mae KOHCTPYKLUMM P. C. CAMKAPOBCKHA, B.A. TPyAn U3 CTASIbHbIX TPYB, 3 AMONHEHHbIX io BETOHOMOrMABIENHE Tpeaneao a A.M. Knicnts, P, C. Cancaponcnnii, Taawa | cotaneaetat toyboberona by wonerpyxuint ws wero 5 B.A. Tpynnb j == a 2 eer nt a 3 KOHCTPYKLMM passe tg mee : M3 CTAMBHBIX TPYB, Cee ee vain ieiet aooe ~~ SATIONHEHHBIX 2 BETOHOM oem rpy6oberavnsex creparen np wenTparsoo + auencirpen- son. Tpy60: ow exer» 93 a mecymyo 1pyGo6eror: ein mm ie Mocksa Be crromManatYAK eoto27 508.0167 nb.12.95 Kucun A. H., Canxaposcanl P. C. Tpyaae B.A. Kouerpyytie creas apy, soar ‘ronos. M., Cxpofuaaar, 1974, c. 144. B xuure conepacates aauinse 0 xoverpykrin ux Gopuax ‘craterpyGoGerolnie crepiRten, 0co Genmocrax wx paGonit 110A Harpysxofl He cnocOOax narorosaewnn, [puseenst wx. Texiko-skorOunec- ve xaponroprerm. Onueat peyavrar e2pe- Tuseckinx 1 SkenepHwenTasbinax ‘Reeeaonanuth a ors: tpyGoseromusx erepaiien pw uewrpateton 1 uegesrpeniow exaTii, Paccuarpuasercn pain line nozaywecr Gerona Ha neeyuiy enocostocre crepe. Hasarawren paapaGoraiiue astopastit paxriseeknte Meron" paciera rpySoGeronix repaid ia "Yeraiber sai~epinepa ‘Kira paccaurana a. miskewepos-npoesrnpos: saoxoa I HayeNX. paGoriaon TaGa. 19, 188, eilicoK tit: 158 nase © Crpotnoaar, omnon—7 Bueatwee obopusenne syzoxina Ko IL 10) easerop moasresueras J. 1. Cap ‘Teeeccana enaetop FB. we Keppesopie Bo Paxps08, (Gusto » xaGon IVT 19731, Moannceno x nevarn 27% 1970, BI ia Braara satorpaguse Wd. Poogen ew 3 fy Tiga 100 Han VSD ets «om Ceponnaaer Tait Mockea, Kyorensad wocr, 2.9 ao En Ca ete cen Top, Baaamump, ya. Flodenst, a. 18-6. " TPEAMCHOBHE B [upexrusax XXIV cxesza KTICC otmesaeren 1e06- XOAMMOCTS CHIDKCHHS CTOHMOCTH CTpOHTessCTBA, TO BOI MOO AOCTHND YMeMbUTeHHEM Beca CoopyxeHIt, SKOHOMItEH CTAAIM B KONCTPYKWUSIX, CHUKEHNEN TPYROSATpAT HT. 3 Konerpyxumi 19 Tonkoctennbix craaoHbix Tpy6, aamoatieH- Hux GetonoM, ophextHeus o sToM oTHOMeHHH. Henoab- sonanite GeToHa, sakmoveHtioro B TpyGe, noBMizeT npOX- HocTh KOHCTPYKIMi Ha CKATHE B I,5—2 pasa npR cpanitH ‘TeabHo NeGombIOM pacxone crazH Ha HatoTOBMeHNe TPYOH, GamaKoM K pacxony apmatypH Ha 2edesoGeTOHHMIE KOHCT- yx. B xititre pacexastinaeren 0 nloseaena tpyCoGerounErx KonctpyKunit 3a pyOexOM HY Hac, O NYTAX HX paspaTHe, paGore tpyGoGeromisix ctepikiteh non HarpysKoR m npH Menem TpyGoGeToHa B crponTenscrse. Sxcnayaranna Ha HpoTarKeHtint MHOTHX eT B TwKeAEIX yenOBHAX cOOpYACHAT © TpyGoGeronENH KOMCTPYRNANNM, HanpHntep wocta MM. Bosoxapexoro uepes p. Hesy o JTenuurpane « xp., caH- Reremscrayer 06 Mx HaslexHOCTA. Tpy6o6erontte KoncTpyKunn sxonoMNUNE. Hx npHac- Henne ymensmmaer sec coopyrennit » 2—3 pasa, tpynoaa- tparix 3 4—B pas, cronmocth 8 2—3 pasa mo cpaakentiio © %enes06erommwn, To cpanneHMo c MerastiMeckuNt KOHCTPYKUNAMN NH HeaHAaUATEMBHOM yBenHMEHHH RecA N0- ctraetes eyiectoennioe cuikeane crommoctn (0 40%) i yMenbmenne pacxona craw (n 2~3 pasa). Hecmorpa na 370, HicnoabI0BanNe TPY6OGeToHHEI KOHeTPYKUHK cAeprH- Bastoch Text, 470 Ghia MeROCTATOHO MecAeTOBAHA PadoTa KOHCTPYKUHt MPH BiteNeHTPEMHIOM CKATHH, yeanKe H TOI- aysecTn Geroua 8 Tpy6e, RITemsHON sarpy KH Ww Ap. Geis Maco Haynent nponece aanoanenua tpy6 BeToHON H Ap. 3a moctentue 10—15 net necmexosannann pana opra- Hnsaunit # cneamasncros npoGer n Hayrennm paots Tpy- 3Goberonsix crepatell B sHayHTeabHof Mepe BocroaweH, paspadoraus ckopoctuie Meroxs! sanosnenita Tpy6 Gero" HOM ¢ MOMOMISO BHOpatuN, AAKDKANPYeTeR wt TexpIEKT- HOCTS cTaabHBIX TpyG OCHOeHKEN cHletitaxbtorO poKATA Tpy6 Aan crpouTeasnerx KOHCTpYKUUH. STUM_ cosRaHEs Ye- OBA aK Goace uMpoKOTO NpuMeKeHNA 8 CCCP Tpy6o- Geronntx KoHerpyRttt. Boapurce simwatine » Knure yneneno HaroKeHMIO pe- ayabTaros HonefimmmX TeopeTHecKHX mM sKchepiMentant- HBX Hccsenonanii, a TAxKe KoppeKTupoBKe paxee npH- Mexsembix pacueTaux dopmya. Hanpnatep, npownocti Tpy- So6eToHNMEX crepxNeH MPH. ocesoM CKATHH NpennaraeTes mpowepats ¢ yHeTOM Orpaiuuennsa Hecymeh cnoco6HocTit cTepaRneli npererbHo BosMOKHOR Rehoprranedt. YVerohsn- BOCTH UeHTpATiO- 1 BHeILeNTTPeHKO-CAKATHIX CTeprKTeH peKO- MeHyeTeN Mponepsts oO MeTOAHKe, AHAAOHYHON NAA sc- TamaHweckHX cTeprKitel, ¢ NoMOUIDIO KOSXAULLEHTA Pus, OT peneasemoro 6 cpylkitit npineremnbix rHOKocTell crepaxHeh H MpMBeeHHBI SKcueHTpHUATeTOD MPHAOKeHKA NpOROAS- nowt cnag. JL1s wenrpasbHo-cmaTHx ereprRttel cenyer npH- HHMATS NéGostbuIOH SKcHeHTpHUNTeT, yuNTHBAIONU Ha Nambusre neconepmrencTaa. Aptopst paccmarpanatot peayasrarm Teoper#veckAx w OnsTHLX HeemeLOBAHVA BaUaNUK Monay¥eCTH GeToHA Ha Hecymuyio cnocoSuocts xpyGoGeronmsx creprxtel ¢ TOIKH spelinsl paspitTia TeopiH numyuNBAHHEA B yenoBHAX nonsy- NectH, ocwentaioT Bompocst yeTomuMBOeTH cocTasHELX TPyOO- GerouMx cTeprteh Np KPaTKoBpeNention m AAHTETBHOM SarpyrxennH, HaKOHeK, NpHBOAKT OcoBeHNocTH rpyGoGeroH- HBX KOHCTPYKUMH, pasauunEe HX cHCTEMSI, NPMHILTIL KOH- erpyuponatina coopyxxenm, nx ysqonuX coctHnennA 1 CTHKOD, MeTOAS PacteTa SiteMeHTOR, a TaIKe cHOCOGS H3- Toronsenua KowetpyKuHf. B xwutre nszomensr pesyasratsr ccrenonannti, Wpone- AOHREX raanHeiM OGPAsON ABTOPAMH KHETH, MPHEM MHO- Tie 3 HHx nySanKyioTeR BHepBEe. Kpome ykasaatioh B emiicxe miteparyps wcnomaona~ He watepitamt WaysHo-TexuaueckHx oTxeTos LIHMHC, UHH Mpoexreranpxonerpyxan, = HMV)KB — Tocctpoa CCCP, MHMMCK am. B.A.’ Kysepenko, MICH am. B.B. Kyfoumena m ap. Brexenne, raassi Tx 1 nanncanst A.W. Kanaan, B.A. Tpyaaem P. C, Camsaponcxuer; raps TIT x 1V— P. C. Catkapoacam, Thana! ‘OCOBEHHOCTH TPYBOBETOHA W KOHCTPYKYHA H3 HEFO 1. O6nacrs nprmenenna rpySoSerona B mepasix coopyxenusx ¢ ucnoapsonanien tpy606ero- Na MpuMeHszocs MHoTOTpYOHOe apMuposatiHe, npH KOTO- Pom HecymuiM szemenTOM Guia naKeT Ha TpySoOcTOHREKX crepxxiel mastoro axamerpa. TIpuaepom ucnomaonamna MHOroTpyGux naKeTos sBaKeTeR aporusiit wocT NpomeToM 9 4B Boctowtom npexwectie Tlapmxa, nocrpocumuf » 1931 r. (pic. 1). Jee apku sroro mocta’ cocrost Kaas 43 mectn tpy6 wanerpox 60X3,5 sus, sanoawenuax Ge- rouom [141]. B 1936 r. nox pykosonctaom akan. T. [1. Tlepexepus 61a coopyxen moct npoatetom 101 suepea p. Heay a sTe- umarpaxe (puc. 2) [63], » xotopow npuwenena napectHaR exenta Gespackociion dbepues. KpynuoraSapurunit naxer ua 40 tpy6 anamerpom 140X5 aa uctionbaopaH » xavecrae Bepxiero Napa6oamueckoro toca npozctHoro crpocans. ‘Tpy6si usroroszent 3 masoyraeponmcrol crann MapKn Cx5. Ha 1 42 nonepeunioro ceveams apxt npuxonnres 104 a Hponera, ro nowrn B 2 pasa Consume, vem y Apyrux to- o6utx moctos [63]. Brocaencraun cuerenia naKeTHoro ‘tpy6oGerona He Mptimewszace 13-22 caoxHOCTH UsTOTOR- senna. Hauasom wupoxoro passntia tpy6o6erommnx KoHcT- Pykuitt ceayer cuutrat» Hosb.teline MoHOTpy6uOK cucTeMM. B 40-x ronax npop.B.A.Pocwoscxait mpeasonna sicnoay- Sonat B Kaecte KoHcrpyxTHBHOTO aaeMeHtTa MOCTOS OMY ‘ToHKocTeHHy!O cTasBHyo TPYOy, sanoaueHHyIo GeToxoM, W18 pate npoekros [71] nokasam ee npewmyuiecrba no cpan- Hem ¢ oGsraMtMH pemenuaMH. Hw Oxi npemaoxens paaauunite KoHCTpYKUHH MOCTOB ¢ MpHMeHeHeM TaKOTO pe- luenuA, @ BhocaercTBIN NO ONKOMy ua sTHX NpeRTOReHITou Puc. 1. Mocr » npeawecrse Tapioca Gua nocrpoeu xenesuonoporuuit aoct yepes _p. Moers sGauaut r. Kamtenck-Ypaanckoro (pic. 3) Taapiuti pewoit npozer wocra nepexpurr ckwostiol ap- Koit nposerom 140 4 crpesoh nowsema 29 a, Buicora APOWMEIX epM Ha cpenHem ywacTke —or '/y 10 ®/, npone- Ta—onuiaxowa m pasa 6 x. Ha xonuenuix yuactKax no- fica oveptelit no AByN napaGoaan, cOannxAIOULUER K OTOP HuM yaaaM. Pacctosuue meray apowtini ¢epman co- crananer 7'x, tc. "fy mponera. Jlamua naveaeh apKn 6,083 Tlosca apox numonueuss wa tpy6 auamerpow 820X X13 as, narotosenmmax ua cram mapkH Cr3, sanoawer inax 6eronom mapxu 350. Tpy6ur umetot p cruKax durante. Bue coeautenms Ha GosTax. SnewenrTia peulerKi, T.e. pac- Kocst 1 cTofiKH, Meranmmueckite AByTaBposor | cedekin Tpoxoapitise ropusouraapnie cassH pAacnoxomeNs 8 NAC. KOCTAX Bepxitero n niDKHeTO Moscon apKt. Tlonepeunbie conan uMeloTe ammui> B npeneaax puicoTt hepMt H pacttoao- KEM Hepes MaHeTH B MAOCKOCTAX HaXAPOUMBIX CTOCK. CBR. 3K mpexcranantot coGoll powOnyeckyio cucreMty ¢ MeTad.at- Necktie sueweitanm Kpectosoro ceveuns. Bee coesnHelist MeTaaamuecKnx saexexiton NpoxeTHOTO cTpoeHHA scteKTpO- coapiiie. Hazapounue crofikn narotosaelisi 13 TPY6, 32- Tomuennux Gerouox. YurtsiBas Coznmyio ropHsonramHyio XecrxocTs mpoesxelt sacri, monepeuMble cOASH MOK AY croiixanir He noctapaeuts. Tpnwerenne tpy6oGerora » wocte wa p. Hers cumsn- 40 cromwoct® erpomtreawersa Ha 20% W HosBomao coxo- Homirr 52% evan [71] Moworpy6oGeromuse apxn yeneuHo nenonssyioren 8 aB- ToROporKHBIX Moctax [35] 18 KaNeCTaC HOACOB NOANPYKHHX cnere (puc.4,a, 6). Tip umpune npocaxkel wacrn nocra 21 4 sarpamneacres 195 Ke craan Ha 1x? ee ropHsok- TambHOM MpoeKUiti, T.¢. MOYTH CTOMBKO 2e, CKOMBKO B Ca- 6 Puc. 2. Tpy6o- Seroumun ocr wepea. p. Hepy we alewinirpane rie nen no 60 Pue. 3, Tpy6oGeronutil moet wepes p, HeerMBX cOBpeMeHHAIX 2enesOOeTOHHNX NpeRBapHTesbKO-HaN- PHACHULIX MOCTAX, H B HECKOMBKO pas MeMbUIe, YeM B OOHY- Honx aee20GeToHHBX MocTax aHanorHaHBKX pasMepon, Macca craait B KoTOpLIX KocTUraeT 675 Ke/4 B moctonsix epaax [71] naa cxKaTHx Noscos Ha cras- ux Tpy6, sanoamHeHMEX GoToHOM, —HykHO BB pas MexouTe craam, ex 11m OObIKHOBeHMBIX CTaapHX. Mecca hepa mpi sTOM YBemNuNBaeTes AHN Ha 145. TlockO.bKY YeuAUs NoRcax OT HX Beca CocTaRAMOT HesHasitTeNbMy! ROA MOA- HUX pacierHnix yeuqHl, yaenuYeHHe TOcTeAUHX BeneAeTBHE SaMeHBI wacTH MeTatna Gerowom nlonyuaerea OKO 3% H HM MOXKHO MpeHeSpeHd. KouctpyKURH CxATHX MosICoB HS ‘Tpy6, satioaneniix GeroHoM, 5 5 pas Reueste 0 cpaBHe- mo ¢ uuieTo Meranamveckmm. B wenoM emeTiIo® yacureBne- Hie MocTop c mpozeTHEIM CTpoeHeN B DIRE CBOGORHO OMT paromtexen fepm xocTHraeT 20-25%, a skoHOMHA cTa- an — 40—60%. Pantonaabiof o6ractsto npumerenita Tpy6oSeroHHEx creel spasioter KoNeTpyKuHH Onop HHH saeKpone- peraun (puc.5). SHauntembuoe KoamvecTo0 merasaa pac- XonyeTem afech 1a MOnca craOsI08 H Tpawepc, HosTOMy samte- Ha CKATHIX NORCOB-TpyGoGeTORHENH act GombIMIOR 3KO- Hommueckni sppexr. Hanpnep, wa coopyxxenme 1 Kat JTSTI nanpaxxeniten: 150 x3 sepes ropuiih nepenaa » Ilsef- apa uspacxorosato 7,5 7 ctanu. IIpa npuacenexnn onop OGusHOR KoNCTpyxwi MoTpeGosarocs OH 21,5 7. Yaers- lene crounocTit Tpy6oGeTowEix _on”0p 0 CpaBKeHiO c oGuiaaeineH coctasanet 30—40% [157], Baaronapa nopsuienio HarHGHoh xecTKOCTH craab- max Tpy6, santomHentEx Cerortom, onops JISTI Moryr xT co6patin 2 cpasMireasio weGostpUIOrO icaa sneMeNTOB sHauuTenbHoh zauani. TIpx stom ynpomactes cxema pacno- HoxKenus crepaHel coemHATEABHOR peUeTKH H KONCTPYK- Win yanonsix conpsoxenmit. OcHopHBe pacKocss onopst MO- ryt Obits NpemBapHTeabHO HaNpsKeHH pactwKeHMeM W piinomHeust ua Tpocos. Tpy6u samumaroT oT KopposHn OuHKoBaKHeM 1 oKpacKof Va npombutenniix coopyxxcunii, nossenenmnnx ¢ mprwe- Heuuem MoHoTpyOo6erona, caenyeT OTMETHITh MpOHSBOACT weHoe sane Ha CeMiayxckom sane orkeynopoa (puc.6), ctofky pam KoTOporo BBINOJHERKI HS CTaAbHBIX tpy6 ananerpon 114X4 ss, aanonnenusix Geronom MapKi 200, Macca Kaxxx0fi Tpy6o6eronttoh crofiKK oKoaI0 2 7, TOr- Ha Kak wenes06eToHHaN cTofiKa HMena Gxt Maccy Gomee Pye. 4. Antoxopoxue tpyGoGerommue Mo- ae suumosotpeusrnoh, © rpySoterouon» nepe- Cee era “tvonnute Boaapyraen 2 wPe. 7. Sanne aaGoparopiat naysno-necneronarenbexor ‘oft Kapkaca ouinoaitena ns Tpy6oGerona 10 ze Ceumayxcrow aa Puc. 5. Konerpyx ‘tupnastexena JST © mpenvapirreasaine anpsocentes pousnorer ‘omeynopon 0 mucrutyra; 13 7. Pacxon weranaa wa ace TpyGo6eTonHBIe CTOMKH co” crapua 27,3 7, Ha xKeneaoGeroutisie NoHanOGuslach Gut 41 7 ea Croistocth croex cuusnach ¢ 10900 10 3050 py6. 28). B pane sapyOexusix crpaw 8 crpowreaperse npumens- tore crambunle Tpy6ui c GeToHHUM sanoaHennes. 3a n0- caeaie Tous untepec x HAM BOspoc BO Spann (150, 151], Katiane [126], Hraamn [121], Beabrnn, CHA n apy- rmx erpanax [124, 139, 149] Bo Opanunt *pyGOGeToH HerlomssoBaH B KauecTRe cTO- ex Kapkacon Muorostaxnsix aHaIsIx T OGMLECTBCHHEX 922- ini, HanpuMep a neppom HeGockpese » Tapinke — 2xi10% nome na yal, Kpyae6ap6 [151], 0 aanunuerpatiniom ana- tin ua ya. Kogpe. B anannw paswepomt 24X24 st naGopa~ Topun Haysio-ecaenosaTeascKoro mHtcTHTyTA BT. OnbHoe (pic.7) [148] xonou aunoawer 3 Tpy6 unuMHApH Neckoit m npusMatuuecxoit (bopasl, sanozHenAix GeroHoM: B WeHTpambiio wacTH aaHHs KONONHB! wHAMApHYECKHe fis Tpy6 uaMeTpoM 216 suse, 10 TepumMerpy 3naitN KONORTEL npusmariveckite xnaxpatnoro cevenns 100X100 ax. Tipu MeHenNe Toil cHcTenb1 MOHOTpYGoGeToHA CHMBHIAG PacxOn ctaan Ha croitxn xapkaca s10 40%. B Mraanu » Pune noctpoeva 8-sta:xaa rocrumua [121], ctolixn Kapxaca xoropoh muinoauenti us TpyGo6eTO- 4 Pu, 8, Hecyuuit xapeac rocrinmius a (pne.8). Crofixn nmeior nepemennioe ceverute, ywenbuma- ioeeen KBEDXY. B Beatrit py crpouteaserse foKa Oviam nenosbsona. i hepanst npoaerow 13 4c napazzembitnn nostcan. Bepx- nue Tosca H crofixn eps suinozHens u3 tpy6, sanoanen- tere SeToHlow (puc.9), Ocrabube steweHTsi — 3 mBesAe- 1Pop u yroaKon. Pacxoa cram cunaxel na 40% [139]. me onenue sae uaifPt usroTonaenini tpyGoGeroua nenonssyioren xpyrawe ipHveckHe, @ TaKKe NpHswaTHuecKHE (KBaRpaTHEle MeHTEN eps. L208 Puc. 9, Gepua ¢ rpySoGerownun exarn noxCoN, enon CTpyxUHH NOKA 7 ae eens Naw aeecTKas — yroaKa, JByTaNpt Mp, Pu, 10. lononmarensuoe apsiuponanue 60- routior® apa EuGno8 | apuarypot: Se yy * 6 — seerno8 ye xe, Prone Tipe en r0 me, eye y lor nam coaf, npeacravane ! eapceate Ura meee naa ani 4 Geroasarn sapom [32]. Apuuposanie spa noazo- ite awe ‘O60A0%K th eaenoeareneno 212 , nonepesmuif ra6apur KoNeTpYKUNH, TO meet Gombutoe snasenne [151] Kpowe crpolirenscraa tpyOoGerou mpymcnmiot B wall HoctpoeHin, Fie TAKUM TyTEM AocTHTaIOT SKOHOMNN cTAAH 0 40% [54, 65]. 2, OcoBennoctH pySo6eronnux creprneh W npeAMOCHINKH K HX NPHMEHEHHIO ‘Tpy6oGeromuslt crepxenD sBARETER KoMIIEKCHO!t KOH erpyniunel, coctonttelt ita crambitoh TpyGn 1 GeTontHOTO pa, paboraioumx coumecrio. Takan KoucTpyKunR o6aneet FihonrIMH ToJOKHTeABABINE KaecTBaMIH, [1pouHOCTh GeTOH- Noro silpa, cTecitetioro crasibHoh O6OTONKO! KaK OGOHMOF, nobuuaered npiiepno 8 2 pasa no cpapNeHino ¢ mepBoiia- uampuot. Hecaenosauuann [30, 77, 95] yetanoseno, ato pMecto Omugaemoh yeanKH poucxount HaGyxanne GeToHa b'tpy6e 1 cro pacullipenue, coxpanmouteccn Ha npormKe- MH MHOFHX “eT, TO CosnaeT GnaronpUNTHBIE YeAOBHA AA ero paborts. PasGyxauiue xapaxrepHo 1.18 Gerowa, we Tomb Ko gaxmouennoro B cTaabHyio TPYOY, HO H usoAMpoBaHTtOr MOBLIN jtpYCHN cHOcOGOM OT OKPYAaloMLell cpensl, WTO noaTaepxAderca usnectHniMn ontiTamit O. $1, Bepra c 130- Emponaniainn GeTouHnivn oGpasnantn [9]. Tpwanuoit pas- Gysanus mBReTCA OTCYTCTBKE BaroobMEIA werKity GeTo- how i BHeunel cpeno#, B ynoManyrsx ombitax vepea 135 ave Ha oAWOM 1a OOpaslos Guaa cHsTa usoAAILU, ro aapao Gucrpoe pasDurTHe AedopNauul ycaRKH, KO- yopele cTaTH MOWTH TAKHMH we, KaK H y aanoruaHL He: Hsoaupopaitusix o6pasuon. Beanannix YeanouNbix mpoxard- ix deopMannit uaonupoBasttoro OGpasua BecbMa Heatia~ ‘nrembilst HM cocTanasioT €—= (2+3)10%. Sto apanetes omuuint 9 npeuNyiects tpyGoGeToua B cpansienmit ¢ 2Keme- s06eroH0m Haoasius Gerola oF oxpyxxaioutell cpenst cosmaet ay une yenoniia ait paGors GeToa lox HarpyaKoll. Sxemepu- Meurer [9] MoKasuiBaioT, 470 B HeHsoNUpOBaHHOM GeTOHe HarpyaKa BuIsuBaer Gonee suaHtlTeNLIyIO LECTpYKUEO BO ppeMenH, Hea B H20AHpOBaHHiO. B HeusomHpORAHHOM Gero- He paanlitHe MMKpOTpeuUMH ce BPeMA nporpeccupyer, Y Msoauponaiioro GeToHa np TOM Ke HaNpAXCHH OHO Toauoctoio npekpawaetes B nepsie 2—3 aus. B wewsoau- popatuuix o6pasuax HemuuieflHocTD Aedopmausit nonsyyec- 3geen “ ye oraredannsays soxuna ou RS, 9 fe ae a xnuaoiapop kde mt ‘usnzupe YousTe sam a Seen oet ‘evo wnpnt am munotone 2aro 94 : 12509844 | cw | nl os of J) : : Ks ¥% | 9'Or Bet | 06, ky . : : 6 | Oo eet | see | 2 " wi u | = wus | BE | oe ES wiiil<)2) :)<|I 6908 Jyocs- | 189, | a si yale sec | Ope [9+ wt | poe “pais ‘ i 7 a : a 1] 0% 9'9t+ | sgt € ee : ; a} or ls wad % v2 ot as : srt] w | | w/o Lys Wg joe ae i Be sree | TBE “lhe ¥1 aret| FS | oct | oe E “fe| BE | ot | $5.0 |». s'iet| $8, [o's | Be ody 1} at | on | se aim} | 2 + mle ao | oe | 38 V29+| Tog SOIT : 5) : : if xt 9 29094 oust] | re | Beh reeled i ee | guy fearo von A g, 29+ — | oy9 " mela es wagoeidt || oe | oe | 1c $ ss ‘OF sneeasay } ' 4 pepe we | 9 | op | ose Ee = ae ‘at 9°91+| Gogg |B 3 ye) fe yo |i 9 ar mpegs |} 9 | at | ar | os of “mares : : 3 | Sap] fy = F/G |e) |g Seal == latte) 2 AEE etlides wba wmv |EPEAUT | IE ae (stian Woes Woon EW : | ronan |. iW xroras0 rata vevHou INOANHWOWONG-OMNSE SHHaNUvaD nueUVLaW wataLVeNNOM NIDNOMNHO! Tenmegeys‘1H HaGmonaetes B Tevenne 20—30 cyTOK, a A HsosHpoRAH- NBIX HeamHelWocts Heseyaer pH aHANOTMUHSIX HANpSKEHH- x n epaiie 2—7 cytox. Sanoatenme crasbuoit Tpy6s1 Gerowom nopEimiaer ee mpo- ‘THBOKOPPOSHONKYIO cTOHKOCTD, sauUMLaN OT KOpposHH ee BilyTPeiHow NowepxHocTs, yMeubulact rHOKOeTb suieMeltTOB, yBeaHuuBaeT MecTHYI0 yerofiyuBocts ctenoK Tpy6s, OBS iuaer conpoTus.teite OOosONKH BuSITHIO B ya4ax conpske- Mult u npit ynapmurx BoaxeleraHax po BpeMs TpaicnopTupo- Banus H MonTaaKa Hapyxnag mosepxtocrs TpySoSeronHux Kontcrpyxnutit NpHmepio B 2 pasa menbule, Yew KoKeTpyKUMA Ha Mpo(pILE: Horo mpoKara, weseneTBHe SToTO y HEX MeHbUIe pacxoaK nO oxpacke m axcnayatauua. Ha wiianuapaieckix nonepxtioc TAX SazepyKinaeTcn weHEue MBIA st rpsigM, ABAIAIOMUIKCA axtupusatopamn nponeccos arMocipepHon KoppoaHit, no3TO- My TpyGoGeToHHse KOHCTPYKHIM HMCIOT NOBLILEHHY:0 KOp- posHoinyt0 croiiKocTs. Vcnoapsosanue nianiapnvecknx crepskie® coopy:ke- WAX, NOABEPKEHHIX BETPODLIM HarpysKaMt, NosBoNAET CHU auTp STH Harpyskit 3a cNeT yayuMeHHs aspornmanmuecKHX caoficrs, Crepxxexs Kpyrsoro cexeuma spasercs pannoye- TofyupLM npH OAMHAKOBEX pacserHMBix xaMmax. Kecrkocrs Ha KpyeHle Taxoro crepriR sHavuTeAbHO DHimIe, eM y ctepxxitefi orkpirToro mpodiias. TIpx npmuenenm tpy6o6e- TORHAX KoKETpyKUMit He TeOyeTeR oKpackH, weTaiansa- UHH natn TepweTisaitin DHYTPeHHNX NoBepxHocrel Tpy6, uTO HeoGxonHMO ate npyOraTHE KONCTDYXUHE, He 9aNloneRHMA TpySoSeronunte KoHCTPYKUNH HMCIOT NpeHMymecTBa no cpapiienitio ¢ xeeso6eTorinn. HianectHo, ut0 mpuxene- Hue sKeesoGeToRHUX KOHCTPYKIMH MosBoNAeT SKOHOMITS crany wa depust 0 40%, wa Gas 20 20%, na KonoHut 50-70%. Onwako npu stom cronmocts nosneneHia xere- S0GeTONHX KOHCTPYKUMH BBIUIC, eM CraMbiLIX: depa 0 40%, moaxpanosuix GaaoK 20 58%, Koron 0 35% [61] Caexosatensto, samen craabistx KoHCTpYKUHA 2e31e5 060. TONHLIMH, RaBAM 9KOHOMIIO Cras, BeAeT B psiRe eaytiaen K yxopoxanmo coopyxenni. Kax nnawo u3 ta6a. 1 1 npawe: Pos coopyxenuf, npuoenennux pn.1, samenta crastbubsx Konerpyxiiit tpy6o6eTounsimH K TakoMy peayabTaty He npmpontir. Tipuaensn craabane Konerpyxutn pmecto 2Ke1e306eroR- HBX, HEOGXOHMO YHHTEBATH YCAOBHA, B KOTOPSIX OM 6y- 16 2SUY yt Haxonutben mpl sKenayaraumt, OScnexopaniant Yeranonetto, "70 ApH nouuenmMsrx TeMnepaTypax KOHCT- DYRUMN 1a. KenesoGeroHa c GeToHANH OGUTHEX MapoK paspymiaiorea vepes 5—10 wer acneactaHe nepecyimmBanHa Gerona 1 Jerniaparauun weentHoro Kanna. B arpeccisisx epenax arroMepauvionisx aGpux B yenostiAx nosneRcrsHs MuumaKosiicroro aHrHapHta Ouian cayuant paspymenus xonerpyxutil 9a 4 Toda. SHavmresbHa KOpposHA reae206e- Foua Buexax useTHon meraxaypran [94]. B srux H Apyrax RONOGHSX HeOAaroNpHATHBIX YCAOBHAX C YCHEXOM MO3KHO Apu\centte Tpy6oGeToH, & KoTOpoM GeToN SaulMMeH OF ar- pecenntstx Bosaeheranh cransHof o6ox0NKo Tlonwan cromstocrb coopy3xeni u3 TpyGoGerona sHau- seanio nipke CTONMOCTH aHaaorMuNBIx xenesoGeTOHHBIX H Cranbnesx (ra6q, 1). Mennistas scacca tpyGoGeroutHx sme- MewToa B cpapliculin © 2enesoGerouNDINi o6aeraaeT Wx spancriopriposanite HM woHTax. TpyGoGeron sKonomnaNee xestex0deToHa 13-24 oTcyTeTBMs OTaAyGKH, KPYHAM, XOMY- Jos, orra6os, feTens, saksaniux Aeramel; of Goxee Bb Hochns, Meriée TOABepAeH MexaNHMeckKHN ToBpeXAcHUAM. Oreyrersie pacnpexetureasioh paGowe apwarypst nospoaser noaystits Costee BMcoKOKaWecTBCHHy!O YRAAIKY wera Geronmurx cxcecel [100] Tllupokoe Biieapenne Tpy6uarixx KoHcrpyRun B expox- remsctno Tpedyer cHHxeHHA croHMocTH caxtHx. Tpy6, TO Moxer OuiTh JocTHTHYTO MpH MpoHsBoncTBe TPO 19 AlLCTO- Boro mpoxata aextpocaapitust cnocoGox. CeGecrommoct SneKrpoceapHbix TPYG okAaNBAeTeR HIME ceGecTORNOCTH coprosoro npoxara ncero na 2—6% [5]. Saexrpocsapuie SpyOw OTaiaioTeH NoBuiMesHOM TosNOCTHNo Toms cTeH- Ki, mitanterpa, OBaaDHOCTH H, CReLOBATENSHO, YAOBETBOPA- for yerowrinw’ npHMeneKua » crpoutemerne. Han6oxee SkoHOMHuntt cmipanbinie cnapitue crab TpyGL, Meron HoTOTOBACHA KOTOPHX eaKAlOvaeTCR B N3rHOAHNN YaKIX Crambrtsx nosoe b cMHpaas Wl cpapmpanun Tpy6H BROS coenitenun cmpaay, To xaumin [128], eromwoctt ent panbyot ceapioli tpy6u cocranxset 40-50% cToumocri Taxol 2ke GecmonHof Tpy6u. TpydoGeroH H GeToH N chupassuion oGofime nonoANSIOT apyr APYTa; KaxAMiL Ha STIX KOMCTpYKTHBALIX seMeNTOD iiveet e010’ paitioansityio o6zacts npunexennn. Ontiaxo HeOGXOAHMO HMeTh B RIAY CxeMyrOMMMe HeROCTATKH GeToHA B crmpaanioli aGomime [22]: exoxnocTs usrotoBaenns crep- 2xilefl co cilpaabHion o6MOTKOH, TpeSyiouero cneuambHOTO "7OGopymoRanun; HenaxexHocts sauuTHoro cxom enipasu, Tak Kak eTO PaspyiteHHe MpowcxoxHT npn nedopwaunax e2= (150-180) 10, a npexeapuste xebopmaunn sxementa coctaBamior ex== (400-+500) 10-5; coxpamienue npexeaburx AehopMauuh sueterem npotoabuoh creprKttesoh apmary- Put cBASAHO c OnoaMHTemDHEM pacxoroM craaH (15— 20%); npumeneae naacrMace nam samtHoro noKpsITHA ‘ovens’ xoporo (260—600 py6.s2 1 7), a HaxexuocTs TaKo- To NOKpBITHA elle He Haysena. 3. Conpsoxenns rpySoGeronnbix crepanedi ‘TpyGo6eronam KoNCTpyKuKA npexctaBaAeT coboi co BoKynioct» conpwxenHEX crepxKHel, KAxK/ 3 KOTOPHIX usrorositeH oTAenBHO. TIpocreiimms conpsoxennent crepaxielh apaneren cooc- Hoe, Tie. neruiK, Cxtarsill crix Tpy6o6eronHoro crepxcin o Pure. 11, Conpaseesnn napa Puc, 12, Oaainensih ran pydoderonoro.crepacit PosonosolaKanerpo% xs —seysoty nie expt 6 — enon 7a ak Mae Romken OGecnewHBaTs nepenayy yeuAUH KaK Ho OGonoUKe, ‘raK H 0 spy. Cyuectayior apa xonerpykrHeMBix peueHus criikon Aas nepenaun yensus no apy. [lo nepsomy Hs HUX, NOKasaHHO- ay na pitc. 11,a, tpyGoGerousie snemeHTH mxocKHMH Top- anit naoTHo NpistsKaioT apyr K mpyry B cTEIKe (xcyxoe> conpsxsenue). Tliotubid kowrakr Gevosinetx sutep Tosn0aR- ef HeTOMOBaTS MAK CTHKOR CrambHBIX OGOTONeR crocob, Npumenmenbte am cTAmbHLIX TPYG, 1B Puc, 13, ‘Texe- 9) Nekonecke crux nyeTsx ‘py e6on ahi pass ‘auanerpo3 a cseaonert i ecg 5 eo caapeanon 2 hy ‘| Pac. M4, Crit : eae aoe facet re crux tpy © “pt ene ) oy : Guintons Bie Ah ry dy «dab fi AT eee pec be} 4 oi | fol | mess tT to Tlo sropomy peucumo (pue. 11, 6) Getoxtoe apo te X0- noautea 20 MocKoctH OOpesa Go0UKH crepaxii. Tlocae cTuiKopai OGoA0ueK ABYX cTepaHelt MEY cMeXHEN Topani GeToHMEIX sep OCTAeTeR cHoGORHAA NOAOCTD, KO- Topyio aanomuimor GeroHOM wan pactsopom («MOKPOe> Co- npsixenne). Hwcrotea Jina papualiTa cnoco6om [71]. O6o- AOuKa B SoHE MOOCTH, SallOsHAeMOH maacriYHEIM PacTBo- POM 3, uMeet orsepetHe 2 ANameTpom 22 aux AAA BBeKeHTA fe 194Pnc. 16. Konorpyxuna uenrpaasno-cxatoh ‘rpyooderoon eroit 500 600 LA ea ae iE ven fe 1008. Puc, 17, TpyCoteroman erynensaten KozoKia xpehuero pata © n03- ‘apawosnne cTonow Hox menesoGeromiyo GaaKy pactsoponponoa u natb orsepeTait 1 auameTpom § aa Ana BBBORA BOSAYXA. Ha pyc. 13—15 noxasanne crbiKH, Koropsle MoryT GxtTb Henomb3OnaNK AI coemMHeHA OGOTOeK TpyGoGeTOWHBIX crepaxitell Kak pH , TaK M np 100 x) Ulrsixopanue Gerona npousnoaat apysityro crep- 2kUsiMH, LINHA KOTODELX Gomme namie — TpYOH. O6onosxa crepauia np STOM clocobe TakAKe He- TORBHAHa, a GeToH yn-toT- HaeteH nox soszelicranem nepememaemsx. cteprkHel Tipu wirsikosanun noaysa- eT MOXoe KauecTEO Ge- roua [134] HanGoree sdxpexrus- uM HC yiHBepcacibHEIM 28- ausetes BileUIHee BHOpupO- atti, ocyutecrantemoe ¢ NoMousi0 ~BHOpoctoma ¢ BepTHKaMbHBIMH rapwomn- Yeckiin — KomeGaHusit Tipu stom entoco6e 1py6xt, npostio npuxpensnessie K BHGpO- cToay 8 nepTHKambHOM noaOxeHUH, BHOMPyIOT ButecTe c HAM (puc. 25). Beton noxaeten cpepxy epes sarpysounne Bo- POHKH B BHOpupyIoMyIo TpyGy, samoaHAeT ee H onNOBpe- Mexno yhaoTuseres. Orcuer spementt puGpuponaiua seneren or Havana sa- Honwemun Tpy6u. Bens Hationnentin Tpy6s1_auamerpom 10 ast» cpentem npx cootkomennn L:D—=5 u uacrore 3000 xoa/aux cocrananer 25 cex; npu L: D=30 ono cocras- aier 160 cex. C usenennem soromemestHoro oTHomenna B npexexax 0,35—0,6 apes sanomenms rpy6 GeToHOM me- Haetea HecyitectsenHo. Bapsupyewsimn KowmonentaMti Buponpouecca ApamOTeR peKHM BHGpantn m1 wKecTKOCTS 6 Puc. 25. CopHo-pasboproe xpen~ tere "tpyO. wa” suOpanuonnok raaouanxe Geromio# emeci. Pexun BuGpawnn onperensetes peat: Hol anmauryas, YaCTOTH M poxOMKUTEMDHHOCTH KoAeGAHtHs B nponeaenmex oxcttepuentax [56] cnoabsonasuce rapmonnueckne KomeanHs c amnmtynamn 0,3—0,6 xx, uacroramn 1400—6000 Koz/mux, amreasHocte¥ 16— 210 cex. TIpeayemarpunaciact. nosMoxttocTs HapaewenHs Ge- Ta6anua 2 PEXHMM YIIOTHENUS H COCTABH BETOHA Gaetan Geran eo yarn i — 1xest- [recipe opens | ucueyn| itn] meson] roan | 8/4 |r | egegee siser 1| 400 | 1235 | 65s | 157 10 | 1500 70 2| 400 | 1235 | 3 70 | 1500, % 3) 3a7 | tous | 582 15 | 1300 16 4| gr | tas | be 15 | 5000 16 3| 400 | 1235 | Gs 70 | 1500 210 8 | 400 | 1255 | 65 19 | 6000 70 7) 400 | 1985 | 3 70 | 000 210 8| 400 | 1235 | ca 70 | 3000 210 9| 337 | tas | 542 16 | 3000 ie 10) S57 | 13i8 | 542 15 | 3000 % 11) gar | 1348 | a2 1s | 3000 ig 12| 400 | i235 | 653 70 | 3000, 70 13] 550 | 1300 | 383 8 | 3000, %0 14] S37 | 1355 | 585 0 | 3000, 0 TouWoro spa Ha TPYOM, AIX vero NocKeAURA Aenanace pasbeMHo# No AHaMeTpaasHok naocKocTi, BeToHHbie crep- 2XxHH usBueKATH 3 TPYG Yepes cyTKI Tlocme HX W3FOTOBAe- Wis, a wepea Tpoe cyTOK pacmitansacin Ha UAKHAPM BEICO- ‘ro 200 sux, Hs Kaxk0ro GeToHHOTO HIpa B SaBHcHNOCTHE OT ero HBL MomyHasOCE oT 2 no 12 uHaHNAPHYECKHx O6pas- op, KoTOpHe 2aTeM HeILNITHIBATH Ha CAATHE BOA OCH. Mpownocta oGpasuos 13 oxHoro TOTO we AAPA He omnia Kombi H 2aBHicRT OT NoaorKenin oSpaska m Ape, Yucen Hale XapaKTepncrHKH npostiocH OGpasiion cayrkar OcHOROH Jan cy'kNeWHA 0 Kavectoe yrzoTHeHs. HacanbiEin cum Taerea cayvail, XOrRa Mpowiocry GeToHMOT sApA ORHHa- kopa mo ucefi ante creprkus. Hpaxtieckn 9toro nocTHr- 7TaGannad HEOAWOPOAHOCTE NPONHOCTH BETONMOrO AAPA NO Ero AAHHE HyTH Me yaaeTes, H HanaysumMe pexuNe! yaaoTHeHHA Bu sBAMOTEH CTATHCTHNECKHM MyTeM. B raGa.2 3 xauut pesyabrare nposeneHHsx sKenepH- sewtos. Ha stnx Ta6ami sitmeM, wT0 mp actoTax 1500 1 6000 koa/stun noayyaetes HH3KaH NpoUHOcT» GeToHa B Bep- AHeit WACTH; PACXOAEHTIN MPOIHOCTH OTACABHBIX yUACTKOB etepxust mpi vactore 1500 xoa/aux Jocturaiot 80%, mpi zactore 6000 xo2/nun — 45%. Tpm yoenavenun xaHrestb- BoeTH ynaorneitin 20 f—=3)K maiutiaerem paccaoelne Ge- Towa B HIKHeH wactH TpyOs NpH HeROCTaToUIOM ente yn- aotHeni ero naepxy. Taxis oOpasow, att pexkunes BuOpH- POBaHHS Hesham CuNITaTS YROBAeTHOpHTeABALIMH. Tipit sactore 3000 xoa/un pacxorkaentle npenexon npox- wocTHl oreabiisix yuactKoB GeToHHOTO cepreyHNKa cocTas- aget 811%. Yoeuvenme annautyasi Koxe6annit or 0,3 20 0.6 xu ecKoabKo yoemnannaer sony nanGompiiel npostio- HW GeroHa, KOTOpAK OOEIsHO HaxoauTen p 20—30 cM OT sepxa TpYGE. MorXuo npenstoroxHTS, ¥TO soma HHTeHCHBHO- ro ynxornenus GeToHHOH cMecH nepememaeTcn oAHOBpe- ‘Menlo ¢ yBeaHueHHeM pHICOTEE GeToMHOTO samozKeHTiA, To. erenaromtuit coepxy GeTon cpasy nonagaer B sty HaxGonee addextupuyio oGaaets. TTo-BHaHwony, pasmepsi stoi 20m 3aBiicAT OT aMMMtTysIs KOuIeSAHM H YBemHUNBALOTCR C YBe- snvenien nocaenxell. Yoomusente npoxomkuTe-tBHOCTH YM OTHEHIIA He HSI3BIBAET saMeTHOTO pocTa MpoMHOcTH GeToHa 4 me anageren wesrecoo6paaiEiM Tlpowocts Getoutimx nHAHAApOR, NOAyseHHaR pH Ral Hos pexuMe sanomHeHHa, B cpentem Ha 26% Bstule pou HOcTH aManorimsx, HO YIMOTHeHHMX — LITHIKOBaHeN unaimapos. OrHouene cpeanefi mposiiocrn Geromusx mH AutiApoD K MposHocTHt KyGon pasmepom 100 100X100 seat, waroToBueHttAX it HembITaHHBIX OMMOpeMeHHo, cocTanameT 0,78—0,83. Taxnm o6pasom, wacrota 3000 Koa/sux. ager ZOCTATOIHO panKonposHoe GeToHHO’ AIpO HM MOXeT cu TatecR ontiManeHof. Cocos pnemero _pHOpnponannn wnaycrpiatett, nosBoaReT HcTOAB3OBaT uNeOMIeECR O60- PYIopattte sanoNOB %KeNesOGeTOHNEIX KONeTYKUME H O6eC- RewnBaer cxopoctioe nezeite paGor, ostomy ero MOKHO PeKoNeronaTh B KaYectse ocHtopHoro cnocoGa uaroToB:e- Hua py60Gerowa, ; i i 1 420 wo] a0 | CTT [2 CCpenuee suavemne | ne | us jeans % 1 Gerqmnro op83- Koxppumment 2a.5. OcoBennocts tpy6o6erounux KoncrpyKunit B oranune or oGurimoro cramsHoro cTep»xum tpy6o6e- ToUUBI cTepxcHb spipeKTHBHO paboTaeT TOABKO Ha CHKA- ‘me, Tp pa6ore Ha pactaxenne on oGaanaet sHaunTenb- Ho MeHbUNeli necyutelt cnocoGHoctsto. B stom oTHowteH ‘pyOoGeronneil creprxens, Kax MepsHaMBil smemenT KoHcT- PYKuMu, aaaorHuen xKenes0GeToRHOMy. TlostoMy B Tpy- GoGerorsix KoNCTPYKUNAX cTeprKHl, OOpasyiouNe MecyuLie KapKach, LODKHM 6biT» KATH. Pactanytste crepxHH B MpaHUue Ne Toma OxITs TpyGoGeToHHLIMH. Onaxo Ke- KoTOpLe KOHCTPYKTHBKBIC COOOpaxeHUA ONPABANBAIT MPH Menenne pactanyrsix Tpy6oGeToHMEIx crepxxweli; HanpHMEp, 3alluTa OT KOppOsHit BHYTpeHem noBepxHocrH Tpy- Gu, yBemmienNe UarHOHOR 2KecTKOCTH cTepXHA B KeAOM, Gro crambHol crenkH ocoGeHHocTH (xam yueHbUTeHA OGuHx H MecTIEX HavamsHBIX MoTHOeit), yBednIeHHe co6- ctentioro neca KONCTPyKuHH, YHUCHKanKR coptamestta pH saxase meranaa B xanbueiimen Gylem HaskiBaT» Tpy6oGeToHHMEIMN KOH CTPYKiUHH, B KOTOPHIX HMcIOTER TPYGOGeTOHHELe CTeprKI He: SaBHCHMO OT HaaHa npyPHX cTepAHel: Kouerpyxrupias dopma Tpy6oeTounux coopy:Kentuit o6ycuonctia passntien crambHBIX KOHCTPYRUM H3 He 3a- onneninax GeTonoM Tpy6 H HNCIOMUNMHER PemIeNHAM TPY- Go6erontx KapKacos. Textiosoriia narotosenna tpy6oGerontrx crepaKuelt ¢ moMoMbI0 BileWiHero BHOpupovanlis pacumpseT BOSNOX HOCTIE KONCTPYHPORAHKE MOMHHX Y310B CKBOSHLIX KOHCT PYKUNiI 3a cieT McnoaBaoBAHAA NPOpeSHBIX GacoHOK H py: Fx jeraacii, pacnoaaraensix B TonocTH TpyGst (puc. 26) Tipnmenenue’ ske ray6mmnoro nuGpuposaiin satpyntiner noctaHosky 9THx AeTanei B TpyGe. Buisnamoren 119 nonxona K MocTpoenmo cxeNt HecyuUtX Kapxacos, [lepauit aaxmouaeren » Hertombsonanmt TpyGo- GeToMHOTO crepxHA B TPAAMUMIOHHAIX KOHCTPYRTIBHLX CXC Max coopy:xenitli aa suemenTon, padoraromtnx npenmyitte erpenno tia cokaTie. K TaKHM a1eMeHTaN OTHOCATCR Ko-ION- HMI MponsnonctaenHE MH OGmtecTBeHHBX snaui, cToMKH {B PASKHIMLX KOHCTPYKUMAX, MAOH BHCRMMX MOKPEITH H coopyxccamit, noaca onop snHMf mepenay, cxKatHe crep. aku cepa # apox. Ha pnc.27 noKasana KoucrpyxTHBHaK cxeMa KO/ONHG! MpoHanOACTReHHOTO 3NAHHR C KParaMit Ma: oi rpysoniostwemtocrH. [IpuMeHeHHe TpYO sec He yoOX- m zz. 26, Henomaovanne sayrpeniax (ba conor yanax Noaom npoussoreroemiuix agin HReT KOHCTPYKUMH TO cpaBHeHHo ¢ TpagMUMOHHOA cxemoll. B TpaguMonAbix cXxeMax MpOUSBOACTREHHBIX 3.aHNi Pac- XOX MeTagaa Ha CKATHE SAEMENTSI, B ACTHOCTH Ha KOON kul, JoctaTouHo Beaux. Ecan mpiiian maccy naapoo%- Bolt sueiixn saan 3a 100%, TO KonOHNM cocranAziOT 3 npoKaraux wexax 20—30%, » Maprewoncknx uexax — 15%, B uexax Taxkedoro Maumintocrpoetia — 35%. Koucrpykuna KOOHH CAOKHas, YTO ABARETCA OHO HI cylecTaeHHsx npHami yaenuNenua mx wara H yMeHLMeMA Koauuectsa. Tipensrcrsitem x npumenesnio agecs xew1e30- Getona MoxeT OuiTb HecooTBeTcTBHe cBolicTa GeToHa TeM- epatypwo-BaaxkHocTHMM PEXUNAM WeXOD, MOHTA2KtHO-KOH- etpyktitsnsie Tpyzwocta (BcaencroHe GoabMoh waccet BHCOTHE XKetesoGeTOHHBIX KOON) i cHOXKHOCTS conpAKe- Hua YacTell CratexKeme3z06eTOHABIX pam, Tipu npoextuposaien iteo6xonumo yuurixBarb KoHeTpyK- TmoHE npenNytiecTsa TpyO¥aTHX KoMerpyxuM, B KOTO. PHX TPYOx! MoxKiO MpUKperaTb Apyr K APYry Ges coennmA- TeabubIX H NepexORHBX eTasell, To cymlecTBeHHO cH. atvkaet maccy xKoxerpyuiti. Ognaxo TaKoe coeamHene SaeMentos TpeGyeT Goee TOW H cAOAKHOM Mo dopMe 06. peak TopKoB TPYS. 1 Pe Bropoit noAXoX K KOWeTpynposaHiio KapkacoB cocTOHT gea i b paspadoTKe HOBNX cXeM, B KOTOPHX ocHOBuIe pacierHBe gg: Pe HarpyaKH BOCKPHMUIMAIOTCH CHABHO CAATHMM TPy6OGeTON 25 8 th f tun suteweHtan, TIpH TaKom MOAXOne yoHTHIBaLOTCR: BO- Er yi I! ft MepesxX, NpHMUH KOHUCHTpANHM MaTepHaaa, coraactio KO- fod a 4 ‘TOopoMy Ykpyiileutiute sneMenTH OOserdaIOTeR 3a cHeT Goaee ged | kK GuicTporo pocta Hecyulel cnoco6HocTH KOHCTpYKUNH, HEHE es g dm e@ MACCK, BO-BTOPLX, MPUHUHM yNpOUleNi4n KONCTPYK- #3 25 R TusHok *opxel —UcK.MOSeHHE U3 KOKCTPyKUNH HeKOTOPHX gee | propocrenewisix AeTaesl i, H-TPeTDIN, HIBeCTHIAA pHi oye ' ium cosmemenua dyn. ais { Ha puc-28 noxasavisi Sompiuenpozeriwe lonkpanosue wit Ganka (nam nposeros 48 x), cocrommue 3 nedombuIoTO wit! KoAMUeCTBa OveHb MoMHBIX CTeprKHell, a Ha pic. 29—npen- RapHTeNbNO-HaNpwkeHHKIe —TOLKPaHoBHe — GespacnopHble dctakalel ¢ TAKEO Harpy KeHHuMH CKATUMH croiKaMi H packocamu. CxXaTHe cTepaHM 9THX KOHCTPYKUMH MOryT Guirp punoaHienis M2 Tpy6, ZalloaHeHNUX GeTOHON. HeKoto- poe yrwxeneHie KOCTPYKUNH BeAeXCTBHE saflomHenHA ‘rpy6 GeToHOM He cuHTaeTeR WeLOCTATKOM, TAK KaK CTpOH- Teabiise KOHCTPYKUUM —MeTONIKHLL — CHINKCHNE HX coGetwenHoro weca He sIBAReTCH AA WX cymecTBeH: runt. Fp octarowo suicoxoll Mapxe Gerona (500 it pute) Macca TpyOoGeToHHENX saeMenTOR OKagBIBa- crea ake MenbIIC) Macca COOTBeTCTBYIOMUX cTatb- mux [71]. : ‘Tlonosmmrembnue pesepass yBemmvenni spexrannocra ‘py6oGeroHHEX KOHCTPyKIU MOXKIO MOAT, HeMOADays npeasapitenbitoe nalipskeume pactaHyTiix tpy6o6eroH- 3 Ma bx crepaHel. B pane cayuaes pecbaa shibekrasuemwm oKastimaioreH coctaplisie TpyGoGerousbie crepxkan pasHooGpasHx ceve- ii (pie. 30), sun KOTOPHIX MOryT MpHMeNATHcA pasHUe cucremi peule70K: pacxocsoro m Oespackocnoro THNa, nep- Gopuposarnie u enaomae aucrsi. Fpw npumenenm tpex Tepstix THHOB coemMHeHM NoayHaioTeA cKBOSHMIe COCTAB- ble CTepsKHH; pH NPHMeHeHHE NocaesMero THA — cnsoMt- tiie. Tpy6oGerousiue coctanusie crepxiiH oGsaxaIoT BceMH cwoficrsaun npoctpancraenatix cocraBithix creprkHeit 8006- Ife, HaXOAAULX WHPoKOe Mpiereniie 8 KoNteTpYKWHAX. Ta- xe crepku WesrecooGpastio NpHNeHATE B KAyECTBE KOON Cn Py 3 I oe “0, Puc. 29. Cxemel mpeapapyteasio- — ; ¥ a aad Mane chauio caaTuwn saeseu7aN a.GanownbX naoMazoK, MexAyITAKHBX MepeKpHITHM, scra- Kaz, myTenpoBozoB, TpyGonpoxOROB HT. 2. Hoyxtpyonete creprxnn (cm. prc. 30, a) oxastBaioTeR we- aecooSpaskibiMit p cxkaTuX NoMcAX GepM, Kora HeOOXOANHO YaerHuHTD Hecymtylo cnocoGHocTs Mlosica’ Ha MiaocKOCTH qpep- itn, cocTaBHIe TpexrpaHHble Tpy6oGeroHHBe crepxAK —B Baliroptix onopax BosAyMHBIX AMM aneKTpOMepeRasTt, TIE cToiixn paGorawor p ocHosHom Ha cxATHE. vd ©, wD (SI ad CIT nc, 90, Ocnomtie Tunis ceveuni coeranix tpy6o6eToxmns ‘repaid, Tipu ucnonpsonannn cocrasiiix Tpy6o6eToMMAAX KoAOHIT D MPONBINACHHBX OAHOSTAIKHBIX 9NANAX C KpaHamit 1py> sonoapeutiocrii0 10—30 7 pamionacibits crepxXHH MOCTORH- oro cevena (cM. pue. 30,a, 6). Has Hapy:kKoh xonommss NanGoaee cxaTad BETH AoAKHA Mets Tpy6y Conbutero AUaMeTpa; Y KOTO cpeniero psa BeTBH MOryT GuTs onuttiaKOBOrO ANaMeTpa. B uexax c TwxKes0H KpaHonol KarpyaKoh (nH KpaHax rpysonoapenwocts1 Gonee 100 7) cocrasatie crepKHn NpHMeHRUOTeR B KosoNaX pasneassoro Tuna. [loaKpaHo- bam TpyGoGeronnas cocrasilas crolika paanenbHoit KonOH- Hu puinoausetes enaouHol (cm. pic. 30,a). K marponoit BeTBH OHA NPHCOCAHUKETCR pALAON naaHOK. Cana waTpoBaR RETR MOKET GHITb TpyGoGeTOHHOR AK cTa.AbHOH OGHAHOFO tana Eca Kononna pa6oraer Ha pHeweHTpeHtoe eraxktte, TO yuxwitto pactaHyToR uacTn coven MOxXet _BLTOHATD OOLHEH ANCT, MIBeAAe HAM RByTaDp; TpyGoGeToH sxecy paGoraer b ocHiobHoM Ha care (ex. puc. 30, e—0) Koaonms nepemestoro cesennst siinoamorer com HBIAGH H CKBOSHEIMH (cx. pic. 30,a—a). Cesenmn Hapy axe KONONH, HMeLOUIEX OAHY NORKparonyiO BeTBR, MoryT ObITD necmeMerpasnsinn (cx pic. 30,4, 6). Crenky ¢ ayame Bit 4 oauat» cizouHon. Ecai 8 watponof nerBH yename cKaTHR He BeaHKo, TO OHa BHNOAHAeTeA nycToTeTOM. CeueHHA cped- AUX KONOHH CHMMeTPHUHEL, NOSTOMY Hx cAeRYeT AeTATh NO uc, 30, e Crambuan rpy6a Kax sa1emeHT crponTembittix KOHCTpYK- unit sapoesbisaer nce Goree umpoKoe npusHanue, Henoas- sopanie TpyGoGeroutLx KoHIeTpyKUMi eMocoGcrayeT yoean- Sexo mpamexenua TpyO, 370 B KOHeNHOM HTOre MpiDeReT x aauutensHoll sxoHOMME cTaZH. Fae PABOTA TPYBOSETOHHLIX CTEPHCHER PM UEHTPAMBHOM CATH Tlepnoe npegensioe cocrosume no npowocrn Tlepsoe npenerHoe coctosune rpyGoGerouHoro crep: ‘Aum MONET HacTYMIITS BeneRcTBMe CombuMNX HeOSPaTIMEX Aehopmanni, paspyuenus wa novepH yerounpocru. Tpencrasim Ha puc. 31 rpadix npoxoabusix 4 monepes- mux slehopwannii wa Hapyxxion nosepxnioctn TpyOu 8 sa- BHCHMOCTH OT OceBOR CAHMATOULeH cHLABI. OTMeTHM Ha Oct aGcuutce HeKOTOpOe aHANeNe —MpoxomHO! oTHOCHTeADHOT Aedopmauinit ey ts = const; “ ames ® npeonimenite KoTOporo oatiayaeT nepexoa crepmKHR B mep- Boe MperenbHoe cocromMHe No GombuHN HeoOpaTHNEIN 1e- opmaunan. Stor monxox cootserctayeT Tomy cayuaw B tpaxtonxe H. C. Crperentkoro, npit KoTopon «...1peitezb- nas Rehopmauia sBaKeTes raasecrayioutel, onpeneasmo: ule Tpereabioe cocroRte, a crinoBOH axTOp iM MOR Gupaeten no npexensnoi nehopmannn. To cymectay, Ta Koil NoAXOA sBseTes Cosee npaniaHEM. SkenayaTauNA 3akanumpactes a WeKoTopoi Aedopmaumn A, MocAe KoTO- Poh on!a craoBuTes HesosMOXKHOH To TeM HAH ApyrHM Tex- HHMeCKHM WIM XO3AlICTBEHHEIM cooSpaxKeHuAM>! Hopmy wenpereasiocrit npoxonsHoft netbopmauity Mox- Ho ycranopnT noctormmofi (I), He sapncmuel oF nposHOCT: “HC. Crpeacuxwi Pasnimne weronm pacvera xowerpyxtink sno npezesin cocronitnne, MICH, 1063. , ” Ea 35mux xapaxrepucrax crepaus [71]. Toraa Hecymtan cnocos- Hocte crepwa D; Oyner xapaxtepHsosareen ciaoit Py cooraerctayiouel a pc.31 mpogonsHoh xebopmaunt ee=const =P, 8 Tipu stom oma 1 Ta xe BeaMUNHa nporoaDHiol xedop- Mal MoxeT ObTb JOCTUTHYTa Ha pasibIx sTallax paGoTsl Prone LE aPaonliloce C Pre. 31. Ppaix ase onpenenenne nepsora mpexersioro coctos fn rpyGaceroimoro crepykiin EO AposHoeT 1 —xpns0s sipoacaensn achopwait 2xouen ronepewse xeopwanet cTepxkua p sanitcHmoctH OT Toro, KaKHe GeTOH H Cras pH: Mertens suaH ero naroTonzeHis. Hanpuwep, ecam npuMeHATs BuICoKONOUMELE CraaM, TO MPH NpoxoAsHOr oTHOCHT=TBHOM aedopuanin 0,002 crepxeris Oyster paGoTats oKoa0 cepe- uuu ynpyroh cram 1 ero necymas cnoco6HocTb oKaxeT- em uerioawaonannoit ne 0 KoHUa. To stoh npwiHHe 2Kena- ‘Teaptio INeTb MepeMeHHyIO BEAHYMAY Mpenera npoxombHOA aeopmannn [74], casas ec c paspittiem TeKyuectH B 060 BOuKe, Torna yoaoRHe HenpesenbHOCTH CTEpAHA H ero He Gopmaumii 6ynet awers Bix (2), a Hecyltat cnocobuocTs crepain P, Gyaer xapakrepHaoBatocs cu.toh Pz, cooTnet- ctayiomel Ha pic.31 mpoxoapHon xedopmaunn ez = Pr “ Yeuowne HenpereapHocrit crepaKHR NOHO ycraHosHTD ME no pasBiiTio GoabuIHx HeoGpaTHwUX HonepeUutlx oTHO- curenbiuix aeopwauni [26, 58], putts 8 Kavectoe 36 pexeasHoro coctontiin pasBHTHe TeKy¥ecTH oBoaOKKH 3 nonepestow Hanpasaennit a= 0 6 Torga yenosne nenpenemHocTH crepxtia u ero aeopma- unfi Gyer xapaxtepaosaroca cHtoil Ps, coornerctayrouteli wa puc. 31 mpoxoasHon xeopmaunn ey pH 6;=or: = Pr © B ra6a.4 0 na pic. 32 npeactasaer Hexoropuie Bapn- auTu TpaKroBKH mpexembitix ycrtnnh dhopme Pi, Pz Ps Caeayer tloauepxnyts cyulectaennyio ocoGerocts onpeae- TaGanua 4 PEAEABHMIE HAFPYSKM 218 TPE, BAMOMMENHLIX BETOHOM PASTHMMAX MAPOK ov wen ona | eee Toate A.A 7} | Po Fatp+2Fcor| 200 | 2005 So | B32 | Bt & | Bos Tlepeneput oT. 11. Fe Rap 200 25,5 6 ‘rathe* | 33 | ges | 3s | Bes Pocono B.A FeRyo + | 2m | 189 iif siege, | 3m | ais % | af i) Be Mapenmn B. ©. Pen- P= Fo Rop + 200 183,5 oa ee Fane | So | ae i | Br i | 83.5 omwetno A.A. (25) Fok + | 20 | 205 Fae’ | am | Bes | ae coo | 283.5 Hipymesaume. Pacrer narpysoe nposeses axe roy6 xvanerpow 216% ean FS Sat EP, "ala Oh 7enum yeunuit Py n Ps, coctosutyio 8 Tox, 70 pacxeTHEe conpotusaeniin Geroua Gepyter Ges xoadepuuneHta AKO: ponioctn (k<1). B caaai ¢ atu Ha pic. 32 npipenena Aba rpapuka mpeneabnsix yeunth 8 dope P2, mocrpoes. nue no opmyae (62) npn ko=1 # Mo—=0,7, ta KoTOpHIX BHRHO, YTO yueT HeoRHOPORKocTH GeTOHA MO BemIUIIHE pac: NeTHoro compoTupacHin sHauHTensHo YMeHUIacT Mpeneas- pte yeu. Pre. 22, Mpexes fue youn py Saeco exe i ompans Th Pa Be 1-7 1, tee 222) oo ee 5Im, so tim, Beate 42m, to Ba, Agate bP, “ng borgoae tein 2h OBS wit agck Ai 20 | Sener te, ngmo? aia Hexoweu, npexeapiiin Noxno noaarats To cocromune ctepxkiis, mpi KoTopOM OM BuALepAXUIBAeT HANGomBUIyio CHy Gesotuocureseito x ero AeopuaKuaN. Torna YeaoBHe He- peneabioctH creprKiis GyseT miter» Bil PrcPaans 0 a Hecyutan cnocobHocTs crepats Oyster XapaxtepusonaTy- em ciao Py, cootaercrayiouteh Ha pic. 31 HanGoabureh Be ausute cxitMaronelt cH. Py=Pyase 4 = Pym Passe ® Paccwarpuwaa pitc. 31, BiMAuM, TO nposHocTs tpy6o6e: onltoro crepaklin. MoskHO’XapaKTepHaonATe HeTEIPLAGR pas: Hasina cian 8 saBI{CHMOCTH oF Toro cocTosMHA cTep. atin, KoTOPOE TPUNUMaeTeR 3a mpenembHoe. Cam Ps u Py Mato OTAUAIOTCA To BeAHYHHE H, YNTUIBAR PasHoo6paane 38 PasMepos H matepnasos erepxnell, no-RHAIMONy, MoryT Gut paoust apyr apyry, Hafinen teopetuveckoe sHayenne Py Pyare. Jas at0- Fo npealioaoxtMm usBectiBiM yeaoRMe \npouHiocTu Gerola AAA cayax HepasHomepHoro — ncceTopontiero cKATHA pH Menporiopunowa.nsiioM sarpyakext #6 = fo), ° 720 a Ho —~npoxoabHoe H pamHa.isoe Nanpmxente B Ge ToHWOM ape tpyGoGerouHoro — crepakus, HitTencnBHocTs Nanpaxenmit tpyos mpimen oe V tot Te 04 —HopMaapitoe HanparKenne, nepnenauKyanpnoe o6pasyiouelt MW Kacatembuoe —K TloBepxHocTH ‘pyOut (nonepesoc) ; —Hopmaapnoe Hanpsaxenue BLO obpasyrouieh ‘Tpy6es (nponoastioe) ; Oy— NopMaatbitoe HanpwKeHHe, nepnenaUKyaRpHoe oGpasylouel X nepnenaukyaspHoe nonepxHoc- ‘TH Tpy6st (pannaabuoe) TIpene6peran paananouninn anpsoxeHuant H ysurEl- bas, "70 Tpy6a paGoraer B yeTOBHAX eOrHOTO sarpyDKeHA {pactaxkeHiie-ckaTie), oayuaem AK NpoAoAbNBX HanpA. ‘Keun TpyOw va ae 1" * d-ya-F. uw Yeonue conmectnoct# gepopmauui sapa x Tpy6u damHchiaeM ¢ yueTOM OTHOMICHUA p MnoWLanen monepes- Hux cevennit TpyOu Fe a aapa Fo: aes 205 049) » (10) (2) Tpoxonsuyio cuay, gelicrayiomyio sta crepxken 3 uerom, Hafitem Kak cyMMY MponombMBX cH AAPA u Ty Gu Pom asFe + orb Fo(o6 + uo) ro) Tlocae cootsercrayiouyyx nogctanonox noayunst P= Flr (oy tV Pa so —0, | y 39Ortickupaem yerosne maxcumyma yaxuun P, (13) nan «s) Takum o6pasom, nporossian cista Py no dopmyste (14) Gyner nanGoasmet He BeerAa, a TO:GKO B TOM cayHae, Kor a yaosaeTaopsieres yenosne (16) ‘Aniaanruseckoe snavenne Ps MoxkHO ToaysHT» H9 Bupa vxeuua (14), nogerasana 8 Hero (12), mpi o; [i ts) # eave Ecam cuntaty matepwaa TpyOs uMetouN npoTmKeH- Hylo naowlanxy TeKyyectH (T. e. o;=Gr), To Hs (11) cneny- ef, STO NpogOASENe ManpsKeHUA m TpyGe oTcyTcrBy!OT, Korma Nlonepewuble HANpAAKeHHIA NOCTHTAIOT npexena TeKY- ectit ‘O6uwoct erpyxtypa suiparkenit (14).H (17) yKaaut- BaeT, NTO Mp HeKOTOPHIX YCIOBUAX He HcKMOVAETCR cOB- nanenne seaman Py n Ps. Honycta, oor, Torna (16) mpuo6peraet aus wete |? | (tte) sy Py Ho sasucnmocts (18) coGzionaeres, eca Biuparente 8 dbit- TypMbix cKoGKAx paBHO 4; AAR 3TOTO HeOGXOAMMO, YTOGEI r( Bunonioers atoro yeroots sanitent ot saxon (9) 1 oF cootnomienm npouoctatex 1 reowtetpieckiy. Napanrepi 7) a9) 2 0 cTuk Tpy6w," supa. TIpentosoxnM, ¥To ypasHenne (9) .au- nefino oTHOcHTeMbHO Op: Ho) = hoo +e. (20) Jas toro 4706u sitnonussoce yeaosne (19), & aomxHo Gute pasio 4, B stom caysae Py= Pyauc, T. €. NPeeADHOMY coctoamiio (5) cooruercrayer HaHOoabilaa HarpyaKa Wa cTepyenb, Ecan xe k4, To B MoMeHT Hamtescuell Harpy3- Sit TpyGa ne paGoraer KaK OGOiMa HM Puacc#Ps. Hocnes- Hee sBasteTen OcHOBHMIM cay4aeM, 160 Tip! OOBEMOM Ha: APRKCHHOM cocToRHI ypasHeHHe (20) BecbMa_MpHbart XeHHo omncsinaer 8 XelicTANTemBHOCTH HemHHCRHBI 3a- xo# (9) Skcnepamentaabune ranusie [8, 153] 0 nposnocti ria: poctarieckit OOxaTorO GeToHa, HonTBepARaOULKE H3z10- Kenimble BMIIIe TeOpeTHMeckHe MOAOKEKAF, TOKASKBAIOT cy ‘ecrseHiiyio Heamlchwocrs sasiicHmocti (9) i ocoGenKo APH HeGoaBIBNX sitaxerNAX op. Tostowy, nputtuttar 060i HeamuefiMbif 3aKoH ass (9), HesbaA yTBOpARATD, TO BO scex cayasX HanOoasian HarpyaKa CooTReTCTAYeT KOCTH- ‘AeHWIO TlonepesuBIMH HaNPsACHNAIN NpexeHa TeKysecTH. Creayer ornerits caoxsioeT» TeopeTiseckoit oneHKit neH- “MHC CH, NOayIONHBIX 9KCIlepHMeHTAALHO, TPH KOTOPHX NO- epewnbie HanpmkeHna OGomoKeK AOCTHTaIOT Mpeneson Te- XyECTH, TAK KAK COppeMeHIIbIe TeOpHI NACTHSIHOCTH 103B0- JHOT OlleltBATH HANpAKeHHOe COCTORHMe cTAIH ANID MpHt HeGonbulnx aiiarenuax (e<0,03) muTeHcimHOcTH Aegop- sawn. Hamme napnatos npeneastoro coctoasna Tpy6o6e- ToHHBIX cTepAHel NO NpoUHOCTH npM WeNTpanbHoM cRATHE aBaeron cyuectBeittol ocoGeHHOcTsIO Ux padoTW. Ma paccmorpeninix ueTsipex BapHanTos mepnoro mpe- JeabHoro cocTORIANA Tpy6OGeTOHHOTO cTep:KHN TO NpouHo crw eneayet ocranonitecs Ha STOpOM, TAK KAaK MepBLit Ba- puaNT He HCKAIOACT KeTOAHOe HenioaLIOBaNHe MecyuLeR CnocoBuoctH crepakua, a TpeTHil veTBepTEtH HTHOPHPYIOT ero Compute KeoOpaTintle Aebopmanunn, BuGop nToporo napuanra OcoGeHHO BaxKeH He TOMbKO LOTOMY, "TO NO38O.IeT MpABHABHO, C HosKKHA meTO;a Npe- JRABHUX COCTORHII, OUeHATH BeANIMAY Mecyuten cocos- woeTH Tpy6oGerouHoro crepaKUs Mo MpoMHOCTH NpH weH- TpaabHON CKATH, HOM MOTOMY, TO RaeT NpasitaDityIo UeHKY Hecymel” cnocoGHocTH " rHGKHX TpyoGeToHHBX Stepaxitell no yerofanpoctit # Tom 2Ke pexuMe Sarpy eH, aTIpaxriseckn Takam oueHka cnomuTes K onpeRedeHIHo Ko- stbunuetta mpoxombHoro HarH6a g, KoTOpMl TeopeTitie- cckit onpeneasteren Kak oTHOMIeHNe 9 = Pap: Pas en rae Pyp—Kpuruveckas —ciia_—_aletttpanbito-coKaToro crepysni; Pyy— china, XapakTepHayiolas npoatlocTs weitrpaab- Ho-cKATOTO CTEpAKHEH, Tp oaHom u Tom 2e aHaveHHH Pry MOxKKO noaysith pagartunuie aHaNeHin @ B S@BHCHMOCTH OF TOO, KAKOH BLAG- paw BapwaHT mperersHoro coctosiina cTepAKNA To NpOsHO- crit pi kenrpaapitom caKarin Pan = 5; (2) Pac Or 3; Pay = Os; en Pou = Ou 3) Mo paspaGorkn BMeapenus Metoaa pacuera KoNcT- YK NO npeaeMSHKM cocTORHAM Ke GuAI0 NONATHE © npexeasuon cocromsiun KoHCTpyKuH mM cyitecTBOBaza PoaMOAHOCT NpOHSNOABHOTO HI:GOpA BEANE! Pax B Mpe- Renax yRavaHHbix Bale YeTbIpex Bem. C momBAeite MeToAa mpereabHnx cocTORI npeneablaR cata oAHO- stauso onperearerce Kax ;, Hcnoabsya autepatypubie HCTOWHNKH, CleAYeT UMeTH B-DHAY 3TO BApoTpORatite npe- ReAbUEIX CHA IE ETAT BHBOAL AHN TocHe yeTaHoRACHUA Bapuanra, KoTOpsiM NomDs0nAAcH ABTOP. Kosppiunent @ » supaxenun (21) aabicut 1 oT Pr. KoTopoe MoxKeT GkIT HalleHO TeopeTHyecKUM NyTeM, eC. HMeeTeR BOSMOKHOCTS OWHITS HarpsixelNoe “cocToRKIIe Tpy6ut px paGore ee » ynpyronaacr#veckoit crastut. Vanectais sapyGexune nccneaosattun slocaeHHx set [122—124, 197, 128, 135], » KoTopisx paccwatpunaetes B OcHOBHOM ynpyram cTaana paGoTit crasbittix TPY6, 3a- Tloanenmux 6eTovIOM, Tak KAK MHOrHe ABTOPH CHHTaIOT He- BOIMOKHLIM OUEHUTS HaNpsKeHHOe cocToRHHe TpyGOGCTOK- Horo crepaAHA np paGore MaTepuada TpyOH 3a MpeneToM nponopukonaspxocra [134, 149] Hecnoasayst teopiio matiix yipyromaactuyeckux aepop- Maunil, MOKHO OMEHHT HanpsXeHHO-Repopuntponannoe co- cTosiiie OGOAONKH H GeTOHHOTO AMPA H HocTpOHT KPuKTHIe- cxile aaBiicHMOCTH TpH paGote aTepiiaata OGoAOGRI 3a Npe- aeaom ypyrocta (109, 83] 2 B oresecrnenmux iecnesonanuax aaa onperenentia yo~ rollunpocti tpyOoGeronunix ctepakkefi_ mpi weHTpastbsiow CAKATHN HepenKo WerlomayeTeA KAACcHHeCKAs TeOplI yC~ Toiumgoctn (Topi MppexeHHo-Monyabnoi Harpysicn) [13]. Mo zamaoi teopm, sonoKHa aeRauHe Ha BorkyTOn SToponle (iipit BuinysaBakiin), HeniITBBAIOT ZoNoAHATEADIOE waaTue ¢ KacaTeasibIM Moaysem E*; BomOKHa, slenailNe Wa BhINyKOi cropoue, pasrpyxkawter c yipyruM MORY- sew E, Hecnexoparna, mposoaumuc ¢ Hcnoab30naiiient TeO- HH ABOTMOTO Moy, ROBOASHO COANE, OcOGeHHO Torna, Norga nosunxaer HeoGXOANMOCTS MHTerpHPOBAKAA B cBAaH 0 COXON ‘opMol nonepestoro ceveHHA, B vactHOCTH © Kpyronoii, xapakrepHol 2am TpyOoGeronuix crepwHel. Harpyska no npuseacHHomy Moay210, ocopaHNan Wa Kaaccnveckoit Teopnn ycrofiviBocTH (paanBoene opm Pasnosecus), oTHOCHTeR K TeM cHCTeMaM, Wa KOTOPHE YKE AeiicrayIor aafaHute cilakt, SarpyxKeHHe pearbHlsx KoIcT- DYKUMIL B cooTeeTCTBKH co cxeMOM cHtCTeMLI, Ha _KoTOpy!O Yke JelicTayIOT 3ananHibe cHutbI, OkasbIBACTCR 8 GombUH- cree cayuaes Kesoamomnsim. [paktaveckn saaanoe sHa- Neue Harpy3Kit AocTHTaeTes B PesyabTaTe nocteneHWoro auieniit ee MATeHCHBHOCTH. B 3ToM oTHoMeHIM Hpune- Jewkaa Monyabnan warpyaka MpHiuinHaab4o oTaMuaeTcR OT Kpuriueckoi cHiasl, KOTOpAR onpenedseTen » Mpouecce nenuitani nospactaiomen HarpysKoit, OSGeo savers SpHTueckIX cila, MoayWeHNBIX To TeopitH ABoliKiOrO Moay- 3H, Goabile sHavennii cna, HaliedMBix sKenepMMeNTacior #0 [15] Vicdicnonars yeroliunnocr spy606erounsx crepe woxHo, HoaKaystee Gosiee npoctok (s matemaTuueckom oT- MouleKin) TeopHel, 8 KoTOpoll 3a KDNTHYECKYIO NpHHUMA- sTea KacaTeABHO-MOnyabMaA cija1a m0 Henan [152]. B 1946—1947 rr. ©. P. Llenam noxasaa, sto npouecc MonOTONHOTO OTKAOHEHHA WeHTpasbHO-sarpyReRHOH CroMKH wauunaeres yoxe npn P= P*: Et 1 sae P*— kacateabito-Moayabias narpysKa; E*—xacateanuh Moayas auarpaumu «tanpaxe- ue — nesbopacantnn>. Tlo stoi Teopun appext pasrpyskn ne ysuTusaetes, a npnuunacten, wT0 no ncemy ceueHMo cooTHoMeHtHe MEX: AY Mpupawenusini vanpsrxenui w aeopmaunh onpenear- a ‘i (26)ees Kacateapinin Monyaem. Kacateabto-Monyabian 1 npIt- Redentio- MoaYabHan HarpYaKH UMeIT BrOaHe OnpeneaeHntsi ibusiecknit cmtica. Tp Kacateauto-MonyabHof Harpyske Nawmnacten pbinysupanme crepxui. C BBIMyKAO! CTOPOHEL nocrenentio yaeanunsaetes soa pasrpyskn. [px npiBenet- Ho-MoayabHofl Harpyske MepeneiienHa cTepaKHA craxopAT- ca Heorpanmenmnit. Broane oxeniiaHo, To KacaTembHO- Monyaabiam Harpy3Ka MeHbIMe NpHBeMeHHO-NORYAbHOH, TAK Kak pH Harpyakax, OOasiInx KacaTeapHO-MOAYABHO!, 0- spamOTCH 3ONKE paIrpyaKH, YTO enact cTepKeH» Goxee axectanm. Pasamunte MERAY KacaTeaBHO-MoAyabHOH M NpH- peqeHHo-MoayabHO! Harpy3KaNH MenesMKO, H BEIGOP JH0GOK 13 HX cyllecTReHHOFO BAKAHHA Ha peaymTaTN pacieTa He okasbiBaer. Haiixennsie Koop anvenret mpogomsioro usri6a_ py Goberoniiix crepanel cacyet AaBaTh B BLE PALA KPUBBIX —2 B sanHcHMOCTH OT MapOK cTaJeh H GeTOHOD, coNeTa- jowuixes » TpySoGeroumux crepauax [74]. B_ npowaon mpegaaranach eaunaa xpusas [13, 26, 71, 85 # xp.] Cacayer yrownits noutrue rHOxocrH 2. Unrcto raGapu- Hoe npeacTaanenie FGKOCTH KaK OTHOMIENHR AAU CTepA- HA K ero Hapyxiomy AMaMeTpy Halo 3aNcHHTs TORATIEM puseaentoit rHGKocTH, B KoTOpoe BofAYT Gonee umpoKan TeomerpiNeckam Xapakrepiictaka monlepeHoro cevteHtis CTepaHin H MeKoTOpHE HusMYecKHE RaHIBTe 0 MpottocTit HW XKecTKOCTH MaTepiaOB, 3 KOTOPLX OM HsroTOBLteH. STO ‘Teoperuueckn CTporoe MOHRTHE THOKOCTH BbipaxKaeTeR My’ KOM KPHBLIX @—P. Yuurbiaas ussiowenioe, noayaem Honyio MeToaHKY pac- vera Tpy6oGeTomnix creprKHell no NepBOMy MpenemsHOMY coctontiio no ycrojiuuBocrs, coxpaHsiomty!o cTanaaptiyio opmy oSmenpasatoro steroAa, Ho NpMeHKeNyIo AAs pas- Amsnbix conerannit craait u Gerona. 2. Hanpamenioe cocrosnne Meroguka onpeaeaesita HanpaaKeHNoro coctosus Tpy- GoGeroHHOTO cTepAH MpH OceBOM CKATHH OcHOBAHA Ha SKCepHNCHTaLHOM HeCeAOBAHHM meHTpAMDHOTO CKATHA xopotaix (L:D=5) tpy6o6erounux crepxnell. Sanit oct P—ex, P—e; noayyaem onbitueiat mytem. Io ae opmaunam ¢y He onpererREN WanpmIKeNHA B CTaabHOf OGououKe, MpHsem HcTOBSyeM 8A HaBeCTHSIX AONyLLeHHA Kupxropa — JTava. ” B ynpyroft craaii nponoasnie Hanpaxkenia B o6os0"- Ke MOAHO OMperesiTs no oGoGWeHHOH hopmyae saKoua Tywa E om alte tebe @) B_yipyronaactiteckoh naactaveckoft ctaansx paGo- Tur OOO.AOUKH HANPsKCHHA ONpexeamoTeR c HcnOABOBAN- em Teopiit MasuX ynpyronaactHtieckHX Aeopmaniti. Ita ‘TeopHs, CTpOTO roBOPS, cnpaBeaauBa AIK cAyax MpocToro 3arpyxenHs, Koraa Bee cocTaBaAIoMe TeHIOpa Lebopma- MMi MaMeHsoTeR NporlopuHOHastbHO OAHOMY MapaneTpy OnuaKo NoxHO NoaaraTs, "TO ypaBHeHNs TeopAH NatacTHE HoctH AehopMauyonHoro Tima OCTaIOTeA AOCTATOHO TOM HAMM TODa, Korita sarpy2KetiHe KeckombKo OTaYaeTeR OF nponopuionaaHoro [44, 67]. HanGoasmne pacxoxinenua © OMBITHLIMN AanHBMN OONApyiKUBaIOTeA B TeX cayuasx, Korda B npouecce warpyxkekuA nosopaunsawTeH riaBHbe cH. Takoro nosopora 8 TpyOOBeTORHOR OGor0HKe He Mpo- ucxonut. Tpy6a paGoraer B yemownX cxoNOTO aarpyKe- nia (cKaTie-pactaxxentte). [pu NoxOGHOM xapaxrepe sa- rpyxenus xoctatouto xopowo noxTnepaaacrca [4] 3aKOH oGoSmoHNEAX KpHBLAX. Buparkenia aaa mnrencnsHocT HanpaakeHuit » Aebop- Maun» rrasitix sHaueHHsX HMeIOT BHA ea re) GY F484 G-qg—ae ey @9) Beau oj 1 €; cossann meray coGof aaancnmoctsio om Bey, rae £’— cexymuti maya», onpenennentit Ha oGo6utenHoh KpiiBofi oe; 0 oboOMeHHOMt epopwrannH. Hs (28), (29) ana naockoro HanpsxXenHoro cocroRHHs Tpy Ou 9+ of 0 oy, G0) 4 SE laren) oo 4