C)-3) oa) ee SO nee Cy Ste eee eeu Sn Roe Ue cry SE Ree ene Ea olwe eat ee ee ee Tact See ee rea cere cncgg... ELEMENTS OF GREAT WRITING What Is a Sentence? A simple sentence is a group of words that: + expresses a complete thought + has a subject and a verb * has an object and/or other information after the verb susecr vers ossecr crea Maa ong | Maria and her sister play the piano. | = ae =e Matava | as crc and asa ‘The subject: + is the person or thing that does the action + can be a noun or a pronoun The verb: + shows the action or state of the subject is sometimes an action word, such as go, speak, write, swim, or watch sometimes a non-action word, such as de, like, want, or need The object: + receives the action of the verb + can be a noun or a pronoun @ activity 1 | Identifying subjects, verbs, and objects Underline the subject in each sentence. Circle the verb(s). Double underline any objects. 1. My friend and I play tennis. 2. Eun and Hae-Won skate. 3. The university has business and education classes. 4. Abdullah and Salem take and share pictures. . The science class studies climate change. 4. UNIT 1+ Sentence B:6. The histo y professors give long lectures. nd books. 7. Eva reads newspapers, magazi 8. The performer sings, acts, and dances. @ activity 2 | Using subjects, verbs, and objects Fill in each blank with the correct subject, verb, or object. Use words from the word box. ‘Amazon Go Caroline enjoys She wakes up artives classes her job takes works WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 1.1 attend: (v) to go to a meeting, class, and soon _ break: (n) a pause or stop in work or activity A Great Place to Work ieneank) 1 has a great job at Amazon Go.?____ works there on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Thursday She does not work there on Wednesdays because she attends : at Jefferson Community College. On her workdays, Caroline 4 at 6am. She § at the store at 8 a.m. She ® from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. She 7_____ her break from 12:30 p.m. to 1:30 p.m. Caroline likes *___very much. She? her coworkers, too. For Caroline, is a great place to work.Avoiding Fragments A fragment is an incomplete sentence. It: + is missing a subject or a verb *+ does not have a complete idea ¥ John is my brother. He works at Ames Bank. X Jobn is my brother. Works at Ames Bank. 7 Many people have white cars. X Many people white cars. Check your work to avoid writing fragments. WRITER'S NOTE Using /t as a Subject Use Itas the subject to talk about weather and time. Without the If subject, you have a fragment. ¥ Te snows a lot this time of year. X Snows a lot this time of year. ¥ It's five o'clock now. X Ts five o'clock now. @ activity 3 | Identifying fragments Write F for fragment and $ for complete sentence. Then correct the fragments. 1, _S__Hans lives in a big apartment. 2. _F__ My mothcr breakfast every morning. 3 Is sunny today. 4, ____ Abdul has a car. 8. _ They my cousins from Miami. 6st twelve o'clock. 7.___ Michael likes football. 8. ____Nicole and Jean best friends. 9, Colombia isin South America 10,___ Flas a subject and a verb 6 UNIT 1 Sentence BasicsSentences with the Verb Be Beis a very common verb in English. It has three forms in the simple present: am, is, are. Beis never followed by an object. Here are three common sentence patterns of b. Subject + Be + Adjective(s) Btiaa BE fora) 1 am happy. You/We/Thi are young, He/ShesIt is fun and interesting, Subject + Be + Noun(s)/Noun Phrase Brea BE Remon 1 am ‘a mother and a doctor. The players are a team, Ceviche is 1 seafood dish. Subject + Be + Prepositional Phrase SUBJECT BE ane anes 1 am at school. My keys are on the table. The test is in the morning, You can use more than one pattern at a time in a sentence: adj prep phr | am happy at work, nphr prep phr She is a top chef in Asia ne gs pate ey r te@ activity 4 | Identifying sentence patterns of be Read the paragraph. Then follow the directions below 1. Circle the sentence(s) with the pattern be + adjective(s). 2. Underline the sentence(s) with the p tern be + noun(s)/noun phrase. 3. Double underline the sentence(s) with the pattern Je + prepositional phrase. WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 1.2 border: (n) the line that divides two countries _selentist: (n) someone who works in science research: (n) the study of information Ercnnkes A Language Scientist Sandhya Na ayanan is a National Geographic Explorer. She is from Boston, USA, and Toronto, C: ada. She speaks many languages. She is a language scientist. Sandhya works in the ‘Andes Mountains on the border of Peru and Bolivia. She studies two languages there. These languages are old. They are Quechua and Aymara. She studies the change of these languages over time, Her research teaches us about languages in the world. 8 UNIT 1+ Sentence Basics@ activity 5 | Scrambled sentences Unscramble the words and phrases to write complete sentences. 10. My name / Angela / is My name is Angela ._ from Kearney, Nebraska /I/ am . in the middle of the United States / a small city / Kearney / is a professor / My mother /is j. My father / a small business owner / is am / the oldest child /1/ in my family tall /1/ am . Hiking / is / my hobby ). am /1/an / English teacher is / Teaching / exciting and fun @ activity 6 | Writing sentences A. Write eight simple sentences about yourself. Follow the examples in Activity 5. 1 ae10 UNIT 1 +Sentence 6 7 B. Take turns reading your sentences to a partner. Then write three or four things you learned. about him/her. 1 4a Grammar: Expressing Place and Time A prepositional phrase is a group of words that: + begins with a preposition, such as af, in, or on includes a noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition A prepositional phrase of place tells about location. It answers the question Where? We usually put it at the end of a sentence. We eat a lot of salad at home. The computer is on the desk. Loretta lives in my house. A prepositional phrase of time tells about time. It answers the question When? We usually put it at the end of a sentence. It often goes after a prepositional phrase of place if both are present. Michelle reads the newspaper in the morning. She sees him at the bank on Mondays. A time word or time phrase also answers the question When? and can come at the end of a sentence. Eric watches TV daily. Marco works every afternoon. Ifyou start a sentence with an expression of time, it is common to use a comma. In the spring, everyone has finals. Today, we have an important meeting, Twice a week, Teresa volunteers at the library.Here are some common ways to express place and time. sees gS rrr Cares OF TIME at school at 9:00am. today at the bank atnoon now on the wall at right every day on Main Street in the morning once a week in the bag [en Saturdays ‘twice a month in Istanbul on October 14 three times a year For more information on the prepositions af, in, and on, see the Writers Handbook. @ activ 7 | Scrambled sentences Unscramble the words and phrases to write complete sentences. 1. Amal / five days a week / works / at the hospital 2. Silvia and Ana / twice a week / at City College / grammar / study . at the gym / exercises / Janie / every day 4, we / take / every week / in Mrs. Wang's class / an important quiz 5. puts / Eric / his books / in the afternoon / in his car 6. eats dinner / once a week / Sulaiman / at a restaurant 7. Sara / once a month / a pie / bakes / in the oven 8. I/ busy / right now / am / at work 9. Paul and Carrie / their grandmother / every month / visit / in Miami 10. we / coffee / have / every morning / at the café 1"Grammar: There /s/There Are + Prepositional Phrase Use there ivthere are to say that something exists. Use there is/there are + a prepositional phrase to say where something is. When you begin a sentence with ¢here, the subject follows the verb de. Use is with singular subjects. Use are with plural subjects. os Ea Be Ese There is ‘one Earth There ‘ameeting in the conference room, There are ‘wo types of elephants There are two empty chairs atthe table @ activity 8 | Analyzing a paragraph Read the paragraph. Underline the five sentences with there is and there are. Number them 1-5. ‘Then answer the questions that follow. WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 1.3 : (9) thing 3) basic, uncomplicated ‘common: (adj) usual obje ) person in control ofa situation or place simp location: (n) place PCLLun ke) My Colorful Classroom My classroom is very colorful There are twenty desks in the room. Each desk has a dark brown seat and a shiny white top. There is a world map on the left side of the room. This map shows the locations of all the countries in the world, and each continent! is a different color. There are two posters on the right side of the room. There is a list of fifty common verbs on the first poster. The second poster has some simple pictures of fruits and vegetables. On the bulletin board, there are some pictures of famous leaders. These objects make my classroom colorful ‘continent: one ofthe seven main areas of land on the Earth (Aftia, “Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North Ameria, and South America)@ +. Which sentences se tere are 2. Whaat are the subjects of these sentences? 3. Which sentences use there is? 4, What are the subjects of these sentences? 5. Where is the world map? 6. Where are the posters? 7. Where are the pictures of famous leaders? @ actuiry 9 | Editing a paragraph ‘The paragraph has four errors with there is/there are. Find and correct them. WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 1.4 follow: (\) to go after Ln oe ie The English Alphabet of steel letters. NEN ‘There have 26 letters in the English alphabet. There is five vowel letters and 21 consonant letters. The five vowels are a, ¢, i, 0,and u. The letters w and y can be vowels when they follow other vowels. There three letters with the a sound in their names. These letters are a, j, and &. Are nine letters with the ¢ sound in their names. These are 4, ¢, d, ¢, g ‘ps4,%, and z, If you want to write well in English, you must earn the 26 letters of the English alphabet.@ actuiry 10 | Using there is/there are + prepositional phrase ‘Choose is or are to complete the first part of the sentence. Then fill in the blank with the correct prepositional phrase of place. aithe beach atthe 200 in the park on the table atthe library in a rainbow in the parking ot on the test atthe museum In the class fon the bus on TV 1. There (is / are) seven colors 2. There (is / are) many types of art 3. There (is / are) students from different countries ‘4, There (is / are) a beautiful garden 5. There (is / are) many different animals 6. There (is / ate) a dirty plate 7. There (is / are) so many cars 3. There (is / are) a new reading room 9. There (is / are) difficult questions 10. There (is / ate) a funny show 11. There (is / are) a passenger 12, There (is / are) people swimming @ activiry 11 | Analyzing a paragraph Read the paragraph. Underline the subject and circle the verb in each sentence. Double underline any objects. Then answer the questions that follow. WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 1.5, cover: (i) to hide something by putting another middle: (n) the central part of something thing over it practice: (n) repeated activity to help you become main: (ad)) most important better at something 14 UNIT 1 «Sentence Basics‘Students at Inuyama Junior High School in Japan take part in the tradition of washing their desks and chairs in the Kisogawa River. Enon ed A Student’s Desk four school books in the middle of my desk. ?The two large books cover the desk. *They are textbooks. One is a grammar book. STe 1s green. “There is a writing book next to the grammar book. "It is blue. 8The other books are smaller. "They are on top of the textbooks. !They are workbooks. "The textbooks have the main information. "The workbooks have more practice. "These four books are always on my desk. 2. What is the prepositional phrase of place in sentence 9? 3, Which sentences have objects? 4. Which sentences follow the pattern de + adjective? 18@ activity 12 | Writing sentences ‘Write ten simple sentences about the picture. Make sure that every sentence has a subject and a verb. Write at least one sentence with each of the following: there is, there are, be + adjective, and e+ prepositional phrase of place. 4, _The couch and chair are yellow. 10. 16 UNIT 1+ Sentence BasicsMechanics: Beginning and Ending a Sentence In English, there are two kinds of letters: eapital and lowercase. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ abcdefghijkimnopqarstuvwxyz We always begin a sentence with a capital letter. ¥ The boxes on the table are heavy. X the boxes on the table are heavy. A period (.)is the most common way to end a sentence. ¥ Brazil is a large country. X Brazil is a large country @ activity 13 | Scrambled sentences Unscramble the words and phrases to write complete sentences. Use correct capitalization and punctuation, 4, love / children around the world / soccer / to play 2. do not / children in some countries / money / have / for a ball 3. are / these children / very clever 4, their own / make / soccer balls / they start with / they / old shopping bags and paper 6. they / around the materials / wrap / string 7. makes / a strong ball / this / to play with 8. are / the children / happy / to play with / these hand-made soccer balls 7Mechanics: Using Capital Letters with Proper Nouns A proper noun is a specific person, place, or thing, and always begins with a capital letter. Gn) Bune ‘One famous person in history is Nelson Mandela. Toni Morrison is an award-winning author. ‘My favorite city is New York City. The capital of Qatar is Doha. Paco loves the movie Star Wars: The Last Jedi Our class is reading Great Expectations. The first Sunday of July is an important day to me. The fourth Thursday in November is a holiday in the United States. The Name of a Person The Name of a Place The Title of Something Days and Months In India, the most common languages are Hindi and English. Languages and Countries ao The official languages of Canada are English and French, For a complete list of capitalization rules, see the Writers Handbook. @ activity 14 | Editing a paragraph Correct the capitalization mistake(s) in each sentence. WORDS TO KNOW Paragraph 1.6 ‘own: (v) to have something that is yours _ tourist: (n) someone traveling or visiting a place for fun popular: (ad) liked by many people varlety: (n) different types of things rellable: (adj) able to be trusted Breanne An Interesting Job M 1 my cousin albert has an interesting job. *he is a taxi driver in chicago. Salbert owns his own taxi company. “it is called reltable taxi service. albert drives a taxi every day except sunday. *may and june are busy months for him. “tourists from canada and europe often use albert’s company. She drives his passengers to a variety of locations. ° popular places are the john hancock observatory, millennium park, and wrigley field. my cousin practices english with his customers. "albert loves his job. 18 UNIT 1 SentenceBUILDING BETTER VOCABULARY WORDS TO KNOW attend (”) follow () object (n) research (r) border (n) leader (n) own (v) scientist (n) break (n) location (n) EM popular (adi) simple (ad) common (ad)) main (ad)) practice (n) tourist (n) cover (¥) middle (n) reliable (ad) variety (n) EID This icon indicates tha the word ison an academic word list. @ activity 15 | Word associations Circle the word or phrase that is more closely related to the bold word on the left. 1. attend leave something go to something 2. break brief stop quick start 3. common ‘unusual usual 4. follow go after go before 5. main different important 6. middle center edge 7. own have sell 8. popular hated liked 9. simple difficult easy 10. variety one several @ actnry 16 | Collocations Fill in the blank with the word that most naturally completes the phrase. attend break common ‘communicate leader 1. clearly 2. a group 3. takea 4 an English class 5. makea mistakelocation middle reliable research tourist 60 attraction Ta source of information 8 more is necessary in the of a project 10. a central @ actnry 17 | Word forms Complete each sentence with the correct word form. Use the correct form of the nouns and verbs. cor fe attendance | attend COEaaees 1. Mr. Cox checks the students! every day. 2. Do you evenings? any classes in the covered 3. Ihave a 4. Amal every day. ‘on my smart phone, her head with a scart practice | practice '5. Do you have soccer 6 Eva language club. today? her English at the scientist scientific | 7, The. latest research, 8 Neil deGrasse Tyson is a TW host. ‘magazine publishes all the anda variety vary various 9. There are vocabulary, 10, This menu has a foods. aye to otudy of vegetarian 20. UNIT 1 = Sentence Basics@ activity 18 | Vocabulary in writing Choose five words from Words to Know. Write a complete sentence with each word. 1 2 BUILDING BETTER SENTENCES @ activity 19 | Editing sentences Find and correct the errors. The number in parentheses tells how many errors each. sentence has. 4. Gyeongju National fark isin Zouth Korea'(3) 2. Most schools classes in may: (2) 3. My family at the pool swims. (1) 4, In the winter, snows a lot in the mountains (2) 5. Jane classes at Houston Community College. (1) 6. There is on the table a big dinner. (1) 7. mr. Smith the most popular teacher this semester in our school. (3) 8 The pacific ocean is the largest ocean in the world. (2) 9. The official language of china is mandarin (3) 10. You can find in a Museum many beautiful types of art. (2)@ activity 20 | Editing sentences ‘Some of the sentences have errors with missing subjects, missing verbs, punctuation, or capitalization. Check (V) whether each sentence is correct or incorrect. Correct the incorrect sentences. Correct Incorrect oO Qa 1. Mexico,not near Great Britain. - ° 2. The Bahla Fortis in oman. 3. Sudan is in Affica 4, Portland is a popular city in Oregon, USA. 8. Austria and Tlungery ere in Europe. 6. Russia and Canada bigger than the United States. 7. Rains alot in Southeast Asia during the rainy season. 8. Three main groups of people live in Malaysia. 9, Nepal is north of India. o0Um0OdUdUmUOOKDUMUCUOWUODWUOBUOlLUO gocoOUUcUnODUmUnoOUMKUOUOD UMUC Ue 10. Bolivia not part of Europe. Combining Sentences Some writers like to keep their sentences short because they feel that if they write longer and ‘more complicated sentences, they are more likely to make mistakes. However, longer sentences connect ideas, and this makes it easier for the reader to understand. Study these sentences. The important information is circled. aa My friend @aias sence) My friend studies(@t the universit) Every sentence has an important piece of information. The most important information from each sentence can be used to create longer and smoother sentences. Notice how the ideas in the shorter sentences are combined in these longer sentences. My friend is a science student at the university. Ihave a friend who studies science at the university. 22 UNIT 1 Sentence BasicsA word or word form may change or be omitted, but no ideas are changed or omitted. Remember that there is usually more than one way to combine sentences. Study these sentences. The important information is circled. There was aGior) (esterday) tt was @on 1 fre it foward te oy) Now read these longer, smoother sentences: Yesterday, a strong storm moved quickly toward the city. There was a strong storm that moved quickly toward the city yesterday. @ activity 21 | Combining sentences ‘Combine the ideas into one sentence. You may change the word forms, but do not change or omit any ideas. There may be more than one answer. 1. Andrew is a teacher. Andrew is reliable. Andrew teaches at my high school. 2. There are answers. ‘The answers are correct. ‘The answers are on the website. Rachel takes Tai Chi classes. ‘The classes are at a park. ‘The park is popular. ‘Students do Tai Chi in Chongqing, China.WRITING @ activity 22 | Writing sentences Write original sentences. Follow the instructions. + Answer the questions below to write eight to ten complete sentences about a famous location (city, country, or area) you want to visit. + As you write, use at least two vocabulary words or phrases presented in this unit. Underline these words in your sentences. 1. What famous location do you want to visit? 2. Where is this location? 3. What is an important monument or place there? 4, Briefly describe this monument or place. 5. What is another thing this location is known for? 6. Briefly explain. 7. What is an interesting thing to see or do in this location? 8. Briefly explain. 24 UNIT 1+ Sentence Basics@ Editing Itis a good idea to check your work for grammar, spelling, and punctuation. You should also make sure your writing is clear and easy to understand. After you finish writing, check your work for errors. Use the checklist below to help you. Gi Bach sentence hay a subject and a verb, C1 Each sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period Ci Lused the verb de correctly. Ci Lused ¢here are with plural subjects and there is with singular subjects. CL used prepositional phrases of place correctly. C1 I capitalized all proper nouns. Gi Lused vocabulary words from the unit correctly. Peer Editing A good way to make sure that your writing is clear isto let someone else read it and make suggestions. Other people may notice things that you missed. After you check your work, itis helpful to have a peer check it. A peer is someone who is equal to you, such as a classmate. When a peer edits your writing, it is called peer editing. This is what usually happens in peer editing: 1. A peer reads your writing. 2. Your peer gives you suggestions and ideas for making your writing better. 3. You listen carefully to what your peer says. 4, You think about making the changes your peer suggests. If the comments are negative, remember that the comments are about the mistakes in your writing, not about you. Peer Editing Comments When you peer edit a classmate’s writing, choose your words carefully. Make sure that: + Your comments are helpful. Be specific about the mistakes. Helpful: “You forgot to put the word at here.” Not helpful: “This is incorrect.” + Your comments are polite. Say things the way you would want someone to tell you. Polite: “What does this sentence mean? Can you make the meaning clearer?” Not polite: “What is this? It doesn't make any sense at all!” Before you write a comment, ask yourself,“Will this be helpful to the writer? Would I want somicune to tell nue this?”) activity 23 | Writing peer editing comments Edit the paragraph. There are mistakes with capitalization, punctuation, and fragments. Then complete the feedback below. Compare your comments with a partner. ‘Sunset in Siena, Italy Eenccnk) The Beauty of Tuscany I want to visit tuscany. Tuscany a beautiful location in Italy. The apennine Mountains in Tuscany. Have great places to ski and hike. Tuscany also famous for its beautiful ceramics!. For example, bowls, vases, and oil jars very popular with tourists. Tuscany has so n ny interesting places to see. Pisa and Siena two beautiful cities there. Is awonderful place to vis ‘ceramics: pottery; items made of oven died cay 1. Write one positive comment about the paragraph. .. Write one thing the writer can improve when he or she rewrites the paragraph. 26 UNIT 1 = Sentence Basiceactivity 24 | Peer editing Exchange books with a partner and look at Activity 22. Read your partner's sentences. Then use Peer Editing Form 1 in the Writers Handbook to comment on your partner's sentences Offer positive suggestions and comments that will help your partner improve his or her writing. Consider your partner's comments as you revise your own sentences. Additional Topics for Writing Choose one or more of the topics to write about. Follow your teacher's directions. TOPIC 1: Look back at the photo and caption on pages 2-3. Desi your country. Where is it? What is it? Why is it amazing? e an amazing location TOPIC 2: Describe an interesting job someone you know has. What things does this person have to do for that job? TOPIC 3: Write about your favorite type of animal. Why do you like this animal? Where does this animal normally live? What does the animal look like? TOPIC 4: Write about your weekends. What do you like to do? Who do you spend your weekends with? TOPIC 5: Write about a hobby that you have. What is it? How often do you do it? Why do you enjoy this hobby? TEST PREP You should spend about 25 minutes on this task. Write a paragraph with six to ten sentences. Some people prefer to spend their free time indoors. Other people prefer to spend their free time outdoors. Which do you prefer? Give specific reasons and examples. TIP Take five to seven minutes to think of ideas before you begin writing. Take notes on these ideas. This will help you write your response more quickly and cleariy. Remember to use complete sentences. Check your work for fragments and correct capitalization and punctuation. 27