Conext™ Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and

Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Tie Photovoltaic

Inverter
Grid Support Guide
AP-XC-003 Revision J
March 2017

http://solar.schneider-electric.com/
Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Support Guide

Copyright © 2017 Schneider Electric. All Rights Reserved.

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(A) MAKES NO WARRANTY AS TO THE ACCURACY, SUFFICIENCY OR SUITABILITY OF ANY TECHNICAL OR OTHER INFORMATION
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Document Number: AP-XC-003 Revision: Revision J Date: March 2017

Contact Information

For country-specific details, please contact your local Schneider Electric Sales Representative or visit the Schneider
Electric Solar Business website at: http://solar.schneider-electric.com/

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 Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Support Guide

Contents
Introduction 7
Overview 8
Abbreviations and Acronyms 9
Related Information 10
Support Under Abnormal Grid Conditions 11
Overview 12
Frequency Ride Through 12
Voltage Ride Through 14
Reactive Current Injection During VRT 18
Reconnection After Grid-Related Events 23
Active Power Ramping 23
Alternative Power Ramping Method 25
Anti-islanding 26
Overvoltage Soft Power Down 27
Support Under Normal Grid Conditions 31
Overview 32
Operating Modes 32
PV Mode 32
PVCQ Mode 32
Enabling PVCQ Mode 32
Active Power and Reactive Power Capability 34
PQ Capability 34
PQ Capability in Ppf Dispatch Mode 35
PQ Availability Example 36
Dispatch Modes 37
PQ Dispatch Mode 37
Ppf Dispatch Mode 41
Voltage Regulation 42
Reactive Power Droop Function 42
Power Factor Schedule Function 46
Power-Frequency Droop Function 48
Hysteretic Power-Frequency Droop Function 48
Non-Hysteretic Power-Frequency Droop Function 51
Active Power Smoothing 53

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Figures
Figure 1 Relationship between inverter, PV array, and grid 8
Figure 2 Frequency ride through profile 12
Figure 3 FRT dependencies 13
Figure 4 Inverter output current during LVRT 14
Figure 5 Two-level VRT profile 15
Figure 6 Critical fault clearing VRT profile 15
Figure 7 VRT dependencies 18
Figure 8 Reactive current injection, “V-Support Reset Time” = 0 20
Figure 9 Reactive current injection, “V-Support Reset Time” > 0 20
Figure 10 Reactive current support 21
Figure 11 Reactive current reset 22
Figure 12 Power ramping method 24
Figure 13 Alternative power ramping method: plant level 26
Figure 14 Overvoltage soft power down feature 28
Figure 15 Reactive power availability in PQ dispatch mode 34
Figure 16 Reactive power availability in Ppf dispatch mode 36
Figure 17 Filtering of analog reference signals 38
Figure 18 Power ramping time 38
Figure 19 Filtering of analog reference signals 40
Figure 20 Standard voltage regulation curve 42
Figure 21 Reactive power compensation 43
Figure 22 Activation logic for power factor schedule function 46
Figure 23 Voltage regulation according to active power output curve 47
Figure 24 Hysteretic power-frequency droop function profile 49
Figure 25 P(f) function imposing limits on inverter output active power 51
Figure 26 Non-hysteretic power frequency droop function profile 51
Figure 27 Non-hysteretic power frequency droop dependencies 52
Figure 28 Active power smoothing 54

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Tables
Table 1 Over/under frequency grid disconnection parameters 13
Table 2 Over/under voltage grid disconnection parameters 16
Table 3 Voltage support parameters 18
Table 4 Reconnection parameters 23
Table 5 Active power ramping parameters 24
Table 6 Anti-islanding parameters 27
Table 7 Overvoltage soft power down (OVSPD) parameters 28
Table 8 User settings to change inverter operating mode 33
Table 9 Normalized variables 35
Table 10 Dispatch modes 37
Table 11 User settings for active power control in PQ dispatch mode 39
Table 12 User settings for reactive power control in PQ dispatch mode 41
Table 13 User settings for active and reactive power control in Ppf dispatch mode 42
Table 14 Voltage regulation settings 44
Table 15 Voltage regulation settings according to active power output 48
Table 16 Hysteretic power-frequency droop function settings 49
Table 17 Non-hysteretic power-frequency droop function settings 52
Table 18 Active power smoothing settings 54

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Introduction Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Support Guide

1 Introduction

What's in This Chapter?

Overview 8
Abbreviations and Acronyms 9
Related Information 10
Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Support Guide Introduction

Overview

DANGER
HAZARD OF ELECTRIC SHOCK, EXPLOSION, ARC FLASH, AND FIRE

This document is in addition to, and incorporates by reference, the relevant product
manuals for Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB grid tie
photovoltaic inverters. Before reviewing this document, you must read the relevant product
manuals. Unless specified, information on safety, specifications, installation and operation
is as shown in the primary documentation received with the product. Ensure you are
familiar with that information before proceeding.

Failure to follow these instructions will result in death or serious injury.

The Schneider Electric Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-
XC-BB inverters are designed to draw power from photovoltaic (PV) arrays, convert it to
alternating current, and transfer it to the utility grid on demand. The relationship between
the inverter, PV array and grid is shown below.

Figure 1 Relationship between inverter, PV array, and grid

The inverter firmware uses a series of algorithms with preset default values to match the
power frequencies and voltage levels of the grid. The firmware also contains parameters
that determine how the inverter interacts with the grid. Grid qualification parameters
determine when the inverter disconnects and reconnects to the grid. Grid support
parameters determine how voltage and frequency are supported.

The values of most grid parameters are pre-determined by the utility region that is
assigned to the inverter. When an adjustment is required to any of these pre-determined
values, you should carefully consider the impact on inverter and grid operations before
making the change. Discuss the proposed change with the local Authority Having
Jurisdiction (AHJ).

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WARNING
UNEXPECTED EQUIPMENT OPERATION

Do not change any parameter setting unless you fully understand the implications on
Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB operation.

Failure to follow these instructions can result in death, serious injury, or equipment
damage.

This document explains how a Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core
XC, 0G-XC-BB inverter maintains continuous operation and continuous output current
during normal operating conditions and during grid-related events.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

AHJ Authority Having Jurisdiction

FRT Frequency ride through

HF High frequency

HFRT High frequency ride through

HV High voltage

HVRT High voltage ride through

ILmax Maximum AC output current

LF Low frequency

LFRT Low frequency ride through

LV Low voltage

LVRT Low voltage ride through

MPPT Maximum power point tracking

OVSPD Overvoltage soft power down

P Active power

P(f) Power as a function of frequency

Pout-max Maximum obtainable active power

Puser User setting for active power limit

pf Power factor

φuser User setting for phase angle reference

p.u. per unit

PV Photovoltaic

PVCQ PV with constant reactive power (operating mode)

Q Reactive power

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QAVR Reactive power for voltage regulation

Qmax Maximum reactive power

Qout Reactive power output

Quser User setting for reactive power limit

S Apparent power

Smax Maximum apparent power

Vac Line-to-line voltage (measured)

vHF Very high frequency

vHV Very high voltage

vLF Very low frequency

vLV Very low voltage

VRT Voltage ride through

Related Information
You can find more information about Schneider Electric Solar Business as well as its
products and services at http://solar.schneider-electric.com/.

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2 Support Under Abnormal Grid Conditions

What's in This Chapter?

Overview 12
Frequency Ride Through 12
Voltage Ride Through 14
Reactive Current Injection During VRT 18
Reconnection After Grid-Related Events 23
Active Power Ramping 23
Alternative Power Ramping Method 25
Anti-islanding 26
Overvoltage Soft Power Down 27
Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Support Support Under Abnormal Grid
Guide Conditions

Overview
This chapter describes and illustrates how an inverter reacts to abnormal grid-related
events. Abnormal events occur when the grid voltage or frequency is outside of the
operating deadband (that is, outside of normal conditions).

Frequency Ride Through

Frequency ride through (FRT) is the capability of the inverter to maintain output current
and remain online when the grid frequency is outside the nominal deadband. If grid
frequency remains outside the deadband beyond a preset time, the inverter goes offline.
The inverter reconnects to the grid when the frequency returns within the preset grid
reconnect limit. Figure 2 illustrates the FRT profile.

Figure 2 Frequency ride through profile

The parameters in Table 1 on page 13 define when the inverter disconnects from the grid
during abnormal frequency conditions.

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Table 1 Over/under frequency grid disconnection parameters

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Value (Hz) at which, once crossed,

Disconn very HF
0xFA40 52.00 65.00 50.00 disconnection occurs due to AC very Hz
Threshold
high frequency.

Length of time that the inverter must be

0xFA42 3000 65535 0 Disconn very HF Delay above “Disconn very HF Threshold” ms
before it disconnects.

Value (Hz) at which, once crossed,

0xFA0F 51.50 65.00 50.00 Disconn HF Threshold disconnection occurs due to AC high Hz
frequency.

Length of time that the inverter must be

0xFA07 100 65535 0 Disconn HF Delay above “Disconn HF Threshold” before it ms
disconnects.

Value (Hz) at which, once crossed,

0xFA10 47.50 60.00 40.00 Disconn LF Threshold disconnection occurs due to AC low Hz
frequency.

Length of time that the inverter must be

0xFA08 10.00 655.35 0.00 Disconn LF Delay below “Disconn LF Threshold” before it sec
disconnects.

Value (Hz) at which, once crossed,

Disconn very LF
0xFA3D 40.00 60.00 40.00 disconnection occurs due to AC very Hz
Threshold
low frequency.

Length of time that the inverter must be

0xFA3F 3000 65535 0 Disconn very LF Delay below “Disconn very LF Threshold” ms
before it disconnects.

Figure 3 illustrates the dependencies that affect the frequency disconnection parameters.

Figure 3 FRT dependencies

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Guide Conditions

Voltage Ride Through

Voltage ride through (VRT) is the capability of the inverter to maintain output current and
remain online when the voltage in the grid is temporarily outside the nominal deadband.
When grid voltage drops below the preset low voltage (LV) threshold, the event is called
low voltage ride through (LVRT). When grid voltage rises above the preset high voltage
(HV) threshold, the event is called high voltage ride through (HVRT).

If voltage ride through extends beyond a preset delay time (the disconnect delay), the
inverter goes offline. The inverter reconnects to the grid when the voltage returns within
the preset grid reconnect limit.

During LVRT and HVRT, the inverter remains online and its output current is continuous,
as illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4 Inverter output current during LVRT

The standard two-level VRT profile is illustrated in Figure 5 on page 15. Some utility
regions require that the LVRT profile matches the critical fault clearing time, as illustrated
in Figure 6 on page 15. You can choose the appropriate VRT profile by setting the
“Disconn Profile” parameter (see Table 2 on page 16).

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Figure 5 Two-level VRT profile

Figure 6 Critical fault clearing VRT profile

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Guide Conditions

The parameters in Table 2 define when the inverter disconnects from the grid during VRT.

Table 2 Over/under voltage grid disconnection parameters

Register Default Register
Max Value Min Value Description Units
Address Value Name

Nominal AC line to line voltage used as a

reference to:

1. Decide if there is an AC voltage low or high

300/350/ System L-to-L condition.
0xFA36 450 280 Vrms
380 Voltage 2. Decide if it is ok to reconnect after a grid
event disconnection.

3. Calculate voltage ride through (VRT)

thresholds.

Once this level, as a percentage of “System L-

Disconn very
0xFA37 120 140 100 to-L voltage”, is crossed, disconnection occurs %
HV Threshold
due to AC very high voltage.

Length of time that the inverter must be above

Disconn very
0xFA39 3000 65535 0 “Disconn very HV Threshold” before it ms
HV Delay
disconnects.

Once this level, as a percentage of “System L-

Disconn HV
0xFA0B 120 120 100 to-L voltage”, is crossed, disconnection occurs %
Threshold
due to AC high voltage.

Disconn HV Length of time that the inverter must be above

0xFA05 100 65535 0 ms
Delay “Disconn HV Threshold” before it disconnects.

Once this level, as a percentage of “System L-

Disconn LV
0xFA0C 80 100 60 to-L voltage”, is crossed, disconnection occurs %
Threshold
due to AC low voltage.

Disconn LV Length of time that the inverter must be below

0xFA06 2000 65535 0 ms
Delay “Disconn LV Threshold” before it disconnects.

Once this level, as a percentage of “System L-

Disconn very
0xFA3A 25 100 0 to-L voltage”, is crossed, disconnection occurs %
LV Threshold
due to AC very low voltage.

Length of time that the inverter must be below

Disconn very
0xFA3C 1000 65535 0 “Disconn very LV Threshold” before it ms
LV Delay
disconnects.

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Register Default Register

Max Value Min Value Description Units
Address Value Name

Once this level, as a percentage of “System L-

to-L voltage”, is crossed, disconnection occurs

Voltage due to an instantaneous high AC voltage. For

0xFB10 135 200 130 Envelope example: If “System L-to-L voltage” is set to 380 %
Threshold and “Voltage Envelope Threshold” is set to 135,
the actual threshold value is 725.5 V
instantaneous (380 x 1.35 x √2 = 725.5).

Length of time (in samples) that the inverter

Voltage must continuously be above “Voltage Envelope
0xFB11 3 65535 1 Envelope integer
Threshold” before it disconnects. Each sample
Delay
is 158 µs.

Configurable LV disconnect profiles:

TWO LEVEL DISCONNECT
CRITICAL Profile with step change between “Disconn LV
TWO LEVEL TWO LEVEL Disconnect
0x408E FAULT Threshold” and “Disconn very LV Threshold”. N/A
DISCONNECT DISCONNECT Profile
CLEARING CRITICAL FAULT CLEARING
Profile with ramp change between “Disconn LV
Threshold” and “Disconn very LV Threshold”.

Level (as a multiplier of “System L-to-L voltage”)

Asymmetry at which the voltage difference between grid
0xFB98 2.00 2.00 0.00 Voltage phases triggers an asymmetric low voltage ride- integer
Factor through event. This value is represented by an
integer in RenFile as a multiplier, 2.00 = 200%.

Asymmetry Maximum additive reactive current support

0xFB99 0.40 1.00 0.00 Current Limit during an asymmetric Voltage Ride-Through integer
Factor event as a multiplier of Nominal Line Current.

Controls whether active power is suppressed

during LVRT event.
ACTIVE AND REACTIVE ACTIVE AND
LVRT Control ACTIVE AND REACTIVE IN LVRT
0x40A8 REACTIVE IN ONLY IN REACTIVE IN N/A
Type Active power NOT suppressed during LVRT.
LVRT LVRT LVRT
REACTIVE ONLY IN LVRT
Active power suppressed during LVRT.

Figure 7 on page 18 illustrates the dependencies that affect the VRT disconnection
parameters.

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Figure 7 VRT dependencies

Reactive Current Injection During VRT

The Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB can provide
reactive current in support of grid voltage during abnormal events. When the “Voltage
Support Function” parameter is set to 1 (ON), the inverter injects either capacitive reactive
current or inductive reactive current, depending on the grid voltage as follows:

Capacitive is injected
grid voltage < “V-Support Low Threshold”
reactive current when...

Inductive is injected
grid voltage > “V-Support High Threshold”
reactive current when...

No reactive is injected “V-Support Low Threshold” ≤ grid voltage ≤

current when... “V-Support High Threshold”

The parameters listed in Table 3 define voltage support during voltage ride through
events.

Table 3 Voltage support parameters

Register Default Max Min Register
Description Units
Address Value Value Value Name

Determines whether the inverter provides reactive

current in support of grid voltage during abnormal
events.
Voltage ON

0xFA24 ON ON OFF Support The inverter injects either capacitive reactive N/A
Function current or inductive reactive current, depending on
the grid voltage.
OFF

Function disabled.

Constant that determines the amount of reactive

Voltage
current provided during VRT events, as a function
0xFA49 0.0 100.0 0.0 Support N/A
of the depth of the voltage dip. Related to “Voltage
Factor
Support Function” parameter above.

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Register Default Max Min Register

Description Units
Address Value Value Value Name

Level (as a percentage of “System L-to-L voltage”)

V-Support
below which the inverter will produce reactive
0xFA59 90 120 0 Low %
current (overexcited, capacitive mode). Related to
Threshold
“Voltage Support Function” parameter above.

Level (as a percentage of “System L-to-L voltage”)

V-Support
above which the inverter will absorb reactive
0xFA5A 110 150 30 High %
current (underexcited, inductive mode). Related to
Threshold
“Voltage Support Function” parameter above.

Length of time before the reactive current injection

V-Support
0x408D 0 2000 0 drops to zero after AC voltage reaches “V-Support ms
Reset Time
Low Threshold” or “V-Support High Threshold”.

Maximum reactive power reference used by

Q(V) “Voltage Support Function” to calculate the reactive
0xFBE0 100 100 0 %
Q maxAVR power to be injected during VRT (Voltage Ride
Through).

Reactive Current Injection During Symmetric VRT

If the “V-Support Reset Time” parameter is 0 (default) during symmetric VRT, the amount
of reactive current provided by the inverter is calculated using equation (1).

where

ΔIreactive = reactive current contribution during ride through

k = “Voltage Support Factor” parameter

In = “Nominal Line Current” parameter

Vn = “Nominal L-to-L Voltage” parameter

VVRThigh = “V-Support High Threshold” parameter

VVRTlow = “V-Support Low Threshold” parameter

Vac-psq = Measured positive sequence voltage

The amount of reactive current support (ΔIreactive) is added to the existing reactive
current reference.

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Reactive current injection where “V-Support Reset Time” is equal to 0 is illustrated in

Figure 8 on page 20.

Figure 8 Reactive current injection, “V-Support Reset Time” = 0

If the “V-Support Reset Time” parameter is higher than 0, the ΔIreactive that the inverter
injects is calculated using equation (2).

and

Reactive current injection where “V-Support Reset Time” is higher than 0 is illustrated in
Figure 9.

Figure 9 Reactive current injection, “V-Support Reset Time” > 0

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Reactive Current Injection During Asymmetric VRT

During asymmetric LVRT, too much positive reactive current may trigger an AC
overvoltage event. In order to prevent triggering an AC overvoltage event during an
asymmetric LVRT, the parameters “Asymmetry Voltage Factor” and “Asymmetry
Current Limit Factor" should be adjusted according to the application.

Reactive Current at VRT Onset and Recovery

Reactive current support is an additive output current component. At the onset of a VRT
event, if the inverter was delivering reactive power according to the user reference Quser
(whether via Modbus, analog, or angle command input), Figure 10 shows the resulting
level of reactive current. Reactive current which is the result of Quser and QAVR1 is
frozen during VRT and the switch toggle will transition from position 1 (open loop) to
position 2 (closed loop). After the voltage recovers, the toggle transitions from position 2
to position 1.

While the switch is in position 2, the additive contribution ΔIreactive will influence any
adjustments of reactive power.

Figure 10 Reactive current support

Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB inverters
provide the ability to configure how to recover from a VRT event. When the “V-Support
Reset Time” parameter is higher than 0, Δ Ireactive will be determined according to
equation (2) on page 20.

When grid voltage re-enters the deadband, reactive current will be maintained during the
reset period “V-Support Reset Time”. At the end of the reset period, ΔIreactive will be reset
to 0 as shown in Figure 11 on page 22.

1 For more information about Q

AVR see Voltage Regulation on page 42.

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Figure 11 Reactive current reset

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Reconnection After Grid-Related Events

The inverter automatically reconnects to the grid and returns to the online state when grid
voltage and frequency have recovered. The parameters in Table 4 define grid
reconnection levels.

Table 4 Reconnection parameters

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Level (as a percentage of “System L-to-L voltage”)

at which the AC high voltage condition is cleared
0xF9FA 110 140 100 Reconn HV Threshold %
and the reconnect delay begins (parameter “Grid
Reconnection Delay”).

Level (as a percentage of “System L-to-L voltage”)

at which the AC low voltage condition is cleared
0xFA45 95 100 60 Reconn LV Threshold %
and the reconnect delay begins (parameter “Grid
Reconnection Delay”).

Value (Hz) at which the high frequency condition

0xFA44 50.50 65.00 50.00 Reconn HF Threshold is cleared and the reconnect delay begins Hz
(parameter “Grid Reconnection Delay”).

Value (Hz) at which the low frequency condition is

0xFA43 49.00 60.00 40.00 Reconn LF Threshold cleared and the reconnect delay begins Hz
(parameter “Grid Reconnection Delay”).

Length of time the grid must be within range

Grid Reconnection before the inverter can transition out of shutdown
0xFA09 20 1800 0 sec
Delay state. This length of time runs in parallel with
parameter “Renconnect Start Delay”.

Length of time before the inverter transitions to the

online state, including after a grid event. This
0xFB64 10 3600 0 Reconnect Start Delay sec
length of time runs in parallel with parameter “Grid
Reconnection Delay”.

Active Power Ramping

When the inverter returns to the online state after a grid-related event, active power may
be ramped up gradually from 0% to 100% over a specified time period using the “Reconn
Power Ramp Time” parameter. For example, if you set the “Reconn Power Ramp Time”
to 10 minutes (600 seconds), then the power will increase at 10% per minute.

When you set the “Reconn Power Ramp Time” value, you should take into account the
following factors:

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n The “Reconn Power Ramp Time” parameter should be changed only while the inverter
is disabled.

n If you set “Reconn Power Ramp Time” to 0, power ramping will not occur. Instead,
when the inverter reconnects it will supply the available PV power into the grid
instantly.

During power ramping, the inverter does not source the entire available power from the
PV panels. As a result, PV voltage (Vpv ) can reach values that are above the DC
operating level of the inverter and force the inverter offline due to a PV overvoltage
condition. Figure 12 illustrates power ramping over time.

Figure 12 Power ramping method

Table 5 lists the parameters that define the active power ramping function.

Table 5 Active power ramping parameters

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Ramp up time to gradually increase power output

when the inverter goes online. For example, a
Reconn Power Ramp value of 600 (10 minutes) will result in an increase
0xFA46 0 1800 0 sec
Time of 10% of power per minute (10% * 10 minutes =
100% in 10 minutes). Related to “Reconnect
Power Ramp Type”.

Initial output power limit when the inverter goes

0xFB00 5 20 1 Min. Power Limit %
online. Related to “Reconn Power Ramp Time”.

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Register Default Max Min

Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Determines when “Reconn Power Ramp Time” is

active. The options are:
GRID ERROR
GRID GRID Reconnect Power
0xFB65 GLOBAL Ramping is only triggered by grid errors. N/A
ERROR ERROR Ramp Type
GLOBAL

Ramping is triggered at each online transition,

including after a grid event.

Maximum DC If the open circuit PV voltage is above this level, a

Operating Voltage
0xFB94 850 900 0 special online procedure will be applied to avoid V
(Max OC PV for Power
Ramp) the overvoltage condition.

At startup, if the open circuit PV voltage is above

“Maximum DC Operating Voltage”, the inverter will
min
0xFB95 15 1440 0 PV OC Recovery Delay wait for the “PV OC Recovery Delay” before going
online. To prevent overvoltage tripping, the online
transition is without ramping.

Alternative Power Ramping Method

A method for ramping power up that avoids the risk of a PV overvoltage condition is to
stagger the reconnection delays of the individual inverters within a PV power plant. For
example, if a plant has 10 inverters you might set the following individual reconnection
delay times:

Reconnection Reconnection
Inverter # Delay Inverter # Delay
(minutes) (minutes)

1 1 6 6

2 2 7 7

3 3 8 8

4 4 9 9

5 5 10 10

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These delay times would result in a gradual power ramping as shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13 Alternative power ramping method: plant level

Anti-islanding
Islanding occurs when a distributed generation source continues to energize a portion of
the utility grid (the island) after the electrical utility has stopped providing power.
Distributed generation sources such as the Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and
Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB can detect an islanding condition and stop energizing the
grid.

The Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB inverter
detects grid voltage or frequency instability when the load and generation demand is
unbalanced and transitions to the offline state. At times, however, the load and
generation demand in the islanded area are balanced, and the self resonance of the grid is
at the same frequency as the nominal grid frequency. In this situation, the inverter would
continue to supply the islanded area with power if it did not have a special feature known
as grid perturbation or active anti-islanding.

In most medium voltage applications, the Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and
Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB inverter is not required to perform grid perturbation because
such plants are remotely controlled (dispatched) by the electrical utility. Without grid
perturbation, more stable, continuous and accurate delivery of active and reactive power
is possible.

Schneider Electric authorized personnel can turn the active anti-islanding function on or
off during configuration of the Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core
XC, 0G-XC-BB, with the agreement of the local utility.

The parameters of anti-islanding functions are listed in Table 6.

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Table 6 Anti-islanding parameters

Register Default Register
Max Value Min Value Description Units
Address Value Name

Setting determines whether the inverter is

Active Anti- performing active anti- islanding detection.
0xFA1A OFF ON OFF Islanding N/A
OFF
Function
ON

Type of anti-islanding function used by the

inverter.
AI TYPE 0
Anti-islanding
0xFB5D AI TYPE 0 AI TYPE 1 AI TYPE 0 Two levels of perturbation are used depending N/A
Type
on frequency changes.
AI TYPE 1
Only one level of perturbation is used.

Anti-Island Duration of the perturbation caused by either AI

0xFA54 0.15 2.00 0.00 sec
Pert Duration TYPE 0 or AI TYPE 1 anti-islanding.

Anti-Island Interval between the start of two consecutive

0xFA55 0.50 2.00 0.00 Pert perturbations caused by either AI TYPE 0 or AI sec
Occurrence TYPE 1 anti-islanding.

Level of the reactive power perturbation as a

Anti-island
0xFA56 0.060 1.000 0.000 percentage of the real output power caused by integer
Pert Factor
either AI TYPE 0 or AI TYPE 1 anti-islanding.

Frequency threshold that triggers a deeper anti-

islanding perturbation and duration. When the
difference between two consecutive grid
AI Pert. High
0xFBA0 0.50 20.00 0.00 frequency readings crosses this value, “AI Pert. Hz
Threshold
High Factor” and “AI Pert. High Duration” are
applied if AI TYPE 1 anti-islanding mode is
selected.

Duration of the perturbation triggered when “AI

AI Pert. High
0xFBA1 0.36 2.00 0.00 Pert. High Threshold” is crossed. Active when AI sec
Duration
TYPE 0 anti-islanding mode is selected.

Level of the reactive power perturbation as a

percentage of the real output power triggered
AI Pert. High
0xFBA2 0.120 1.000 0.000 when “AI Pert. High Threshold” is crossed. It is integer
Factor
only active when anti-islanding AI TYPE 0 is
selected.

Overvoltage Soft Power Down

The overvoltage soft power down (OVSPD) feature is an additional active power limiting
function that runs independently of other power ramping and power limiting features. This

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function is used in large systems to avoid stress on the plant’s voltage frequency
protection relays.

When grid voltage is reached the “OVSPD Voltage Threshold”, active power is ramped
down at the “OVSPD Ramp Down Rate”. During ramp down, the inverter responds to the
following conditions:

n If the grid voltage drops below the “OVSPD Voltage Threshold”, the power is then
ramped up at the “OVSPD Ramp Up Rate”.

n If the voltage does not drop below the “OVSPD Voltage Threshold” during ramp down,
the inverter remains online but the maximum power will be limited to the “OVSPD
Power Limit”.

Figure 14 Overvoltage soft power down feature

The parameters listed in Table 7 define OVSPD.

Table 7 Overvoltage soft power down (OVSPD) parameters

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Overvoltage Soft Power Down activation threshold

as a percentage of “System L-to-L voltage”. When
OVSPD, Voltage
0xFB6A 140 140 80 grid voltage reaches this threshold, an output %
Threshold
power power down is initiated according to
“OVSPD, Ramp down rate”.

Power level (as a percentage of nominal output

power) at which output power down ramp initiated
0xFB6B 100 100 5 OVSPD, Power Limit by Overvoltage Soft Power Down function stops. %
Setting the value of this parameter to 100 disables
OVSPD function.

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Register Default Max Min

Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Output power ramp down rate (as a percentage of

OVSPD, Ramp Down nominal output power per minute) at which the
0xFB6C 10.0 6553.5 0.10 %
Rate power is ramped down when “OVSPD, Voltage
Threshold” is reached.

Output power ramp up rate (as a percentage of

nominal output power per minute) at which the
OVSPD, Ramp Up
0xFB6D 10.0 6553.5 0.10 power is ramped up when grid voltage is below %
Rate
“OVSPD, Voltage Threshold” after a OVSPD has
started.

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3 Support Under Normal Grid Conditions

What's in This Chapter?

Overview 32
Operating Modes 32
PV Mode 32
PVCQ Mode 32
Enabling PVCQ Mode 32
Active Power and Reactive Power Capability 34
PQ Capability 34
PQ Capability in Ppf Dispatch Mode 35
PQ Availability Example 36
Dispatch Modes 37
PQ Dispatch Mode 37
Ppf Dispatch Mode 41
Voltage Regulation 42
Reactive Power Droop Function 42
Power Factor Schedule Function 46
Power-Frequency Droop Function 48
Hysteretic Power-Frequency Droop Function 48
Non-Hysteretic Power-Frequency Droop Function 51
Active Power Smoothing 53
Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB Grid Support Support Under Normal Grid
Guide Conditions

Overview
This chapter describes and illustrates how the Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA
and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB inverters participate in grid stabilization during normal
grid conditions.

Operating Modes
The Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB provides
reactive power compensation (VArs) in support of grid voltage. The level of voltage
support depends on the inverter’s operating mode: PV mode (default) or PVCQ mode.
Operating mode defines the set of state machine procedures, protections and controls
that ensure effective operation of the product.

PV Mode
In the PV mode of operation, the inverter will transition to the online state if PV power is
available (daylight hours). If PV power is not available (night time), the inverter will be
offline. While the inverter is online it has the full functionality of sourcing the maximum
power from the PV generator (MPPT tracking). Concurrently, the inverter will support the
grid during abnormal or normal grid conditions by producing or absorbing reactive power
(Q).

PVCQ Mode
In the PVCQ mode of operation, even if PV power is not available (night time), the
inverter maintains its online status1 . This allows for continuous control of reactive power
during daytime hours and at night. Implicitly, reactive current support during VRT events
will occur at night too. In PVCQ mode, MPPT functionality is the same as in PV mode.

Enabling PVCQ Mode

You can set the inverter to operate in PVCQ mode by setting the “CQ Mode” parameter. If
you disable “CQ Mode” by setting the value to 0, the inverter will operate in PV mode. The
register can be changed in either of two ways: through remote Modbus communication or
using the front panel user interface. You must shut down the inverter before changing the
operating mode.

To enable/disable CQ Mode using remote Modbus communication:

Note: You can only enable the inverter remotely when it is in remote shutdown state and
no error condition exists.

1. Change parameter control from the front panel user interface to Modbus by writing 2
(MODBUS) to register 0xE0E0.

2. Disable the inverter by writing 1 (REMOTE SHUTDOWn) to register 0xEFFE.

3. View register 0xFB9D (CQ MODE).

1 System energy consumption is impacted when the inverter remains online at night.

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4. Write 1 (ON) to register 0xFB9D to set the inverter to CQ Mode. Write 0 (OFF ) to set
the inverter operating mode back to the default PV mode.

5. Return parameter control back to the front panel user interface by writing 1 (PANEL
CONTROL) to register 0xE0E0.

6. Enable the inverter by writing 0 (REMOTE START ) to register 0xEFFE.

To enable/disable CQ Mode using the front panel user interface:

1. Turn the ENABLE STATE /DISABLE STATE switch S11 to disable and the inverter ON/OFF
switch to OFF .

2. Wait for capacitors to discharge (15 minutes for Conext Core XC Series, 10 minutes
for Conext Core XC Series, 0G-XC-BB and 5 minutes for Conext Core XC-NA
Series).

3. Open the metal cover and plastic shield over the front panel user interface.

4. On the front panel user interface, press the center of the scroll wheel. A menu
appears.

5. Select 5 Inverter Operating Mode. The current operating mode appears: PV or

PVCQ.

To move up and down in the menu, turn the scroll wheel. To select a menu option or
apply an entered value, press the center of the scroll wheel.

6. Select 5.3 CQ Mode.

7. Select ON to set the inverter to operate in PVCQ mode. Select OFF to set the inverter
to operate in PV mode.

8. Press F4 to return to the home page.

Table 8 lists the settings for changing the inverter operating mode.

Table 8 User settings to change inverter operating mode

Register Default
Register Name Description Units
Address Value

Enables write access via Modbus (when set to

PANEL Modbus).
0xE0E0 Parameter Control Station N/A
CONTROL PANEL CONTROL

MODBUS

Sets the inverter operating mode and is persistent

across a unit reset.
Change Inverter Operating
0xEFFC CP MODE PV MODE N/A
Mode
CP MODE2

PVCQ MODE

2 CP mode is only used for testing. The inverter ships in PV mode.

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Register Default
Register Name Description Units
Address Value

Enables/disables CQ mode.
0xFB9D OFF CQ Mode OFF N/A
ON

Enables/disables the inverter.

0xEFFE N/A Remote Disable/Enable REMOTE START N/A
REMOTE SHUTDOWN

Active Power and Reactive Power Capability

When the Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB
inverter receives a request from the grid for reactive power (Q), the available active power
(P) may be reduced to meet the reactive power demand. This section explains the
relationship between P and Q availability in PQ dispatch mode and Ppf dispatch mode
(see Dispatch Modes on page 37).

PQ Capability
The PQ availability area at the inverter terminals is shown in Figure 15 on page 34, as a
function of the grid voltage Vac.

Figure 15 Reactive power availability in PQ dispatch mode

A+B+C

Vac ≥ 1 p.u., | PAmax | = 1 p.u. | QAmax | = 1 p.u., radius | SAmax | = 1 p.u.

B+C

Vac = 0.95 p.u., | PBmax | = 0.95 p.u. | QBmax | = 0.95 p.u., radius | SBmax | = 0.95 p.u

Vac = 0.9 p.u., | PCmax | = 0.9 p.u. | QCmax | = 0.9 p.u., radius | SCmax | = 0.9 p.u

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Reactive power always has priority over active power. Therefore, the full amount of
required reactive power will be delivered (Qout = Quser) regardless of the amount of
demanded active power.

Since reactive power has priority, the maximum obtainable active power (Pout-max ) can
be calculated as shown in equations (3) and (4).

(3)

where
(4)

All variables are normalized according to Table 9 on page 35.

Table 9 Normalized variables

1 p.u. S [kVA] Vac [V] IL [kA]
XC733-NA 733 407 1.04

XC680 / XC680-NA 680 380 1.04

XC630 / XC630-NA 630 350 1.04

XC540 / XC540-NA 540 300 1.04

PQ Capability in Ppf Dispatch Mode

The PQ availability area at the inverter terminals when in Pφ dispatch mode is shown in
Figure 16 on page 36 as a function of the grid voltage Vac.

n Pφ > 0 = overexcited

n Pφ < 0 = underexcited

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Figure 16 Reactive power availability in Ppf dispatch mode

A+B+C

Vac ≥ 1 p.u., | PAmax | = 1 p.u. | QAmax | = 0.6 p.u., radius | SAmax | = 1 p.u.

B+C

Vac = 0.95 p.u., | PBmax | = 0.95 p.u. | QBmax | = 0.6 p.u., radius | SBmax | = 0.95 p.u

Vac = 0.9 p.u., | PCmax | = 0.9 p.u. | QCmax | = 0.6 p.u., radius | SCmax | = 0.9 p.u

PQ Availability Example
In this example, the inverter reduces active power to meet the reactive power demand
from the grid.

Scenario

Vac = 0.9 p.u. The voltage at the inverter terminals is 90% of nominal.
Puser = 1 p.u. The active power reference from dispatch is 1.
Quser = 0.3 p.u. The reactive power reference from dispatch is 0.3.

Calculation

The maximum obtainable active power is calculated as follows:

Although Puser = 1 p.u., the actual available active power capacity will always be below
1 p.u since Vac =0.9 p.u.

Based on equation (3) on page 35, where Vac = 0.9 p.u. and the maximum AC output
current (ILmax ) = 1 p.u., we find that the maximum apparent power (Smax ) = 0.9 p.u.
Since and considering that Q has priority over P, we have

According to equation (4) on page 35, we can now calculate the maximum obtainable
active power as follows:

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Conclusion

If Vac = 0.9 p.u. and Quser = 0.3 p.u., the inverter can only produce up to
Pout-max = 0.85 p.u active power.

Dispatch Modes
The electric utility can manage the overall generating capacity of the PV array system in
response to load demand. The plant control center (also known as the dispatch center)
uses the two-point dispatch modes described in this section to control the active and
reactive power level delivered by the PV array.

Table 10 summarizes the inverter operating modes and configuration settings that are
available for controlling power when in each dispatch mode.

Table 10 Dispatch modes

Inverter
Available Active Power Available Reactive Power (Q)
Operating
(P) Control Setting Control Setting
Mode

User Active Power Limit User Reactive Power Reference

PQ PV
Puser Quser
Dispatch
User Active Power Limit User Reactive Power Reference
Mode PVCQ
Puser Quser

Ppf
User Active Power Limit User Phase Angle Reference
Dispatch PV
Puser φuser
Mode

PQ Dispatch Mode
In PQ dispatch mode, the plant control center sends the “User Active Power Limit”
(Puser) and the “User Reactive Power Reference" (Quser) to the inverter.

User Active Power Limit

Actual active output power that the inverter delivers is a function of the available power in
the PV array, but users can predefine an active power limit using the “User Active Power
Limit” setting. This is useful when a set limit is needed to improve system stability.

You can set the “User Active Power Limit” (Puser) using either Modbus communication,
the front panel user interface on the inverter, or analog reference signals (4 mA-20 mA).
The analog reference signals correspond to the following P settings:

n 4 mA = 0% of Pn

n 20 mA = Pn

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The signals from 4-20 mA are digitized and then passed through a digital low-pass filter
as illustrated in Figure 17. The filter is a first order filter with time constants that can be
adjusted via parameter "P-analog Filter Timer". The default time constant for the filter is
0.1 s. If filter time is set to 0, the low-pass filter function is disabled. Some level of
filtering is recommended as it generally improves the accuracy and noise immunity.

Figure 17 Filtering of analog reference signals

The time that it takes the inverter to respond to the Puser reference depends on the
method used to set the reference. If you set Puser using analog reference signals, the
overall response time is approximately 10 ms. If you set Puser using Modbus
communication, the overall response time will be slightly higher due to the Modbus
transportation delay.

The effect of the “Power Ref. Ramp Time” parameter is illustrated in Figure 18. The
default value for “Power Ref. Ramp Time” is 0.

Figure 18 Power ramping time

Table 11 lists the user settings for controlling active power in PQ dispatch mode.

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Table 11 User settings for active power control in PQ dispatch mode

Register Default Min Register
Max Value Description Units
Address Value Value Name

Selects the input for active and reactive power level

command.
MODBUS
Commands are received via serial communication
Power port using Modbus protocol (PQ dispatch mode and
0xFA48 MODBUS MODBUS ANALOG Reference N/A
Ppf dispatch mode).
Selection
ANALOG
Input Commands are received via analog input
(inverter’s connector XT14. PQ dispatch mode
only).

User Requested active power output (Puser) from the

540.0/630.0/ Active
0xFA19 733.0* 0.0 inverter.This value can be dynamically changed via kW
680.0/733.0 Power
Limit “Power Reference Selection” parameter.

Maximum apparent power output from the inverter.

User If the reactive power command (Quser) combined
540.0/630.0/ Apparent
0xFA1D 720.0/733.0 0 with the active power command (Puser) exceeds the kVA
680.0/733.0 Power
Limit “User Apparent Power Limit”, delivering reactive
power has priority over delivering active power.

User Maximum AC current limit as a percentage of

Phase
0xFA1E 100 100 5 nominal line current. The inverter will limit the AC %
Current
Limit output current to this value.

Time constant for active power command analog

P Analog input signal first order low-pass filter. To disable the
0x408F 0.10 30 0 Filter sec
filter, set the parameter to 0. Related to “User Active
Timer
Power Limit” parameter above.

Power change response rate for active power user

reference changes (parameter “User Active Power

Power Limit”) as the ratio between the inverter nominal

0xFA35 50 20000 20 Ref. Ramp power and “Power Ref. Ramp Time”. For example, ms
Time setting this parameter to 50 will make a 680 Kw
inverter to respond with 13.5 Kw/msec power output
changes (680 / 50 = 13.5).

*Model-dependent (the value shown is for XC733-NA models only).

User Reactive Power Reference

Users can command a reactive power level in PQ dispatch mode using the “User
Reactive Power Reference” setting. You can set the “User Reactive Power Reference”
(Quser) using either Modbus communication, the front panel user interface, or analog

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reference signals (4 mA-20 mA). The analog reference signals correspond to the
following Q settings:

n 4 mA = -Qmax

n 12 mA = 0 kVAr

n 20mA = Qmax

The signals from 4-20 mA are digitized and then passed through a digital low-pass filter
as illustrated in Figure 19. The filter is a first order filter with time constants that can be
adjusted via parameter "Q-analog Filter Timer". The default time constant for the filter is
0.1 s. If filter time is set to 0, the low-pass filter function is disabled. Some level of
filtering is recommended as it generally improves the accuracy and noise immunity.

Figure 19 Filtering of analog reference signals

The time that it takes the inverter to respond to the Quser reference depends on the
method used to set the reference. If you set Quser using analog reference signals, the
overall response time is approximately 10 ms. If you set Quser using Modbus
communication, the overall response time will be slightly higher due to the Modbus
transportation delay.

The maximum reactive power (Qmax ) and the minimum reactive power (Qmin) settings
are the same in both PV mode and PVCQ mode, at:

XC540 or XC630 or XC680 or

XC733-NA
XC540-NA XC630-NA XC680-NA

± 540 kVAr ± 630 kVAr ± 680 kVAr ± 733 kVAr

If the reactive power command Quser combined with the active power output exceeds the
maximum apparent power of the inverter, then reactive power will have priority over
active power.

Table 12 lists the user settings for controlling reactive power in PQ dispatch mode.

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Table 12 User settings for reactive power control in PQ dispatch mode

Register Default Max Min Register
Description Units
Address Value Value Value Name

Selects the input for active and reactive power

level command.
MODBUS
Commands are received via serial communication
Power port using Modbus protocol (PQ dispatch mode
0xFA48 MODBUS MODBUS ANALOG Reference N/A
and Ppf dispatch mode).
Selection
ANALOG
Input Commands are received via analog input
(inverter’s connector XT14. PQ dispatch mode
only).

User Reactive Requested reactive power output (Quser) from the

0xFA1B 0.0 +733.0* -733.0* Power inverter. This value can be dynamically changed kVAr
Reference via “Power Reference Selection” parameter.

Time constant for reactive power command analog

Q Analog input signal first order low-pass filter. To disable
0x4090 0.10 30 0 sec
Filter Timer the filter, set the parameter to 0. Related to “User
Reactive Power Reference” parameter above.

*Model-dependent (the value shown is for XC733-NA models only).

Ppf Dispatch Mode

In Ppf dispatch mode, the plant control center sends the “User Active Power Limit”
(Puser) and the “User Phase Angle Reference” (φuser) to the inverter.

The power factor (pf) at the inverter output terminal will be:

pf = cos φuser

If φ < 0, the inverter will be underexcited (inductive). If φ > 0, the inverter will be
overexcited (capacitive).

The inverter accepts the “User Phase Angle Reference” (φuser) if the operating mode is
PV and at the same time Quser = 0. Otherwise, the inverter ignores the φuser reference
and accepts the “User Reactive Power Reference” (Quser).

In contrast to PQ dispatch mode, Ppf dispatch mode accepts user references only via
Modbus. If analog input is selected, the only available dispatch mode is PQ. Also if Quser
is not 0, the only available dispatch mode is PQ. Table 13 lists the user settings for
controlling active and reactive power in Ppf dispatch mode.

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Table 13 User settings for active and reactive power control in Ppf dispatch mode
Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Requested active power output (Puser) from the

540.0/630.0/ User Active Power inverter. This value can be dynamically
0xFA19 733.0* 0.0 kW
680.0/733.0 Limit changed via “Power Reference Selection”
parameter

Phase angle for Var Command (positive for

User Phase Angle
0xF9FB 0 +45 -45 capacitive reactive power, negative for deg
Reference
inductive reactive power).

*Model-dependent (the value shown is for XC733-NA models only).

Voltage Regulation
Grid voltage is regulated at the inverter terminal by producing or absorbing reactive power
(QAVR). This section describes the two methods of voltage regulation: reactive power
droop function and power factor schedule function.

Reactive Power Droop Function

In voltage regulation, the adjustable parameters Vi1, Vi2, Vs1, and Vs2 define the voltage
control gain and the target or reference level. The Q(V) function is enabled if the
“Vac-Regulation” parameter (see Table 14 on page 44) is equal to 1. Figure 20 illustrates
the standard voltage regulation curve.

Figure 20 Standard voltage regulation curve

The change of reactive power for voltage regulation is a function of voltage as follows:

Reactive power (QAVR) is calculated using the following equations:

if

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if

if

if

if

The compensation level (QAVR) is an additive reactive power component as illustrated in

Figure 21. Table 14 lists the settings for regulating voltage levels.

The reactive power droop function can be disabled automatically (lock out) or enabled
(lock in) based on the current level of active power P. In order to droop reactive power
permanently, regardless of active power, set the “Q(V), P Lock_in” and “Q(V), P Lock_
out” parameters to 0. When selecting the lock in and lock out delay times (“P Lock_in
Delay” and “P Lock_out Delay”), it is recommended to set them longer than the LV and
HV disconnect delay times as this will prevent reactive power discontinuities during
LVRT and HVRT.

Figure 21 Reactive power compensation

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Table 14 Voltage regulation settings

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Voltage regulation function options:

OFF

Function deactivated.
Q(V) REGULATION
Automatic absorption according to Q=f(V). The
change of reactive power for voltage regulation is
PHI(P) a function of grid voltage.
0xFB58 OFF OFF Vac-Regulation N/A
REGULATION PHI(P) REGULATION
Automatic adjustment according to cos φ f(P)3 .
Uses power factor based on active power output
to adjust reactive power automatically. The
purpose of this option is to avoid voltage swells
when the generator is delivering a significant
amount of active power.

Voltage superior high threshold as a percentage

of “System L-to-L voltage”. Used when “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” option is selected for “Vac-Regulation”. It
0xFB59 110 140 60 Q(V), V2s determines the change of reactive power for %
voltage regulation together with “Q(V), V1s”, “Q
(V), V1i”, and “Q(V), V2i”. Used when option “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” is selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

Voltage superior low threshold as a percentage of

“System L-to-L voltage”. Used when “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” option is selected for “Vac-Regulation”. It
0xFB5A 108 140 60 Q(V), V1s determines the change of reactive power for %
voltage regulation together with “Q(V), V2s”, “Q
(V), V1i”, and “Q(V), V2i”. Used when option “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” is selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

3 For details, see Power Factor Schedule Function on page 46.

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Register Default Max Min

Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Voltage inferior high threshold as a percentage of

“System L-to-L voltage”. Used when “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” option is selected for "Vac-Regulation”. It
0xFB5B 92 140 60 Q(V), V1i determines the change of reactive power for %
voltage regulation together with “Q(V), V2s”, “Q
(V), V1s”, and “Q(V), V2i”. Used when option “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” is selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

Voltage inferior low threshold as a percentage of

“System L-to-L voltage”. Used when “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” option is selected for “Vac-Regulation”. It
0xFB5C 90 140 60 Q(V), V2i determines the change of reactive power for %
voltage regulation together with “Q(V), V2s”, “Q
(V), V1s”, and “Q(V), V1i”. Used when option “Q(V)
Regulation: automatic absorption according to Q
= f(V)” is selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

Threshold to enable voltage regulation function. If

active output power is above this threshold level
for longer than “P Lock_in delay”, the voltage
regulation function will be enabled. If “Q(V), P
0xFB66 20 100 0 Q(V), P Lock_in Lock_in” and “Q(V), P Lock_out” are set to zero, %
voltage regulation function ignores active power
level. Used when option “Q(V) Regulation:
automatic absorption according to Q = f(V)” is
selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

Threshold to disable voltage regulation function. If

active output power is below this threshold level
for longer than “P Lock_out delay”, the voltage
regulation function will be disabled. If “Q(V), P
0xFB67 5 100 0 Q(V), P Lock_out Lock_out” and “Q(V), P Lock in” are set to zero, %
voltage regulation function ignores active power
level. Used when option “Q(V) Regulation:
automatic absorption according to Q = f(V)” is
selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

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Register Default Max Min

Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Period of time the active output power must be

above “Q(V), P Lock_in” before voltage regulation
function is activated. Used in all “Vac-Regulation”
0xFB68 0.20 600.00 0.00 P Lock_in Delay sec
options. Set this parameter longer than the LV
and HV disconnect delay times to prevent reactive
power discontinuities during LVRT and HVRT.

Period of time the active output power must be

below “Q(V), P Lock_out” before voltage
regulation function is disabled. Used in all “Vac-
P Lock_out
0xFB69 0.20 600.00 0.00 Regulation” options. Set this parameter longer sec
Delay
than the LV and HV disconnect delay times to
prevent reactive power discontinuities during
LVRT and HVRT.

Power Factor Schedule Function

An alternative type of voltage regulation uses power factor based on active power output
to adjust reactive power automatically. The power factor is scheduled based on the
amount of active power. The purpose of this function is to avoid voltage swells when the
generator is delivering a significant amount of active power. According to this function,
the generator will absorb reactive power (inductive compensation) each time that the grid
voltage and the amount of active power are high. The net effect is a flatter voltage profile
along transmission lines which contain a mix of distributed generators and loads.

The software circuit diagram of the activation logic is shown in Figure 22 on page 46.

Figure 22 Activation logic for power factor schedule function

The cosφ = f(Pout) function is a piece-wise linear function as shown in Figure 23, where
by convention a negative non-unity power factor indicates an underexcited or inductive
mode. Compensation is activated if grid voltage exceeds the Vlock-in level. The
adjustable parameters of this function are Pb and PFc .

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Figure 23 Voltage regulation according to active power output curve

If the function cosφ = f(P) is activated and the active output power is above Pb, then the
power factor will be a linear function of output active power, as shown in the following
equation:

The function cosφ = f(P) will deactivate if Vgrid drops below Vlock-out or if output power is
below Pb (also called initial activation power).

As with the reactive power droop function4 , the function cosφ = f(Pout) is an additive
reactive compensation function, illustrated in on page 42.

In the power factor schedule function, Qavr is calculated iteratively as:

where

and

4 See Reactive Power Droop Function on page 42.

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Table 15 lists the settings for controlling voltage using this method.

Table 15 Voltage regulation settings according to active power output

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Voltage regulation activation threshold as a

percentage of active output power. Active output
power equal or greater than this value activates
0xFB5E 50 100 20 Phi(P), Pb %
the function. Levels below this value deactivate
the function. Used when option “Phi (P)
Regulation“ is selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

Target power factor at 100% output power. This

value is used to calculate the reactive power to be
0xFB5F 0.90 0.99 0.01 Phi(P), PFc commanded as a function of active output power. 1
Used when option “Phi (P) Regulation” is selected
for “Vac-Regulation”.

Threshold as a percentage of “System L-to-L

voltage” to enable voltage regulation function. If
grid voltage is above this threshold level for
0xFB60 105 140 60 Phi(P), Vlock_in longer than “P Lock_in delay”, the voltage %
regulation function will be enabled. Used when
option “Phi (P) Regulation” is selected for “Vac-
Regulation”.

Threshold as a percentage of “System L-to-L

voltage” to disable voltage regulation function. If
grid voltage is below this threshold level for longer
0xFB61 100 140 60 Phi(P), Vlock_out %
than “P Lock_out delay”, the voltage regulation
function will be disabled. Used when option “Phi
(P) Regulation” is selected for “Vac-Regulation”.

Power-Frequency Droop Function

The PV generator can adjust active power as a response to the grid frequency level,
using the power-frequency droop function. This function improves grid stability in cases
where there is a mismatch between produced and consumed energy.The two types of
power-frequency droop function implemented in the Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-
NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB are hysteretic power-frequency droop and
non-hysteretic power-frequency droop.

Hysteretic Power-Frequency Droop Function

In the hysteretic function, if frequency exceeds the “P(f) Control, Corner Frequency”
parameter, the active power level will be locked and derated based on the locked level
and the actual grid frequency as shown in Figure 24 on page 49.

Parameter “P(f) Control, Slope” is used if “P(f) Type 1” is selected. “P(f) Control, Slope” =
% of change / nominal grid frequency.

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The equation is: ∆P = “P(f) Control, Slope” * Pm * (“P(f) Control, Corner Freq” – Fgrid)
Where: PM = actual output power before grid frequency reaches “P(f) Control, Corner
Freq”. Fgrid = actual grid frequency.

Figure 24 Hysteretic power-frequency droop function profile

Table 16 lists the hysteretic power-frequency droop function settings.

Table 16 Hysteretic power-frequency droop function settings

Register Default Max Min Register
Description Units
Address Value Value Value Name

Power-Frequency Droop Function:

OFF

Function deactivated.
P(F) TYPE1 = HYSTERETIC MODE
If frequency exceeds the “P(f) Control, Corner Freq”
parameter, the active power level will be locked
and derated based on "P(f) Control, Slope"
parameter.
P(F) TYPE2 = NON-HYSTERETIC MODE
The amount of Plimit (f) is programmable as a
P(f) Control piece-wise linear function defined by the
0xF9F6 OFF P(F) TYPE2 OFF N/A
Function coordinates (PA, fA); (PB, fB); (PC, fC) and (PD, fD).

Where:
PA = “P(f)2, A Frequency” parameter
PB = “P(f)2, B Frequency” parameter
PC = “P(f)2, C Frequency” parameter
PD = “P(f)2, D Frequency” parameter
fA = “P(f)2, A Power” parameter
fB = “P(f)2, B Power” parameter
fC = “P(f)2, C Power” parameter
fD = “P(f)2, D Power” parameter

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Register Default Max Min Register

Description Units
Address Value Value Value Name

Power-Frequency Droop Function Reset Slew

Rate Type:
RESET RESET RESET RESET BASED ON NOMINAL
P(f), Slew
0x40BB BASED ON BASED ON BASED ON Power recovery slope is based on nominal power. N/A
Rate Type
NOMINAL SNAPSHOT NOMINAL RESET BASED ON SNAPSHOT
Power recovery slope is based on snapshot of
power taken when frequency variation starts.

Time to recover from active power control as a

function of frequency. This parameter determines
the slope for “P(f), Slew Rate Type” (which
P(f) Control,
0xFA58 120 1800 0 determines the target power). The actual time may sec
Reset Time
be less than the value set in this parameter
because the ramp step assumes that the device
starts at 0% power.

P(f) Control, Frequency at which “P(f) Control Function” starts

0xFA29 50.2 70.0 50.0 Corner reducing power. Parameter used if “P(f) Type 1” is Hz
Frequency selected.

Active power slope used by “P(f) Control Function

P(f) Control, Type 1” to reduce power (as a percentage of the
0xFA34 40 100 1 %/Hz
Slope active power present when “P(f) Control, Corner
Freq” was reached).

Frequency reset high threshold. This parameters

and “P(f) Control, Reset Freq. Low” are the reset
thresholds for the inverter to recover from power
P(f) Control, derating. They are lower than “P(f) Control, Corner
0xFA28 50.05 64.00 47.00 Reset Freq. Hz
Frequency” and are set equal to each other by
High
default. If they are not equal they form a power
recovery range within which the inverter will
recover.

Frequency reset low threshold. This parameter and

“P(f) Control, Reset Freq. High” are the reset
thresholds for the inverter to recover from power
P(f) Control, derating. They are lower than “P(f) Control, Corner
0xFB96 50.05 64.00 47.00 Reset Freq. Hz
Frequency” and are set equal to each other by
Low
default. If they are not equal they form a power
recovery range within which the inverter will
recover.

Delay to start ramp up power when “P(f) Control,

P(f) Control,
0xFB97 0 900 0 Reset Freq. High” is reached. Parameter used if “P sec
Reset Delay
(f) Type 1” is selected.

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Non-Hysteretic Power-Frequency Droop Function

The non-hysteretic P(f) function produces an active power limit effect as illustrated in the
following figures:

Figure 25 P(f) function imposing limits on inverter output active power

Figure 26 Non-hysteretic power frequency droop function profile

It is possible to activate a snapshot function using the “P(f)2, P Snapshot” parameter.

The default for this parameter is OFF .

If snapshot is enabled and frequency exceeds “P(f)2, F Lock_in” longer than “P(f)2, Lock_
in Delay”, an active power snapshot will be taken. The Plimit level will be denormalized
based on the snapshot level. If frequency drops below “P(f)2, F Lock_out” longer than “P
(f)2, Lock_out Delay”, the unit is normalized to Pnominal. If frequency increases again, a
new snapshot will be recorded.

P(f)2, P Snapshot determines whether the reference power used by “P(f) Control
Function” is nominal output power or power from snapshot. Off: Nominal output power is
used as reference. On: Snapshot power is used as reference. Snapshot power is the
output power present in the system when the grid frequency exceeds “P(f)2, F Lock_in”
for “P(f)2, Lock_in Delay” amount of time.

Figure 27 on page 52 illustrates the dependencies that affect the non-hysteretic power
frequency droop function.

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Figure 27 Non-hysteretic power frequency droop dependencies

Table 17 lists the non-hysteretic power-frequency droop function settings. In order to

enable this function, the “P(f) Control Function” must be set at 2.

Table 17 Non-hysteretic power-frequency droop function settings

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Corner A frequency coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB6E 48.00 70.00 40.00 P(f)2, A Frequency Hz
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner B frequency coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB6F 49.80 70.00 40.00 P(f)2, B Frequency Hz
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner C frequency coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB70 50.20 70.00 40.00 P(f)2, C Frequency Hz
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner D frequency coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB71 52 70.00 40.00 P(f)2, D Frequency Hz
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner A power coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB72 100.0 100.0 5.0 P(f)2, A Power %
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner B power coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB73 95.0 100.0 5.0 P(f)2, B Power %
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner C power coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB74 95.0 100.0 5.0 P(f)2, C Power %
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

Corner D power coordinate when “P(f) Type 2”

0xFB75 35.0 100.0 5.0 P(f)2, D Power %
mode is selected for “P(f) Control Function”.

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Register Default Max Min

Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

It determines whether the reference power used

by “P(f) Control Function” is nominal output power
or power from snapshot.
OFF

Nominal output power is used as reference .

0xFB76 OFF ON OFF P(f)2, P Snapshot N/A
ON

Snapshot power is used as reference. Snapshot

power is the output power present in the system
when the grid frequency exceeds “P(f)2, F Lock_
in” for “P(f)2, Lock_in Delay” amount of time.

Frequency threshold for power snapshot when “P

(f)2, P Snapshot” parameter is set to On. When the
grid frequency exceeds “P(f)2, F Lock_in” for “P
0xFB77 50.10 70.00 40.00 P(f)2, F Lock_in Hz
(f)2, Lock_in Delay” amount of time, “P(f) Control
Function” uses the existing output power as
reference.

Frequency threshold to go back to using nominal

output power reference when “P(f)2, P Snapshot”
parameter is set to On. When the grid frequency is
0xFB78 50.00 70.00 40.00 P(f)2, F Lock_out below “P(f)2, F Lock_out” for “P(f)2, Lock_out Hz
Delay” amount of time, “P(f) Control Function”
goes back to using nominal output power as
reference.

Amount of time the grid frequency must be above

0xFB79 200 10000 0 P(f)2, Lock_in Delay “P(f)2, F Lock_in” before “P(f) Control Function” ms
starts using snapshot power as reference.

Amount of time the grid frequency must be below

“P(f)2, F Lock_out” before “P(f) Control Function”
0xFB7A 200 10000 0 P(f)2, Lock_out Delay ms
goes back to using nominal output power as
reference.

Active Power Smoothing

Abrupt changes in output active power can occur when the light conditions are good but
clouds are moving quickly overhead. To prevent frequency or power flow disturbances,
utilities may limit the rate of change for active power production.

The Conext Core XC, Conext Core XC-NA and Conext Core XC, 0G-XC-BB inverters
can be programmed to limit the positive active power slew rate. By setting the “Power
Ramp Rate” parameter
(%/min), the user can limit the active power rate of rise to the set level. The inverter
cannot control the negative slew rate, which is a function of average irradiance decline
over the solar field.

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The effect of power smoothing is illustrated in Figure 28 on page 54.

Figure 28 Active power smoothing

By default, active power smoothing is disabled (desensitized) where the “Power Ramp
Rate” = 6000%/min. In order to limit the rate of rise, set “Power Ramp Rate” to the
desired level.

Table 18 lists the active power smoothing settings.

Table 18 Active power smoothing settings

Register Default Max Min
Register Name Description Units
Address Value Value Value

Limits the output power rise rate per minute as a

percentage of nominal power output . This value
is used to smooth power changes in fast moving
cloud situations.
0xFB62 6000.0 6000.0 0.5 Power Ramp Rate %/min
For example, setting this parameter to 0.5 will
result in a power ramp rate of 3.4kW/min in a
680kW inverter (680 * 0.005 = 3.4). Set to 6000.0
to deactivate this function.

Minimum power ramp step when “Power Ramp

0xFB63 2.0 50.0 0.0 Min. Power Ramp Step kW
Rate” is activated.

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please ask for confirmation of the information given in this publication.

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