LESSON 4:

CITING SOURCES
OBJECTIVES:

➢ Identify the importance of citations;

➢ Differentiate intext citation to reference citation;

➢ Identify the different citation styles appropriate for a specific discipline; and

➢ Evaluate in-text citations and reference citations.

Why citing sources is important?

➢ To give credit to the original sources of a work (to avoid being charge in plagiarism)

➢ To promote scholarly writing (you thoroughly use related and existing ideas or information from an expert and to properly
attribute these to the original source)

➢ To help your target audience identify your original source (for their verification if the information or to learn more about the
information from the original source and to identify the location of the original source used in your paper)
CITATION STYLES

STYLE MEANING DISCIPLINE

GUIDES
APA AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Psychology, education, hotel and restaurant management, business, economics,
and other social sciences
MLA MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION Literature, arts, humanities
IEEE INSTITUTE of ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONIC
Engineering
ENGINEERS
AMA AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION Medicine, health sciences, and other natural sciences
CHICAGO/ Reference books (Encyclopedia, Atlas), non-academic periodicals (newspaper,
TURABIAN magazines, journals)
FORMS OF CITATIONS:
1. IN-TEXT CITATION
= A form of citation that is used in a certain part of a text/essay.

a. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying (Kraiser, 2011).

2. REFERENCE CITATION
= refers to the complete bibliographic entries of all reference used by the writers.

• Hughes, J. (2004). Problem-solving interactions between mothers and children. New York: Booklore Publishing Corporation. Print.
• Hughes, J. (2004). Problem-solving interactions between mothers and children: Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 26(1), 1-16.
• James, Henry. The Health Benefits of Regular Exercise. Rockville: Serenity, 2009. Print.

* These two forms of citation are dependent on each other. Once the source is cited in-text, it should also appear in reference list to have the consistency of
the source.
GUDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATION

MLA Handbook 7th Edition (Chapter 6) and MLA Style

AUTHOR’S APA 6th Edition (pp 169-179) Basic Citation Rules
Manual, 3rd Edition (Chapter 7)

a. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying a. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with
(Kraiser, 2011). bullying (Kraiser 70).

b. Kraiser (1998) found that the most important element in comprehending b. Kraiser found that the most important element comprehending
non-native speech is familiarity with the topic. non- native speech is familiarity with the topic (70).
Single
c. Kraiser (2012) has concluded that the most important element in
comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
d. According to Kraiser (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for
first-time learners.

a. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying
(Kraiser & Dwight, 2011). a. The most important element in comprehending non-native
b. Kraiser and Dwight (1998) found that the most important element in speech is familiarity with the topic (Kaiser and Dwight 54).
comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
c. Kraiser and Dwight (2012) have concluded that the most important b. Kraiser and Dwight found that the most important element in
Two comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the
element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
authors topic (54).
d. According to Dwight and Kraiser (1998), APA style is a difficult citation
format for first-time learners.
 a. The most important element in comprehending non-native
speech is familiarity with the topic (Kaiser, Dwight, and Beat
Three 54).
Authors
b. Kraiser, Dwight, and Beat found that the most important
element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with
the topic (54).

* Can either use the first author’s name followed by et al. or

More than
you can list all the authors’ name.
three
authors
a. The most important element in comprehending non-native
speech is familiarity with the topic (Kraiser et al. 54).

b. Kraiser, Dwight, Beat, and Enriquez found that the most

important element in comprehending non-native speech is
familiarity with the topic (54).
 First Citation

a. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying
(Sanchez, Kraiser, & Dwight, 2011).

b. Sanchez, Kraiser, and Dwight (1998) found that the most important
element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the
topic.

c. Sanchez, Kraiser, and Dwight (2012) have concluded that the most
important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity
Three to with the topic.
five
authors d. According to Sanchez , Dwight, and Kraiser (1998), APA style is a
difficult citation format for first- time learners.

Subsequent:

a. Sanchez et al. (1998) found that the most important element in

comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

b. Role-play can help children learn techniques for coping with bullying
(Sanchez et al., 2011).

c. Sanchez et al. (1998) found that the most important element in

comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.

Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in
Six or parentheses.
seven First citation:
authors (Phelps et al., 2004)
Subsequent citations:
(Phelps et al., 2004)
 If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the
organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time
you cite the source.
Group
Example:
author
*According to the American Psychological Association (2000) ,...
First citation:
(American Psychological Association [APA], 2000)
Subsequent citations:
(APA, 2000)

* If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal * If the print source does not list an author, use the shortened
Unknown phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and title of the work enclosed in quotation marks in place of the
Author/ reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles, chapters, and web author’s name
pages are in quotation marks.
No authors EXAMPLE
listed EXAMPLE 1. A similar study was done of students learning to format
research papers
1. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA 25").
("Using APA," 2001).
1.2 ("None to Claim Their Bones 24")
1.2 (None to Claim Their Bones, 1888)

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as
the author's name
(Anonymous 24). In the reference list, use the name
(Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the Anonymous as the author.
author.
 ➢ With less than 40 words (include the page number/s enclosed in ➢ Not exceeding four lines
parenthesis)
▪ Use double quotation marks to enclose direct quotes.
Note: When to use "p." and "pp." ▪ Give the author’s last name and the page number inside the
parenthetical citation.
Use "p." (for one page) and "pp." (for multiple pages) to indicate page
numbers when citing newspaper articles and book chapters. Omit them 1. One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic
when citing journal and magazine articles. of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire
message” (Gass 85).
1. One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass, 1984, p. ▪ When the author’s last name used in the text, enclose the
85). page only at the end of the sentence.

2. According to Gass (1984) “the listener's familiarity with the topic of 2. Gass found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of
discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85). discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire
Direct message” (85).
Quotations 3. He claimed that “beginners found the APA style guide too complex”
(Sipacio, 2014, p.56) because of several factors. ▪ If the punctuation is a part of your own text, place them
outside after the citation(see example)
4. One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass, 1984, pp. 3. Would it be fair to say that “adhering to a style is a mark of
85-93).
discipline” (Miranda 56)?
➢ With 40 words or more: ➢ With more than four lines of a text:

▪ Start your quotation in a new line with ½ indention on the left margin. ▪ Start your quotation in a new line.
▪ No need to enclose long quotations in quotation marks, place the ▪ No need to enclose the whole text in double quotation
parenthetical citation after the period marks.
▪ Use a block quotation that is indented 1 inch from the left
(See example found in your book) margin and double spaced when you use a four-line or more
direct quote and add the reference number at the end of the
Note: quote after the period.
Although not Required APA encourages you to indicate the page
numbers even in paraphrase and summaries. Place the period after the (see example in your book)
citation when it is at the end of the sentence.
*If your source quotes another text, use “qtd. in” (which
Example stands for as “quoted in”) in the parenthetical remarks (see
Summary: According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation example)
format for first- time learners.
a. Albios claimed that “the level of complexity differs to each
1. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, person ” (qtd. in Biwang 56) because of several factors.
1998, p. 199).
* If the pages are continues, use a dash between the first and
* If date of your citation is not available, use "(n.d.)" (for "no date") last page used.
Example: b. Maurice Holmes of Xerox Corp feels the only way the U.S.
(Knowles, n.d.) will gain a competitive edge is by utilizing information
technology to " learn faster than the rest of the world" (qtd. in
* If no page numbers are available, Imparato 179-180).
include paragraph numbers instead (para. #). If no paragraph numbers are *If no page numbers are available
available, you can count paragraphs starting at the top of the document and include paragraph numbers instead (para. #). If no paragraph
moving downwards. numbers are available, you can count paragraphs starting at the
top of the document and moving downwards.
Example: (Alderdice, 2014, para. 15)
 Example: (Alderdice, para. 2)

How to cite secondary sources that were cited research (a citation of a

citation)?

Name the original work in-text and add the original date of publication in
parentheses after the author’s name. Provide the secondary source
information in parentheses at the end of the sentence with the words “as
cited in.”

In-text citation example:

Albios’ (2005) research indicates that fog can make some people feel calm
and at ease (as cited in Gomez, 2009). Provide only the secondary source in
the reference list
 IEEE Editorial Style Manual, 2014 (p34) AMA Manual of Style 10th edition, (Section 1, Part 3)

▪ In this style there is no need to add the author; page number;

▪ In this style there is no need to name the author; page number; or date of or date or year of publication in the in-text citation.
publication in the in-text citation. ▪ Each reference is assigned a number according to the order in
▪ The references are numbered according to the order in which they were
which it was cited in the text
cited in the text.
▪ The number reference is placed in the superscript after the
▪ The reference numbers which appear in the text have to be enclosed in
period in the sentence.
brackets.
▪ The reference number has to correspond to the full
▪ The reference number has to correspond to the full bibliographic details
bibliographic details of the text in the reference list of your
of the text in the reference list of your paper.
paper

IN-TEXT:
Example:
Example:
1. (Paragraph 2) Sipacio claimed that IEEE style is complex [1]. IN-TEXT

Mangubat said that there are reasons why it has been

2. (Paragraph 5) AMA style is required for Health Science majors. 1
claimed that using on IEEE formatting style is
complex [2].
▪ When two articles of different authors are cited, use a
comma to separate the reference numbers.
AMA style is required for Health Science majors. 2,6

REFERENCE:
REFERENCE:
[1] B. Sipacio, Citation for Engineering. Chicago: Skyward
Publishing,2010. 1. Cruz Y. Citation Guide for the Natural Sciences. Chicago:
Medical Publishing,2013.
▪ Enclose with quotation marks when you direct quote that is
less than four lines and add the reference number after the
closing quotation mark.
“ Beginners found AMA style guide too complex.”1

▪ Use a block quotation that is indented 1/2 inch from the left
margin and double spaced when you use a four-line or more
direct quote and add the reference number at the end of the
quote after the period.
(see example in your book)