Advanced Structure English Education Study Program

CHAPTER 6
THE PASSIVE-VOICE

A. PRE -TEST
Direction: The first sentence is in the Active Voice. Choose the most correct way of
saying the same thing in the Passive Voice.

1. They understand English well. 5. The employees brought up this issue

English ……. by them well. during the meeting.
A. can be understood This issue ……. by the employees
B. will be understood during the meeting.
C. is understood A. could be brought up
D. had been understood B. will be brought up
E. will be understood C. was brought up
D. has been brought up
2. Miss. Clara is writing a letter now. E. had been brought up
A letter …….by Miss. Clara.
A. was written 6. The students have already done the
B. is being written tests well.
C. has been written The tests ……. the students well.
D. will be written A. were already been doing with
E. would be written B. have already been done by
C. were already done at
3. We will face many problems next D. are already done for
year. E. could be already done on
Many problems ……. by us next
year. 7. The man and woman were
A. had been faced interviewing many applicants for the
B. will be faced job.
C. would be faced Many applicants ……. for the job.
D. is being faced A. were being interviewed
E. are going to be faced B. are interviewed
C. has been interviewed
4. I am going to complete my final D. will be interviewed
project this year. E. is being interviewed
My final project ……. by me this
year. 8. The team could understand what
A. is completed happened a few days ago in the rural
B. would be completed area.
C. had to been completed What happened a few days ago in the
D. has been completed rural area ……. by the team.
E. is going to be completed A. was going to be understood
B. were understood
C. could be understood
D. had been understood

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E. would be understood E. will have been decorated

9. They will have decorated the big 10. The students have to pay their school
high church before we celebrate fees every month.
charismas next week. Their school fees ……. by the
The big high church ……. by them students every month.
before we celebrate charismas next A. have to be paid
week. B. had been paid
A. is decorated C. would have been paid
B. will be decorated D. were paid
C. have been decorated E. have would be paid
D. been decorated

Good Luck
===== SHN ======

B. What is Passive-Voice?

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Passive voice is a verb form that creates a sense of indirect action in a sentence and often
conceals the subject of a sentence. In passive voice means that a subject is a recipient of a
verb's action. It is meant that to create passive voice must be understood firstly about active
voice as about the active voice with any object is the one which can be transformed into passive
voice form.

C. The Verb Form

Verb form which can be used for ‘ Passive Voice ‘ is ‘ Past Participle ‘. Look at the
following examples:
Verb Form
Bare Infinitive Present Participle Past Past Participle
present presenting presented presented
study studying studied studied
listen listening listened listened
operate operated operated operated
bend bending bent bent, etc

D. The Rules to Transform Active Voice to Passive Voice

The followings are the rules how to transform active voice into passive voice:
1. Make sure the sentence that you will transform any Subject, Predicate, and Object.
Example:
I study Advance structure.
S P Obj

2. Make sure the predicate of the sentence is Transitive Verb because Transitive
Verb can be transformed into Passive-Voice because of having an object. Look at
the following examples of Transitive Verb :
Verb Form
Bare Infinitive Present Participle Past Tense Past Participle
present presenting presented presented
study studying studied studied
listen listening listened listened
operate operated operated operated
bend bending bent bent
speak speaking spoke spoken
tell telling telling told
eat eating ate eaten
say saying said said

Examples:
• I study.
• The men are singing.
• He drove.
• She has cooked.
• You will tell.

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The simple sentences above consist of ‘ Subject & Predicate ‘, and it could be
appeared an object by making a question with ‘ WHAT ’ . Look at the following
examples:
Question Answer
1 What do you study? Advance Structure

I study Advance structure.

S P Obj
2 What are the men singing? Siguleppong & Anak ku Naburju Song.

The men are singing Siguleppong song

S P Obj
3 What did he drive? a car

He drove a car
S P Obj
4 What has she cooked? fried noodle.

She has cooked fried noodle.

S P Obj
5 What will you tell? a big problem.

I/you will tell a big problem.

S P Obj

Intransitive Verb is a verb that does not need an object. Look at the following
examples:

Verb Form
Bare Infinitive Present Participle Past Tense Past Participle
go going went gone
run running ran run
swim swimming swam swam
live living lived lived
arrive arriving arrived arrive
sleep sleeping slept slept

Examples:
• I swim in the lake.
• You are running on the street.
• We will go to America.

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All the underlined phrase above are not objects but adverbs. So, the verb : ‘ go,
run, swim, live, arrive, sleep ‘ are Intransitive Verbs which do not need
objectsbut adverb.
3. Predicate that is used for passive sentence is ‘ Past Participle ‘ and followed
with prepetition ‘ by ‘ than followed with ‘ pronoun ’ as an object doer such as
the following:
PRONOUN
as subject as object
I me
You you
We us
They them
She her
He him
It it
Clara her
Johnson him
Clara & Johnson them
You and I us

Examples

Active: Subject + Predicate + Object + Adv !

Passive: Subject + is/am/are + Past Participle + by Object Doer

Predicate
Active - Voice Passive - Voice
I write a letter today A letter is written by me today.
S P Obj S P Obj Doer
They visit her. She is visited by them.
S P Obj S P Obj Doer
Note:
• ‘ they ‘ menjadi ‘ them’
• ‘ her ‘ menjadi ‘ she’
He explain the cases. The cases are explained by him.
S P Obj S P Obj Doer
Note: ‘ he ‘ menjadi ‘ him’

4. If the subject in ‘Active Voice ‘ is not mentioned, the object doer can be omitted.

Pattern

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Active: Subject + Predicate + Object + Adv !

Passive: Subject + is/am/are + Past Participle + ( by Object Doer)

Predicate
Active – Voice Passive - Voice
S + P (Transitive Verb ) + Obj + ….! S + is/am/are/be + V-PP + ….!
We make butter from cow’s milk. Butter is made from cow’s milk.
S P Obj S P Obj
( Kita membuat keju dari susu lembu) ( Keju dibuat dari susu lembu )

We should obey the rules. The rules should be obeyed.

S P Obj S P
( Kita sebaiknya mematuhi peraturan tersebut ) ( Peraturan tersebut sebaiknya ditaati )

5. ‘Modal’ plus ‘be ‘can be added before ‘Past Participle. The modal such as: can,
could, may, might, have to, going to, should, etc.
Pattern

Active: Subject + Modal + Infinitive + Object + Adv !

Passive: Subject + Modal + be + Past Participle + by Object Doer

Predicate
Active – Voice Passive - Voice
Lukas can lift this box. This box can be lifted by Lukas (him)
S P Obj S P Obj
( Lukas dapat mengangkat kotak ini) ( Kotak ini dapat diangkat oleh LUKAS)

We should obey the rules. The rules should be obeyed.

S P Obj S P
( Kita sebaiknya mematuhi peraturan ( Peraturan tersebut sebaiknya ditaati )
tersebut )

6. When there are two objects such as: Direct Object &Indirect Object, only one
object that will be changed.
Pattern

Active: Subject + Predicate + Object+ Adv !

Passive: S + is/was/were/be + Past Participle + by Object Doer

Predicate

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Active - Voice Passive - Voice

A story was told to me by him.
He told me a story. S P Indirect Obj Obj doer
S P Ind Obj Direct Obj I was told a story by him
S P Direct Obj Obj Doer
Note:
• ‘a story’ is ‘ direct object’ and ‘ me ‘ is ‘indirect object ‘. So ‘direct object’ is moved
/changed.
• Direct Object is the nearest to the predicate and the sentence can be stood alone if the
Indirect Object is omitted.
He told me a story.
S P Ind Obj Direct Obj
He told a story.
He told me
He will explain us the cases. We will be explained by him the cases.
S P Ind Obj Direct Obj S P Ind Obj Direct Obj

Note: ‘ the cases’ is direct object & direct object is moved /changed.
Subject Predicate Direct Obj Indirect Obj
Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.
Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.
Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

E. The Types of Passive Voice

There are some tenses that can be transformed into passive voice form, such as: simple
present tense, present continuous tense, present perfect tense, simple past tense, past
continuous tense, future perfect tense, past perfect tense, simple future tense, etc.

1. The Simple Present Tense!

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S + (Adv of Frequency ) + Bare Inf S + (Adv of Frequency ) + Bare Inf +

Verb + s/es/ies + Obj + Adv Obj + Adv
Subjects in Singular Person Subjects in Plural
She usually goes to school at 7.am. I usually go to school at 7.am.
go He never does his work well. You never do your work well.
do John sometimes fixes his car alone. We sometimes fix our car alone.
fix Mary kisses her baby today They kiss their babies today
kiss The girl washes many plates every The man and boy wash many plates
week. every week
wash The employee always studies The employees always study English.
English.
study Sir. Napit teaches English every day. The teachers teach English every day.
teach The lady usually cries before her boy The ladies usually cry before their
boys.
cry The man pays his debt today. The men pay their debt today.
pay The company buys some new The companies buy some new
computers every year computers every year
buy The company buys some new The companies buy some new
computers every year computers every year

The Simple Present Tense is used to express (a) , regular action in the present or a
habitual action by using the adverb of frequency: always, usually, often, seldom, rarely,
never, and sometimes ( the adverb of frequency is placed after subject ), ‘today & every ‘
that they are placed in the end or in front of the sentences and (b) states a fact, general
truth, state or condition.

Examples
1 I always go to work every day Regular Action / Habitual Action
2 We often drink coffee. with adverb of frequency: always,
3 He usually speaks English. usually, often, seldom, rarely, never,
4 You sometimes operate a computer. some times. The adverb of frequency
5 She rarely gets to work late. is placed after subject
6 They never tell the truth.
7 Jack ever comes late to
8 Valerina operates a computer today. Adverb with: today, every, now.
9 Jack and Julia go to the market every morning. They are placed in last or in the
10 You and I visit Lake Toba every year. beginning of the sentences.
11 I leave for the seminar now
12 Fish swims in water General Truth without adverb.
13 Bird flies in the sky.
14 The sun rises in the east.
15 Water boils 100c.

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The Present Tense indicates the future actions that is part of a fixed timetable or fixed
programs by using the complete adverb of time such as: “tomorrow, tonight, next week,
at 7, at 9, ” etc.
Examples:
1. Julia studies English education in USA next year.
2. You buy a new HP next week.
3. The contractor builds a big building here next year.
4. I help the poor in this area tomorrow.
5. Mr. Philips tells a nice story later.

‘ is, am, are’ are used for the simple present tense which functioned as Linking Verb.
Pattern: S + Be ( is/am/are) + Subject Complement!
Examples:
1. I am a teacher.
2. You are lazy today.
3. We are always late to work.
4. They are in the office now.
5. She is sometimes in time to the class.
6. The supervisor is often angry with the employees.
7. The man is always absent to work.
8. He is a clever student.
9. We are short.
10. They are kind.

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1. Simple Present Tense in Passive Voice!

Active: S + Bare Inf / Bare Inf + s/es/ies + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + is/am/are +Past Participle + by Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate

ACTIVE -VOICE PASSIVE –VOICE

1 I eat an apple today. An apple is eaten by me today.
2 You think them every day. They are thought by you every day.
3 We tell her a story today. She is told by us a story today.
4 They visit him in the hospital. He is visited by them in the hospital.
5 She studies management in this Management is studied by her in this semester.
semester.
6 He invites us to the party today. We are invited by him to the party today.
7 It barks the people. The people are backed by it.
Note:
• All the active sentences above are the examples of ‘ Simple Present Tense ‘
• ‘ is, am, are’ are used for The Simple Present Tense in passive-voice which functioned as Helping
Verb.

The Usages of Passive Voice Form in the Simple Present Tense!

No Examples The Usages of Passive Voice form in the

simple present tense!

1 The agent is unknown. We don’t know who

o The man who is believed to have stolen the
or what is the agent
goods must be brought to justice.
o (we don’t know who is the man)
2 We use the passive to emphasise the subject
o Paris and London are visited by many
people each year.
o (The emphasis is on Paris and London).
3 We use the passive to talk about general
o Certain animals are known to attack
truths
humans.
4 We can use the passive if we want to be
o Mistakes are committed.
unclear or vague about the subject

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5 We use the passive when the subject is

o English classes are taught here every day.
irrelevant (We don’t care who or what has
(WHO teaches the classes is not important
caused the action to be).
within the given situation).
6 We use the passive in a more formal
• The water is thus poured into the dish to
atmosphere like a thesis or an important
form the desired product.
piece of writing, especially scientifically
• The whole scientific process is done over speaking
three years.

2. The Present Continuous Tense!

Positive Sentence Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences

S + is/am/are + Present S + is/am/are + not + is/am/are + S + Present
Participle +(Obj + Adv! Present Participle + Obj Participle + Obj + Adv!
+ Adv!
1 I am presenting simple I am not presenting simple A: Am I presenting simple
progressive tense right now progressive tense right progressive tense right now?
now B: No, I am not
Yes, I am
2 You are studying English You are not studying A: Are you studying English
now English now now?
B: No, I am not
Yes, I am
3 We are listening to the We are not listening to the A: Are we listening to the
teacher now teacher now teacher now?
B: No, we are not
Yes, we are

4 They are operating They are not operating A: Are they operating
computers at the moment computers at the moment computers at the moment?
B: No, they are not
Yes, they are
5 He is fixing some computers He is not fixing some A: Is he fixing some
in the shop right now. computers in the shop right computers in the shop right
now. now?
B: No, he isn’t
Yes, he is
6 She is telling an English She is not telling an A: Is she telling an English
story in the class now English story in the class story in the class now?
now B: No, she isn’t
Yes, she is

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7 The man is reporting the The man is not reporting A: Is the man reporting the
result of the test to the top the result of the test to the result of the test to the top
management now top management now management now?
B: No, he isn’t
Yes, she is
8 The woman is discussing the The woman is not A: Is the woman discussing
cases in the manager’s office discussing the cases in the the cases in the manager’s
now manager’s office now office now?
B: No, she isn’t
Yes, she is
The Present Continuous Tense is a tense which used to express an activity that is in
progress at the moment of speaking. It is a temporary activity that began in the past, is continuing
at present, and will probably end at some point in the future. The certain time expressions signal
the present continuous tense: now, at this moment, for the time being, and at present.
Examples:
1. I am presenting simple progressive tense right now.
2. You are studying English now.
3. We are listening to the teacher now.
4. They are operating computers at the moment.
5. She is telling an English story in the class now.
6. He is fixing some computers in the shop right now.
7. It is running well.
8. The man is reporting the result of the test to the top management now.
9. The woman is discussing the cases in the manager’s office now.
10. The speaker is explaining his paper in the seminar now.

The Present Continuous Tense is used to indicate often the activity which is of a
general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year.
Examples:
1. I am taking five courses this semester.
2. Brown is trying to improve his work habits this year.
3. Susan is writing another book this year.

The Present Continuous Tense can be used to indicate or show the future actions. We
use this tense when we have already made definite arrangements (fixed arrangement) in
the near future. To describe a fixed arrangement in the future, it has to use the time
expressions such as: tomorrow, next day, next week, next month, tonight, etc.
Examples:
1. Argentina is playing against Brazil next week
2. We’re flying to Chicago tomorrow.
3. Jane is in hospital. She is going home next week.
4. Our class is watching a good film tonight.
5. Jean and Jane are finishing work contract tomorrow.

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2. The Present Continuous Tense in Passive-Voice!

Active: S + is/am/are +Present Participle + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + is /am/are + being+Past Participle + by Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
1. I am writing an article now. An article is being written by me now.
2. You are phoning Mr. Brown right Mr. Brown is being phoned by you right now.
now.
3. We are discussing a big case for the A big case is being discussed by us for the time
time being. being.
4. They are reading an economic An economic article is being read by them at the
article at the moment in the class. moment in the class.
5. She is cooking some food now in Some food is being cooked by her now in the
the kitchen. kitchen.
6. He is explaining passive voice to Passive voice is being explained by him to the
the students now. students now.
7. It is barking the people now. The people are being barked by it now.
Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘ Present Continuous
Tense ‘

The Usages of Passive Voice Form in the Present Continuous Tense

No Examples The Usages of Passive Voice Form in

the Present Continuous Tense
1 An email is being written by our special The agent is unknown. We don’t know who
team. or what is the agent
2o I myself am being held captive here. We use the passive to emphasise the subject
3 The man is always being told what to do by We use the passive to talk about general
his sister. truths
4o Something that we can’t define is being We can use the passive if we want to be
mishandled by an intruder. unclear or vague about the subject
5o His subject is being widely discussed by We use the passive when the subject is
many historians all over the world. irrelevant (We don’t care who or what has
caused the action to be).

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3. The Present Perfect Tense!

Positive Sentence Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences

S + has/have + Past Participle + S + has/have +not + Past Has/Have + S + Past

Obj+ Adv! Participle + Obj+ Adv! Participle + Obj+ Adv!

1 I have eaten the cakes. I have not eaten the X: Have you eaten the cakes?
cakes. Y: Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t
2 You have had breakfast. You have not had X: Have you had breakfast?
breakfast. Y: Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
3 We have finished the We have not finished the X: Have you finished the
project. project. project?
Y: Yes, I have.
No, I haven’t.
4 They have summated their They have not X: Have they summated their
papers. summated their papers. papers?
Y: Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.
5 She has taken advanced She has not taken X: Has she taken advanced
structure exam. advanced structure exam. structure exam?
Y: Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
6 He has arrived here. He has not arrived here. X: Has he arrived here?
Y: Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t
7 It has barked the men. It has not barked the X: Has it barked the men?
men. Y: Yes, it has.
No, it hasn’t.
8 Brown has finished the Brown has not finished X: Has he finished the project?
project. the project. Y: Yes, he has.
No, he hasn’t
9 Martha has understood the Martha has not X: Has she taken understood
cases well. understood the cases the cases well?
well. Y: Yes, she has.
No, she hasn’t.
10 Jack & Lukas have done the Jack & Lukas have not X: Have Jack & Lukas (they)
best for the company. done the best for the done the best for the company?
company. Y: Yes, they have.
No, they haven’t.

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The present perfect tense is used to express the activities which are begun in the past
time but they are still continuing up to now by using the words of ‘ for & since ‘ in the
sentences.
Since is used for starting point with a fixed time in the past (2004, April 23rd, last
year, two hours ago). The fixed time can be another action, indicated with the past simple
(since I was at school, since I arrived), for examples:
a. I have known the old woman since 1992.
b. The girl has liked chocolate since she was a child.
c. They have worked in Panasonic Company since 10 year ago.
d. The girl has liked chocolate since she was a child.

For is used with a period of time ( for 2 hours, for three years, for six months) for
examples:
a. Mr. Juneidi has understood how to operate a laptop for three years.
b. I have known Julie for ten years.
c. We have sold many products in his shop for 20 years.
d. She has had a cold for a week.
e. Mr. Firnando has been a teacher in Longman for 7 years.
f. The old man has lived in old house for 40 years.

The present perfect tense is also used to indicate an action repeated in an unspecified
period between the past and now by using ‘ times ‘ ( six times, several times already, many
times), frequently, etc., for examples:
a. They have seen that film six times
b. It has happened several times already.
c. She has visited them frequently.
d. We have eaten at that restaurant many times.

The present perfect tense is also used to indicate an action that the time period referred
to has not finished yet by using the adverbs such as: this month, this week, today, in the
last year, etc. , for examples:
a. I haven't seen her this month.
b. She hasn’t drunk three cups of coffee today.
c. This week they have not finished the projects.
d. I have worked hard this week.
e. It has rained a lot this year.
f. We haven't seen her today.

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‘ Be ‘ in present perfect tense is ‘ BEEN ‘ . After ‘ have & has ‘ appear ‘

noun/adjective/ adverb ‘ must be followed with ‘ been ‘. The function of ‘ been ‘ is a
linking verb which links a subject and subject compliment such as : noun, adjective,
adverb.

S + has been/have been + Subject Complement (Noun/Adjective/Adverb)

Linking Verb
I have been an university student ‘an university student is NOUN PHRASE
1 for 2 years. that functioned as subject complement.
She has been to Paris. to Paris is ADVERB PHRASE that
2 (in my life, but now I'm in London, functioned as subject complement.
where I live).
The girl has been to school today to school is ADVERB PHRASE that
3 (but now she's back at home). functioned as subject complement.
4 They have never been to California. to school is ADVERB PHRASE that
functioned as subject complement.
5 Clara has has been ill since last ill is ADJECTIVE that functioned as
week. subject complement.

3. The Present Perfect Tense in Passive Voice

Active: S + have/has +PP + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + has/have + been+Past Participle + by Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
1. I have cleaned the car. The car has been cleaned by me.
2. You have taken the books. The books have been taken by you.
3. We have installed many computers. Many computers have been installed by us
4. They have bought a new car. A new car has been bought by them
5. She has reported the news. The news has been reported by her.
6. He has swept the class. The class has been swept by him
Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘Present Perfect Tense ‘

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The Usages of Passive Voice Form in the Perfect Tense

No Examples The Usages of Passive Voice Form in the

Perfect Tense
1o An amazing surprise has been prepared for The agent is unknown. We don’t know who
you, Maria. or what is the agent
2 Only ”he” has been known to have all the We use the passive to emphasize the subject
answers.
3 These lands have been cultivated by We use the passive to talk about general
farmers for as long as we know it. truths
4 An interesting letter has been written by We use the passive when we are unclear or
this author. vague about the subject
5o I haven’t the slightest clue as to who or We use the passive when the subject is
what has been driven to commit such an act irrelevant
but we need to get to the bottom of all this. (We don’t care who or what has caused the
o action to be).
6o The sulphur and other liquids have been We use the passive in a more formal
poured into the mix in order to acquire the atmosphere like a thesis or an important piece
results we were looking for. of writing, especially scientifically speaking
o

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4. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense!

Positive Sentences Positive Sentences

S + have/has + been + Present Participle S + have/has + + not + been + Present Participle
+ Obj + Adv! + + Obj + Adv!
1 I have been living in Jakarta for 5 I have not been living in Jakarta for 5 years.
years.
2 You have been promoting a new You have not been promoting a new product since
product since last month. last month.
3 We have been selling import products We have not been selling import products for 6
for 6 years. years.
4 They have been broadcasting the They have not been broadcasting the news village
news village sin ten years ago. sin ten years ago.
5 She has been working in Sinbad She has not been working in Sinbad Shipyard
Shipyard Company for many years. Company for many years.
6 He has been staying in Danau Toba He has not been staying in Danau Toba
International Hotel since last night. International Hotel since last night.
7 It has been barking the passing It has not been barking the passing people
people surrounding here for many surrounding here for many days.
days.
8 Julia has been speaking English Julia has not been speaking English since she
since she stayed in the tourist area. stayed in the tourist area.
9 Jack has been welcoming a lot of Jack has not been welcoming a lot of guests in that
guests in that hotel. hotel.
10 Julia and Jack have been discussing Julia and Jack have not been discussing the
the problem since two hours ago. problem since two hours ago.

The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate an activity or action which
began in the past tense and is still continuing when it is mentioned at the moment of
speaking as well as it will happen in the future. It is usually expressed by ‘ for ‘ and ‘
since ‘,
Examples:
a. I have been working at PT. Inti Perdana Indonesia for 5 years.
b. You have been living in Batam since 2006.
c. We have been staying in Planet Holiday Hotel for 3 days.
d. They have been operating the computers since 2009.
e. She has been speaking in forum for an hour.
f. He has been explaining his paper since 30 minutes ago.
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The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate an activity or action ( quite a
long action) which began in the past and has recently stopped, for examples:
a. You are out of breath. Have you been running?
b. That man over there is bright red. I think he has been sunbathing.

The present perfect continuous tense is used to express actions that have just finished,
but we are interested in the result, for examples:
a. She has been cooking since last night. ( and the food on the table looks delicious
).
b. It has been raining. ( and the streets are still wet)
c. Someone has been eating my chips. ( half of them have gone)

The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate an activity or action that recently
completed actions (focus on the action) , for examples:
a. She has been watching too many videos. (It was too much time.)
b. Mario has been driving from Jakarta to Medan for 48 hours.

The present perfect continuous can be sometimes used to focus on the duration of time
for examples:
a. She has been cleaning the house all day.
b. I have been working on this project for 12 hours

The present perfect continuous tense is used to indicate a general activity or action in
progress recently for which no specific time in mentioned, for examples:
a. I have been thinking about changing my major.
b. All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams starts next week.
c. My back hurts, so I have been sleeping on the floor lately. The bed is too soft.
d. She has been thinking about competing next year.

4. The Present Perfect Continuous Tense in Passive Voice!

Active: S + have/has + been + Present Participle + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + has/have + been + being +Past Participle + by Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate

ACTIVE -VOICE PASSIVE –VOICE

1 We have been using the old tools to The old tools have been being used by us to
carry on the projects. carry on the projects.
2o The men has been renovating the o The high big building has been being renovated
high big building. by the men ( them)
3 The independent team has been The serious big cases has been being investigated
investigating the serious big cases that by the independent team that is concern by the
is concerned by the public. public.

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4 Human has been looking after dongs Dogs have been being looked after by humans
for thousands of years. for thousands of years.
5o Our loud music has been annoying o There is a man living down there on the first floor
that there is a man living down there that has been being annoyed by our loud music.
on the first floor.
6o All the students and teachers have been Mr. Estepan as the speakers for English education
waiting Mr. Estepan as the speakers for have been being waited for 2 hours.
English education for 2 hours.

The Usages of Passive Voice Form in the present perfect continuous tense!

No Examples The Usages of Passive Voice Form in

the present perfect continuous tense!
1 There is a man living down there on the first The agent is unknown. We don’t know who
floor that has been being annoyed by our or what is the agent
loud music. We use the passive to emphasise the subject
2o It was he, the villain, who has been being We use the passive to emphasise the subject
sought after for his crimes against society.
3o Dogs have been being looked after by We use the passive to talk about general
humans for thousands of years. truths
4o We aren’t sure what it was but usually, these We can use the passive if we want to be
things have been being dealt with seriously unclear or vague about the subject
by the justice department.
5o These types of anomalies have been being We use the passive when the subject is
studied for centuries on end without any irrelevant (We don’t care who or what has
progress having been being made. caused the action to be).
6o My scientific analysis clearly demonstrates We use the passive in a more formal
that the stars in our solar system have been atmosphere like a thesis or an important
being lighted for millions of years. piece of writing, especially scientifically
speaking

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5. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Positive Sentences Negative Sentences

S + Verb Past Form + Obj + Adv! S + did not + Bare Infinitive + Obj + Adv!
Predicate Predicate
1 I studied English last week. I did not study English last week.
2 You visited Laura last month. You did not visit Laura last month.
3 We told an English story yesterday. We did not tell an English story yesterday.
4 They explained the cases well just now. They did not explain the cases well just now.
5 She taught structure-3 a week ago. She did not teach structure-3 a week ago.
6 He went to Medan last night. He did not go to Medan last night.
7 You and I finished the projects last year. You and I did not finish the projects last year.
8 Jack did his homework last night. Jack did not do his homework last night.
9 Martha reported the news on Metro TV a Martha did not report the news on Metro TV a few
few minutes ago. minutes ago.
10 The dog barked the people yesterday. The dog did not bark the people yesterday.
Note: The underlined verbs above are ‘ past Note: The underlined words in each sentence
tense form ‘ which functioned as predicates. above are ‘ verb phrase ‘ namely: did not + bare
infinitive, which functioned as predicates.

Positive Sentences Interrogative Sentences

S + Verb Past Tense + Obj + Adv! Did + S + Bare Infinitive + Obj + Adv ?
Predicate Predicate
1 I studied English last week. X: Did you study English last week?
Y: No, I didn’t.
Yes, I did.
2 You visited Laura last month. X: Did you visit Laura last month?
Y: No, I didn’t.
Yes, I did.
3 We told an English story yesterday. X: Did we (you) tell an English story
yesterday?
Y: No, we didn’t.
Yes, we did.
4 They explained the cases well just X: Did they explain the cases well just now?
now. Y: No, they didn’t
Yes, they did
5 She taught advanced structure a week X: Did she teach advanced structure a week
ago. ago?
Y: No, she didn’t
Yes, she did

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6 He went to Medan last night. X: Did he go to Medan last night?

Y: No, he didn’t
Yes, he did
7 You and I finished the projects last X: Did you ( you and I) finish the projects last
year. year?
Y: No, we didn’t
Yes, we did
8 Jack did his homework last night. X: Did he (Jack ) do his homework last night?
Y: No, he didn’t
Yes, he did
9 Martha reported the news on Metro X: Did (she) Martha report the news on Metro
TV a few minutes ago. TV a few minutes ago?
Y: No, she didn’t
Yes, she did
10 The dog barked the people yesterday. X: Did it ( the dog) bark the people yesterday?
Y: No, it didn’t
Yes, it did

‘ Be ‘ in the past form are: ‘ was & were ‘ that functioned as Linking Verb which
connects between Subject & subject compliment.
Pattern: S + was/were + Subject Complement (Noun/Adjective/Adverb )
Examples:
1. He was in Medan yesterday.
2. She was a nurse three years ago.
3. They were late yesterday.
4. We were very angry with them last night.
5. The man was pale yesterday.
6. You were in time to the seminar last week.
7. It was dark outside yesterday morning.
8. It was Sunday.
9. Mary was sick last month.
10. It was a good university ten years ago.

The Past Tense is used to talk about actions that happened at a specific time in the past. You
state when it happened using a time adverb such as : yesterday, last night, last year, just now,
in 2006 until 2011, in 1498, in 1976, etc.
Examples:
❖ Sir. Selamat Napitupulu taught some English courses at Putra Batam
University in 2008 until 2011.
❖ John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
❖ My father died last year.
❖ He lived in Fiji in 1976.
❖ We crossed the Channel yesterday.

The Past Tense is also used to list a series of completed actions in the past or for stories/list
of events. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
❖ I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.

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❖ He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the
others at 10:00.
❖ Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
❖ He went to a café, sat down and lited a cigarette.
❖ Yesterday I went to the library, met a friend for lunch, and played tennis.

The Past Tense is to discuss details of news.

Examples:
I've hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder when I was painting my bedroom. I've been on
holiday. I went to Spain and Portugal.

The Past Tense without an adverb of time, in such cases the time may be either implied or
indicated by the context.
Examples:
❖ I learnt Hindi in Nagpur.
❖ I didn’t sleep well.
❖ Indonesia defeated Malaysia in the match.

The Past Tense with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A Duration is a longer
action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year,
etc.
Examples:
❖ I lived in Brazil for two years.
❖ Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
❖ They sat at the beach all day.
❖ They did not stay at the party the entire time.
❖ We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
❖ A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
The Past Tense is used to express a finished habit, or terminated situation, there are three
additional possible structures, namely: ‘ used to, would, was ‘.
S + used to/ would + Bare Infinitive + …….!
S + was + Subject Complement + …….!
Examples:
❖ I used to go to Brighton when I was a child. But I don't any longer.
❖ He would call her every day when she was younger, but he doesn't now
❖ This street used to be very quiet; but nowadays it's full of traffic.
❖ This street was once very quiet, but nowadays it's full of traffic.
The Past Tense is to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in
use above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression ‘ used to ‘.
Examples:
❖ She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing.
❖ He didn't like tomatoes before.
❖ Did you live in Texas when you were a kid?
❖ People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.

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The Past Tense is to talk refer to the present or future in conditions, hypotheses, and
wishes.
Examples:
❖ He could get a new job if he really tried. (conditions)
❖ If Jack was playing they would probably win. (conditions)
❖ It might be dangerous. Suppose they got lost. (hypotheses)
❖ I would always help someone who really needed help. (hypotheses)
❖ I wish it wasn’t so cold. (wishes)
In conditions, hypotheses and wishes, if we want to talk about the past, we always use the
Past Perfect,
Examples:
❖ I would have helped him if he had asked.
❖ It was very dangerous, What if you had got lost?
❖ I wish I hadn’t spent so much money last month.

5. The Past Tense in Passive-Voice!

Active: S + Past Form + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + was / were + Past Participle + by + Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
1 I sent two letters yesterday. Two letters were sent by me yesterday.

2 You visited the lady last night. The lady was visited by you last night.

3 We watched a horror last year. A horror was watched by us last year.

4 They reported the cases last week. The cases were reported by them last week.

5 She conducted the meeting The meeting was conducted by her yesterday
yesterday morning. morning.

6 He invested ten thousand dollars in Ten thousand dollars were invested by him in the
the stock market last month. stock market last month.
Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘Simple Past Tense ‘

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The Usages of the Past Tense in Passive Voice Form

No Examples The Usages of the Past Tense in

Passive Voice Form
1 • Something was stolen from our garage The agent is unknown. We don’t know
last night. who or what is the agent
• some sort of creature was born.
2 • The queen was told to listen. We use the passive to emphasise the
• It was Henry who shouted at the guards. subject
3 • The earth was occupied by dinosaurs We use the passive to talk about general
over sixty-five million years ago. truths
• World war two was spread out over a
six-year period.
4 • A suitcase was found at the airport. (We We can use the passive if we want to be
don’t know about the specific contents of unclear or vague about the subject
the suitcase, as a result, we use the
passive).
• All she told me was that letters were
written.
5 • Great literature was written in the late We use the passive when the subject is
eighteenth century. irrelevant (We don’t care who or what has
• The painting was sold for more than one caused the action to be).
million euros last night.
6 • The elements of the structure were We use the passive in a more formal
put into the mix. atmosphere like a thesis or an important
• The climates change issue was discussed. piece of writing, especially scientifically
speaking

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6. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE!

Positive Sentence Negative Sentences

S + was/were + Present Participle + Obj S + was/were + not + Present Participle +
+ Adv! Obj + Adv!
I was conducting the meeting last night. I was not conducting the meeting last night.
You were attending the seminar yesterday You were not attending the seminar yesterday
morning. morning.
We were discussing the case last October. We were not discussing the case last October.
They were debating in the forum last week. They were debating in the forum last week.
She was operating a laptop in her office She was not operating a laptop in her office
two hours ago. two hours ago.
He was explaining the new product to the He was not explaining the new product to the
customers yesterday. customers yesterday.
It was barking the people last night. It was not barking the people last night.
Ma’am Reina was teaching Business Ma’am Reina was not teaching Business
Etiquette two hours ago. Etiquette two hours ago.
Sir. Hotman Simbolon was presenting his Sir. Hotman Simbolon was not presenting his
paper just now. paper just now.
Miss. Dumaris and Mr. Donal were making Miss. Dumaris and Mr. Donal were not making
a proposal last year. a proposal last year.

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WHEN TWO ACTIONS IN THE PAST

Past Form after Past continuous Past Form before Past continuous
S1 + was/were + Present Participle + When + S1 + Past Form + Obj + Adv + S2
Obj + Adv + S2 + when + Past Form + + was/were + not + Present Participle + Obj
Obj + Adv! + Adv
I was conducting the meeting last night When the man entered to the room, I was
when the man entered to the room. conducting the meeting last night
The phone rang when I was doing my When the phone rang, I was doing my project
project at home at home
Some others participants entered to the hall When some others participants entered to the
meeting when the meeting was lasting, hall meeting, the meeting was lasting,

It began to rain when she was waiting for When it began to rain, she was waiting for the
the 25 bus to come. It was too late. 25 bus to come. It was too late.
Nora was doing my project at home when When the phone rang, Nora was doing my
the phone rang, project at home
When two actions are in progress at the same time, the past progressive can be used both parts of the
sentences. It is usually marked with the use of an adverbial clause of time using conjunction while.
S1 + was/were + Present Participle + While + S1 + Past Form + Obj + Adv + S2
Obj + Adv + S2 + while + Past Form + + was/were + not + Present Participle + Obj
Obj + Adv! + Adv
While the members of the sales marketing The new salesmen entered to the meeting room
were arguing about the target marketing in while the members of the sales marketing were
this year, the new salesmen entered to the arguing about the target marketing in this year,
meeting room.
While I was still waiting for an interview , I was still waiting for an interview while
another new invitation came to me. How another new invitation came to me. How lucky
lucky I was. I was.

Positive Sentence Negative Sentences

S + was/were + Present Participle + Obj Was / were + S + + Present Participle + Obj

+ Adv! + Adv!
I was conducting the meeting last night. X : Was I conducting the meeting last night?
Y : Yes, I was .
No, I wasn’t
You were attending the seminar yesterday X : Were you attending the seminar yesterday
morning. morning?
Y : Yes, I was .
No, I wasn’t
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We were discussing the case last October. X : Were we discussing the case last October?
Y : Yes, we were
No, we weren’t
They were debating in the forum last week. X : Were they debating in the forum last week?
Y : Yes, they were
No, they weren’t
She was operating a laptop in her office X : Was she operating a laptop in her office
two hours ago. two hours ago?
Y : Yes, she was .
No, she wasn’t
He was explaining the new product to the X : Was he was explaining the new product to
customers yesterday. the customers yesterday?
Y : Yes, he was .
No, he wasn’t
It was barking the people last night. X : Was It barking the people last night.
Y : Yes, it was .
No, it wasn’t
Ma’am Reina was teaching Business X : Was Ma’am Reina teaching Business
Etiquette two hours ago. Etiquette two hours ago?
Y : Yes, she was .
No, she wasn’t
Sir. Hotman Simbolon was presenting his X : Was Sir. Hotman Simbolon presenting his
paper just now. paper just now?
Y : Yes, he was .
No, he wasn’t
Miss. Dumaris and Mr. Donal were making X : Were Miss. Dumaris and Mr. Donal making
a proposal last year. a proposal last year?
Y : Yes, they were
No, they weren’t

The past continuous tense is used for an action that was happening and not yet finished
at a particular time or throughout a period of time in the past. We do not state when the
action started or ended, for examples:
a. Grandma was knitting a sock at 11 o'clock last night.
b. They were hunting wild boars all evening last week.
c. Some lecturers were teaching at 8 o'clock yesterday.
d. The young lady was typing her assignments at 10 o'clock this morning.
e. The experts were discussing the heavy cases last night.

The past continuous tense is used to express a past action which was in progress when
another action interrupted. We use Past Continuous for the interrupted action and Past
Simple Tense for the action which interrupts it. It is usually marked with the use of an
adverbial clause of time using conjunction “ when and while ”.
Examples:
a. When the meeting was lasting, some others participants entered to the hall
meeting.
b. When another new invitation came to me, I was still waiting for an interview.
How lucky I was.
c. When it began to rain, she was waiting for the 25 bus to come. It was too late.

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d. When the phone rang, I was doing my project at home

e. While the members of the sales marketing were arguing about the target
marketing in this year, the new salesmen entered to the meeting room.

Thus, the above sentences can be changed by placing the conjunction “ when and while
” in the middle of the sentence.
Examples:
a. The meeting was lasting when some others participants entered to the hall
meeting.
b. Another new invitation came to me when I was still waiting for an interview.
How lucky I was.
c. It began to rain when she was waiting for the 25 bus to come. It was too late.
d. The phone rang when I was doing my project at home
e. The members of the sales marketing were arguing about the target marketing
in this year while the new salesmen entered to the meeting room.

The past continuous tense is used to express two actions are in progress simultaneously
at the same time, the past continuous can be used both parts of the sentences. It is usually
marked with the use of an adverbial clause of time using conjunction “ while ”.
Examples:
a. While I was typing some order letters and the report meeting, Mr. Black as a
supervisor in the firm was talking with a quest.
b. While my brother was laughing, my sister was crying.
c. While my father was drinking, my mother was eating.
d. While I was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate was having
a party in the other room.

Thus, the above sentences can be changed by placing the conjunction “while” in the
middle of the sentence.
Examples:
a. I was typing some order letters and the report meeting while Mr. Black as a
supervisor in the firm was talking with a quest.
b. My brother was laughing while my sister was crying.
c. My father was drinking while my mother was eating.
d. I was studying in one room of our apartment while my roommate was having
a party in the other room.

The past continuous tense is used to replace the present continuous of past continuous
tense when a direct quotation is changed into reported speech or indirect speech, for
examples:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

He said, “I am working in Dry Dog He said (that) he was working in Dry Dog
Shipyard Company.” Shipyard Company.

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Are you catching a train to Timbuktu, Jill asked Jack if he was catching a train
Jack?" asked Jill to Timbuktu

6. Past Continuous Tense in Passive Voice

Active: S + was / were + Present Participle + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + was /were + being+Past Participle + by Object Doer !

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
1 I was painting the house when Jack The house was being painted by me when Jack
visited me. visited me.

2 Miss. Redika was usually telling nice Nice stories were being usually told by her (Miss.
stories when she lived here. Redika) when she lived here.

3 When the phone rang, I was doing the The project was being done by me at home when
project at home. the phone rang.

4 While the members of the sales About the target marketing was being argued by
marketing were arguing about the the members of the sales marketing in this year
target marketing in this year, the new while the new salesmen entered to the meeting
salesmen entered to the meeting room. room.

5 While I was typing some order letters Some order letters and the report meeting were
and the report meeting, Mr. Black as a being typed by me while Mr. Black as a
supervisor in the firm was talking with supervisor in the firm was talking with a quest.
a quest.

Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘The Past Continuous Tense
‘

The Usages of the Past Continuous Tense in Passive Voice Form

No Examples The Usages of the Past

Continuous Tense in Passive
Voice Form

1 • An email was being written by our supply team. (we The agent is unknown. We
don’t know the contents of the email, neither its don’t know who or what is the
transmitter or sender, only that is an email). agent
• An unidentified flying object was being recorded by
many observers from around the globe. (the subject is
unknown because we don’t know about the ‘unidentified
object’).
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2 • I myself was being held captive there in a concentration We use the passive to
camp. (The emphasis is on ‘myself’). emphasise the subject
• The guards were the ones being incarcerated by their
own allies.
3 • The man was always being told what to do. We use the passive to talk
• The native peoples of North America were always being about general truths
dragged into the battle against the colonisers.
4 • All I can tell you is that a ship was being scheduled to We can use the passive if we
land. want to be unclear or vague
• Letters were being written to the author. about the subject
5 • Someone from their team was being brought to the We use the passive when the
resort to resolve the issue. Whoever the ‘someone’ is, is subject is irrelevant (We don’t
irrelevant in this context). care who or what has caused
• I am not sure who exactly was being sought after by the the action to be).
police.

7. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. Positive Sentence
In positive sentences, this tense is formed with ” had ” + the past participle form
of the verb.
Pattern: S + had + the past participle verb form + (Object) + Adverb!
Examples:
a. I had done my assignment.
b. You had spoken the case.
c. We had formulated the problems.
d. They had made a lot of changes.
e. She had reformed the management in the company.
f. He had reported the cases to the top management.
2. Negative Sentence
In negative sentences, this tense is formed with ” had ” + not + the past
participle form of the verb.
Pattern: S + had + not + the past participle verb form + Object) + Adverb!
Examples:
a. I had not done my assignment.
b. You had not spoken the case.
c. We had not formulated the problems.
d. They had not made a lot of changes.
e. She had not reformed the management in the company.
f. He had not reported the cases to the top management.

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3. Interrogative Sentence
It is formed with ” had ” + S + the past participle form of the verb.
In interrogative sentences with “yes” or “no” questions, this tense is formed with
moving ” had ” in front of the subject plus the past participle form of the verb.
Pattern: Had + S + the past participle verb form + Object) + Adverb?
Examples:
a. A: Have I done my assignment?
B: Yes, I had / No, I hadn’t
b. A: Have you spoken the case?
B: Yes, I had / No, I hadn’t
c. A: Have we formulated the problems?
B: Yes, w had / No, e hadn’t
d. A: Have they made a lot of changes?
B: Yes, they had / No, they hadn’t
e. A: Have she reformed the management in the company?
B: Yes, she had / No, she hadn’t
f. A: Have he reported the cases to the top management?
B: Yes, he had / No, he hadn’t

THE USAGES OF PAST PERFECT TENSE

There are some uses of past perfect tense, such as the following:
1. The past perfect tense is used to indicate two actions in the past time; one action is
past perfect tense and the other is past tense (use two tenses). It usually uses clauses
with “ when ”. The past perfect use “ when ” in order to emphasize that the first
action was completed before the second one started.
When Subject Past Tense comma Subject Past perfect Tense
Examples:
a. When they arrived in the hall, the team had finished discussing the case.
b. When he had shut the window, we opened the door of the cage.
c. When she had sung her song, she sat down.
d. When he had seen all the pictures, he said he was ready to leave.

Thus, “ When ” can be placed in the middle of the sentences, for examples:
Subject Past Tense When Subject Past perfect Tense
Examples:
a. They arrived in the hall when the team had finished discussing the case.
b. He had shut the window when we opened the door of the cage.
c. She had sung her song when she sat down.
d. He had seen all the pictures when he said he was ready to leave.

2. The past perfect tense is used to indicate the action of the verb in the past perfect
tense had happened a very short time before the time of reference which usually
uses “just” ; the verb in the simple past tense. The word “when” often introduces
the clause containing the simple past tense verb.
Examples:
a. When I arrived in the class structure, the lecture had just begun.
b. When the others participants entered to the seminar, Dr. Hilman Pardede had

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just finished his session.

3. The past perfect tense is used to replace the present perfect of simple past tense
when a direct quotation is changed into reported speech or indirect speech, for
examples:

Direct Speech Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

He said, “ I have been in England for He said (that) he had been in England for
ten years ” fen years.
Clara said. ' When you've worked for a Clara said (that ) when I had worked for a
year you'll get arise ' year I'd get a rise.
She said, 'I'll lend you the book as soon She said (that) she had lend me the book
as I have read it myself. as soon as she had read it herself.
The lecturer, “I have studied the The lecturer said (that) he had studied the
problem for years”. problem for years.
Simple past tenses in direct speech usually change similarly:
❖ He said, 'I knew her well' = He said that he had known her well.

4. The past perfect tense is used to write more formal writing in fiction, for example:
Written:
Bill felt great that evening. Earlier in the day, Annie had caught fish, and had
caught tree. They had had a delicious picnic near the lake and then had gone
swimming again. It had been a nearly perfect vacation day.

5. The past perfect tense is used for the past equivalent of the simple past tense, and
is used when the narrator or subject looks back on earlier action from a certain
point in the past, for examples:
a. Tom was 23 when our story begins. His father had died five years before and
since then Tom had lived alone. His father had advised him not to get married
till he was 35, and Tom intended to follow this advice.
b. I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang. When I came
back from answering it the glass was empty. Somebody had drunk the beer or
thrown it away.
c. He met her in Paris in 1977. He had last seen her ten years before.
d. Her hair had been grey then: now it was white. Or He met her in 1967 and
again ten years later. Her hair, which had been grey at their first meeting, was
now white.

6. The past perfect tense is used to emphasize the completion or expected completion
of an action with :“ with “ as soon as, the moment, immediately, till/until and before
”, for examples:
a. He refused to go till he had seen all the pictures.
b. He did wit wait till we had finished our meal.
c. Before we had finished our meal he ordered us hack to work.
d. Before we had walked ten miles he complained of sore feet.
e. After the will had been read there were angry exclamations.
(“ After ” is normally followed by a perfect tense)

7. But if we merely give the events in the order in which they occurred no past perfect

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tense is necessary:
a. Tom's father died when Tom was eighteen. Before he died he advised Tom not
to marry till he was 35, and Tom at 23 still intended to follow this advice.
b. He met her first in 1967 when her hair was grey. He met her again in 1977/He
didn't meet her again till 1977. Her hair was now white.

7. Past Perfect Tense in Passive Voice

Active: S + had +Past Participle + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + had + been+Past Participle + by + Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
1 She had studied English before she English had been studied before she moved to Jakarta.
moved to Jakarta.

2 The postman had o The letter had already been delivered by the postman
already
delivered the letters.

3 The director had warned the The students had been warned to pay the fees by the
students to pay the fees. directors.

4 They hadn’t locked the door before

• The door hadn’t been locked before their friends arrived.
their friend arrived.

5o George had repaired many cars o Many cars had been repaired by him (George ) before he
before he received his mechanic's received his mechanic's license.
license.
6 I had already seen that movie That movie had already been seen by me before
before Julie invited me to watch it Julie invited me to watch it at her house.
at her house.

Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘Past Perfect Tense ‘

The Usages of Past Perfect Tense in Passive Voice Form

No Examples The Usages of Past Perfect Tense

in Passive Voice Form
1 A new factory had been built there ages The agent is unknown. We don’t know
ago. who or what is the agent
(We don’t know WHO built the factory).
2 Drugs had been detected in one of the We use the passive to emphasise the
cyclists during the Tour De France. subject
3 It had been thought for years not long ago We use the passive to talk about general
that the earth was round. truths

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4 All is known is that mistakes had been We can use the passive if we want to be
committed during that period. unclear or vague about the subject
(We are being vague about the ‘mistakes’ and
not specifying which were the exact
mistakes).
5 Some guy from the information We use the passive when the subject is
department had been told that he wasn’t irrelevant (We don’t care who or what
allowed to leave before 18:00h. has caused the action to be).
(Here, we aren’t interested in who the guy is,
rather the fact that he wasn’t allowed to leave
before 18:00 h )
6 Substances from the experiment had been We use the passive in a more formal
located while researching. atmosphere like a thesis or an important
piece of writing, especially scientifically
speaking

8. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSE

Positive Sentence Negative Sentences Interrogative Sentences

S + had+ been + Present S + had not + been + Present Had +S + been + Present
Participle + Object + Participle + Object + Adverb! Participle + Object + Adverb!?
Adverb!
They had been They had not been X: Had they been participating
participating in the participating in the seminar. in the seminar?
seminar. Y: Yes, they had.
No, they hadn’t.
She had been presenting She had not been presenting X: Had she been presenting two
two papers of marketing. two papers of marketing. papers of marketing?
Y: Yes, she had.
No, she hadn’t.
Dr. Jongker Tampubolon Dr. Jongker Tampubolon had X: Had Dr. Jongker Tampubolon
had been reforming many not been reforming many been reforming many things in
things in the University. things in the University. the University?
Y: Yes, he had.
No, he hadn’t.

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Prof. Dr. D.P. Tampubolon Prof. Dr. D.P. Tampubolon X: Had Prof. Dr. D.P.
had been writing a lot of had not been writing a lot of Tampubolon been writing a lot
education books. education books. of education books?
Y: Yes, he had.
No, he hadn’t.
Dr. Tagor had been Dr. Tagor had not been X: Had Dr. Tagor been
conducting the forum well. conducting the forum well. conducting the forum well.
Y: Yes, he had.
No, he hadn’t.
The short form is: 'd been verb-ing. Be careful, because the short form for 'would' is also 'd.
However, 'would' is always followed by the infinitive, but 'had' is followed by the past participle.

1. to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the
past which uses the durations such as : for three minutes, for two days, for a week but
the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past, for
examples:
a. They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived.
b. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of
business.
c. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus?
d. Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work.
e. A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara?
B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.

2. to talk about longer situations that continued up to the moment in the past we are
talking about, for examples:
a. By the time I left England we had been living in Bristol for five years.
b. Her back was sore because she had been sitting at the computer all day.
c. The boys had been quarreling for half an hour when we arrived home.
d. I had been dating Angelina for 3 years before we got married.

3. before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect, for
examples:
a. Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
b. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating.
c. Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
d. John was in a detention because he had been misbehaving.
e. The road was wet because it had been raining.

4. In reported speech, the present perfect continuous tense becomes past perfect
continuous tense, for examples:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech / Reported
Speech
John said, "We have been travelling by train John said (that) they had been
across Europe." travelling by train across Europe.
Willson told, “ They have been studying at Willson told (that) they had been
this university for 3 years” studying at this university for 3 years.

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8. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense in Passive Voice Form

Active: S + had been +Present Participle + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + had been being +Past Participle + by Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
1 Jalai had been teaching English for English had been being taught by Jalai for ten
ten years before he established a years before he established a new system called
new system called a lingua. a lingua

2o Chef Jones had been preparing the o The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being
restaurant's fantastic dinners for two prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he
years before he moved to Paris. moved to Paris.

3 They had been discussing the The serious programs had been being discussed by
serious programs for hours before I them for hours before I even arrived.
even arrived.

4 John and Mary had been studying The past perfect continuous tense John and Mary
the past perfect continuous tense had been being studied when I arrived.
when I arrived.

5 o The bus had been being waited for Rahul for half
Rahul had been waiting for the bus
for half an hour when his an hour when his friend picked him up.
friend picked him up.

6 She had been watching the movie the movie had been being watched by her for two
for two hours before I got in her hours before I got in her house.
house.

Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘The Past Perfect
Continuous Tense ‘ with ‘had been being ‘.

The Usages of Past Perfect Continuous Tense in Passive Voice

No Examples The Usages

1 • A flying object had been being The agent is unknown. We don’t know
observed for over two hours last Friday who or what is the agent
night.
• Something really bizarre had been being
shown at the show.

2 • My sisters were the ones who had been We use the passive to emphasise the
being employed by their boss. subject

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• James had been the

man being subjected to all the problems.
3 The earth had been being spun into orbit for as We use the passive to talk about
long as science knows. general truths
4 A computer virus had been being stabilised for We can use the passive if we want to
five hours before the team operating the firewall be unclear or vague about the subject
managed to stop it from getting into the system.
5 Within the atmosphere, there was a strange We use the passive when the subject is
substance that had been being mixed with irrelevant (We don’t care who or what
oxygen. has caused the action to be).
6 • During the experiment, atoms had been We use the passive in a more formal
being smashed together with particles for a atmosphere like a thesis or an
duration of thirty minutes. important piece of writing, especially
• A very old equation in set theory had been scientifically speaking
being solved at the math quiz.

9. THE FUTURE TENSE!

Shall & Will

POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

S + will/shall + Bare Inf + S + will/shall+ not + Bare Will/Shall + S + Bare Inf +
Obj + Adv! Inf + Obj + Adv! Obj + Adv?
I shall lend you some money I shall not lend you some Shall I lend you some
money money?
We shall come soon We shall not come soon Shall we come soon ?
You will watch the film. You will not watch the Will you watch the film?
film.
They will report the case next They will not report the Will they report the case
week case next week next week ?
She will conduct the meeting She will not conduct the Will she conduct the
this afternoon meeting this afternoon meeting this afternoon?
He will report the program He will not report the Will he report the program
next month. program next month. next month?
Jack will tell a nice story next Jack will not tell a nice Will Jack tell a nice story
meeting. story next meeting. next meeting?
It will bark you, etc. It will not bark you, etc. Will it bark you?

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Be Going To

POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

S + is/am/are + going to+ S + is/am/are + not + Is/am/are + S + going to+
Bare Inf + Obj + Adv! going to+ Bare Inf + Obj + Bare Inf + Obj + Adv?
Adv!
I am going to lend you some I am not going to lend you Am I going to lend you
money some money some money?
We are going to come soon. We are not going to come Are we going to come soon
soon. ?
You are going to watch the You are not going to Are you going to watch the
film. watch the film. film?
They are going to report the They are not going to Are they going to report
case next week. report the case next week. the case next week ?
She is going to conduct the She is not going to Is she going to conduct the
meeting this afternoon conduct the meeting this meeting this afternoon?
afternoon
He is going to report the He is not going to report Is he going to report the
program next month. the program next month. program next month?
Jack is going to tell a nice Jack is not going to tell a Is Jack going to tell a nice
story next meeting. nice story next meeting. story next meeting?
It is going tobark you, etc. It is not going tobark you, Is it going to bark you?
etc.

Shall/Will + Be

POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

S + will/shall + be + SC + S + will/shall+ not + be + Will/Shall + S + Be + SC +
Adv SC + Adv! Adv?
I shall be here tomorrow. I shall not be here Shall I/you be here
tomorrow. tomorrow?
We shall be at meeting soon. We shall not be at Shall we at meeting soon?
meeting soon.
You will be a manager next. You will not be a manager Will you be a manager
next. next?
Clara will be clever next Clara will not be clever Will Clara will be clever
semester. next semester. next semester?
James will be well next day. James will not be well next Will James be well next
day. day?

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Be going to be

POSITIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

S + is/am/are + going to+ be S + is/am/are + not + Is/am/are + S + going to+
+ SC + Adv! going to+ be + SC + Adv! be + SC + Adv?
I am going to be here I am not going to be here Am I going to be here
tomorrow. tomorrow. tomorrow?
We am going to be at We are not going to be at Are we going to be at
meeting soon. meeting soon. meeting soon?
You are going to be a You are not going to be a Am you are going to be a
manager next. manager next. manager next?
Clara is going to be clever Clara is not going to be Is Clara is going to be
next semester. clever next semester. clever next semester?
James is going to be well James is not going to be Is James is going to be well
next day. well next day. next day?

1. The simple present tense as a future form can be used to indicate the future action by
using complete adverb of time. When it is used as a future form, it has to use the
complete adverb of future such as: next, tomorrow, later, tonight, etc.
Pattern: S + Bare Infinitive / Bare Infinitive + s/es/ies + ( Object) + Adverb !
Examples:
a. The manager conducts the meeting tomorrow.
b. The team leaves for Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand to promote Batam tourism
area next week.
c. They arrive here before at seven tonight.
d. I visit my grandparents in Medan two days later.
e. You present a paper next month.

2. The simple present continuous as a future form can be used to express a define
arrangement in the near future or the actions/activities which have already planned in
the future. But in this case, it has to use the complete future adverb such as: next,
tomorrow, later, tonight etc. This tense is formed with ‘ be ‘ (is, am, are) plus present
participle.
Pattern: S + Be ( is/am/are) + Present Participle (V-ing) + (Object) + Adverb!
Examples:
a. We are taking final test semester next week.
b. He is continuing his study in Canada next April.
c. They are visiting Lake Toba tomorrow.
d. I am leaving for USA tonight
e. Dr. Tagor Pangaribuan is presenting two papers in the seminar next month.

3. ‘Be going to ‘ is used to indicate the future action with a fixed panning or has already
planed /decided before being done the actions.
Pattern: S + Be ( is/am/are) + going to + infinitive + (Object) + Adverb!
Examples:
a. I am going to help the poor in my surrounding.

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b. He is going to explain the case before the legislators.

c. Miss. Dumaris is going to continue her study at post-graduation program next
year.
d. U-19 is going to play in Malaysia tomorrow evening.
e. Jokowi Dodo’s government is going to make Lake Toba like Bali tourism.
Thus, ‘ be going to ‘ can be also used to express the nearest action happening by any
signs will happen.
Pattern: S + Be ( is/am/are) + going to + infinitive + (Object) + Adverb!
Examples:
a. There is a lot of cloud in the sky. It is going to rain.
b. The woman is pregnant. She is going to have a baby.
c. Melisa is diligent to review all her study at home. She is going to have good
marks in this semester.
d. The ceiling of the room is hanging. It is going to fall down.
e. Josua is very diligent to practise his English speaking in this semester. He is
going to be able to speak with native speakers.

Addition to that, When there is not a verb after ‘ be going to ‘, it has to add ‘ be ‘,
after it.
Pattern: S + be (is/am/are) + going to + be + Non Verb ( adverb/ Noun/ Adjective)
Examples:
1. Laura is going to be a doctor next year ( noun)
2. James is pale. He is going to be sick ( adjective )
3. Julia, Clara, and Brwon are going to be here for a week. (adverb)

4. ‘ Will ‘ form is used to express intention at the moment of decision or to decide at the
moment of speaking (a spontaneous decision/an assumption with regard to the future
or an action in the future that cannot be influenced)
Pattern: S + will/shall + infinitive + (Object) + Adverb!
Examples:
a. The phone is ringing. I will answer it
b. Bill (to waiter); I will have a steak, please.
c. Julia: I would better order a taxi for tonight.
Tom: Don’t bother. I will drive you.
d. Mary (looking at a pile of letters): I will answer them tonight.
e. This is terribly heavy box. I will help you to carry it
f. I have left my watch upstairs. I will go and get it for you.
Thus, ‘ Will ‘ can be used to indicate an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption
regarding the future, for example:
❖ He will probably come back tomorrow.

Furthermore, ‘ Will ‘ can indicate predictions and to state facts about the future, for
examples:
a. Here will be strong winds tomorrow in the south of the country.
b. The year 2025 will be the four-hundredth anniversary of the founding of the
university.

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The last, ‘ Will ‘ form can be used in sentences containing clauses of condition, time
and sometimes purpose, for examples:
a. If I drop this glass it will break.
b. When it gets warmer the snow will start to melt.
c. I’m putting this letter on top of the pile so that he will read it first.

9. The Future Tense in Passive Voice ‘ WILL/SHALL’

Active: S + will / shall +Bare Infinitive + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + will / shall + be +Past Participle + by Object Doer + Adv !

Predicate
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
1 Melissa will phone you tonight. You will be phoned by Melissa (her) tonight.

2 Mr. Parulian will repair the roof The roof will be repaired by Mr. Parulian
soon. (him) soon.

3 We will take final test semester next Final test semester will be taken by us next
week. week.

4 They will sent all books to Medan All books will be sent by them to Medan
tomorrow morning. tomorrow morning.

5 The employees will print all the All the books will be printed by the
books next week. employees (them) next week.

Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘ The Future Tense ‘
with ‘will/shall ‘.

9. The Future Tense in Passive Voice ‘ Be going to’

Active: S + is/am/are + going to +Bare Infinitive + Object + Adv !

Passive: S+ is/am/are + going to+ be +Past Participle+ by +Object Doer +Adv !

Predicate
ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
1 Dr. Tagor Pangaribuan is going to Two linguistic papers are going to be
present two linguistic papers in the presented by Dr. Tagor Pangaribuan (him) in
seminar next month. the seminar next month.

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2 Miss. Dumaris is going to Her study is going to be continued by her at

continue her study at post- post-graduation program next year.
graduation program next year.

3 Miss. Elda and Mr. Smith are going An English educational seminar is going to be
to conduct an English educational conducted by Miss. Elda and Mr. Smith (them)
seminar tomorrow morning. tomorrow morning.

4 I am going to tell a nice story next A nice story is going to be told by me next
week. week.

5 The three big developers are going A big hotel, thousand apartments and a big mall
to build a big hotel, thousand are going to be built by them (the three big
apartments and a big mall next developers) next year.
year.

Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘ The Future Tense ‘
with ‘be going to ‘.

The Usages of Future Tense in Passive Voice Form

No Examples The Usages

1 The he future of great art like the Mona The agent is unknown. We don’t
Lisa will be done by artists of which I know who or what is the agent
cannot name.
I wish I knew my bride that I’ll be married
to.
2 • Hendri will be chosen to represent Great We use the passive to emphasise the
Britain in the Olympics next subject
year. (The emphasis is on Henry, hence,
the passive).
• Mark will be selected for the
championships.
3 • The laws of physics will soon be We use the passive to talk about
altered when we provide these general truths
mathematical proofs.
• Quantum mechanics won’t be changed at
all.
4 • Experiments will be realised, that’s all I We can use the passive if we want to
can say for now. be unclear or vague about the subject
• Results will be achieved.
• Mistakes shall be made…

5 • The new oil rig will be built by the end of We use the passive when the subject
this month. is irrelevant (We don’t care who or
• Somebody will be finished with my work what has caused the action to be).
when I’m done, and I don’t care who.

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6 • By the conclusion of this thesis, adequate We use the passive in a more formal
results will be met with evidence. atmosphere like a thesis or an
• Having looked at the math, results will be important piece of writing, especially
drawn from this conclusion. scientifically speaking

8. The Future Perfect Tense

Active: S + will have + Past Participle + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + will have + been +Past Participle + by + Object Doer !

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
By June, he will have paid his debt By June, his debt will have been paid by him
By August , Saulina will have By August, a used car will have been bought by Saulina (
bought a used car her ).
They will have decorated the house The house will have been decorated by them before we
before we move in. move in.
Miss. Saulina will have received Payment will have been received by Miss. Saulina (her) by
payment by the end of the week. the end of the week.
The fire will have burnt the The building will have been burnt by the fire (it) to the
building to the ground by the time ground by the time the firemen arrive.
the firemen arrive.
Mr. Saor will have collected all the All the materials will have been collected by Mr. Saor
materials by 10 o’clock. (him) by 10 o’clock.
Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘ The Future Perfect Tense ‘

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The Future Perfect Tense is used to express the idea that something will occur before another action
in the future.

There are two usages of the Future Perfect tense: ‘ will & be going to’

1. Will : is used to express intention at the moment of decision.

S + will have + past participle + Object + Adverb

Examples:
• You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
• Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
• You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

2. Be Going To : is used to indicate the future action with a fixed panning or has already planned
/decided before being done the actions.
S + am/is/are + going to have + past participle + Object + Adverb
Examples:
• You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
• Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?
• You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the
U.S.

9. Passive voice with Modal

Active: S + modal + Bare Infinitive + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + modal + be +Past Participle + by + Object Doer !

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
You can use my laptop. My laptop can be used by you.
They must do the test. The test must be done by them.
Sir. Sahala ought to present his His paper ought to be presented by Sir. Sahala (him).
paper.
The man should introduce his His name should be introduced by the man (him) first.
name first.
The manger should sign these These contracts should be signed by the manager today.
contracts today.
Somebody should have called the The president should have been called this morning.
president this morning.
You must do your homework well Your homework must be done by you well.
The team can review the tests The tests can be reviewed by the team seriously.
seriously.
The students have to pay their Their school fees have to be paid by the students every
school fees every month. month.
Note: All the active & passive sentences above are the examples of ‘The Future Tense ‘

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Modal is the kind of helping verb which add meaning to the verb, such as: will, shall, may, might,
can, could, must, ought to, should, would, used to, need, etc.
Without Modal With Modal
I speak English well. ( berbicara ) I can speak English well. ( dapat berbicara )
You visit Mary soon. ( megunjugi ) You will visit Mary soon. ( akan megunjugi )
Tell me your name please? Could you tell me your name please?
They do the jobs. (megerjakan) They must do the job. ( harus megerjakan)
Clara stays here few days. ( tinggal) Clara may stay here few days. ( boleh tinggal)

10. Passive voice with Gerund

Active: S + Certain Verb + Gerund + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + Certain Verb + being +Past Participle + by Object Doer !

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
My children enjoyed being taken by husband to the beach
My husband enjoy taking my every month.
children to the beach every month My children enjoyed being taken to the beach every month.
Note: Tanpa objek pelaku ( object doer)
Katya remembers telling about the About the project remembers being told by Katya.
project
They don’t mind explaining how to How to do this task does not mind being explained by them
do this task.
I hate asking the same questions The same questions hate being asked by me
The nice girl avoid seeing him. He avoids being seen by the nice girl (her)
The tall slim teacher don't mind
teaching the naughty lady English. The naughty lady (she) doesn’t mind being taught English by
the tall slim teacher (him)

Note: ada dua objeknya yaitu: direct object ( English) dan

Indirect object (by the tall slim teacher)

I don't remember saying anything Anything like that doesn’t remember being said by me
like that.
The man denied marrying Clara Clara denied being married by him because she has got married.
because she has got married.
Note:
Verb ‘enjoy, remember, mind, hate, remember, deny, ‘ are certain verbs, when there are verbs in front
of them must be followed with ‘ Present Participle / V - ing’.

10 A . Passive voice with Gerund

GERUND (V-ing) can be formed into passive voice. When Gerund in passive form, verbs as
predicates must be certain verbs, such as: enjoy, remember , hate, lake, forget, recall, postpone,
miss, prefer, keep, delay, consider, avoid, mind, dislike, stop, postpone, finish, quit, delay,

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tolerate, suggest, practice, regret, admit, recall, detest, resume, anticipate, bear, begin,
complete, continue, discuss, forget, practice, recall, etc.
Pattern
enjoy, remember , hate, lake, forget, recall,
S postpone, miss, prefer, keep, delay,
consider, avoid, mind, dislike, stop, Being Compliment
postpone, finish, quit, delay, tolerate, Past
suggest, practice, regret, admit, recall, Participle
detest, resume, anticipate, bear, begin,
complete, continue, discuss, forget,
practice, recall, etc.
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
NO Kalimat Pasif Perjemahan
1 I don’t enjoy being laughed by other Saya tidak senang ditertawai oleh orang
people. lain.
2 I remember being taken to Landon as a Saya igat dibawa ke Landon saat masih
small child. kecil.
3 Most film stars hate being interviewed. Kebanyakan bintang film benci
diwawancarai.
4 The little girl like being pampered. Anak perempuan kecil itu suka
dimanjakan.
5 I enjoyed being asked to join his Saya senang diminta gabung ke diskusi dia.
discussion.
6 The man prefers being invited as the Lelaki itu lebih suka diundang sebagai
speakers in any activities. pembicara di bebagai kegiatan.
7 He remembers being given the book Dia mengigat diberikan buku tersebut.
8 Many people avoided being sent the aids. Banyak masyarakat menghindar dikirim
bantuan tersebut.
9 The rich man appreciated being invited to Orang kaya ituu menghargai diundang ke
her party. pestanya.
10 The team has regretted being informed Tim tersebut telah menyesal
the wrong explanations. diinformasikan penjelasan yang salah.

10 B . Passive voice with Preposition in Gerund

Then, after preposition, there is a verb in front of the preposition must be used /placed ‘ being
’ then followed with ‘ Past Participle ‘ . Look at the pattern & examples :
Pattern
❖ excited about, put off, give up, keep on, be
S fond of, get/be used to, get/be tired of, be being Past Compliment
interested in, etc. Participle
Examples
No Passive – Voice Translation
1 The children are excited about being Anak-anak itu menyenangkan dibawa ke
taken to the zoo. kebun binatang.
2 After being killed, the girl’s passion was Setelah dibunuh, harta milik wanita itu
taken by the robbers. dibawah oleh perampok itu.

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3 My little child is fond of being read by his Anak kecil saya gemar dibacakan oleh
mom some English stories. ibunya beberapa cerita bahasa inggris.
4 I don’t know why they are interested in Saya tidak tau mengapa mereka gemar/suka
being ordered to do anything? diperintah untuk melakukan apapun
5 Before being printed, the teacher recheck Sebelum dicetak, guru tersebut mencek
all the items carefully. kembali semua soal-saol itu dengan hati-
hati.

11. Passive voice with To- Infinitive

Active: S + Certain Verb + to-infinitive + Object + Adv !

Passive: S + Certain Verb + to be +Past Participle + by + Object Doer!

Predicate
Active Voice Passive Voice
He wants to marry the beautiful The beautiful lady wants to be married by him.
lady.
The government plans to release The information is planned to be released by the
the information. government.
You need to wash all the yard soon. All the yard needs to be washed by you soon.
We try to help you soon. You want to be helped by us soon
There are some works to do! There was no more work to be done, so we left.
The old man is expecting to give a A load is expecting to be given by the old man (him) next
load next month. month.
The society hopes to elect Jokowi Jokowi hopes to be elected a president for 3 period by the
a president for 3 period. society.

Note:
Verbs ‘ want, plan, need, try, work, expect, hope ‘ are certain verbs , when there is a verb after it
must be followed with ‘ to - infinitive’ then after ‘ to ‘ placed ‘ be ‘ plus ‘ Past Participle.

To – infinitive can be laso transformed into passive voice but must be certain verbs such
as : want, hope, need, promise, agree, attempt, try, decide, learn , hope , propose , forget,
fail , prepare, tend, expect , intend, claim , intend , refuse, expect, plan, pretend, demand,
offer , seem, hesitate , neglect, decide, desire , plan , strive, wish, etc.

Pattern: Be + Past Participle

• be cashed
• be picked
• be kissed
• be repainted
• be resuscitated

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Pattern:
want, hope, need, promise, agree, attempt, try,
S decide, learn , hope , propose , forget, fail , to be Compliment
prepare, tend, expect , intend, claim , intend ,
Past
refuse, expect, plan, pretend, demand, offer , Participle
seem, hesitate , neglect, decide, desire , plan ,
strive, wish, etc.

Examples:
No Passive - Voice Translation
1 Jack hopes to be cashed his loans soon. Jack berharap dicairkan pinjamanya
sesegera.
2 He promised to be picked by her lady up Dia berjanji untuk dijemput oleh nyoyanya
to the airport. di bandara.
3 The little girl wants to be kissed by her Anak kecil itu igin dicium oleh ayahnya.
daddy.
4 This car needs to be repainted again. Mobil ini perlu dicat kembali.

5 The victims will attempt to be resuscitated Para korban akan berusaha diselamatkan
soon. sesegera.
Note:
After the verb ‘ need ‘ can be followed by gerund. In this case, usually the situations involve
fixing or improving something (it is very urgent situation to fix or improve), for examples:
❖ My house needs painting. ( Means: it is urgent)
❖ The car needs fixing. ( Means: it is urgent)

B. The Usages of Passive Voice

1. When the person doing the action (the agent) is not known, or when it is
unnecessary to mention the agent, for examples:
❖ My car has been stolen!
❖ Milk is often sold in cartons.

2. To emphasize the action or event rather than the agent , for examples:
❖ Letters are collected from the boxes, taken to the sorting office, sorted and
then sent to the correct part of the country.

3. To emphasize an object , for examples:

❖ 100 votes are required to pass the bill.

4. To emphasize an unknown subject/actor, for example:

❖ Over 120 different contaminants have been dumped into the river.

5. To avoid using ‘ you ‘ and ‘ one ‘ when making an impersonal statement , for
examples:
❖ Taking photographs in the museum is forbidden.
❖ Children are not allowed in the bar.

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6. If your readers don’t need to know who’s responsible for the action.
Here’s where your choice can be difficult; some instances are less clear than others.
Try to put yourself in your reader’s position to anticipate how he/she will react to
the way you have phrased your thoughts. Here are two examples:
❖ Passive: Baby Sophia was delivered at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.
❖ Active: Dr. Susan Jones delivered baby Sophia at 3:30 a.m. yesterday.

7. Verbs with Two Objects: give, send, show, lend, pay, promise, refuse, tell, offer.
These verbs are followed by two objects, which usually refer to a person and a thing
, for examples:
❖ She gave her sister the car.
❖ Her sister was given the car.
❖ The car was given to her sister.

8. Sentences with Objects Complements. The verbs are: consider, elect, regard, see,
call, make. Direct object followed by an ‘object complement’ a noun or adjective
which describes the object.
❖ Queen Victoria considered him a genius.
❖ He was considered a genius (by Queen Victoria)

9. Sentences with Clause Objects and Verbs with Object + Infinitive. We need to be
sure of our facts when we say: He was a spy in the World War II .If we are not sure
of our facts; we can express caution by saying:
❖ It is said (that) he was a spy in World War II.
❖ Or He was said to be a spy in World War II.
We can express caution in three ways, with:
1. It + passive + that-clause!

agree believe consider decide hope know say

Examples:
❖ People believed that witches communicated with the devil.
❖ It was believed that witches communicated with the devil.
(Also possible: That witches communicated with the devil was widely believed)
2. There +passive + to be!
allege believe fear know report say suppose think

Examples:
❖ There is plenty of oil off our own coast.
❖ There is said to be plenty of oil off our own coast.
3. Subject + not it + passive + to-infinitive!
allege believe consider know say

Examples:

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❖ Jane knows all there is to know about chimpanzees.

❖ Jane is said to know all there is to know about chimpanzees.

EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Direction: Read each sentence below, and complete the suitable ‘ be
(is/am/are/was/were/be/being/been) ‘ to complete the sentences.

1. I …… always taught by Mr. Bloner Sinurat how to pronounce English well.

2. Longman English Education centre ……leaded by Sir.Selamat in this year.
3. You…… called by the manager now.
4. They…… forced to finish the project this month.
5. She…… sent to the hospital just now.
6. He…… promoted as a new product manager last month.
7. The tall man will…… promoted as a superintendent in the shipyard company.
8. The wall…… painted yesterday afternoon.
9. Many documents in the company …… typed by Miss. Erni everyday.
10. The island…… found by Columbus thousand of years ago
11. Indraprasta University will …… built four new buildings in this area.
12. All the lecturers and staffs of Gici Business School Batam will……invited to attend
the seminar tomorrow.
13. Your orders have…… sent, please check in the airport.
14. All the new sales-marketing is going to …… trained next week.
15. All the candidates students in Gici Business School Batam in this year are ……tested
in the hall now.
16. After ……trained all the new employees will……occupied in different department.
17. Before……packed all the goods, a team checks the reject ones
18. The meeting has……conducted by Sir. Ferdinant Simatupang as the education
coordinator for an hour.
19. The fax must …… sent today.
20. All the e-mails are……read by Sir.Surio now

EXERCISE 2
Direction: Read each sentence below, and put the past participle form of the verb in the
bracket to complete the following each sentence.
1. This university was…………… in 2000. ( build)
2. The campus is……………every day. (open)
3. Public speaking, reading, and academic paragraph writing are ……………by Miss.
Dumaris every day at Nommensen HKBP University, Medan. ( teach)
4. I was …………… by Sir Donald, the dean in the university to the seminar. (invite)
5. Those cups will be …………… again. ( wash)
6. The thief was …………… yesterday. ( catch)
7. The hut has been …………… down. (blow)
8. Two of these fans have been …………… (steal)
9. Some books were …………… by Sir Napit to you. ( give)
10. A few cars are …………… in the yard. (park)
11. All the letters were …………… last night. (email)
12. Some of these books are …………… by Dr.Hilman Pardede. ( write)

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13. Many English literatures books are …………… by Sir. Tahan Hutahaen at FKIP UHN
Pematangsiantar. ( compose)
14. The plates were …………… by Diana. (wash)
15. The lesson is …………… by Miss. Elvidiana. (explain)
16. A ruler is …………… of wood. (make)
17. Eggs are …………… at the market. (sell)
18. Cigarettes are …………… in boxes. ( pack)
19. A lot of iron is …………… in that town. (mine)
20. Rice is …………… in Asia countries. ( eat)
21. The gate is …………… every day. ( lock)
22. My car is …………… every day. (clean)
23. Some letters are …………… by air. (send)
24. That shop is not …………… at night. (close)
25. I was …………… on 9th April 1946. (bear)

EXERCISE 3
Direction: Read each sentence below, and put passive voice form based on the tense in the
bracket to complete the sentence.
1. English ………………………. (speak) all over the world. (Present tense)
2. This quarrel ………………………. (forget) in a few years' time. (Future tense)
3. My pencil case ………………………. (steal). (Present perfect)
4. We ………………………. (never / beat) at badminton. (Present perfect)
5. This shirt ………………………. (make) in France. (Past tense)
6. The dogs ………………………. (keep) in house. (Present continuous tense)
7. Her new book ………………………. (publish) next month. (Future tense)
8. Milk ………………………. (use) to make butter and cheese. (Present tense)
9. They ………………………. (take) to school. (Past tense)
10. Not a sound ………………………. (hear). (Past tense)
11. Some ink ………………………. (spill) on the carpet. (Present perfect)
12. The thieves ………………………. (arrest) by the police. (Past tense)
13. The homework ………………………. (correct) by the teacher. (Present continuous)
14. Her ring ………………………. (find) under the bed. (Past tense)
15. I ………………………. (offer) an interesting job. (Past tense)

EXERCISE 4
Direction: On Separated Paper: Read each sentence below, and change the sentences
into passive-voice based on the tenses.
1. John Henry often does his assignments well.
2. Brown usually reads the magazine marketing of a few firms in Batam.
3. The customers complained the management of PT. Kembang Kempis yesterday.
4. The sales-marketing does not explain the product well to the customers.
5. I study business English and conversation at Gici Business School Batam in this
semester.
6. All the lecturers attended the meeting yesterday afternoon at 208 room.
7. The receptionist always welcomes the quests in the hotel.
8. Some leaders and mangers are training the new employees now in the hall.
9. You can analyze the system of business marketing of PT. Laris Maju how they
overcome the marketing problem.

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10. She will report many things to the top management next week.
11. The personal manager is going to present two business marketing papers in the seminar.
12. Do they understand the marketing?
13. Some of them presented their papers last week.
14. The teacher is explaining match in the class now.
15. Sir.Ferdinan Simatupang is conducting a meeting in the room now.
16. Clara has been operating her laptop for four hours in the office.
17. Have they sent our orders, sir Tobing?.
18. Mr. Surio, Sir. Agung, Sir. Bambang and Miss. Theresia have written many
management books in my campus.
19. You must follow all the regulations in this college.
20. I see, the lecturer has got many experiences in teaching English as a foreign language.

EXERCISE 5
Direction: On Separated Paper: Translate the following sentences in to correct
English!
1. Buku-buku itu ditulis oleh pak Selamat Napitupulu lima bulan yang lalu.
2. Mereka diundang hari ini untuk menghadiri seminar itu.
3. Dimana file-file marketing itu disimpan?
4. Di informasikan bahwa besok akan libur umum.
5. Laptop, printer dan kamera itu dikirim dari Jakarta tadi malam.
6. Soal –soal itu dapat dijawab oleh mahasiswa dengan jelas hari ini.
7. Apakah Koran dan majalah itu sudah diantar oleh pak Tom?
8. Semua pengawai dan dosen baru di universitas itu akan di latih beberapa keahlian bulan
depan di Hotel Parapat
9. Para peserta pelatihan itu sedang diajari oleh Prof.Dr.Paul dari univeritas Oxford
bagaimana cara menaagni keselamatan kerja
10. Kaset CD yang di atas meja itu di rekam oleh pak James
11. Univeritas ternama dikota ini didirikan oleh beberapa orang seperti: Pak Brow, Tuan
Blue, Pak Aseng dan Ibu Maria pada tahun 1998.
12. Berita-berita itu diliput oleh beberapa wartawan metro TV dari berbagai tempat ,
kemudian disiarkan distudio di Jakarta.
13. Hal itu harus di laporkan sesegera kepada bapak menejer untuk diselesaikan degan
baik.
14. Sebelum di tangkap para teroris itu terlebih dahulu mereka di intai bererapa bulan oleh
tim Densus 88 Polri untuk memastikan apakah mereka teroris atau tidak.
15. Document-dukument yang kamu ketik barusan banyak kesalan, tolong di perbaiki
16. Buku-buku dan arikel-artikel yang di perpustakaan ditulis oleh beberapa penulis yang
terkenal.
17. Barang-barang yang bapak pesan minggu yang lalu telah dikirim ke kantor bapak
kemarin.
18. Lima staf kami sedang diajari cara membuat Web, Blog, dan yang lainya di ruang lap
computer.
19. Banyak mayarakat yang kurang mampu diberikan pinjaman lunak kepada mereka
besok pagi di BRI cabang Batam.
20. Diharapkan semua mahasiswa di universitas ini untuk lebih aktif dalam proses
perkuliahan.

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POST TEST
Direction: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see
five words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), (D), and (E). Choose the one word or phrase
that the best complete the sentence.

1. X: You seem to be waiting for something these days.

Y: That’s true; I’m waiting ….. for an interview
A. called
B. to call
C. be called
D. calling
E. to be called

2. He hasn’t got enough experience ….. as a principal of our school.

A. promoted
B. to be promoted
C. being promoted
D. he will be promote
E. is to promote

3. The company’s new product ….. on TV

A. advertisement
B. advertised
C. was advertised
D. is advertising
E. to advertise

4. I am still waiting ….. for an interview.

A. to be called
B. be called
C. be calling
D. calling
E. to call

5. ….. near a beautiful beach, the town soon became a popular tourist resort.
A. Situation
B. It is situated
C. Situated
D. Situating
E. Is situating

6. “Annoyed by the speaker’s remarks, Hadi got up and left the room.
” This means that the speaker’s remarks …..
A. be annoying
B. were annoying
C. were annoyed

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D. to be annoyed
E. annoyed

7. The young men ….. by this institute are all university graduates.
A. employ
B. employed
C. to employ
D. employing
E. be employed

8. His car, ….. from the back, crashed into a very deep ravine.
A. hit
B. to hit
C. to be hit
D. hitting
E. to be hitting

9. We called the committee to ask whether the completion ….. to begin that afternoon.
A. was scheduled
B. to schedule
C. was scheduling
D. to be scheduled
E. was to scheduled

10. English language skills ….. in many elementary schools in our country nowadays.
A. are to teach
B. are teaching
C. will teach
D. have been teaching
E. have been taught

11. In recent riots, a lot of shop windows ….. by the mob.

A. are broken
B. break
C. have broken
D. have been breaking
E. are breaking

12. This paintings …..till the end of this month.

A. are exhibited
B. were exhibited
C. will be exhibited
D. have been exhibited

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E. will exhibit

13. The judge has decided that the fine ….. within two weeks.
A. are paid
B. will be paid
C. has to be paid
D. needs to paid
E. payment

14. They advised that part-time workers ….. in this company.

A. should employ
B. can be employed
C. will be employed
D. should be employed
E. were employed

15. The Washington Monument ….. by hundreds of people every day.

A. are visited
B. is visited
C. is to visit
D. was visited
E. is being visited

16. The mail ….. by the time I left for school this morning.
A. was delivered
B. is delivered
C. will be delivered
D. would be delivered
E. had been delivered

17. If the film ….. to light while you are developing it, you will ruin the negative.
A. is exposed
B. exposed
C. was exposed
D. to be exposed
E. is exposing

18. Last week, I ….. a job at a local bank, but I didn’t accept it.
A. is offered
B. was expected
C. was offered
D. was to offer
E. was employed

19. The hunter’s fatal accident ….. in the newspaper yesterday.

A. is reported
B. was reported
C. will be reported
D. has been reported

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E. can be reported

20. The government used support schools. Nowadays, they ….. by private funds as well as
by the tuition the students pay.
A. support
B. are supporting
C. were supported
D. are supported
E. are to support

21. When you go through the customs, your luggage ….. by customs officers.
A. will check
B. be checked
C. will be carrying
D. will be checked
E. to check

22. Her new book….. into many languages.

A. will probably translate
B. be translating
C. will probably be translated
D. to translate
E. is to translate

23. All flights ….. because of the fog.

A. are to cancel
B. to be canceled
C. cancel
D. are to be canceled
E. canceled

24. They didn’t realize that their conversation …..by someone.

A. is recording
B. is to record
C. was recorded
D. was to be recorded
E. records

25. X: Why didn’t you come to the meeting?

Y: You’re right, the date of the meeting …..
A. changed
B. was to changing
C. was changing
D. had been changed
E. was to canceled

26. I am still waiting ….. for an interview.

A. should be trained

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B. to be trained
C. is to train
D. be trained
E. is a training

27. Any complaints to the company …..

A. should be treated
B. to be treated
C. is to treat
D. be treated
E. is a treatment

28. The original ….. manuscript of the play is on display in the museum.
A. written by hand
B. writing hand
C. hand-written
D. that is hand-written
E. written by

29. All the money….. at this bank is guaranteed safe and fruitful.
A. is to deposit
B. is depositing
C. deposited
D. deposit
E. is deposited

30. The result of the rest ….. tomorrow is about English speaking proficiency.
A. to be announced
B. announced
C. will be announced
D. is announced
E. announcement

31. The applicant ….. an invitation for a job interview has to come on time.
A. is given
B. is giving
C. are to give
D. giving
E. given

32. During the school holiday, the students….. to stay at home and prepare for the next
exam.
A. are supposed
B. supposed
C. are to suppose
D. supposing
E. will suppose

33. The value of rupiah ….. through the healthy social, political and economic affairs.

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A. will be strengthened
B. will be strong
C. will be stronger
D. is to strength
E. the strength

34. Several people involved in the scandal ….. by the police officers.
A. have been arrested
B. are arresting
C. are to arrest
D. is arrested
E. have arrested

35. We called the committee to ask whether the competition ….. to begin this afternoon.
A. are scheduled
B. was scheduled
C. to schedule
D. was scheduling
E. was to schedule

36. X: Which painting will be exhibited tomorrow?

Y: We don’t know yet; they ….. by the team.
A. are still being selected
B. still being selecting
C. still be selected
D. still selected
E. still selected

37. X: Excuse me, please. I want the red dress to display in the window yesterday.
Y: Oh sorry, it …..
A. has been selling
B. has to be sold
C. has to sell
D. has sold
E. has been sold

38. They have a number of offices in this city. The biggest one is not yet completed. It …..
by a well-known architect.
A. designs
B. is to design
C. be designing
D. is designed
E. is still being designed

39. The window pane ….. by one of the students has not been repaired.
A. brake
B. broke
C. broken
D. was broken

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E. is broken

40. The delivered of medicines for the victims of the landslide through helicopter…..
because of the bad weather.
A. is delayed
B. was postponed
C. were posted
D. is to delay
E. postponed

Direction: In these questions, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The
four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one
underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct.
41. She were interviewed by the manger for the job yesterday.
A B C D

42. The letter is written by Tom now and will be sent tomorrow.
A B C D

43. English lesson has understood by everyone in the class.

A B C D

44. The students are enjoying taught by such an exciting new teacher.
A B C D

45. The students would like to taught by Mr Smith.

A B C D

46. Her baby loves held.

A B C D

47. Serve quickly is important for customers in a restaurant.

A B C D

48. My brother’s happy of taken to the beach.

A B C D

49. He was talk by the professor not to talk in class last month.
A B C D

50. The award been won by our school twice.

A B C D

51. The ceremony is going to shown on TV next year.

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A B C D

52. The thieves been investigated by the police when I visited them to the police
A B C D
office.

53. A big case is discussed by the teams to get the solutions for the time being.
A B C D

54. President, Jokowi is phoned by Obama from USA right now.

A B C D

55. Hundreds of houses are renovated by the ten contractors for a month.
A B C D

56. The project done by me at home when the phone rang.

A B C D

57. The building will burnt by the fire to the ground by the time the firemen arrive.
A B C D

58. These contracts should signed by the manager today.

A B C D

59. Your homework must done by you well.

A B C D

60. Their school fees have to paid by the students every month.
A B C D

Good Luck
===== SHN ======

216 FBS - UNINDRA PGRI Jakarta By Selamat H. Napitupulu