JavaScript

A JavaScript cheat sheet with the most important concepts, functions, methods, and more. A complete quick reference for beginners.

# Getting Started
Introduction

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

JSON cheatsheet (quickref.me)

Regex in JavaScript (quickref.me)

Console

// => Hello world!

console.log('Hello world!');

// => Hello QuickRef.ME

console.warn('hello %s', 'QuickRef.ME');

// Prints error message to stderr

console.error(new Error('Oops!'));

Numbers
let amount = 6;
let price = 4.99;

Variables

let x = null;
let name = "Tammy";
const found = false;

// => Tammy, false, null

console.log(name, found, x);

var a;
console.log(a); // => undefined

Strings

let single = 'Wheres my bandit hat?';

let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";

// => 21
console.log(single.length);

Arithmetic Operators

5 + 5 = 10 // Addition
10 - 5 = 5 // Subtraction
5 * 10 = 50 // Multiplication
10 / 5 = 2 // Division
10 % 5 = 0 // Modulo
 Comments

// This line will denote a comment

/*
The below configuration must be
changed before deployment.
*/

Assignment Operators

let number = 100;

// Both statements will add 10

number = number + 10;
number += 10;

console.log(number);
// => 120

String Interpolation

let age = 7;

// String concatenation
'Tommy is ' + age + ' years old.';

// String interpolation
`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;

let Keyword
 let count;
console.log(count); // => undefined
count = 10;
console.log(count); // => 10

const Keyword

const numberOfColumns = 4;

// TypeError: Assignment to constant...

numberOfColumns = 8;

# JavaScript Conditionals
if Statement

const isMailSent = true;

if (isMailSent) {
console.log('Mail sent to recipient');
}

Ternary Operator

var x=1;
 Operators

true || false; // true

10 > 5 || 10 > 20; // true
false || false; // false
10 > 100 || 10 > 20; // false

Logical Operator &&

true && true; // true

1 > 2 && 2 > 1; // false
true && false; // false
4 === 4 && 3 > 1; // true

Comparison Operators

1 > 3 // false
3 > 1 // true
250 >= 250 // true
1 === 1 // true
1 === 2 // false
1 === '1' // false
Logical Operator !

let lateToWork = true;

let oppositeValue = !lateToWork;

// => false
console.log(oppositeValue);

Nullish coalescing operator ??

null ?? 'I win'; // 'I win'
undefined ?? 'Me too'; // 'Me too'

false ?? 'I lose' // false

0 ?? 'I lose again' // 0

else if

const size = 10;

if (size > 100) {

console.log('Big');
} else if (size > 20) {
console.log('Medium');
} else if (size > 4) {
console.log('Small');
} else {
console.log('Tiny');
}
// Print: Small

switch Statement

const food = 'salad';

switch (food) {
case 'oyster':
console.log('The taste of the sea');
break;
case 'pizza':
console.log('A delicious pie');
break;
 default:
console.log('Enjoy your meal');
}

== vs ===

0 == false // true
0 === false // false, different type
1 == "1" // true, automatic type conversion
1 === "1" // false, different type
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false
'0' == false // true
'0' === false // false

The == just check the value, === check both the value and the type.

# JavaScript Functions
Functions

// Defining the function:

function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

// Calling the function:

sum(3, 6); // 9

Anonymous Functions
// Named function
function rocketToMars() {
return 'BOOM!';
}

// Anonymous function
const rocketToMars = function() {
return 'BOOM!';
}

Arrow Functions (ES6)

With two arguments

const sum = (param1, param2) => {

return param1 + param2;
};
console.log(sum(2,5)); // => 7

With no arguments

const printHello = () => {

console.log('hello');
};
printHello(); // => hello

With a single argument

const checkWeight = weight => {

console.log(`Weight : ${weight}`);
};
checkWeight(25); // => Weight : 25
 Concise arrow functions

const multiply = (a, b) => a * b;

// => 60
console.log(multiply(2, 30));

Arrow function available starting ES2015

return Keyword

// With return
function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

// The function doesn't output the sum

function sum(num1, num2) {
num1 + num2;
}

Calling Functions

// Defining the function

function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

// Calling the function

sum(2, 4); // 6

Function Expressions
 const dog = function() {
return 'Woof!';
}

Function Parameters

// The parameter is name

function sayHello(name) {
return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}

Function Declaration

function add(num1, num2) {

return num1 + num2;
}

# JavaScript Scope
Scope

function myFunction() {

var pizzaName = "Margarita";

// Code here can use pizzaName

}
 Block Scoped Variables

const isLoggedIn = true;

if (isLoggedIn == true) {
const statusMessage = 'Logged in.';
}

// Uncaught ReferenceError...
console.log(statusMessage);

Global Variables

// Variable declared globally

const color = 'blue';

function printColor() {
console.log(color);
}

printColor(); // => blue

let vs var

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

✔️
// This is the Max Scope for 'let'
// i accessible

// i not accessible ❌
}
 ✔️
for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
// i accessible

✔️
}
// i accessible

var is scoped to the nearest function block, and let is scoped to the nearest enclosing block.

Loops with closures

// Prints 3 thrice, not what we meant.

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
setTimeout(_ => console.log(i), 10);
}

// Prints 0, 1 and 2, as expected.

for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
setTimeout(_ => console.log(j), 10);
}

The variable has its own copy using let, and the variable has shared copy using var.

# JavaScript Arrays
Arrays
 const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

// Different data types

const data = [1, 'chicken', false];

Property .length

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

numbers.length // 4

Index

// Accessing an array element

const myArray = [100, 200, 300];

console.log(myArray[0]); // 100
console.log(myArray[1]); // 200

Mutable chart

add remove start end

push ✔ ✔
pop ✔ ✔
unshift ✔ ✔
shift ✔ ✔
Method .push()
 // Adding a single element:
const cart = ['apple', 'orange'];
cart.push('pear');

// Adding multiple elements:

const numbers = [1, 2];
numbers.push(3, 4, 5);

Add items to the end and returns the new array length.

Method .pop()

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

const fruit = fruits.pop(); // 'banana'

console.log(fruits); // ["apple", "orange"]

Remove an item from the end and returns the removed item.

Method .shift()

let cats = ['Bob', 'Willy', 'Mini'];

cats.shift(); // ['Willy', 'Mini']

Remove an item from the beginning and returns the removed item.

Method .unshift()

let cats = ['Bob'];

 // => ['Willy', 'Bob']
cats.unshift('Willy');

// => ['Puff', 'George', 'Willy', 'Bob']

cats.unshift('Puff', 'George');

Add items to the beginning and returns the new array length.

Method .concat()

const numbers = [3, 2, 1]

const newFirstNumber = 4

// => [ 4, 3, 2, 1 ]
[newFirstNumber].concat(numbers)

// => [ 3, 2, 1, 4 ]
numbers.concat(newFirstNumber)

if you want to avoid mutating your original array, you can use concat.

# JavaScript Loops
While Loop

while (condition) {
// code block to be executed
}
let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
console.log(i);
i++;
}
Reverse Loop

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

for (let i = fruits.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

console.log(`${i}. ${fruits[i]}`);
}

// => 2. banana
// => 1. orange
// => 0. apple

Do…While Statement

x = 0
i = 0

do {
x = x + i;
console.log(x)
i++;
} while (i < 5);
// => 0 1 3 6 10

For Loop
for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {
console.log(i);
};

// => 0, 1, 2, 3

Looping Through Arrays

for (let i = 0; i < array.length; i++){

console.log(array[i]);
}

// => Every item in the array

Break

for (let i = 0; i < 99; i += 1) {

if (i > 5) {
break;
}
console.log(i)
}
// => 0 1 2 3 4 5

Continue

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 3) { continue; }
text += "The number is " + i + "<br>";
}

Nested
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) {
for (let j = 0; j < 3; j += 1) {
console.log(`${i}-${j}`);
}
}

for...in loop

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

for (let index in fruits) {

console.log(index);
}
// => 0
// => 1
// => 2

for...of loop

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

for (let fruit of fruits) {

console.log(fruit);
}
// => apple
// => orange
// => banana
# JavaScript Iterators
Functions Assigned to Variables

let plusFive = (number) => {

return number + 5;
};
// f is assigned the value of plusFive
let f = plusFive;

plusFive(3); // 8
// Since f has a function value, it can be invoked.
f(9); // 14

Callback Functions

const isEven = (n) => {

return n % 2 == 0;
}

let printMsg = (evenFunc, num) => {

const isNumEven = evenFunc(num);
console.log(`${num} is an even number: ${isNumEven}.`)
}

// Pass in isEven as the callback function

printMsg(isEven, 4);
// => The number 4 is an even number: True.

Array Method .reduce()

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

const sum = numbers.reduce((accumulator, curVal) => {

return accumulator + curVal;
});

console.log(sum); // 10

Array Method .map()

const members = ["Taylor", "Donald", "Don", "Natasha", "Bobby"];

const announcements = members.map((member) => {

return member + " joined the contest.";
});

console.log(announcements);

Array Method .forEach()

const numbers = [28, 77, 45, 99, 27];

numbers.forEach(number => {
console.log(number);
});

Array Method .filter()

const randomNumbers = [4, 11, 42, 14, 39];

const filteredArray = randomNumbers.filter(n => {
# JavaScript Objects
Accessing Properties

const apple = {
color: 'Green',
price: { bulk: '$3/kg', smallQty: '$4/kg' }
};
console.log(apple.color); // => Green
console.log(apple.price.bulk); // => $3/kg

Naming Properties

// Example of invalid key names

const trainSchedule = {
// Invalid because of the space between words.
platform num: 10,
// Expressions cannot be keys.
40 - 10 + 2: 30,
// A + sign is invalid unless it is enclosed in quotations.
+compartment: 'C'
}

Non-existent properties

const classElection = {
date: 'January 12'
};
console.log(classElection.place); // undefined

Mutable

const student = {
name: 'Sheldon',
score: 100,
grade: 'A',
}

console.log(student)
// { name: 'Sheldon', score: 100, grade: 'A' }

delete student.score
student.grade = 'F'
console.log(student)
// { name: 'Sheldon', grade: 'F' }

student = {}
// TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.

Assignment shorthand syntax

const person = {
name: 'Tom',
age: '22',
};
const {name, age} = person;
console.log(name); // 'Tom'
console.log(age); // '22'

Delete operator
const person = {
firstName: "Matilda",
age: 27,
hobby: "knitting",
goal: "learning JavaScript"
};

delete person.hobby; // or delete person[hobby];

console.log(person);
/*
{
firstName: "Matilda"
age: 27
goal: "learning JavaScript"
}
*/

Objects as arguments

const origNum = 8;
const origObj = {color: 'blue'};

const changeItUp = (num, obj) => {

num = 7;
obj.color = 'red';
};

changeItUp(origNum, origObj);

// Will output 8 since integers are passed by value.

console.log(origNum);

// Will output 'red' since objects are passed

// by reference and are therefore mutable.
console.log(origObj.color);

Shorthand object creation

const activity = 'Surfing';

const beach = { activity };
console.log(beach); // { activity: 'Surfing' }

this Keyword

const cat = {
name: 'Pipey',
age: 8,
whatName() {
return this.name
}
};
console.log(cat.whatName()); // => Pipey

Factory functions

// A factory function that accepts 'name',

// 'age', and 'breed' parameters to return
// a customized dog object.
const dogFactory = (name, age, breed) => {
return {
name: name,
age: age,
breed: breed,
 bark() {
console.log('Woof!');
}
};
};

Methods

const engine = {
// method shorthand, with one argument
start(adverb) {
console.log(`The engine starts up ${adverb}...`);
},
// anonymous arrow function expression with no arguments
sputter: () => {
console.log('The engine sputters...');
},
};

engine.start('noisily');
engine.sputter();

Getters and setters

const myCat = {
_name: 'Dottie',
get name() {
return this._name;
},
set name(newName) {
this._name = newName;
}
};
 // Reference invokes the getter
console.log(myCat.name);

// Assignment invokes the setter

myCat.name = 'Yankee';

# JavaScript Classes
Static Methods

class Dog {
constructor(name) {
this._name = name;
}

introduce() {
console.log('This is ' + this._name + ' !');
}

// A static method
static bark() {
console.log('Woof!');
}
}

const myDog = new Dog('Buster');

myDog.introduce();
// Calling the static method

Class

class Song {
constructor() {
this.title;
this.author;
}

play() {
console.log('Song playing!');
}
}

const mySong = new Song();

mySong.play();

Class Constructor

class Song {
constructor(title, artist) {
this.title = title;
this.artist = artist;
}
}

const mySong = new Song('Bohemian Rhapsody', 'Queen');

console.log(mySong.title);

Class Methods
class Song {
play() {
console.log('Playing!');
}

stop() {
console.log('Stopping!');
}
}

extends

// Parent class
class Media {
constructor(info) {
this.publishDate = info.publishDate;
this.name = info.name;
}
}

// Child class
class Song extends Media {
constructor(songData) {
super(songData);
this.artist = songData.artist;
}
}

const mySong = new Song({

artist: 'Queen',
name: 'Bohemian Rhapsody',
 publishDate: 1975

# JavaScript Modules
Export

// myMath.js

// Default export
export default function add(x,y){
return x + y
}

// Normal export
export function subtract(x,y){
return x - y
}

// Multiple exports
function multiply(x,y){
return x * y
}
function duplicate(x){
return x * 2
}
export {
multiply,
duplicate
}
 Import

// main.js
import add, { subtract, multiply, duplicate } from './myMath.js';

console.log(add(6, 2)); // 8
console.log(subtract(6, 2)) // 4
console.log(multiply(6, 2)); // 12
console.log(duplicate(5)) // 10

// index.html
<script type="module" src="main.js"></script>

Export Module

// myMath.js

function add(x,y){
return x + y
}
function subtract(x,y){
return x - y
}
function multiply(x,y){
return x * y
}
function duplicate(x){
return x * 2
}

// Multiple exports in node.js

module.exports = {
add,
subtract,
 multiply,
duplicate
}

Require Module

// main.js
const myMath = require('./myMath.js')

console.log(myMath.add(6, 2)); // 8
console.log(myMath.subtract(6, 2)) // 4
console.log(myMath.multiply(6, 2)); // 12
console.log(myMath.duplicate(5)) // 10

# JavaScript Promises
Promise states

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

const res = true;
// An asynchronous operation.
if (res) {
resolve('Resolved!');
}
else {
reject(Error('Error'));
}
});
 Executor function

const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {

resolve('Resolved!');
};

const promise = new Promise(executorFn);

setTimeout()

const loginAlert = () =>{

console.log('Login');
};

setTimeout(loginAlert, 6000);

.then() method

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Result');
}, 200);
});

promise.then((res) => {
console.log(res);
}, (err) => {
console.error(err);
});

.catch() method
const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
reject(Error('Promise Rejected Unconditionally.'));
}, 1000);
});

promise.then((res) => {
console.log(value);
});

promise.catch((err) => {
console.error(err);
});

Promise.all()

const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve(3);
}, 300);
});
const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 200);
});

Promise.all([promise1, promise2]).then((res) => {

console.log(res[0]);
console.log(res[1]);
});
 Avoiding nested Promise and .then()

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve('*');
}, 1000);
});

const twoStars = (star) => {

return (star + star);
};

const oneDot = (star) => {

return (star + '.');
};

const print = (val) => {

console.log(val);
};

// Chaining them all together

promise.then(twoStars).then(oneDot).then(print);

Creating

const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {

console.log('The executor function of the promise!');
};

const promise = new Promise(executorFn);

Chaining multiple .then()

const promise = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve('dAlan'), 100));

promise.then(res => {
return res === 'Alan' ? Promise.resolve('Hey Alan!') : Promise.reject('Who are you?')
}).then((res) => {
console.log(res)
}, (err) => {
console.error(err)
});

Fake http Request with Promise

const mock = (success, timeout = 1000) => {

return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
if(success) {
resolve({status: 200, data:{}});
} else {
reject({message: 'Error'});
}
}, timeout);
});
}
const someEvent = async () => {
try {
await mock(true, 1000);
} catch (e) {
console.log(e.message);
}
}
# JavaScript Async-Await
Asynchronous

function helloWorld() {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Hello World!');
}, 2000);
});
}

const msg = async function() { //Async Function Expression

const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log('Message:', msg);
}

const msg1 = async () => { //Async Arrow Function

const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log('Message:', msg);
}

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

msg1(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

Resolving Promises

let pro1 = Promise.resolve(5);

let pro2 = 44;
let pro3 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
 setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'foo');
});

Promise.all([pro1, pro2, pro3]).then(function(values) {

console.log(values);
});

Async Await Promises

function helloWorld() {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Hello World!');
}, 2000);
});
}

async function msg() {

const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log('Message:', msg);
}

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

Error Handling

let json = '{ "age": 30 }'; // incomplete data

try {
let user = JSON.parse(json); // <-- no errors
console.log( user.name ); // no name!
} catch (e) {
 console error( "Invalid JSON data!" );
Aysnc await operator

function helloWorld() {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Hello World!');
}, 2000);
});
}

async function msg() {

const msg = await helloWorld();
console.log('Message:', msg);
}

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

# JavaScript Requests
JSON

const jsonObj = {
"name": "Rick",
"id": "11A",
"level": 4
};

Also see: JSON cheatsheet

 XMLHttpRequest

const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

xhr.open('GET', 'mysite.com/getjson');

XMLHttpRequest is a browser-level API that enables the client to script data transfers via JavaScript, NOT part of the JavaScript language.

GET

const req = new XMLHttpRequest();

req.responseType = 'json';
req.open('GET', '/getdata?id=65');
req.onload = () => {
console.log(xhr.response);
};

req.send();

POST

const data = {
fish: 'Salmon',
weight: '1.5 KG',
units: 5
};
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
xhr.open('POST', '/inventory/add');
xhr.responseType = 'json';
xhr.send(JSON.stringify(data));

xhr.onload = () => {
 fetch api

fetch(url, {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-type': 'application/json',
'apikey': apiKey
},
body: data
}).then(response => {
if (response.ok) {
return response.json();
}
throw new Error('Request failed!');
}, networkError => {
console.log(networkError.message)
})
}

JSON Formatted

fetch('url-that-returns-JSON')
.then(response => response.json())
.then(jsonResponse => {
console.log(jsonResponse);
});

promise url parameter fetch api

fetch('url')
.then(
response => {
 console.log(response);
},
rejection => {
console.error(rejection.message);
);

Fetch API Function

fetch('https://api-xxx.com/endpoint', {
method: 'POST',
body: JSON.stringify({id: "200"})
}).then(response => {
if(response.ok){
return response.json();
}
throw new Error('Request failed!');
}, networkError => {
console.log(networkError.message);
}).then(jsonResponse => {
console.log(jsonResponse);
})

async await syntax

const getSuggestions = async () => {

const wordQuery = inputField.value;
const endpoint = `${url}${queryParams}${wordQuery}`;
try{
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {cache: 'no-cache'});
if(response.ok){
const jsonResponse = await response.json()
}
}
 catch(error){
console.log(error)
}
}