed power (acting on
2. International Relations perceived or assumed abilities, whether these bear testing or
• the study of the interactions between nations, international not),
organizations, and multinational corporations 4. social influence of tradition (compare ascribed power), etc.

There are two traditional approaches used by international- With these, power is classified into different types:
relations scholars: • Political power
• Realism • Economic power
-emphasizes the danger of the international system, • Military power
where war is always a possibility and the only source • Religious power
of order is the balance of power.
• Liberalism Influence
-is more idealistic and hopeful, emphasizing the • is the ability to affect decisions through persuasion and has
problem-solving abilities of international institutions the same relational attributes as power.
such as the United Nations, NATO, and the World • However, the exercise of power depends upon potential use
Trade Organization. of sanctions, while influence depends largely on persuasion.

3. Political Theory Authority

• involves the study of philosophical thought about politics from • is the legitimate or socially approved use of power that a
ancient Greece to the present. person or a group holds over another.
• is concerned with the fundamental questions of public life. • is associated with a hierarchy of human relationships, which
• addresses such issues as the nature of political authority, the enables those higher to command those lower in the hierarchy,
relationship of the state to the individual, and citizens' and which compels those lower in the hierarchy to obey the
obligations and responsibilities to one another. command of those in higher position.
• seeks to interpret abstract concepts such as liberty, justice,
human rights, and power Power can be exerted by the use of force or violence.
Authority, by contrast, depends on subordinate groups
4. Public Administration consenting to the use of power wielded by superior groups.
• is the art, science, and practice of effectively managing
government. It also includes the study of public financing and Three Types of Legitimate Domination
budgeting systems, public management, human resources, • Rational-legal authority.
public-policy analysis, nonprofit management, and urban -It is a form of authority with legitimacy that depends on formal
planning. rules and established laws of the state, which are
• is the implementation of public policies and the planning, usually written down and are often very complex.
organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling of • Traditional authority.
government operations. -It is a type of authority that derives from long-established
customs, habits, and social structures.
Civil Service -When power passes from one generation to another, it is
- body of public administrators known as traditional authority.
• Charismatic authority.
5. Public Policy
-It is authority legitimized on the basis of a leader’s exceptional • Nation might not be sovereign
personal qualities, or the demonstration of extraordinary • Inhabited by homogeneous group
insight and accomplishment, which inspire loyalty and • May be made up of several States
obedience from followers.
Elements of a State
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POWER AND AUTHORITY 1. Population
-State is a community of people. It is a human political
POWER institution. Without a population there can be no State.
• Ability to command and Influence behaviour of another -Population can be more or less but it has to be there.
• It rests with person in their capacity -The people living in the State are the citizens of the State.
• It doesn’t follow any hierarchy -They enjoy rights and freedom as citizens as well as perform
• Power is personalized cannot be delegated several duties towards the State.
• Power emerges because of personal factors -When citizens of another State are living in the territory of the
• Power has no relation to position State, they are called aliens.
-All people, citizens as well as aliens, who are living in the
AUTHORITY territory of the State are bound to obey the state laws and
• It is legal right to command policies.
• It lies in position in an organization
• It is hierarchical in nature 2. Territory
• Authority is institutional -State is a territorial unit therefore territory is its essential
• Based on superior-subordinate relationship component.
• Authority is attached to position -A State cannot exist in the air or at sea.
-The size of the territory of a State can be big or small;
State nevertheless it has to be a definite, well-marked portion of
• is an independent, sovereign government exercising control territory.
over a certain spatially defined and bounded area, whose -The whole territory of the state is under the sovereignty or
orders are usually clearly defined and internationally supreme power of the State.
recognized by other states. -All people, organizations, associations, institutions and places
located within its territory are under the sovereign jurisdiction
1. States are tied to territory of the State.
• Sovereign or state as absolute ruler over territory
•Have clear borders 3. Government
•Defends and controls its territory within those borders -Government is the organization of the State which makes,
•Is recognized by other countries (diplomatic recognition, implements, enforces and adjudicates the laws of the state.
passports, treaties, etc.) -The state exercises its sovereign power through its
2. States have bureaucracies staffed by state’s own government. This sometimes creates the impression that there
personnel is no difference between the State and Government.
• Has a national bureaucracy staffed by government personnel -However it must be clearly noted that government is just one
(legal system, educational system, hierarchical governmental element of the State.
units, etc.) -It is the agent or the working agency of the State.
3. States monopolize certain functions within its territory -Sovereignty belongs to the State; the government only uses it
(sovereign) on behalf of the State.
• Controls legitimate use of force within its territory
• Controls money at national scale (prints currency; collects Each government has three organs):
taxes) (1) Legislature
• Makes rules within its territory (law, regulations, taxes, -which formulates the will of State
citizenship, etc.) i.e. performs law-making functions;
• Controls much information within its territory (2) Executive
- enforces and implements the laws
Nation i.e. performs the law-application functions; and
• a group of people who see themselves as a cohesive and (3) Judiciary
coherent unit based on shared cultural or historical criteria -which applies the laws to specific cases and settles the
• are socially constructed units, not given by nature disputes i.e. performs adjudication functions.
• “imagined communities” that are bound together by notions of
unity that can pivot around religion, ethnic identity, language, 4. Sovereignty
cultural practice and so forth -is the most exclusive element of State.
-State alone possess sovereignty.
Nation-State -Without sovereignty no state can exist.
-is the idea of a homogenous nation governed by its own -Some institutions can have the first three elements but not
sovereign state—where each state contains one nation. sovereignty.
-State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise
State supreme power over all its people and territory.
-is a political concept while nation is the ethnic concept. -It is the basis on which the State regulates all aspects of the
life of the people living in its territory.
POLITICAL CONCEPT
• It is a legal political entity (i) Internal Sovereignty
• People organized by law within a definite territory -It means the power of the State to order and regulate the
• A state must be sovereign activities of all the people, groups and institutions which are at
• Inhabited by heterogeneous group of people work within its territory.
• May be composed of several nations -All these institutions always act in accordance with the laws of
the State. The State can punish them for every violation of any
ETHNIC CONCEPT of its laws
• Ethnic cultural system
• People joined by common will (ii) External Sovereignty:
-It means complete independence of the State from external
control.
-It also means the full freedom of the State to participate in the
activities of the community of nations.
-Each state has the sovereign power to formulate and act on
the basis of its independent foreign policy.

Necessity of the State:

1. State is the Natural Institution
2. State is a Social Necessity
3. Economic Necessity of State
4. State secures Peace, Security and Welfare of all in
Society
5. State is needed for Protection against War and External
Enemies

Political Culture
•is a set of attitudes and practices held by a people that
shapes their political behavior.
•includes moral judgments, political myths, beliefs, and
ideas about what makes for a good society.
•is a reflection of a government, but it also
incorporates elements of history and tradition that
may predate the current regime

3 Basic Types of Political Culture

• Parochial :
-citizens are mostly uninformed and unaware of their
government and take little interest in the political process
• Participant:
-citizens are informed and actively participate in the political
process
• Subject:
-citizens are somewhat informed and aware of their
government and occasionally participate in the political
process