Suez Canal University
Faculty of Computers and Informatics
Department of Information Systems
Mid-Term Exam
Program: IS Course: Knowledge Based System Course Code: IS450
Level: 4th year Lecturer: Dr. Ben Bella S. Tawfik Date: November 14, 2022
Total Pages: 1 Total Marks: 10 Time Allowed: 60 min
Answer the following Questions
Question (1): [6 Marks]
a) If a particle moves from point P1 (1,1) to P2 (-3,-3), represent this knowledge in a
displacement form knowing the starting point P1 and ending point P2. Give a complete
algorithm (pseudo code), test your algorithm using the given case to obtain the displacement
vector.
Algorithm:
function [Theta]=theta1(P1,P2)
% function [theta]=theta1(P1,P2)
% This function calculate the angle
% between two station P1 sender, P2
% Receiver
deltaX=P2(1)-P1(1);
deltaY=P2(2)-P1(2);
if (deltaX == 0) && (deltaY >= 0)
Theta = pi/2;
elseif (deltaX == 0) && (deltaY < 0)
Theta=3*pi/2;
elseif (deltaX >= 0) && (deltaY == 0)
Theta=0;
elseif (deltaX < 0) && (deltaY == 0)
Theta=pi;
elseif (deltaX > 0) && (deltaY > 0)
Theta=atan(abs(deltaY/deltaX));
elseif (deltaX < 0) && (deltaY > 0)
Theta=pi-atan(abs(deltaY/deltaX));
Examination Committee 1
Ass. Prof. Ben Bella S. Tawfik
Suez Canal University
Faculty of Computers and Informatics
Department of Information Systems
elseif (deltaX < 0) && (deltaY < 0)
Theta=pi+atan(abs(deltaY/deltaX));
else (deltaX > 0) && (deltaY < 0);
Theta=2*pi-atan(abs(deltaY/deltaX));
end;
Theta=Theta*180/pi;
Testing:
Theta=180+45=225;
b) Draw the Graph which is represented by the following 01 matrix:
0 1 0 1
(0 0 0 1)
1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
c) State the Knowledge Representation Methods? Explain in details two types?
Logic and predicate calculus
Rules: production systems
Description logics, semantic nets, frames
Scripts
Ontologies
Examination Committee 2
Ass. Prof. Ben Bella S. Tawfik
Suez Canal University
Faculty of Computers and Informatics
Department of Information Systems
Logic and Predicate Calculus
• Very rich representation
• For big real-world problems has some significant issues:
– very bushy inference
– does not match human expert thinking very well
• excluded middle
• No good choice for “don’t know”
Semantic Nets
• graphical representation for propositional information
• originally developed by M. R. Quillian as a model for human memory
• labeled, directed graph
• nodes represent objects, concepts, or situations
– labels indicate the name
– nodes can be instances (individual objects) or classes (generic nodes)
• links represent relationships
– the relationships contain the structural information of the knowledge to be represented
– the label indicates the type of the relationship
d) In Rule-Based System, explain in brief the forward and backward chain?
Examination Committee 3
Ass. Prof. Ben Bella S. Tawfik
Suez Canal University
Faculty of Computers and Informatics
Department of Information Systems
• Forward chaining
Looks for the IF part of rule first
Selects path based upon meeting all of the IF requirements
• Backward chaining
Starts from conclusion and hypothesizes that it is true
Identifies IF conditions and tests their veracity
If they are all true, it accepts conclusion
If they fail, then discards conclusion
Question (2): [4 Marks]
a- Define the following terms:
- Knowledge . - Data. - Information.
Information
Data that are processed to be useful: "who", "what", "where", "when,” data that has been given
meaning
Knowledge
enhances the learning process
stimulates innovation in education
raise levels of productivity
speeds development
improves lives
Data
represents a fact or statement of event without relation to other things.
b- What is the knowledge based system? Explain its main components?
Examination Committee 4
Ass. Prof. Ben Bella S. Tawfik
Suez Canal University
Faculty of Computers and Informatics
Department of Information Systems
Components of KBS
Knowledge base is a
repository of domain Enriches
knowledge and the
metaknowledge. system
Knowle Inferen
Explana dge ce Self-
tion learning
and User interface
Provides
explanatio Friendly
n and interface
Figure 1.10: General to users
structure of KBS working
18
• Knowledge Base systems are intended to perform tasks which require some specialized
knowledge and reasoning.
• Medical diagnosis, geological analysis, and chemical compound identification are examples
of tasks to which Knowledge Base systems have been applied.
c- State the main differences between conventional and expert systems?
Conventional Systems Expert Systems
Knowledge and processing are combined Knowledge base is clearly separated from
in one sequential program the processing (inference) mechanism
(knowledge rules are separated from the
control)
Programs do not make mistakes (only Program may make mistakes.
programmers do)
Examination Committee 5
Ass. Prof. Ben Bella S. Tawfik
Suez Canal University
Faculty of Computers and Informatics
Department of Information Systems
Do not usually explain why input data are Explanation is a part of most expert
needed or how conclusions were drawn systems
The system operates only when it is The system can operate with only a few
completed rules (as a first prototype)
Execution is done on a step-by-step Execution is done by using heuristics and
(algorithmic) basis logic
Knowledge and processing are combined Knowledge base is clearly separated from
in one sequential program the processing (inference) mechanism
(knowledge rules are separated from the
control)
Needs complete information to operate Can operate with incomplete or uncertain
information
Effective manipulation of large databases Effective manipulation of large knowledge
bases
Representation and use of data Representation and use of knowledge
Efficiency is a major goal Effectiveness is a major goal
Easily deals with quantitative data Easily deals with qualitative data
Good Luck
Examination Committee 6
Ass. Prof. Ben Bella S. Tawfik
