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10 Trigonometric
Identities
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10.1 Introduction 10.1.2 Fundamental Law of trigonometry

In this section, we shall irst establish the fundamental law of trigonometry before Let a and b any two angles (real numbers), then
discussing the Trigonometric Identities. For this we should know the formula to ind the cos(a=- b) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
distance between two points in a plane. which is called the Fundamental Law of Trigonometry.

10.1.1 The Law of Cosine Proof: For our convenience, let us assume that a > b > 0.
Consider a unit circle with
Let P (x1 , y1) and Q (x2 , y2) be two points. If “ d “ denotes the distance between them, centre at origin O.
Let terminal sides o f angles a and b cut the unit circle at
then, d = PQ = ( x1 - x2 ) 2 + ( y1 - y2 ) 2
A and B respectively.
Evidently ∠AOB =- a b
= ( x2 - x1 ) 2 + ( y2 - y1 ) 2 Take a point C on the unit circle so that
∠XOC = ∠m AOB = -a b .
i.e., square root o f the sum of square the diference of x-coordinates and square the

Now angles a b and a - b are in standard position.

Join A,B and C,D.
diference o f y-coordinates.

∴ The coordinates o f A are (cos a, sin a)

the coordinates o f B are (cos b, sin b)
Example 1: Find distance between the following points:

the coordinates o f C are (cos a - b , sin a - b )

i) A(3,8) , B(5,6)
ii) P(cosx , cosy), Q(sinx , siny)
and the coordinates o f D are (1, 0).
Now ∆AOB and ∆COD are congruent.
Solution:
[(SAS) theorem]
Distance = AB = (3 - 5) 2 + (8 - 6) 2 = 4+4 = 8= 2 2
∴ AB =
i)
CD

= (5 - 3) + (6 - 8) = 4+4 = 8= 2 2 ⇒ AB =
2 2
2 2 CD
Using the distance formula, we have:
(cos a - cos b ) 2 + (sin a - sin b=
) 2 [(cos(a - b ) - 1]2 + [sin(a - b ) - 0]2
ii) Distance = (cos x - sin x) + (cos y - sin y )
2 2

⇒ cos 2 a + cos 2 b - 2cos a cos b + sin 2 a + sin 2 b - 2sin a sin b

= cos 2 x + sin 2 x - 2cos x sin x + cos 2 y + sin 2 y - 2cos y sin y
= cos 2 (a - b ) + 1 - 2cos(a - b ) + sin 2 (a - b )
-=
2 2cos-x sin x 2cos y sin y ⇒ 2 - 2 (cos a cos b + sin a sin b ) = 2 - 2cos(a - b )

-= + x sin x cos y sin y

2 2(cos Hence cos(a
= - b ) cos a cos b + sin a sin b .
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Note: Although we have proved this law for a > b > 0. it is true for all values of a and b   p p
sin  - 2 -
= -= 1
 p   
cos  a + = cos a . 0 + sin a .(-1)
sin
a and b. we can ind ⇒  
2
 2 cos  - p = cos p= 0
cos (a - b) using this law as explained in the following example:
Suppose we know the values of sin and cos of two angles
  2  2
p p 
Example 1: Find the value of cos ∴ cos  + a  = - sin a
2 
. (ii)
p p p
12
Solution: As =15 =45 - 30 = - 3) We known that
12 4 6
p p p  p p p p p 
∴ cos = cos  - =  cos cos + sin sin cos  - b  = sin b
4 6 2 
12 4 6 4 6 [(i) above]

3 +1 p
= . + = Putting b= + a in it, we get
1 3 1 1
. .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
p  p  p 
cos  -  + a =  +a 
2  2  2 
sin
10.2 Deductions from Fundamental Law
p 
⇒ cos(-a= sin  + a 
2 
1) We know that:
cos(a -=
b) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
)

p 
a
⇒ cos = sin  + a  cos( a ) cos a }
{ -=
p 2 
Putting a = in it, we get
p 
sin  + a  =
cos a
2
p  p p ∴
cos  =-b cos cos b + sin sin b 2 
(iii)
2  2 2
p   p p 
⇒ cos  - b  = 0. cos b + 1. sin b = =
4) We known that
 cos 1
cos(a=
- b) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
2   
0, sin
2 2

p  replacing b by -b we get
∴ cos  - b  =
sin b
2  cos[a -=
(- b )] cos a cos(- b ) + sin a sin(- b )

{ cos(- b ) =
cos b ,sin (- b ) =
- sin b }
2) We know that:
cos (a -=
b) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
⇒ cos(a=
+ b) cos a cos b - sin a sin b
p
Putting b = -
7
in it, we get
5) We known that
cos(a=
+ b) cos a cos b - sin a sin b
2
  p   p  p
cos a - =
-  cos a . cos  -  + sin a sin  - 
  2   2  2 p
replacing a by + a we get
2
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 p   p  p  sin 2p = 0
cos  + a  +=
b cos  + a  cos b - sin  + a  sin b = 0 . cosq - 1 . sin q 
 2   2  2  cos 2p = 1


p 
⇒ cos  + (a + b )  = - sin a cos b - cos a sin b = - sin q
2 
(viii)

sin(a + b ) sin a cos b + cos a sin b

⇒ - sin(a + b ) = - [sin a cos b + cos a sin b ] tan(a + b ) = =
cos(a + b ) cos a cos b - sin a sin b
9)
∴ sin(a=
+ b) sin a cos b + cos a sin b

sin a cos b cos a sin b  Dividing 

+  neumerator and 
cos a cos b cos a cos b
6) We known that
=  
cos a cos b sin a sin b  denuminator 
sin(a =
+ b) sin a cos b + cos a sin b -  
cos a cos b cos a cos b
 -cos a cos b 
[from (v) above]

replacing b by -b we get
tan a + tan b
sin(a -=
b) sin a cos(- b ) + cos a sin(- b ) ∴ tan(a + b ) =
1 - tan a tan b
(ix)

 sin(- b ) =- sin b

 cos(- b ) = cos b sin(a - b ) sin a cos b - cos a sin b
tan(a - b )= =
∴ sin(a =
- b) sin a cos b - cos a sin b cos(a - b ) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
10)
(vi)

sin a cos b cos a sin b  Dividing 

7) We known that -
cos a cos b cos a cos b  neumerator and 
cos(a=
- b) cos a cos b + sin a . sin b =  
cos a cos b sin a sin b
+  denuminator 
cos a cos b cos a cos b
Let a 2=
= p and b q
tan a - tan b
∴ tan(a - b ) =
∴ = p -q ) + 2p . cos q sin 2p sin q 1 + tan a tan b
(x)
cos(2 cos

cos 2p = 1
= 1 . cos q + 0 . sin q 
sin 2p = 0
 10.3 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles
= cos q The angles associated with basic angles of measure q to a right angle or its multiples
are called allied angles. So, the angles of measure 90° ± q , 180° ± q , 270° ± q , 360° ± q , are
8) a - b ) sin a . cos b - cos a . sin b
We known that sin(= known as allied angles.
Using fundamental law, cos(a - b ) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b and its deductions, we
∴ =
sin(2p -q ) sin 2p . cosq - cos 2p sin q
derive the following identities:
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Measure of the Quad.

 p  p  p 
 =  - q= -q = -
 q  q  q  cot q
angle
 2  2  2 
sin cos , cos sin , tan
 p
sin  p + q  = p  p  -q
  q  q + = - q  q+ = -q
I
  2  2  2 
cos , cos sin , tan cot 2

sin(p - q ) =sin q , cos(p q-) =- q , tan(p q ) - tan=

q- p

cos + q or p - q
sin(p + q ) =
- sin q , cos(p q+) =- q , tan(p q ) +tan q=
II
cos 2

3p
  3p   3p   3p  p + q or -q
- q -= q - q - = q -q  = cot q
III
     
      
sin cos , cos sin , tan 2

2 2 2
sin  3p + q -=cosq , cos  3p + q  = q
 3p 
q +- = cot q 3p
  2     + q or 2p - q
  2   2 
sin , tan Iv
2
sin(2p - q ) =
- sin q , cos(2p q-) cos
= q , tan(2p q ) - tan=
q-

sin(2p + q=
= ) sin+q = + p q ) cosq , tan(2p q ) tan q
p  p   3p   3p 
, cos(2
In sin  - q  , sin  + q  ,sin  - q  and sin  +q 
2  2   2   2 
a)
Note: The above results also apply to the reciprocals of sine, cosine and tangent. These
results are to be applied frequently in the study of trigonometry, and they can be p
odd multiplies of are involved.
remembered by using the following device:
∴
2

If q is added to or subtracted from odd multiple of right angle, the trigonometric

sin will change into cos.
1) Moreover, the angle of measure

p
ratios change into co-ratios and vice versa.

→ cos, 
→ cot, 
→ coses 
i.e, sin ←
 tan ←
 sec ←
  - q  will have terminal side in Quad.I,
2 
i)

p   3p  p 
= sin = - q  cos+q and cos  q sin q So sin  - q  =
cos q ;
2   2  2 
e.g.

p p 
If q is added to or subtracted from an even multiple of  + q  will have terminal side in Quad.II,
2 
2) the trigonometric ratios shall ii)

p 
2
remain the same.
So sin  + q  = cos q ;
3) So far as the sign of the results is concerned, it is determined by the quadrant in which 2 
 3p 
the terminal arm of the angle lies.
 - q  will have terminal side in Quad.III,
= p - q ) sin q , tan(
= p + q ) tan q , cos(2= p - q ) cos q  2 
iii)
e.g. sin(

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Example 3: Simplify:
 3p 
So sin  - q -=cosq ; sin(360 - q )cos(180 - q ) tan(180 + q )
 2 
sin(90 + q )cos(90 - q ) tan(360 + q )
 3p 
 + q  will have terminal side in Quad.Iv,
 2 
iv)
 sin(360 - q ) =- sin q , cos(180 q-) =-q

 3p
cos

So sin 

+ q -=cos q . Solution:  =
 tan(180=

+ q ) tan+q , sin(90 q ) cosq
 2   cos(90
= = - q ) sin+q , tan(360 q ) tan q



p sin(360 - q )cos(180 - q ) tan(180 + q ) (- sin q )(- cosq ) tan q

b) In cos(p - q ), cos(p + q ), cos(2p - q ) and cos(2p + q ) even multiples of are involved. ∴ = =
cosq . sin q . tan q cosq . sin q .tan q
∴
2 1
cos will remain as cos.

Moreover, the angle of measure

(p - q ) will have terminal side in Quad. II,
Exercise 10.1
i)
∴ cos(p - q ) = - cos q ; 1. Without using the tables, ind the values of:

ii) (p + q ) will have terminal side in Quad. III, i) sin (-780 ) ii) cot (-855 ) iii) csc(2040 )
∴ cos(p + q ) = - cos q ;
iv) sec(-960 ) v) tan (1110 ) vi) sin (-300 )
iii) (2p - q ) will have terminal side in Quad. IV:
∴ cos(2p - q ) = cos q ; 2. Express each of the following as a trigonometric function of an angle of positive degree
measure of less than 45°.
iv)(2p + q ) will have terminal side in Quad. I
∴ cos(2p + q ) = cos q .
i) sin 196 ii) cos 147 iii) sin 319

Example 2: Without using the tables, write down the values of: iv) cos 254 v) tan 294 vi) cos 728

vii) sin (-625 ) cos(-435 )

i) cos 315° ii) sin 540° iii) tan (-135°) iv) sec(-300°)
viii) ix) sin 150
Solution: 3. Prove the following:
sin (180 + a ) sin (90 - a ) -=sin a cos a
=cos(270 + 45) =cos(3 × 90 + 45) =
+ sin 45 =
   1 
i)
i) cos315
sin 780 sin 480 + cos120 sin 30 =
2 1
=sin(540 + 0) =
sin(6 × 90 + 0) =
+ sin 0 =
  
ii)
ii) sin 540 0 2

iii) tan(-135-) =tan135

- = 
- tan(180
- = ×45)- -tan(2
-=90 =
45) ( tan 45 ) 1 iii) cos306 + cos 234 + cos162 + cos18 =
0

iv) sec(-300 ) = sec300= sec(360 - 60)=


sec(4 × 90 - 60)= sec60=

2 iv) cos 330 sin 600 + cos120 sin150 =
1 -
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 3p
Prove that:

4.
sin 2 (p + q ) tan  +q   1   3   1  1  3 +1
 2  =   +  = 
= cos q  2  2   2  2 
2  3p  2
i)
cot  - q  cos (p - q )coses(2p - q )
2 2
 2 
= cos(45 + 30= ) cos 45 cos30 - sin 45 sin 30
cos(90 + q )sec(-q ) tan(180 - q )
 
cos75
= -1
 

sec(360 - q )sin(180 + q )cot(90 - q )

 1   3   1  1 
ii)
3 -1
If a, b, g are the angles of a triangle ABC, then prove that =   -  = 
 2  2   2  2 
5. 2 2
a + b  g tan 45 + tan 30
sin (a + b ) =
sin g cos   = sin = tan (45 + 30=
 2  1 - tan 45 tan 30
i) ii) tan 75  
) 
2
iii) cos(a + b ) -=cos g iv) tan (a + b ) + tan g = 0.

1+
3 +1
1
10.4 Further Application of Basic Identities = =
3 -1
3
1 - 1.
1
Example 1: Prove that 3
sin(a + b ) sin(a - b ) = sin 2 a - sin 2 b
3 -1
= =
(i)
= cos b - cos a
1
3 +1
2 2
(ii) cot 75
Solution: L.H.S. =sin(a + b ) sin(a - b )
tan 75

= + a cos b cos a sin b )(sin

- a cos b cos a sin b )
= = = =
(sin 1 2 2 1 2 2
= -sin 2 a cos 2 b cos 2 a sin 2 b 3 +1 3 -1
coses 75 and sec 75
sin 75 cos75
= sin 2 a (1 - sin 2 b ) - (1 - sin 2 a )sin 2 b
= sin 2 a - sin 2 a sin 2 b - sin 2 b + sin 2 a sin 2 b cos11 + sin11
= tan 56.
cos11 - sin11
Example 3: Prove that:
= sin 2 a - sin 2 b
 
(i)
= (1 - cos 2 a ) - (1 - cos 2 b ) Solution: Consider

= 1 - cos 2 a - 1 + cos 2 b tan 45 + tan11

R.H.S.= tan 56 = tan(45 + 11 ) =
= cos 2 b - cos 2 a 1 - tan 45 tan11
  

(ii)

1+
Example 2: Without using tables, ind the values of all trigonometric functions of 75°. sin11 
1 + tan11 cos11 + sin11
= = =


1 - tan11 sin11 cos11 - sin11

cos11
Solution: As = 45 + 30
= L.H.S.
1-
  
75
cos11
=
sin 75
sin (45 + 30=

) sin 45 cos30 + cos 45 sin 30

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cos11 + sin11  7  40   24  9 
= tan 56. =   -  +  -  - 
cos11 - sin11  25  41   25  41 
Hence  

-280 + 216
Example 4: If- cos a =
= , tan b the terminal side of the angle of measure a is in the II = = -
24 9 64
25 40 1025 1025

quadrant and that of b is in the III quadrant, ind the values of: and cos(a + b =
) cos a cos b - sin a sin b

sin (a + b ) cos (a + b )  24  40   7  9 
= -  -  -   - 
 25  41   25  41 
i) ii)

In which quadrant does the terminal side of the angle of measure (a + b ) lie?
960 + 63
=
Solution: We know that sin 2 a + cos 2 a =
1 1025

∴ sin a±=- 1 cos =

a± - 1± =±= =
576 49 7 1023
2
1025
sin (a + b ) is - ve and cos(a + b ) is + ve
625 625 25
As the terminal side o f the angle of measure of a is in the II quadrant, where sin a is 
positive.
\ The terminal arm of the angle of measure (a + b ) is in the IV quadrant.
∴ sin a =
Example 5: If a , b , g are the angles of ∆ABC prove that:
7
25

Now sec b =± 1 + tan ± b =

+ 1 = ±
tan a + tan b + tan g =
tan a tan b tan g
2 81 41
1600 40 i)
As the terminal side of the angle of measure of b in the III quadrant, so sec b is a b b g g a
ii) tan tan + tan tan + tan tan =1
negative 2 2 2 2 2 2

∴ sec-b =
41
and cos b = -
40 Solution: As a , b , g are theangles of ∆ ABC

a + b + g = 180
40 41
∴
sin b = ± 1 - cos 2 b = ± 1- =±
a +b = 180 - g
1600 9
1681 41 i)
As the terminal arm of the angle of measure b is in the III quadrant, so sin b is negative
∴ tan (a + b ) = tan (180 - g )
∴ sin-b =
tan a + tan b
9
⇒ tan g
= -
1 - tan a tan b
41
∴ sin (a +=
b) sin a cos b + cos a sin b
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⇒ tan a + tan b = - tan g + tan a tan b tan g = r sin (q + φ )

∴ tan a + tan b + tan g =

tan a tan b tan g =
= φ tan -1
4
Where r 5 and

a b g
3

ii) As a=
+ b + g 180 ⇒ +=+ 90 Exercise 10.2
2 2 2
Prove that
a b g
1.
So + = 90 - i) sin (180 + q ) =
- sin q ii) cos(180 + q ) =
- cosq
tan (270 - q ) =
cot q cos(q - 180- ) =cosq
2 2 2
a b   g
iii) iv)
∴ tan  + = tan  90 -  cos(270 + q ) =
sin q sin (q + 270
- ) =cosq
2 2  2
v) vi)
vii) tan (180 + q ) =
tan q viii) cos(360 - q ) =
cosq
a b
+ tan g
⇒ 2 =
=
tan
a b 2 tan g
2 1 2. Find the values o f the following:
1 - tan tan
cot
i) sin 15 ii) cos 15 iii) tan 15
a g b g a b
2 2 2

⇒ + tan - =
iv) sin 105 v) cos 105 vi) tan 105
(Hint: 15 =(45 30 ) and -105 45 ) = +
tan tan tan 1 tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2 (60 .

a b b g g a
3. Prove that:
∴ + tan + tan tan =
sin(45= +a) (sin a + cos a )
tan tan tan 1
2 2 2 2 2 2  1
i)
Example 6: Express 3 sin q + 4 cos q in the form r sin(q + φ ), where the terminal side of the
2

angle of measure φ is in the I quadrant. cos(a + = (cos a - sin a )

1
ii) 45 )
2

=
=
Solution: Let 3 r cos φ and 4 r sin φ 4. Prove that:
∴ 32 +=
42 r 2 cos 2 φ + r 2 sin 2 φ i) tan (45 + A) tan (45 - A) =
1
 r sin φ
= p   3p 
⇒ 9=+ 16 φ + sin φ )  r cos φ tan  - q  + tan  +q  =
4

 4   4 
r (cos 2 2 2
3 ii) 0
⇒ 25 = 
⇒ = tan φ  p  p
sin  q +  + cos  q +  =cosq
r2 4
⇒ 5 =   6  3
iii)

r 3
⇒ r = tan φ =
∴
5 4
 q
sin q - cos q tan
3
∴ 3sin q + 4cos
= q r cos φ sin q + r sin φ cos q 2 = tan q
q
iv)
= + r (sin q cos φ cosq sin φ ) cos q + sin q tan 2
2
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1 - tan q tan φ cos(q + φ ) tan a = b

and sin - = - side of the angle of
=
15 7
1 + tan q tan φ cos(q - φ )
v) ii) and neither the terminal
8 25
measure a nor that of b is in the Iv quadrant.
5. Show that: cos(a + b )cos(a - b=
) cos 2 a - sin 2 =
b cos 2 b - sin 2 a

sin(a + b ) + sin(a - b )
cos8 sin8
= tan a
11. Prove that tan 37
cos(a + b ) + cos(a - b )
6. Show that: cos8 sin8

a b g a b g
7. Show that: 12. If a , b , g are the angles of a triangle ABC, show that cot + cot + cot =
cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
cot a cot b - 1 If a + b + g =180 , show that
cot (a + b ) =
cot a + cot b
13.
i)

cot a cot b + 1 cot a cot b + cot b cot g + cot g cot a =

cot (a - b ) =
cot b - cot a
1
ii)

tan a + tan b sin(a + b ) Express the following in the form r sin (q + φ ) or r sin (q - φ ) , where terminal sides of
=
tan a - tan b sin(a - b )
14.
the angles of measures q and φ are in the irst quadrant:
iii)

p p 12 sin q + 5 cos q 3 sin q - 4 cos q iii) sin q - cos q

If sin a
8.=
= and cos b where 0<a < and 0<b < .
4 40 i) ii)
,
iv) 5 sin q - 4 cosq v) sin q + cos q . 3 sin q - 5 cos q
5 41 2 2
vi)
Show that sin (a - b ) = .
133
205
10.5 Double angle Identities
p p
If sin a < and< sinb = < <where a p and b p . Find
4 12
9.
5 13 2 2 We have discovered the following results:
sin (a =
+ b) sin a cos b + cos a sin b
i) sin (a + b ) ii) cos (a + b ) iii) tan (a + b )

iv) sin (a - b ) v) cos (a - b ) vi) tan (a - b ). cos (a=

+ b) cos a cos b - sin a sin b

tan a + tan b
In which quadrants do the terminal sides of the angles of measures and tan (a + b ) =
(a + b ) and (a - b ) lie? 1 - tan a tan b

10. Find sin (a + b ) and cos(a + b ), given that We can use them to obtain the double angle identities as follows:

= b a in sin (a =
+ b) sin a cos b + cos a sin b
tan a
i) = = , cos b
3 5 i) Put
and neither the terminal side o f the angle of measure
∴ sin (a =
+a) sin a cos a + cos a sin a
4 13
a nor that of b is in the I quadrant.
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sin 2a = 2sin a cos a

a 1 + cos a
Hence
⇒ ± =
Put b a in cos (a=
= + b) cos a cos b - sin a sin b
cos
ii) 2 2
cos(a=
+a) cos a cos a - sin a sin a
a a 1 - cos a
 cos a -=
1 2 sin 2 ⇒ sin=
= 2a cos a - sin a
2
2 2
ii)
Hence cos 2 2 2

cos 2a
= cos 2 a - sin 2 a a 1 - cos a
 ⇒ sin± =
∴ cos 2a = cos 2 a - (1 - cos 2 a ) ( sin 2 a =1 -cos 2 a ) 2 2

= cos 2 a - 1 + cos 2 a
a 1 - cos a
cos 2a
= 2cos 2 a - 1 a
= = ±
sin
a 1 + cos a
\ iii) tan 2 2
2
= 2a cos a - sin a
cos
 cos 2 2 2 2
∴ cos 2a -= - 2 a ) sin 2 a ( cos 2-a =
1 sin 2 a ) a 1 - cos a
⇒ tan ± =
(1 sin
1 + cos a
∴ cos 2a = 1 - 2 sin 2 a
2

tan a + tan b
10.7 Triple angle Identities
Put b a in
= a + b)
tan(=
1 - tan a tan b
iii)
= 3a 3 sin a - 4 sin 3 a
tan a + tan a
tan(a + a ) =
i) sin
1 - tan a tan a
ii) cos 3a 4 cos3 a - 3 cos a
=
2 tan a
∴ tan 2a = 3tan a - tan 3 a
1 - tan 2 a tan 3a =
1 - 3tan 2 a
iii)

Proof:
sin 3a sin (2a + a )
10.6 Half angle Identities
i) =

= + sin 2a cos a cos 2a sin a

The formulas proved above can also be written in the form of half angle identities, in
the following way:
= 2+ sin-a cos a cos a (1 2 sin 2 a ) sin a
= 2sin a cos 2 a + sin a - 2 sin 3 a
2a 2a 1 + cos a
i) a 2cos
 cos= - 1 ⇒ cos=
= 2sin a (1 - sin 2 a ) + sin a - 2sin 3 a
2 2 2
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= 2sin a - 2sin 3 a + sin a - 2sin 3 a sin A + sin 2 A

= tan A.
1 + cos A + cos 2 A
Hence
\ sin 3a
= 3sin a - 4sin 3 a
Example 2: Show that
cos 3a
= cos (2a + a )
2 tan q 1 - tan 2 q
sin 2q = ii) cos 2q =
ii)

= - cos 2a cos a sin 2a sin a 1 + tan 2 q 1 + tan 2 q

i)

= (2 cos 2 a - 1) cos a - 2 sin a cos a sin a 2sin q cosq 2 sin q cosq

sin 2q
i)=
=
= 2sin q cos q
= 2 cos3 a - cos a - 2 sin 2 a cos a cos 2 q + sin 2 q
Solution:
1

= 2 cos3 a - cos a - 2(1 - cos 2 a ) cos a

2sin q cos q sin q
= 2 cos3 a - cos a - 2 cos a + 2 cos3 a cos 2 q cos q
=
=
2

cos 2 q + sin 2 q cos 2 q sin 2 q

cos3a
= 4 cos3 a - 3 cos a +
\ cos 2 q cos 2 q cos 2 q
2 tan q
sin 2q =
tan 3a
iii) = tan (2a + a ) 1 + tan 2 q
\
cos 2 q - sin 2 q cos 2 q - sin 2 q
tan 2a + tan a cos 2q = cos q - sin q = =
= cos 2 q + sin 2 q
2 2
ii)
1 - tan 2a tan a
1

cos 2 q - sin 2 q cos 2 q sin 2 q

2 tan a -
+ tan a cos 2 q cos 2 q cos 2 q
1 - tan 2 a 2 tan a + tan a - tan 3 a =
=
=
= cos 2 q + sin 2 q cos 2 q sin 2 q
2 tan a 1 - tan 2 a - 2 tan 2 a +
1- . tan a cos 2 q cos 2 q cos 2 q
1 - tan 2 a
1 - tan 2 q
cos 2q =
3tan a - tan 3 a 1 + tan 2 q
\
tan 3a =
1 - 3tan 2 a
\

Example 3: Reduce cos 4 q to an expression involving only function of multiples of q , raised

sin A + sin 2 A
= tan A
1 + cos A + cos 2 A
Example 1: Prove that to the irst power.
Solution: We know that:
sin A + 2sin A cos A sin A(1 + 2cos A) 1 + cos 2q
=
= 2 cos 2 q + = 2q
1 cos ⇒ = q
1 + cos A + 2 cos 2 A - 1 cos A(1 + 2cos A)
Solution: L.H.S cos 2

2
1 + cos 2q 
= = ∴ cos q = (cos q ) =  
2
sin A 4 2 2
tan A = R.H.S
cos A 2

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q q
1 + 2 cos 2q + cos 2 2q + cot sin 3q cos3q
= 2 = sec q + 2cot 2q
=
tan
q q cosq sin q
2
- tan
12. 13.
4
= [1 + 2cos 2q + cos 2 2q ]
cot
1 2 2

Reduce sin 4 q to an expression involving only function of multiples of q , raised to the

4
1 1 + cos 4q 
= 1 + 2cos 2q +
14.
4  irst power.
Find the values of sin q and cos q without using table or calculator, when q is
2
= [2 + 4cos 2q + 1 + cos 4q ]
1 15.
4× 2
18 36 54 iv) 72
= [3 + 4cos 2q + cos 4q ]
i) ii) iii)
1

Hence prove that: cos36 cos72 cos108 cos 144 =

8 1
16
Exercise 10.3
=
= Let q q
Hint :
18 36
Find the values of sin 2a , cos 2a and tan 2a , when:
Let
1. =
=5q 90 5q 180
p (3q + 2q ) =
= 90 + 3q 2q
sin a = cos a = , where 0<a <
180
3q =
90 2q 3q 2q =
12 3
--
i) ii)
13 5 2 180

Prove the following identities: sin 3q = - 

sin(90 2q ) 3q
sin=- sin(180 2q )

sin 2a
etc. etc.
cot a - tan a =
2cot 2a = tan a
1 + cos 2a
2. 3.
10.8. Sum, Difference and Product of Sines and
Cosines
1 - cos a a cos a - sin a
= tan = sec 2a - tan 2a
sin a cos a + sin a
4. 5.
We know that:
sin (a +=
b) sin a cos b + cos a sin b
2

a a
(i)

1 + sin a sin + cos coses q + coses 2q q

= = cot sin (a -=
b) sin a cos b - cos a sin b
1 - sin a a a sec q
2 2 (ii)
sin - cos
6. 7.

cos(a =
+ b) cos a cos b - sin a sin b
2
2 2 (iii)
2sin q sin 2q
1 + tan a tan 2a =
sec 2a = tan 2q tan q cos(a =- b) cos a cos b + sin a sin b
cosq + cos3q
8. 9. (iv)
Adding (i) and (ii) we get
sin 3q cos3q cos3q sin 3q
- = + 4 cos 2q
= sin (a + b ) + sin (a - b ) =2sin a cos b
sin q cosq cosq sin q
10. 2 11. (v)
Subtracting (ii) from (i) we get
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sin (a + b ) - sin (a - b ) =2cos a sin b

sin 19 cos 11 + sin 71 sin 11 =
(vi)
1
2
Adding (iii) and (iv) we get
cos(a + b ) + cos(a - b ) =2cos a cos b (vii) =
Solution: L.H.S. + sin 19 cos 11 sin 71 sin 11

= + [2sin 19 cos 11

Subtracting (iv) from (iii) we get 1
2sin 71 sin 11 ]
cos(a + b ) - cos(a - b ) =- 2sin a sin b
2
(viii)

= [{sin(19 + 11 ) + sin(19 - 11 )} - {cos(71 + 11 ) - cos(71 - 11 )}]

So we get four identities as: 1
2sin a cos b= sin(a + b ) + sin(a - b ) 2

2cos a sin b= sin(a + b ) - sin(a - b ) = [sin 30 + sin8 - cos82 + cos60 ]

1
2
2cos a cos b= cos(a + b ) + cos(a - b )
1 1 1
=  + sin8 - cos(90 - 8 ) + 
-2sin a sin b= cos(a + b ) - cos(a - b ) 2 2 2

1 1 1
Now putting a=
+ b P and a=
- b Q, we get =  + - +  ( cos82= cos(90 - 8 =
2 2 2
  
sin8 sin8 ) sin8 )

P+Q P-Q
=
=a b 1 1 1
= +
2  2 2 
and
2 2
P+Q P-Q
sin P + sin Q =
=
2sin cos
2 2 1

P+Q P-Q
sin P - sin Q =
2
2cos sin = R.H.S.
P+Q P-Q
2 2
cos P + cos Q =
2cos cos Hence sin19 cos11 + sin 71 + sin11 =
1

P+Q P-Q
2 2 2
cos P - cos-Q =
Example 3: Express sin 5 x + sin 7 x as a product.
2cos sin
2 2

Example 1: Express 2 sin 7q cos3q as a sum or diference. 5x + 7 x 5x - 7 x

Solution: sin 5 x + sin 7 x= 2 sin cos = 2sin 6 x -cos( x)
2 2
Solution: 2sin 7q cos3=
q sin(7q + 3q ) + sin(7q - 3q ) =
= 2- sin 6 x cos x ( cos( q ) cos q )

= sin 10q + sin 4q Example 4: Express cos A + cos3 A + cos5 A + cos7 A as a product.

cos A + cos3 A + cos5 A + cos7 A

Example 2: Prove without using tables / calculator, that
Solution:
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= (cos3 A + cos A) + (cos7 A + cos5 A)

Hence cos 20 cos 40 cos 80 = .
1
3A + A 3A - A 7A + A 7 A - 5A
= +2cos
8
cos 2cos cos
2 2 2 2
= +2cos 2 A cos A 2cos6 A cos A Exercise 10.4

= +2cos A(cos6 A cos 2 A) 1. Express the following products as sums or diferences:

2 sin 3q cos q 2 cos 5q sin 3q
 6A + 2A 6A - 2A
i) ii)
= 2cos A  2cos
 2  sin 5q cos 2q 2 sin 7q sin 2q
cos
2 iii) iv)
2 cos A(2cos 4 A cos 2 A) 4cos A cos 2 A cos 4 A.
v) cos( x + y ) sin ( x - y ) vi) cos(2 x + 30 ) cos(2 x - 30 )
Example 4: Show that cos 20 cos 40 cos80 =
1

sin( x + 45 ) sin( x - 45 )

8
vii) sin 12 sin 46 viii)
Solution: L.H.S. = cos 20 cos 40 cos80

= (4cos 20 cos 40 cos80 )

2. Express the following sums or diferences as products:
sin 5q + sin 3q sin 8q - sin 4q
1
4 i) ii)

= [(2cos 40 cos 20 ) . 2 cos80 ]

cos 6q + cos 3q cos 7q - cos q
1
4 iii) iv)
= [(cos60 + cos 20 ).2 cos80 ]
1
4 v) cos 12 + cos 48 vi) sin ( x + 30 ) + sin( x - 30 )
1  1  
=   + cos 20  .2cos80 
4  2   3. Prove the following identities:
= (cos80 + 2cos80 cos 20 ) sin 3 x - sin x sin8 x + sin 2 x
1
= cot 2 x = tan 5 x
cos x - cos3 x cos8 x + cos 2 x
4 i) ii)
= (cos80 + cos100 + cos60 )
1

sin a - sin b a -b a +b
4
= [cos80 + cos(180 - 80 ) + cos60 ] = tan
sin a + sin b
1
iii) cot
4 2 2
1 1
=  cos80 - cos80 +  [ cos(180 - q ) =
- cosq ] Prove that:
4 2
 
4.
cos 20 + cos100 + cos140 =
11 1
i) 0
= = 
4 2 8 p  p  1
R.H.S.
sin  - q  sin  + q  = cos 2q
4  4  2
ii)

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sin q + sin 3q + sin 5q + sin 7q

= tan 4q
cosq + cos3q + cos5q + cos7q
iii)

5. Prove that:

cos 20 cos 40 cos60 cos80 =

1
i)
16

p 2p p 4p
=
3
ii) sin sin sin sin
9 9 3 9 16

sin10 sin 30 sin 50 sin 70 =

1
iii)
16

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