міні-конспект лекції так сказарбл:

STYLE is one of the distinctive varieties of language which is distinguished by

expressive - emotional - evaluative overtones(additional features) of its
constituents, and is usually connected with particular contexts of situation.

Trope is a peculiar use of the word.

Paradygmatic is parallel?
Syntegmatic is lineal

Seminar 1
МЕЛЬНИК+СУДОМА
Tropes based on intellectual association:
Metaphor (=transference of meaning for describing an abstract notion; it “gives
names”, poetically identifies) - A metaphor is a rhetorical device that makes a
non-literal comparison between two unlike things. Metaphors are used to
describe an object or action by stating (or implying) that it is something else
(e.g., “knowledge is a butterfly”). With metaphor, the qualities of one thing are
figuratively carried over to another. When I say, “Dude, I'm drowning in work,”
I'm using qualities associated with one thing—the urgency and helplessness of
drowning—to convey meaning for another thing—the work I've got to do.
Metaphors are everywhere: He's a couch potato.
Examples:
Ami and Vera are two peas in a pod.
A book is a passport to another world.

If we have compound nominal predicate - it poetical identification

The mind (the object of the identification) is a museum (is being transferred, no

direct meaning) to be looted at night. Realisation of category metaphor as the

poetic identification.

Types of metaphor:

- dead

- original

- sustained/prolonged
Personification - is a poetic literary device in which non-living things are given human traits.

The most common example of personification is when we describe the wind as blowing, or

the sun shining. In this example, the nonliving object (the wind or the sun) is described as if it

were alive and could act on its own accord. Personification allows writers to create life and

motion within inanimate objects, animals, and even abstract ideas by assigning them

recognizable human behaviours and emotions.

● “The sun smiled down on us.”

● ‘The story jumped off the page.”
● “The light danced on the surface of the water.”
Antonomasia - (pronounced an-tuh-nuh–mey-zhuh) is a literary term in which a
descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name. Antonomasia can range from
lighthearted nicknames to epic names. (for example, “the Bard of Avon” for
William Shakespeare). Often, the word or phrase directly and obviously relates
to the person’s profession or whatever it is they’re known for. One of the best-
known examples is the phrase “the Philosopher” which was used throughout the
Middle Ages and Renaissance to describe Aristotle.
Metonymy - (pronounced meh-TAH-nuh-mee) is defined as a figure of speech in
which one word is substituted for another word that it is closely associated with.
An instance of metonymy is sometimes called a metonym. Some common
examples of metonymy that you’ll hear in everyday speech are:
Dish as a substitute for a whole plate of food.

Hand as a substitute for assistance.

Tongue as a substitute for language.

Metonymy also occurs frequently when places become closely associated with
an industry or activity. For example, “Wall Street” is often a stand-in for the
financial industry, “Silicon Valley” is a substitute for the tech industry, and
“Washington” pertains to anything having to do with the American government.

Onomatopia - (pronounced ˌ’AH-nuh-mah-tuh-PEE-uh’) refers to words whose

pronunciations imitate the sounds they describe. A dog’s bark sounds like
“woof,” so “woof” is an example of onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia can be used
to describe the gears of machines working, the horn of a car honking, animals
croaking or barking, or any number of other sounds. For example, the words
‘pop’, ‘crack’ and ‘splat’ are all onomatopoeic.

СОЛОШИК+ЦИГУЛЯ+ПРЯДКО__

Tropes based on expressive-emotional-evaluative attitude:

Epithet is an imaginative attribute.
1. Structurally simple attributes that are not associated with inanimate
objects are called 'transferred epithets', cf. 'happy smile' is opposed to
'happy garden'
Here are some examples: slumbering flame, gloomy indifference, growing
thoughts, sculptural severity, victorious field etc.
 2. Compound epithets are made for a specific occasion: Dear Harriet! I
would not change you for the clearest-headed, longest-sighted, best-
judging female breathing (Jane Austen).
Poets are coiners of new compounds. For illustration, let us consider compound
epithets that are used by William Wordsworth:
… fastening on those lines an eye tear-glazed;
the earth-voice of the mighty sea;
Teach me with quick-eared spirit to rejoice;
soft eye-music of slow-waving boughs;
This honest sheep-dog's countenance.
Phrase epithets. A phrase may become an epithet if it occurs before the noun it
modifies: Holding his tortoise - shell - rimmed pince-nez an inch or two in front
of his eyes, he read out the names from a list. (A. Huxley)
Irony: the opposite of what is said and what is meant.
Little I ask; my wants are few;
I only wish a hut of stone
A very plain brown stone will do,
That I may call my own. (O. W. Holmes Sr)
2 example (more simple): if it were a cold, rainy gray day and you had to walk to
work on foot and your friend says “How is the weather today?”, you might
ironically reply, “Oh what a beautiful day! Couldn’t have been better”
Litotes (лайтотІІІІс): the affirmation of the contrary by negation.
He is not a silly man.
The wedding was no distant event.
I was quiet, but not uncommunicative
Pun: a humorous use of words identical in sound but different in meaning; the
use of different meanings of the same word.
1. When I am dead, I hope it may be said, "His sins were scarlet, but his
books were read". (H. Belloc)
2. "There is only one brand of tobacco allowed here - “Three nuns”. None
today, none tomorrow, and none the day after".
Zeugma /ˈzuːɡ.mə/: the use of a word in the same grammatical relation to two
adjacent words which are not connected semantically. Zeugma brings two
worlds together - the physical and the social.
1. He was quite dirty and friendly. (O. Henry)
2. He was washing clothes with industry and with a cake of soap. (O.
Henry)
Understatement: a deliberate underestimation.
1. Dearest, you are less than just to your brother.
2. 'She's a good-looking woman.'
‘Yes, she has quite a decent presence.'
What are you talking about? She's a very handsome creature.' (W.S.
Maugham)
3. He was feeling very philanthropic and it was not a feeling he disliked
at all. (W.S. Maugham)
Hyperbole: a deliberate exaggeration.
Nancy O'Hagan has conservative clothes, a pickled complexion, and
giraffe-size eyelashes that often come unstuck. (D. Mitchell)

Oxymoron - the combination of contradictory words.

Dom Grelsch's office is a study in ordered chaos. (D. Mitchell)
Euphemism - an offensive thing is described by an indirect, polite, or
conventional word.
1. With my friends we had visited most of these tiny, dark, smoky bars, and
drunk drinks of minute size and colossal price and watched the female
hostesses at their age-old work. (Hemingway)
2. Ralf must sink to his last rest in his own dear house, in one of those deep,
dim chambers of Gardencourt. (H. James)

ГУТНИК+КІЗИМА+ОСІЄВСЬКА+ШЕВЧУК__

Figures of Speech based on arrangement of linguistic units:

Simile, Periphrasis, Climax (Gradation), Anticlimax, Aposiopesis, Ellipsis,
Suspense, Enumeration, Detachment, Atachment, Inversion, Hyperbaton,
Asyndeton.
Simile:/ˈsɪm.ɪ.li/
Definition: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things using
"like" or "as" to highlight their similarities.
Example: "Her smile was as bright as the sun."
Periphrasis:
Definition: Periphrasis is a roundabout way of expressing something using more
words than necessary. It can also refer to using a descriptive phrase instead of a
specific word.
Example: Instead of saying "the king," one might use periphrasis and say "the
ruler of the kingdom."
Climax (Gradation):
Definition: Climax, or gradation, is a rhetorical device where a series of words,
phrases, or sentences are arranged in ascending order of importance or intensity.
Example: "He worked hard, played harder, and loved the hardest."
Anticlimax:
Definition: Anticlimax is the opposite of a climax, where the series of words or
ideas build up to a disappointing or less significant conclusion.
Example: "She traveled the world, met fascinating people, and then went back
to her mundane job."
Aposiopesis:
/ˌapə(ʊ)ˌsʌɪəˈpiːsɪs/
Definition: Aposiopesis is a figure of speech where a sentence is intentionally
left incomplete, often to create suspense or convey strong emotion.
Example: "If you don't stop that, I'll—"
Ellipsis:
Definition: Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words from a sentence,
which can be implied but not explicitly stated.
Example: "I like ice cream; she, sorbet."
Suspense:
Definition: Suspense is a literary technique that keeps the reader or audience in
a state of uncertainty or tension, eager to know what will happen next.
Example: In a mystery novel, the author creates suspense by withholding key
information until later in the story.
з методички її: periodic sentence; a long sentence with a delayed main clause.
e.g. Every body in and about Highbury, who had ever visited Mr. Elton, was
disposed to pay him attention on his marriage. (Jane Austen)
Enumeration:
Definition: Enumeration is the act of listing or detailing items, events, or ideas
one by one.
Example: "The ingredients for the recipe include flour, sugar, eggs, and vanilla
extract."
Detachment:
Definition: Detachment is a narrative technique where the author maintains a
dispassionate or objective tone, distancing themselves emotionally from the
subject matter.
Example: In a scientific report, the researcher maintains detachment by
presenting facts without expressing personal opinions.
з методички її: Singling out a secondary member of the sentence with the help
of punctuation to foreground it.
e.g. I have to beg you for money. Daily.
Attachment:
Definition: Attachment, in literature, is when the author creates a strong
emotional connection between the reader and a character or element in the
story.
Example: The readers felt a deep attachment to the main character because of
his relatable struggles.
з методички її: gap sentence link. The second part of an utterance appears as an
afterthought
e.g. It wasn’t his fault. It was yours. And mine.
Inversion:
Definition: Inversion is the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence for
emphasis or stylistic effect.
Example: "Into the room walked the mysterious stranger."
Hyperbaton:
Definition: Hyperbaton is a figure of speech in which words that naturally
belong together are separated, often for emphasis or poetic effect.
Example: "Strong he was" instead of "He was strong."
Asyndeton:
Definition: Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions (such as "and," "but,"
"or") in a series of words or phrases for a faster-paced, dramatic effect.
Example: "I came, I saw, I conquered."

МИКИТИЧ+РИБАЧЕНКО__

Figures of Speech based on repetition of linguistic units:

Alliteration
Definition: repetition in two or more nearby words of initial consonant sounds.
Example: "Round the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran" uses alliteration.

Assonance
Definition: the repetition of similar vowel sounds takes place in two or more
words in proximity to each other within a line of poetry or prose
Example: Never my numb plunker fumbles./ Lean, mean, fighting machine

Anaphora
Definition: a rhetorical device that features the repetition of a word or phrase at
the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses.
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of
wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the
epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of
Darkness…” (The beginning of A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens)/“We
came, we saw, we conquered.” (translated from Latin, attributed to Julius
Caesar in a letter to the Roman senate)

Anadiplosis
Definition: the repetition of a word or words in successive clauses in such a way
that the second clause starts with the same word which marks the end of the
previous clause.
Example: “When I give, I give myself” / “The mountains look on Marathon –
And Marathon looks on the sea …” (The Isles of Greece (By Lord Byron))

Syntactic Parallelism
Definition: a rhetorical device that consists of repetition among adjacent
sentences or clauses.
Example: “Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for
granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.” (Of Studies
(by Francis Bacon)) / We keep moving forward, opening new doors and doing
new things, because we are curious and curiosity keeps leading us down new
paths. ― Walt Disney./ “I had been short, and now I was tall. I had been skinny
and quiet and religious, and now I was good-looking and muscular. (Good Faith
(by Jane Smiley))
Chiasmus
Definition: a rhetorical device in which two or more clauses are balanced
against each other by the reversal of their structures in order to produce an
artistic effect.
Example: “Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You.” / “…in his face
Divine compassion visibly appeared,
Love without end, and without measure Grace…” (Paradise Lost (By John
Milton)/ “The instinct of a man is
to pursue everything that flies from him, and
to fly from all that pursues him.” (Voltaire)
Never be so kind, you forget to be clever
Never be so clever, you forget to be kind
хіхіхі Ясічка вам приклад з тейлор свіфточки навела

Polysyndeton
Definition: a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions (and,
but, or, nor) are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect.
Example: “I said, ‘Who killed him?’ and he said ‘I don’t know who killed him,
but he’s dead all right,’ and it was dark and there was water standing in the
street and no lights or windows broke and boats all up in the town and
trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out
and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Key and she was right
only she was full of water.” (After the Storm by Ernest Hemingway)

Antithesis
Definition: a literary device that refers to the juxtaposition of two opposing
elements through the parallel grammatical structure.
Example: Here at least
We shall be free; the Almighty hath not built
Here for his envy, will not drive us hence:
Here we may reign secure, and in my choice
To reign is worth ambition though in Hell:
Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heaven. (Paradise Lost (John Milton)

Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To say that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice. (Fire and Ice (Robert Frost)

IDENTIFY TROPES & FIGURES OF SPEECH

тут по три речення, але Вікторія і Яся, у вас ще по одному внизу
1
РИБАЧЕНКО 1. Friendship is a ship big enough to carry two in fair weathe,
but only one in foul. (Convergence of antithesis and a original
sustained/prolonged metaphor (friendship is a ship))
2. He was covered with confusion on seeing a gardener pop up. (a dead
metaphor)
3. Off they went together, Miss Kilman and Elizabeth, downstairs.
(Hyperbaton)
ЦИГУЛЯ 4. I can sympathize with people's pains, but not with their
pleasures. (Antithesis, Parallelism, “sympathize with pleasures” - oxymoron)
5. Darkness had fallen by this time, the stars were lighted in the sky.
(personification, parallelism)

2
1. She blossomed in the unfamiliar sunshine of success. (Metaphor “she
blossomed”, Alliteration “s”, unfamiliar success - oxymoron)
ШЕВЧУК
2. Rick admitted to himself that learning a few wards was not a bad idea. -
( learning a few wards - get some specific knowledge in magical field??)
Litotes - not a bad idea
3. She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief. - Metonymy(tear =
emotional state, crying), Zeugma - word ‘dropped’ used in the same
grammatical relation to ‘tear’and ‘pocket handkerchief’ (physical act and
emotional responce)
4. A sky seemed ready to collapse under its own weight of grey. -
(personification), (hyperbole), metaphor????(weight of grey - thick, heavy)
КІЗИМА 5. Soldiers face powder, girls powder face. - Chiasmus
3
1. A cloud of self-doubt settled upon him. - personification
2. I don't have that feeling any more. Of release. (Detachment)
СОЛОШИК
3. Two hours remained to kill. (Personification/?) maybe elipsis? for us to kill,
like kill time?
4. I did not want to be old Mr. Garbage man. (Antonomasia)
5. My good lady, I have spent a great deal of money getting into my present
merry condition. (Epithet?)

4
ПРЯДКО 1. He was generally supposed to be an excellent catch in the river
Marriage. - metaphor, original (дякую розумній людині яка підказала) (can
be antonomasia)
2. And since then they had never not been together. - Litotes
3. Thanks to the human heart by which we live, Thanks to its tenderness, its
joys, and fears. Parallelism; Anaphora: The repetition of the word "Thanks" at
the beginning of each clause is an example of anaphora, a rhetorical device that
involves the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive
clauses or sentences. Enumeration
МИКИТИЧ
4. The trams, one after another, floated loftily over the bridge. (METAFOR -
fresh?)
5. Women are not made for attack. Wait they must. (ATTACHMENT??? OR
ANTHITESIS)
6. Acquaintance is a person whom we know well enoug to borrow from, but not
well enough to lend to. (ANTHITESIS) (or even as simple as ellipsis in the
second part)
ОСІЄВСЬКА
2. Tha Queen asked, "Does he seem how can say this? - hard-hearted?"
● In this sentence, there's an example of a figure of speech known as
anacoenosis, which is a rhetorical question used for persuasive effect or
to provoke thought. The Queen's question is rhetorical, as she doesn't
expect a direct answer but rather wants to emphasize the point that the
person in question may be "hard-hearted."

3. I rose in the world and perhaps he came down a little.

 ● Antithesis: The figure of speech used in this sentence is antithesis.
Antithesis involves contrasting two ideas or concepts in a balanced or
parallel structure to create an effect. In this sentence, the contrast between
"I rose in the world" and "he came down a little" is an example of
antithesis. It emphasizes the difference in their respective fortunes or
circumstances, making it a more compelling statement.
● (not very obvious and may not be true) personification, which is a
literary device where non-human entities are given human attributes or
qualities. Personifying "the world" by calling it "he" is a way to
anthropomorphize it, making the statement more vivid and expressive.

4. Now he was his valet, his god, his man Friday.

● Metaphor: "his god" and "his man Friday" are metaphors. "His god"
implies that the person holds the other in extremely high regard or
depends on them heavily. "His man Friday" is a reference to the character
Friday in Daniel Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe," often used to describe
a loyal and helpful companion.
● Parallelism: The use of parallelism in this sentence, with the repetition of
"his," adds emphasis to the roles the person plays in the subject's life.

МЕЛЬНИК
5. They had made their home here: a home such as you could never make in
America.
Trope: Comparison
Figure of Speech: Hyperbole
Explanation: The phrase "a home such as you could never make in America" is
a comparison that employs hyperbole to emphasize the uniqueness or quality of
the home in question. It exaggerates the idea that this home is superior to
anything one could make in America.

1. At that moment a rolling and rumbling noise was heard again.

Trope: Onomatopoeia
Figure of Speech: None
Explanation: The words "rolling and rumbling noise" contain onomatopoeia, as
they imitate the sound they describe. This adds sensory detail to the text.
2. He found something very new and fresh about his fellow-students with their
fabulous ignorance of the world.
Figure of Speech: Hyperbole
Explanation: This hyperbolic use of "fabulous" exaggerates the extent of their
ignorance for effect, highlighting the contrast between their ignorance and the
speaker's perception of it as something noteworthy or remarkable.

СУДОМА
3. Coward is one who in a perilous emergency thinks with his legs.
Trope: metaphor (original, genuine) - thinks with his legs. It's comparing the
act of fleeing or running away in a dangerous situation to thinking with one's
legs, implying that the person is not using their rational thought but simply
reacting out of fear.
hyperbole??? - that coward thinks with legs, like always runs away, idkkk

4. He gave me to understand that while forgiveness was not impossible, I would

have to work for it.
Tropes: Litotes: The phrase "forgiveness was not impossible" uses litotes,
which is a figure of speech that involves understating something to emphasize
its magnitude. In this case, saying forgiveness "was not impossible" implies that
it is difficult to achieve forgiveness.

5. He felt lost, and dazed, and helpless.

Figure of speech: Polysyndeton - conjunction “and” is repeated for artistic
effect
enumeration (on the internet there is also such a figure of speech as triad/rule of
three): lost, dazed, helpless

7
ГУТНИК
1. On the shelf was arranged his library, containing a work on angling, much
worn; a bible covered with canvas; an old volume or two of voyages; a nautical
almanach; and a book of songs.
Enumeration: The listing of items on the shelf, such as "a bible," "an old
volume or two of voyages," "a nautical almanach," and "a book of songs," is a
form of enumeration, a figure of speech where a series of items are listed for
emphasis or to create a vivid image.
Euphemism: The phrase "much worn" is a euphemistic way of saying that the
book on angling is well-used or possibly even tattered from frequent reading.
2. She was young and beautiful and strong with life, like a flame in sunshine.
Simile: The comparison of "She" to "a flame in sunshine" is a simile, as it uses
"like" to directly compare the two unlike things, emphasizing her youth, beauty,
and vitality by likening her to a vibrant flame in the brightness of sunshine.
Polysyndeton: The repetition of the coordinating conjunction "and" between
"young" and "beautiful" and "beautiful" and "strong with life" creates a
polysyndeton. This repetition adds emphasis to each quality, making her seem
even more youthful, beautiful, and full of life.
???Metaphor: The comparison of "She" to "a flame in sunshine" is also
metaphorical because it implies that she possesses the qualities of a flame
(bright, energetic, radiant) within the context of sunshine.

3. The street was gloomy.

Epithet: gloomy
transferred epithets??? - I would agree

РИБАЧЕНКО 4. That evening ears were quicker than eyes. (Antithesis, але я
щось не впевнена, гляньте ще хтось + personification “eyes quicker than
eyes”)
ОСІЄВСЬКА 5. Where his classmates were presumably fit for a world of
"ledgers, daybooks, double-entry," of doing things and having things, he was a
beautiful soul.

Irony: The sentence contains irony, as it contrasts the practical, materialistic

world of "ledgers, daybooks, double-entry," associated with his
classmates, with the abstract and ethereal quality of being a "beautiful
soul." The irony lies in the juxtaposition of these contrasting qualities.
Antithesis: The contrast between "doing things and having things" and "a
beautiful soul" is an example of antithesis, which involves the
juxtaposition of contrasting ideas for emphasis.
Metaphor: "He was a beautiful soul" is a metaphor. It does not mean he
literally possessed physical beauty but rather that he had a virtuous, kind,
or spiritually admirable character.
Metonymy: The mention of "ledgers, daybooks, double-entry" is a form of
metonymy, where a part of something is used to represent the whole. In
this case, these accounting-related terms are used to represent the
practical and materialistic aspects of life.
Parenthesis: The phrase "presumably fit for a world of 'ledgers, daybooks,
double-entry'" is set off by parentheses, emphasizing that this is a
parenthetical thought or description.
 Identify TROPES and FIGURES of SPEECH

ЦИГУЛЯ 1. And when we look at each other, our arms gummy from an
orange Popside we split, we could be sisters, right? We could be, you and me
waiting for our teeth to fall and money. (Parallelism - “we could be”, inversion -
“our arms gummy from an orange Popside we split”, Metaphor - “waiting for
our teeth to fall and money”) Anadiplosis? - “we could be” is at the end of one
sentence and is the beginning of the second sentence

2. I'm going to sit in the sun, don't care if it's a million trillion degrees outside.
(hyperbole - “million trillion degrees”, ellipsis of “I” in “don’t care” )

3. Her whole family like that. Eyes like knife slits. (Simile - “Eyes like knife
slits”, ellipsis - “family IS like that”)

СУДОМА

4. Screen door with no screen. Bang! Little black dog biting his fur.

Tropes: Oxymoron: The phrase "Screen door with no screen" is an oxymoron

because it combines contradictory terms. A screen door is supposed to have a
screen to keep insects out, but in this case, there is none. This creates a sense of
irony and highlights the absence of something expected.

Onomatopoeia: The word "Bang!" is an example of onomatopoeia, where a

word imitates the sound it represents. In this case, "Bang!" represents a sudden
and loud noise, which can be attention-grabbing and impactful.

Figures of speech: Ellipsis??? - little black dog biting his fur - IS biting is
omitted.

5. Mama in the kitchen feeling clothes into the wringer washer and clothes
rolling out all stiff and twisted and flat like paper.

Figures of speech: Simile: The phrase "stiff and twisted and flat like paper"
uses a simile to make a comparison between the condition of the clothes after
being washed in the wringer washer and the stiffness, twisting, and flatness
resembling paper. The word "like" indicates the use of a simile.

Polysyndeton - conjunction “and” is repeated.

Ellipsis??? - IS before feeling and ARE before rolling?

Tropes: personification??? - clothes rolling out

6. The wedding was no distant event.

Trope: Litote - no distant event

МИКИТИЧ 7. Wrapt up in a clock of politeness (PHRASE EPITHET, which

occurs before the noun that it modifies), she seemed determined to hazard
nothing. + Clock of politeness - Metafor, comparing politeness to a protective
garment, implying that the person is concealing their true thoughts or intentions.

8. ... but not a syllable of real information could (LITOTES, a figure of speech
where understatement is used to emphasize a point.) Emma procure as to what
he truly was. (INVERSION)

9. And there's food for reflection (METAPHOR-I would say dead, as we use
the phrase „food for mind etc“ quite often) when the whole flock's at home.

ГУТНИК 10. Toborrow and to burrow and to barrow!

The phrase "Toborrow and to burrow and to barrow!" is an example of

paronomasia, which is a form of wordplay involving puns or a play on words. In
this case, it plays with the similar sounds and spellings of the words
"tomorrow," "burrow," and "barrow," even though they have different
meanings:

Tomorrow: Refers to the day after today.

Burrow: Refers to creating a hole or tunnel, often used by animals like rabbits.

Barrow: Typically refers to a cart or wheelbarrow used for carrying goods.

The use of paronomasia here creates a playful or whimsical effect by linking

these words through their similar sounds and spellings while highlighting their
distinct meanings.

Or it’s just alliteration (t, b and r) since we don’t have this category
(paronimasia) in our list of theory

11. Mrs Dixon, I understand, has no remarkable degree of personal beauty.

Litotes: The phrase "has no remarkable degree of personal beauty" employs

litotes, a figure of speech where understatement is used to emphasize a point. In
this case, it's saying that Mrs. Dixon is not exceptionally beautiful, which could
imply that she is, in fact, quite ordinary in terms of her looks.

Antiphrasis: There is a subtle use of antiphrasis here. While the sentence states
that Mrs. Dixon has "no remarkable degree of personal beauty," it could be
ironic, implying that she might actually be quite attractive, or it might be
emphasizing her lack of beauty.

12. For long hours he had been wandering in another -- a glorious,

primordial world.

Epithet: a glorious, primordial

Hyperbole: Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement or claim that is not meant to
be taken literally. In this sentence, "a glorious, primordial world" is an example
of hyperbole because it exaggerates the description of the world the person had
been wandering in, emphasizing its grandeur and antiquity.

МЕЛЬНИК

13. She was a little stout woman, not without dignity.

Explanation: The phrase "not without dignity" is an example of an oxymoron.

An oxymoron combines contradictory or contrasting words or ideas for a
specific effect. In this case, it suggests that despite being a "little stout woman,"
she still possesses dignity.

I think “not without dignity” is a (trope) lilote bc not without dignity means
the opposite - with dignity

14. From the kitchen a bell struck.

'That's the tea. I'll go and fetch it. And Joan'.

Trope: Personification

Figure of Speech: None

Explanation: The use of "a bell struck" implies that the kitchen bell made a
sound as if it were a person striking or hitting something. This is an example of
personification, where a non-human object or concept is given human-like
qualities or actions.

maybe suspense? - And Joan…. unfinished sentence

15. He was a poet greedy for information, for facts, for details.

Trope: Metaphor (dead, I guess)

Figure of Speech: None

Explanation: The phrase "He was a poet greedy for information, for facts, for
details" uses the metaphor of describing the poet as "greedy" to emphasize their
strong desire for information. This metaphorical use of "greedy" suggests an
intense hunger or thirst for knowledge and details.

ШЕВЧУК

16. Opportunity is knocking down every door in the country, trying to get in. -
Personification (metaphor), hyperbole

17. He was big and bony and grey - his eyes could cut. - Climax (Gradation),
Polysyndeton, personification

18. Babbit respected bigness in anything: in mountains, jewels, muscles, wealth

or words. - enumeration, pun (muscles), anaphora (in)

СОЛОШИК 19. Sara was my best enemy, Rozzie was my worst friend. -
Antithesis

20. He appears to have everything, to know everything, to be everything. -

Anaphora

21. Their friendliness was great, so great that they were embarrassed to show
it. - Anadiplosis (clause ends with what the next one starts with)

РИБАЧЕНКО+КІЗИМА

22. Dawn was sweating & scarlet as passionfruit. (Simile)

23. Our minds are sealed books only occasionally opened to the outside world.
(an original sustained/prolonged metaphor)

24. At Crome all the beds were ancient hereditary pieces of furniture. Huge
beds, like four-masted ships, with furled sails of shining coloured stuff. Beds
carved and inlaid, beds painted and gilded. Beds of walnut and oak, of rare
exotic woods. Beds of every date and fashion from the time of Sir Ferdinando,
who built the house, to the time of his namesake in the late eighteenth century,
the last of the family, but all of them grandios, magnificent. (Convergence of
Syntactic Parallelism, repetition of the same pattern “subject+attribute AND
Hyperbol “grandios, magnificent” AND Simile “like four-masted ships”)

ПРЯДКО+КІЗИМА Анічка, провір будь ласка

25.Belief is both prize & battlefield (metaphor), within the mind & in the
mind's mirror, the world. If we believe humanity is a ladder of tribes
(metaphor), a colosseum of confrontation, exploitation & bestiality
(enumaration), such a humanity is surely brought into being, & history's
Horroxes, Boerhaaves & Gooses (Antonomasia?)shall prevail.

26. If we believe that humanity may transcend tootn & claw, if we believe
divers races & creeds can share this world as peaceably as (simily?) the orphans
share their candlenut tree, if we believe leaders must be just, violence
muzzled, power accounntable & the riches of the Earth & its Oceans shared
equitably (enumeration), such a world will come to pass. (Syntactic
Parallelism + Anaphora)

27. Your sisters are immaculately mannered English roses (metaphor), I am

sure.

ОСІЄВСЬКА 28. Mme. C carried in a vase of flowers and I made an SOS face.

hyperbole. In this case, the use of "SOS face" is an exaggerated way to convey
the speaker's strong negative reaction to the arrival of the flowers, making it a
form of hyperbolic expression.

OR “SOS face” - epithet/metaphor???

29.My employer's profoundest, or only , wish is to create a minaret that

inheritors of Progress a thousand years from now will point to and say, "Look,
there is Vyvyan Ayrs!"

● Metaphor: The phrase "create a minaret" is a metaphor. It's not meant to

be taken literally, but rather symbolizes the idea of leaving a lasting
legacy or monument.
● Hyperbaton: The inversion of word order in "there is Vyvyan Ayrs" is a
form of hyperbaton, which is a figure of speech where words are
deliberately rearranged for emphasis or stylistic effect.
 How vulgar, this hankering after immortality, how vain, how false.

● Anaphora: The repetition of "how" at the beginning of each clause

("how vulgar," "how vain," "how false") is an example of anaphora, a
rhetorical device used for emphasis and rhythm.
● Syntactic Parallelism: The structure of the sentence, with parallel
clauses starting with "how," adds emphasis to the criticism being made.
● Antithesis: The contrast between "hankering after immortality" and "how
vain, how false" is an antithesis, which is a figure of speech that involves
contrasting ideas or concepts for rhetorical effect.

30. Sunrise bright as a silver dollar.

simile. In this case, the comparison is made between the brightness of the
sunrise and the brightness of a silver dollar, suggesting that the sunrise is very
bright and radiant.

I. Identify Tropes
МЕЛЬНИК 1. The silence as the two men stared at one another was louder than
thunder. (O. Henry)

Simile: The comparison of silence to thunder is a simile, as it uses "as" to

directly compare two unlike things for effect.

Hyperbole: The use of "louder than thunder" is hyperbolic, exaggerating the

silence to emphasize its intensity.

Personification: Silence is personified by attributing it with the quality of being

"louder," which is typically associated with sounds.

МИКИТИЧ 2. She was a sunny, happy sort of creature. Too fond of the bottle.
(A. Christie)
Metaphor: In the first sentence, the metaphor compares the woman to
sunshine, implying that she had a cheerful and radiant personality. The use of
"sunny" to describe her personality is metaphorical, as it suggests a bright and
positive disposition.
Euphemism: "Too fond of the bottle" is a euphemism for someone who drinks
alcohol excessively. Instead of directly stating that she has a drinking problem,
the euphemism is used to soften the impact of the statement while still
conveying the intended meaning.
METONYMY the bottle

БАТИР 3. It was past twelve before he took his candle and his radiant face out
of the room. (Ch. Dickens)
1) radiant - an epithet
2) напевно це не правильно але напишу - може тут ще щось є як
наприклад метафора he took his face out of the room але то щось
надто розумно і я не знаю чи правильно :)
3) zeugma ?????
ПРЯДКО 4. Four or five hours after the event, I was taken in for a little tour of
the city, which included to what is modestly claimed to be The World’s Biggest
Drugstore. (A. Huxley)
1. Irony: There is a subtle use of irony here, as the claim that the drugstore
is "modestly claimed to be The World's Biggest Drugstore" suggests that
the claim might be an understatement, and it may actually be much larger
or more significant than it appears.
2. Hyperbole: The phrase "The World's Biggest Drugstore" is an example of
hyperbole, as it exaggerates the size or significance of the drugstore for
effect.
СУДОМА 5. The roaring of the wind is my wife and the stars through the
window- pane are my children. (John Keats)
Poetic identification of wife (roaring of the wind) – metaphor
Poetic identification of children (stars) - metaphor
КІЗИМА 6. Amidst the general hum of mirth and conversation that ensued,
there was a little man with a puffy Say-nothing-to-me, -or-I'll contradict- you
sort of countenance, who remained very quiet. (Ch. Dickens)
1. phrase epithet - puffy Say-nothing-to-me, -or-I'll contradict- you sort
of countenance - it occurs before the noun if modifies. In the sentence,
the phrase "Say-nothing-to-me, -or-I'll contradict- you sort of
countenance" is used as an epithet. An epithet is a descriptive phrase or
term that adds characteristics or qualities to a person, place, or thing. In
this case, it is used to describe the appearance or demeanor of the "little
man." It emphasizes that this man has a countenance or facial expression
 that suggests he doesn't want to engage in conversation or be
contradicted, contributing to the overall atmosphere described in the
sentence.
2. Hyperbole: The phrase “Say-nothing-to-me, -or-I’ll contradict- you sort of
countenance” uses hyperbole. It exaggerates the man’s facial expression to
emphasize his reluctance to engage in conversation.

РИБАЧЕНКО 7. She came on the wings of a storm. (A.S. Byatt) (the wings of
a storm - a genuine metaphor, a poetic identification of wind)
ОСІЄВСЬКА 8. 'You wish me to be Martha, not Mary,' I cried, with some little
fire.
Metaphor - Here Martha and Mary are references to Biblical figures which
represent different virtues. Martha was rushing around, preparing everything
while Mary sat at the Lord’s feet, representing quiet contemplation and
humility.
'I did not say that', she said. 'The opposition is false. Body and soul are not
separable'. (A. S. Byatt)
Тут я не знайшла жодних тропів. Можливо antithesis (Body and soul) but it’s
a figure of speech, not a trope (згідно її методички)
ШЕВЧУК 9. Her soul was filled with a delirious almost a fanatic joy. For she
was out of the clutch of the tyrant, Freedom. (O. Henry)
- delirious/fanatic - epithet?

СОЛОШИК 10. In the high west there burns a furious star. (Wallace Stevens)
personification + inversion
ЦИГУЛЯ 11. A colored maid with an Eliza-crossing-the-ice expression opened
the door of the apartment for him. Grainet walked sideways down the narrow
hall. A bunch of burnt-amber hair and a sea-green eye appeared in the crack of a
door. (O. Henry)
- antonomasia by describing the maid as having an "Eliza-crossing-the-ice
expression." In this case, "Eliza-crossing-the-ice" is a descriptive phrase
that replaces the maid's name or identity and implies that she has a fearful
or distressed expression. The antonomasia helps convey the emotional
state of the maid.
- "A bunch of burnt-amber hair and a sea-green eye appeared in the crack
of a door."
 - This sentence doesn't explicitly contain any of the mentioned tropes, but
it does use epithets to vividly describe the physical characteristics of the
person behind the door. "Burnt-amber hair" and "sea-green eye" are
imaginative attributes that provide detailed visual information about the
person.
ГУТНИК 12. Roaring noon. In a well-fanned Forty-second Street cellar I met
Gatsby for lunch. (F. S. Fitzgerald)
Roaring noon: Personification. The use of "roaring" to describe "noon"
personifies noon as if it has the characteristic of roaring, which is typically
associated with living beings. This personification adds a vivid and dramatic
element to the description of the time of day.
Well-fanned: Epithet
Roaring noon: Alliteration. The repetition of the "r" sound in "roaring" and “n”
in "noon" creates a pleasing and rhythmic quality in the sentence.(це не
називати, бо це figure of speech!!!!!! я написала на випадок, якщо запитає
ще про figures of speech)
Forty-second Street cellar: This phrase uses alliteration as well, repeating the
"s" sound in "Forty-second Street." Additionally, it employs a form of
metonymy, where "Forty-second Street cellar" is used to represent a specific
location or environment, likely a speakeasy or underground establishment.(це
не називати, бо це figure of speech!!!!!!)
In a well-fanned Forty-second Street cellar: Hyperbaton. The sentence begins
with the adverbial modifier of place which is an inversion of the typical subject-
verb-object word order. This inversion is used for emphasis and can create a
sense of anticipation, drawing attention to the well-fanned environment. (це не
називати, бо це figure of speech!!!!!!)

II. Identify Figures of Speech

ПРЯДКО 1. I would live to study and not study to live. (Bacon)
1. Chiasmus: The sentence "I would live to study and not study to live"
employs chiasmus. Chiasmus is a rhetorical device in which words or
phrases are repeated in reverse order to create a balanced and contrasting
structure. In this case, "live to study" is contrasted with "study to live,"
highlighting a difference in priorities.
ШЕВЧУК 2. All tragedies are finished by a death,
All comedies are ended by a marriage. (Shakespeare)
 Antithesis: The contrast between "tragedies" and "comedies" highlights
the opposing nature of these two literary genres. Antithesis is a figure of speech
that juxtaposes contrasting or opposing ideas, often in parallel grammatical
structures.
Anaphora: a rhetorical device that features the repetition of a word or
phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses (ALL
is repeated)
???(я не впевнена) Syntactic Parallelism ( a rhetorical device that consists of
repetition among adjacent sentences or clauses. ) are… by is repeated (passive
construction)

СОЛОШИК 3. Grief doesn't kill, love doesn't kill, but time kills everything,
kills desire, kills sorrow, kills in the end the mind that feels them. (A. Huxley)
Anaphora - a rhetorical device that features the repetition of a word or phrase at
the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses.

+ enumeration (everything, desire, sorrow)

МЕЛЬНИК 4. They came covered with dust, with sweat, with rage. (D. H.
Lawrence)
Asyndeton: The omission of conjunctions between the phrases ("dust, sweat,
rage") creates a sense of urgency and emphasizes each element.

ОСІЄВСЬКА 5. Sunrise is bright as a silver dollar. (David Mitchell) Simile

СУДОМА 6. I think we must go. Quickly. (A. S. Byatt) Detachment
БАТИР 7. Of all the codes adopted by man for regulating his actions toward his
fellow-mortals, the greatest are these - the code of King Arthur's Knights of the
Round Table, the Constitution of the United States and the unwritten rules of
the New York Fire Department. (O. Henry)
Anticlimax - the emotional tension is gradulally falling (here even creating a
comedic effect although the beginning was making us think something
important is to come up)
ГУТНИК 8. The day creeps down. The moon is creeping up. (Wallace Stevens)
???Parallelism - a use of the same or similar syntactic pattern in two or more
sentences.
Antithesis - the use of parallel constructions with contrasted words (creep up
and creep down).
Epiphora - the repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive
clauses or sentences (!!!! buuuuut there 2 sentences, not 1)
Personification: Personification is a figure of speech in which non-human
entities or abstract concepts are given human qualities or attributes. In both
sentences, the day and the moon are described as if they possess human actions
or characteristics. "The day creeps down" personifies the day by giving it the
human action of "creeping down." Similarly, "The moon is creeping up"
personifies the moon by attributing the action of "creeping up" to it. These
personifications create vivid and imaginative imagery. (це не називати, бо це
trope!!!!!! я написала на випадок, якщо запитає ще про наявні tropes)

МИКИТИЧ 9. In those days the cattlemen were the anointed. They were the
grandees of the grass, kings of the kine, lords of lea, barons of beef and
bone. (O. Henry)

Alliteration: "Grandees of the grass," "kings of the kine," "lords of lea," and
"barons of beef and bone" alliterate, creating a rhythmic and musical quality in
the sentence. Alliteration is the repetition of initial consonant sounds in
neighboring words.

РИБАЧЕНКО 10. Mr. Vholes is very respectable man. He has not a large
business, but he is a very respectable man. He is allowed by the greater
attorneys, who have made good fortunes, or are making them, to be a most
respectable man. He never misses a chance in his practice, which is a mark of
respectability. He never takes any pleasure, which is another mark of
respectability. He is reserved and serious, which is another mark of
respectability. His digestion is impaired, which is highly respectable. (Ch.
Dickens) Convergence of Syntactic Parallelism (pattern of the main clause with
He-subject and a predicate and the non-defining relative clause is repeated)
AND Irony “His digestion is impaired, which is highly respectable.”)
ЦИГУЛЯ 11. Satisfaction glowed within him as he returned. He had sent
a long telegram, which would in a few hours evoke an answer ordering him
back to town at once - on urgent business. It was an act performed, decisive step
taken - and he so rarely took decisive steps; he felt pleased with himself. (A.
Huxley)
 - Enumeration: Enumeration is used in this sentence to list several ideas or
actions in succession, emphasizing them and giving them weight.
Examples include "Satisfaction glowed within him," "He had sent a long
telegram," "an answer ordering him back to town at once," and "an act
performed, decisive step taken." This technique adds detail and emphasis
to the narrative.
- Zeugma: Zeugma occurs when a word applies to multiple parts of a
sentence, often in a surprising or unconventional way. In this sentence,
the word "taken" is an example of zeugma because it applies to both "an
act performed" and "decisive step." It's used in a way that links these two
separate ideas together for rhetorical effect.
- Detachment: The phrase "he so rarely took decisive steps" creates a sense
of detachment by describing the character's infrequent decisiveness. This
detachment contrasts with the decisive step he just took, highlighting the
significance of the action.
- Hyperbaton: Hyperbaton is a figure of speech involving the inversion of
the normal word order for emphasis or poetic effect. In this sentence,
there is an inversion of word order with "Satisfaction glowed within him"
at the beginning of the sentence, which emphasizes the character's inner
satisfaction.

КІЗИМА 12. He looked out of the window. Great florid clouds floated high in
the blue heaven. (A. Huxley)
1. Metaphor: The phrase “Great florid clouds” contains a metaphor. Clouds are
being compared to something else, likely flowers or something colorful, by
using the word “florid.” This creates a vivid and descriptive image in the
reader’s mind.
2. Personification: The phrase “floated high in the blue heaven” uses
personification. It attributes the ability to float to the clouds, giving them
human-like qualities of movement and elevation.
3. ??? periphrasis - the blue heaven instead of sky

III. Identify Tropes and Figures of Speech

СУДОМА 1. There was a silence. The evening darkened in the room.
Noiselessly, and with silver feet, the shadows crept in from garden. (O. Wilde)
Personification - shadows with silver feet, crept in; evening darkened??
Inversion? - in the third sentence Noiselessly,... brought to the beginning
2. He has a mistress. Her name is Loss. (J. Fowles)
Antonomasia - Loss
ШЕВЧУК 3. "It is the hat that matters most", she would say, when they walked
out together. Every hat that passed, she would examine. (V. Woolf)
HAT - Metonymy when it refers to the hat as representing the person's
appearance or identity. The hat is closely associated with how a person looks or
presents themselves.
Inversion - Every hat that passed, she would examine.
Hyperbole - every
4. Sweet was her smile, swift was her submission. (V. Woolf)
This sentence employs Antithesis by contrasting the sweetness of her
smile with the swiftness of her submission. This creates a juxtaposition of
opposing elements.
epithets - sweet; swift
Alliteration (repeated ‘s’’))
inversion is used to place emphasis on the adjectives "sweet" and "swift."
ПРЯДКО 5. It was a great wall of water that seemed to tower over them, It
might have been ten or twelve feet high, but you could measure it only with
your horror. (W.S. Maugham)
1. Metaphor: "It was a great wall of water" is a metaphor, as it describes the
water as if it were a physical wall, emphasizing its size and the sense of
impending danger.
2. Personification: The phrase "seemed to tower over them" personifies the
water, giving it human-like qualities of towering or looming, which
enhances the dramatic effect.
3. Metaphor: "you could measure it only with your horror" is a metaphor
that suggests the intensity of their fear and the idea that fear itself is the
only measure for the enormity of the situation.
6. It was her way of eating, eating with intensity. (V. Woolf)
1. Anadiplosis (catch repetition - the repetition of one and the same word at
the end of one and at the beginning of of the second sense group or a
sentence)
ЦИГУЛЯ 7. She looked pale, mysterious, like a lily, drowned, under water, he
thought. (V. Woolf)
- Simile: In this sentence, a simile is used to compare the woman's
appearance to a lily. The word "like" is the indicator of the simile: "She
looked pale, mysterious, like a lily."
 - Enumeration: Enumeration is used to list multiple descriptive qualities of
the woman's appearance in succession. These include "pale,"
"mysterious," and the simile "like a lily."

- Hyperbaton: Hyperbaton refers to the inversion of the normal word order

for emphasis or poetic effect. In this sentence, the word order is
somewhat inverted, with the descriptive qualities placed before the noun
they describe: "She looked pale, mysterious, like a lily."

- Detachment: The phrase "he thought" at the end of the sentence indicates
that this is the narrator's thought or observation, creating a sense of
detachment by separating the description from the character's direct
speech or actions.

8. That punctual servant of all work, the sun, had just risen, and began to strike
a light on the morning of the thirteenth of May. (Ch. Dickens)
ОСІЄВСЬКА 9. London has swallowed up many millions of young men called
Smith. (V. Woolf)
London has swallowed up - personification
millions of young men - hyperbole
10. The rain stopped. Heavy footsteps, slow, measured, passed somewhere
beneath the window. A police officer, perhaps. The Law. (O. Henry)
Metonymy: the Law = the police officer
Epithets: Heavy footsteps, slow, measured
Hyperbaton: Heavy footsteps, slow, measured
Alliteration?: see the red letters in the sentence

КІЗИМА 11. Perhaps in her manner there were signs that she wished to see him
or perhaps not - he could not read a woman. (Thomas Hardy)
- he could not read a woman - attachment???

12. Bathsheba's was an impulsive nature under a deliberative aspect. An

Elizabeth in brain and a Mary Stuart in spirit, she often performed actions.
(Thomas Hardy)
1. "Bathsheba's was an impulsive nature under a deliberative aspect."
 - This sentence uses antithesis, a figure of speech where contrasting ideas are
presented in parallel structure. It contrasts "impulsive nature" with a
"deliberative aspect," highlighting the contradiction in Bathsheba's character.

2. "An Elizabeth in brain and a Mary Stuart in spirit, she often performed
actions."
- This sentence uses antonomasia, a figure of speech where a proper name is
replaced by a descriptive phrase or title. It substitutes "Elizabeth" and "Mary
Stuart" for descriptive phrases to characterize her brain and spirit, suggesting
she possesses certain qualities associated with these historical figures.

РИБАЧЕНКО 13. 'Yes - I know that', she said, panting like a robin, her
face red and moist from her exertions, like a peony petal before the sun dries off
the dew. (Thomas Hardy) (Convergence of Similes “panting like a robin”, “her
face red and moist … like a peony petal before the sun dries off the dew” AND
Metaphor? in its variation of Personification “sun dries off the dew”)
14. Never had he seen London look so enchanting - the softness of the
distances; the richness; the greenness; the civilization. (V. Woolf).
(Convergence of Inversion “Never had he seen” AND Enumeration “the
softness of the distances; the richness; the greenness; the civilization”)
БАТИР 15. He opened the window again. A faint light spread from the east. He
stared up at the paling trees.
Destiny.
Those eyes.
Abruptly he turned. (John Fowles)
Tropes:
- epithet - faint (light)
- epithet - paling (trees) if pailing means: lacking strong or natural color;
colorless or whitish - usually about living being
Figures of speech:
- Detachment I think (can be attachment but for me closer to the first)
16. It enrages me to think that I even once saw him as Mr. Knightly to my
Emma. (Jane Austin)
Figures of speech:
 - probably some ellipsis (in the last part MR.Knightly to my Emma) or
something like hyperbation (a play with word order) but needs more
context because the sentence is a bit confusing
СОЛОШИК 17. A coarse-throated chatter was the first sound.
It was a sparrow just waking.
Next: 'Chee-weeze-weeze-weeze!' from another retreat.
It was a finch.
Third: 'Tink-tink-tink-tink-achink!' from the hedge.
It was a robin.
'Chuck-chuck-chuck!' overhead.
A squirrel. (Thomas Hardy)

● Onomatopia - (pronounced ˌ’AH-nuh-mah-tuh-PEE-uh’) refers to words

whose pronunciations imitate the sounds they describe.

● Anaphora: a rhetorical device that features the repetition of a word or

phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or clauses
(Sentences start with “It was a”).
●

18. The danger, when not seen, has the imperfect vagueness of human thought.
The fear grows shadowy; and Imagination, the enemy of men, the father of all
terrors, unstimulated, sinks to rest in the dullness of exhausted emotion. (J.
Conrad)

Personification (imagination sinks to rest + axhausted emotions)

Metaphor (imagination is compared with the enemy of men and the father of all
terrors)

Enumeration (the danger, the fear, the imagination)

МИКИТИЧ 19. He stood elevated in the witness-box, with burning cheeks in a
cool, lofty room: the big framework of punkahs moved gently to and fro high
above his head, and from below many eyes were looking at him out of dark
faces, out of white faces, out of red faces, out of faces attentive, spellbound, as
if all these people sitting in orderly rows upon narrow benches had been
enslaved by the fascination of his voice. (J. Conrad)
In Joseph Conrad's passage, various figures of speech and tropes are utilized to
create vivid imagery and emphasize the atmosphere. Here they are:

Figures of Speech:

Metonymy: "the witness-box."(not sure, coz it might be a metaphor as well)

The box stands for the person who is testifying, using a part (the box) to
represent the whole (the witness).
Simile: "as if all these people sitting in orderly rows upon narrow benches
had been enslaved by the fascination of his voice." The comparison using
"as if" creates a simile, comparing the captivation of the audience to a
form of enslavement, emphasizing the power of the speaker's voice.

Tropes:

Anaphora: "many eyes were looking at him out of dark faces, out of white
faces, out of red faces." - a rhetorical device that features the repetition of
a word or phrase at the beginning of successive sentences, phrases, or
clauses.
Hyperbole: While not necessarily an extreme exaggeration, the use of
"many eyes" emphasizes the intensity of the attention he is receiving.
Metaphor: "as if all these people... had been enslaved by the fascination of
his voice." The human quality of being enslaved is attributed to the
abstract concept of fascination, giving it human-like characteristics.
Metaphor: "the big framework of punkahs moved gently to and fro high
above his head." The punkahs are metaphorically described as a
framework, emphasizing their structure and movement.
Personification: "with burning cheeks" gives human qualities (feeling of
heat) to non-human elements (cheeks).
There are epithets as well: cool, lofty room, the big framework, dark white,
red, attentive faces.

20. But it was in her hands with their reddened nails that she most clearly
betrayed her age. (W. S. Maugham)
Я ТРОХИ НЕ ВПЕВНЕНА В ЦЬОМУ (АЛЕ Я СТАРАЛАСЬ, НЕ
БИЙТЕ)
Metaphor: The phrase "she most clearly betrayed her age" is metaphorical,
suggesting that her age was revealed, not literally, but through some
characteristic or behavior.
Personification: The act of the hands "betraying" her age gives human qualities
(betrayal) to something non-human (her hands).
Inversion: There is a slight inversion of the usual word order in the sentence.
The phrase "with their reddened nails" is placed in the middle of the sentence,
interrupting the flow of the typical subject-verb-object structure.
Alliteration: The repetition of the "h" sound in "her hands" creates alliteration,
adding a musical quality to the sentence.

МЕЛЬНИК
21. The gentleman at the door, after dropping his exclamation, remained silent;
silent too the lady advanced. (Henry James)

Repetition: The repetition of the word "silent" emphasizes the absence of sound
or communication between the gentleman and the lady, reinforcing the theme of
silence.

Personification: The phrase "after dropping his exclamation" personifies the

exclamation as if it were a physical object that the gentleman could drop, adding
a touch of figurative language.

22. The temperate wind, made fragrant by thousands of acres of blue and yellow
wild flowers, roared gloriously in their ears. (O. Henry)
Вікуся Мельник, глянеш, чи це правильно. Бо ти, напевно, пропустила це
речення
Metaphor: The phrase "The temperate wind...roared gloriously" employs
metaphor. It attributes the quality of roaring gloriously to the wind, creating a
vivid and dramatic image. In reality, winds don't "roar" in the same way that
animals or machines do, but this metaphor conveys the strength and impact of
the wind.

Personification: The phrase "The temperate wind...roared gloriously" also

contains personification as it attributes human-like qualities (roaring gloriously)
to the wind. This personification gives the wind a sense of power and grandeur.

Hyperbole: The word "thousands" in "thousands of acres of blue and yellow

wildflowers" is hyperbolic. While there may be many wildflowers, the use of
"thousands" exaggerates the extent of the wildflower fields for emphasis and
imagery.
ГУТНИК 23. Thus did Yancy Goree, as he rode past his old home, make,
considering all things, the best showing that was in his power. (O. Henry)
??Antonomasia: The name "Yancy Goree" could be considered an example of
antonomasia, where a descriptive phrase is used in place of a proper name. In
this case, "Yancy Goree" is used to represent an individual who is making a
particular showing.
Hyperbaton: The phrase "Thus did Yancy Goree" uses hyperbaton, a figure of
speech involving the inversion of the usual word order. In this case, the subject
and verb order is rearranged for emphasis and poetic effect.
Understatement: The phrase "the best showing that was in his power" employs
understatement by downplaying the extent of Yancy Goree's efforts. Instead of
saying he made an excellent showing, it suggests that he did the best he could
given the circumstances.
Suspense: periodic sentence; a long sentence with a delayed main clause.

24. His mind was yet strangely clogged, and his thoughts and memories were
returning to his brain one by one, like carrier pigeons over a stormy sea. [O.
Henry]
Simile: The phrase "like carrier pigeons over a stormy sea" contains a simile. It
compares the return of his thoughts and memories to the arrival of carrier
pigeons. Similes use "like" or "as" to make comparisons between dissimilar
things.
??Metaphor: The entire sentence employs a metaphor to describe the process
of his thoughts and memories returning to his mind. It likens this process to
carrier pigeons flying over a stormy sea. This metaphor creates a vivid image
and suggests the difficulty and uncertainty of his thoughts returning.
Personification: The use of "his thoughts and memories were returning to his
brain one by one" personifies thoughts and memories, attributing them with
human-like actions of returning and entering the brain. This personification
adds depth to the description.

25. Oh, good gigantic smile o’ the brown old earth. (R. Browning)
Epithet: good gigantic and brown old
Personification of “earth”, because in reality earth doesn’t have a smile
Zeugma: good and gigantic