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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah
Math (SAT/ACT/EST) Trainer
+966 54 360 2167
https://t.me/MrMohamedAbdallahMathSATACTEST
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGkMCstL90JG1-gjA_35TFQ
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Linear Function and Linear Equation
Linear Function
A linear function is a function that represents a straight line on the coordinate plane. For example, y = 3x -
2 represents a straight line on a coordinate plane and hence it represents a linear function. Since y can be
replaced with f(x), this function can be written as f(x) = 3x - 2.
In this article, we are going to learn the definition of a linear function along with its graph, domain, and
range. We will also learn how to identify a linear function and how to find its inverse.
What is a Linear Function?
A linear function is of the form f(x) = mx + b where 'm' and 'b' are Real Numbers. Isn't it looking
like the Slope -intercept form of a line which is expressed as y = mx + b? Yes, this is because a
linear function represents a line, i.e., its graph is a line. Here,
• 'm' is the slope of the line
• 'b' is the y-intercept of the line
• 'x' is the independent variable
• 'y' (or f(x)) is the dependent variable
A linear function is an algebraic function. This is because it involves only algebraic operations.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
• Linear Function Equation
The parent linear function is f(x) = x, which is a line passing through the origin. In general, a linear
Function equation is f(x) = mx + b and here are some examples.
• f(x) = 3x - 2
• f(x) = -5x - 0.5
• f(x) = 3
• Real Life Example of Linear Function: Here are some real-life applications of the
linear function.
• A movie streaming service charges a monthly fee of $4.50 and an additional fee of
$0.35 for every movie downloaded. Now, the total monthly fee is represented by the
linear function f(x) = 0.35x + 4.50, where x is the number of movies downloaded in a
month.
• A t-shirt company charges a one-time fee of $50 and $7 per T-shirt to print logos on T-
shirts. So, the total fee is expressed by the linear function f(x) = 7x + 50, where x is the
number of t-shirts.
• The linear function is used to represent an objective function in linear programming
problems, to help minimize the close, or maximize the profits.
• How to Find a Linear Function?
We use the slope-intercept form or the point-slope form to find a linear function. The process of
finding a linear function is the same as the process of finding the equation of a line and is
explained with an example.
Example: Find the linear function that has two points (-1, 15) and (2, 27) on it.
Solution: The given points are (x1, y1) = (-1, 15) and (x₂, y₂) = (2, 27).
Step 1: Find the slope of the function using the slope formula:
m = (y₂ - y1) / (x₂ - x1) = (27 - 15) / (2 - (-1)) = 12/3 = 4.
Step 2: Find the equation of linear function using the point slope form.
y - y1 = m (x - x1)
y - 15 = 4 (x - (-1))
y - 15 = 4 (x + 1)
y - 15 = 4x + 4 y = 4x + 19
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Therefore, the equation of the linear function is, f(x) = 4x + 19.
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: C Answer: C
Answer: D Answer: D
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: D Answer: A
Answer: A Answer: A
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Forms of Linear Equation
Slope – intercept form 𝐲=𝐦𝐱+𝐛
linear functions formulas Standard form 𝑨𝒙+𝑩𝒚 =𝑪
Point – slope form 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎 𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏
𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝒚 = 𝒎 𝒙 + 𝒃
• Key words of y-intercept ( b ):
𝒙=𝟎 𝒃 = 𝒚𝒙=𝟎 ,Coordinate ( 0 , y )
• Start at 0
• Initial
• At the beginning
• Ordered pair start at
projection(x) by 0, ex: (0, -3)
means b = -3.
• Fixed ( cost , service, fee)
Y-intercept = b = constant
• Flat ( cost , service , fee )
• Service fee
• Setup fee Y-coordinate is called also
• Base Ordinate
• Point lies on y-axis (x=0)
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• Line passes origin:
𝒀
𝒃=𝟎 , 𝒎=
𝑿 • For ( X , Y ) any point lies on the line
Profit equation:
𝒑 (𝒙) = ( 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 − 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 )𝒙 − 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
𝒑(𝒙) = ( 𝑺 − 𝑪 )𝒙 − 𝒇
• Cases of y-intercept ( b ):
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
• Key words of X-intercept:
𝒚=𝟎 Coordinate ( x , 0 )
• Zeros
• Roots
• Solutions
• Factors
X-intercept = constant
• Point lies on x-axis
X-coordinate is called also
Abscissa.
𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪
AX+BY=C
− 𝑪𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒙 −𝑨 𝑪
Slope = 𝑪𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒚 = b=𝑩
𝑩
𝑷𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝑺𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
Slope = m Point = (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
• Key words of Slope (m):
• Y=mx+b
• Rate of change Slope = m y-intercept = b
• Raise /run = y/x (graph)
Raise Up (+) down (-) • AX + BY=C
Run right (+) left (-)
−𝑨 𝑪
• Every , each , per Slope = b=
𝑩 𝑩
• Constant rate ( increase ,
decrease ) • ( 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝒎 (𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 )
• Average
Slope = m Point = (𝒙𝟏 , 𝒚𝟏 )
• Additional
∆𝒚 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒆
𝒎= = =
∆𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒓𝒖𝒏
• Cases of Slope (m):
X
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Distance between two points:
• If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ),then the distance between A , B is:
AB = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Ex: A (3 , 1) and B (6 , 5).
Solution:
AB = √(6 − 3 )2 + (5 − 1)2
= √(3 )2 + (4)2 = 5 Length unit
Midpoints:
• If A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ),then the midpoint lies between A & B is:
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
M(x, y) = ( , )
2 2
̅̅̅̅ .
Ex1: A (3 , 1) and B (5 , 5), find midpoint of 𝐴𝐵
̅̅̅̅ then find coordinates of A if
Ex2: if m(2,3) is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐵
B(2 , 1 ) rule: [ A = 2 m – B ] 11
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Parallel and perpendicular lines:
• Parallel lines are two or more lines have the same slope(m) and different y-intercept (b) [
because they never intersect]
Key word
• Never intersect
• Has no solution
• Parallel
• There is no point satisfies the
system
• Has different y-intercept
•
• Parallel means that the two lines have the same slope
M1 = M 2
And
b1 ≠ b2
• Perpendicular lines are two or more lines have different slope (m) and different y-intercept
(b).
• They are intersecting lines makes angle 90° btween each other
Key word
• Perpendicular
• Angle 90 between two
lines(graph)
• Given figure has a property
that two lines are
perpendicular
• Vertical line intersects with
horizontal line.
• Perpendicular means: M1 x M2= -1 & b1 ≠ b2.
• To find slope of a line from its perpendicular we change place
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Change sign
2 −3
Ex: if the given slope 3 so the other will be .
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Summery
Parallel & perpendicular lines
Parallel lines: Perpendicular lines:
Line L perpendicular (⊥) line P
Line L parallel (//) line P • m L x m P = -1
• mL = mP • one solution
• b L≠ b P (b L ≠ b P & m L ≠ m P )
• Never intersect • (mL) = -reciprocal of (mP)
Change place
• Has no solution Change sign
• Parallel • Perpendicular
• There is no point satisfies the • Angle 90 between two
system lines(graph)
• Has different y-intercept • Given figure has a
property that two lines
are perpendicular
• Vertical line intersects
with horizontal line.
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Answer: D
Answer: A
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: C Answer: B
Answer: B
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Answer: A
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
How many solutions (2 lines): Case 1 (slope –intercept form):
Y1 = m1 X + b1
Y 2 = m2 X + b 2
One solution:
(Algebraically) ≠ ≠
m1 ≠ m2
b1 ≠ b2
• 2 lines intersect at one point
No solution:
(x,y) (graph)
(Algebraically) = ≠
m1 = m2
b1 ≠ b2
• (graph)
Infinitely many solutions:
Parallel lines ( never intersect)
= =
(Algebraically) equivalent
equation
m1 = m2
b1 = b2
• (graph)
• Coincident lines.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Case 2 (Standard form):
A1X + B1Y= C1
A2 X + B2Y= C2
One solution:
(Algebraically) ≠ ≠
A1 B1 C1
≠ ≠
A2 B2 C2
No solution:
• 2 lines intersect at one
point
(x,y) (graph) (Algebraically) = ≠
A1 B1 C1
= ≠
A2 B2 C2
• (graph)
Infinitely many solutions: Parallel lines (Never intersect)
= =
(Algebraically) equivalent equation
A1 B1 C1
= =
A2 B2 C2
• (graph)
Coincident lines.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Case 3 (Slope-intercept form):
m1 X + b1 = m2 X + b2
One solution:
(Algebraically) ≠ ≠
m1 ≠ m2
b1 ≠ b2
• (graph)
2 lines intersect at one No solution:
point (x,y) (graph)
(Algebraically) = ≠
m1 = m2
b1 ≠ b2
• (graph)
Parallel lines (Never intersect)
Infinitely many solutions:
= =
(Algebraically) equivalent equation
m1 = m2
b1 = b2
• (graph)
Coincident lines.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: C Answer: A
Answer: C Answer: C
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Answer: B Answer: D
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Solving system of linear equation:
System of linear equations:
• When two or more linear equations are grouped together, they form a system of linear
equations.
• In this section, we will focus our work on systems of two linear equations in two unknowns.
An example of a system of two linear equations is shown below.
2x + y = 7
X – 2y = 6
• A linear equation in two variables, such as 2x +y =7, has an infinite number of solutions alone.
• To solve a system of two linear equations, we are looking for the ordered pairs ( x ,y )that make
both equations true. These are called the solutions of a system of equations
Methods of solving system of linear equation:
1) Elimination ( omitting) method:
1. Step 1: Multiply each equation by a suitable number so that the two equations
have the same leading coefficient.
2. Step 2: Subtract the second equation from the first.
3. Step 3: Solve this new equation for y.
4. Step 4: Substitute y = 2 into either Equation 1 or Equation 2 above and solve for
x.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
2) Substitution method:
1. Solve one equation for one of the variables.
2. Substitute (plug-in) this expression into the other equation and solve.
3. Resubstitute the value into the original equation to find the corresponding
variable.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: A Answer: B
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Answer: 80 Answer: B
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: C Answer: D
Answer: D
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Answer: 4
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
What is “Line of Best fit” in linear regression?
Simple linear regression is a statistical method that allows us to summarize and study
relationships between two variables: One variable is the predictor, explanatory, or
independent variable and the other one is the dependent variable.
Linear Regression is the process of finding a line that best fits the data points available on
the plot, so that we can use it to predict output values for given inputs.
So, what is “Best fitting line”?
A Line of best fit is a straight line that represents the best approximation of a scatter plot of data
points. It is used to study the nature of the relationship between those points.
The equation to find the best fitting line is:
Y` = b X + A
where, Y` denotes the predicted value
b denotes the slope of the line
X denotes the independent variable
A is the Y intercept
To summarize:
• The Line of Best Fit is used to express a relationship in a scatter plot of
different data points.
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• It is an output of regression analysis and can be used as a prediction tool
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: A Answer: 4
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Answer: 4
Answer: D
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Ans.: C
Ans.: C
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Ans.: 75 Ans.: 90
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Direct Variation
• Direct variation describes a simple relationship between two variables . We say y varies
directly with x (or as x , in some textbooks) if:
Y=kx
• For some constant k , called the constant of variation or constant of proportionality .
• (Some textbooks describe direct variation by saying " y varies directly as x ", " y varies
proportionally as x ", or " y is directly proportional to x .")
• This means that as x increases, y increases and as x decreases, y decreases—and that
the ratio between them always stays the same.
• The graph of the direct variation equation is a straight line through the origin.
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: D
Answer: 64
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Linear VS Exponential growth
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
Answer: D Answer: A
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Answer: A Answer: A
Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
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Mr. Mohamed Abdallah MATH SAT/ACT/EST Trainer
