Volume 8, Issue 11, November – 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Sustainability Assessment of Material Recovery

Facilities (MRFs): The Case of Ubungo and
Kigamboni Municipality
Dr. Hussein Mohamed Omar1

Abstract:- This study assesses the factors affecting the I. INTRODUCTION

sustainability of Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs).It
is motivated by the fact that Tanzania through Vice- A Material Recovery Facility (MRF) is a place where
President’s Office-Division of Environment is in the solid waste are delivered to be separated, processed and
process of establishing three Pilot MRFs as part of Open stored for later use as raw materials for remanufacturing and
Burning Project. However, there has never been reprocessing (Dubanowitz, 2000). According to Feria
adequate studies to inform on necessary factors for (2023), MRFs and Waste Transfer Stations are often used
MRFs sustainability. interchangeably. Both sites have similar layouts, equipment,
and staff. However, MRFs will go that step further as they
The study conducted in Ilala city, and Kigamboni are more suited to recycling as separation happens at Waste
and Ubungo municipalities. The choice of study area Transfers Station too.
based on existence of MRF in Ilala city and proposed
MRFs in Kigamboni and Ubungo municipalities. The Tanzania is implementing an Open Burning Project,
study variables include SWM administration; waste whereas the establishment of Material Recovery Facilities
collection services and segregation practices; reliable (MRFs) is among the project’s components. Although, the
market for the recyclables waste; waste existing legal framework in the country has never
characterization; land availability; technology and specifically mentioned MRFs, but existence of clauses in
human resources; financial viability; legal framework; several legislations on Waste Transfer Stations set up a legal
community economic status and awareness level. basis for their establishment.

Interviews, different types of observations, and The establishment of a Waste Transfer Station in
documentary review formed the research data collection Tanzania is governed by the Environmental Management
techniques. The study used descriptive analyses for its Act, 2004, the Public Health Act, 2004, and the Solid Waste
variable analysis. Management Regulations of 2009.

The findings show that there is supportive legal Also, waste separation to recover the recyclables is the
framework; enough and right waste composition; requisite of The Public Health Act, 2009 which call for
reliable land; and economic viability for the MRFs Local Government authorities to ensure the collected waste
establishment. Parallel to that, the study areas found is separated at source whereas the Act requires the Local
with ineffective SWM administration; inadequate waste Government Authorities to prescribe for the separation at
characterization studies, segregation practices, human source, of different types or kinds of waste or garbage.
skills and community awareness. Further, there were
untapped waste market potential, poor technological Despite the presence of solid legal framework there has
application and moderate waste collection services. never been adequate MRFs in Tanzania. The Vice President
Office- Division of Environment is currently involved in
To this end the study recommends; setting the establishment of pilot MRFs in the two municipalities
attractive prices for the recyclables in the MRFs; (Ubungo and Kigamboni) in Dar es Salaam city under the
incentivising communities to use the MRFs; Intensifying Open Burning project.
community Awareness campaigns on the use of MRFs;
and application of Public Private Partnership model in Therefore, taking into cognizant the absence of
operating the MRFs. adequate MRFs as well as studies on sustainability of MRFs
in Tanzania, this study developed to fill that gap by
Keywords:- MRFs, Material Recovery Facilities, informing on important factors to be considered for MRFs ‘
Sustainability, Solid Waste Management, Recycling, and sustainability.
Tanzania.
 Objectives

 To assess and inform on the sustainability factors for

establishment of Ubungo and Kigamboni MRFs

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II. LITERATURE REVIEW  Effective Recycling
Manda, T.A. (2005) has identified 12 factors affecting
 Community Involvement for Successful MRFs recycling sector. The identified factors include; Government
Operations policy, Government Finances, Waste characterization,
In Indonesia, CdMRFs (Community Material Waste collection/Segregation, Household education,
Recovery Facilities) are well-known as waste banks that Household economics, Municipal Solid Waste Management
have customers or members from surrounding (MSWM) administration, MSWM personnel Education,
neighbourhoods and are managed by the community or local MSWM Plan, Local-Recycled Material Market,
leaders (Raharjo et al., 2015). CdMRF members are Technological and Human Resources and Land availability.
encouraged to perform waste segregation at the household
and collection sites. At CdMRFs, recyclable waste collected Table 1 Describes the Factors in Detail.
by the community is weighed and valued according to the
type and classification of the waste (Soesanto et al., 2021a).
CdMRFs record all transactions and balances (deposited
money from selling their waste) of all members. Members
may withdraw their money from waste sales at any time
once the balance fulfils the minimum amount of cash
regulated by the CdMRF (Soesanto et al., 2021b).

A CdMRF is typically preferred by communities over

other informal recyclers when the former offers fairer prices
than the latter (Challcharoenwattana & Pharino, 2015).
Many researchers have demonstrated the potential of a
recycling system through a CdMRF project
(Singhirunnusorn et al., 2012; Wijayanti & Suryani, 2015).
Although CdMRFs seem to be promising, the development
of CdMRFs depends on the active participation of all
community members (Singhirunnusorn et al., 2012).

The establishment of a CdMRF as a form of

Community Based Solid Waste Management in
neighbourhoods, hamlets, and urban villages was proven to
trigger community participation in solid waste recycling
(MacRae & Rodic, 2015). A CdMRF illustrates the effort of
a community to support sustainable solid waste management
practices while educating the public and improving
recycling practices and general welfare (Purba et al., 2014).
CdMRFs also improve the surrounding community because
they increase awareness of appropriate solid waste
management, knowledge of the impacts of unmanaged solid
waste, and public concern about solid waste and build caring
and mutually beneficial community enthusiasm (Indrianti,
2016).

 Household Awareness and MRFs Performance

In Semarang City, the capital of Central Java Province,
Indonesia, the maximum actual recycling activity of
CdMRFs accounts for 5% of the total generated solid waste
(Raharjo et al., 2015). This percentage is low because of
limited environmental knowledge of the community, which
leads to low awareness and participation in recycling
activities (Singhirunnusorn et al., 2017). Sekito et al. (2013)
found that up to 33% of the waste generated in Semarang Source: Manda, T.A. (2005)
City could potentially be recycled through informal sectors.
However, households’ waste separation practices are not  Waste Management Planning
performed properly because of low public awareness, an Effective MRFs requires the availability of data and
insufficient number of separated waste collection bins, and information necessary for planning and operation. The
the unavailability of separate (organic and recyclable) waste presence of Waste Management profile may best present the
transport facilities (Fatimah et al., 2020). rich information to guide the sustainability of MRFs. Omar
(2022) highlighted some of the important data to be included
in the MRFs. The data include:

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
 Population and local Government authority data;  Costs and financing of the waste management system
 Waste quantity and composition data; (WMS);
 Waste polices and legislation;  Technologies in use; and
 Institutions in place;  Stakeholder identification and participation.

III. SUSTAINABLE MRF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Fig 1 Sustainable Material Recovery Facilities’ (MRFs) Framework

Source: Own Construct, 2023

The sustainability of MRFs depend on various factors. city was informed by the presence of MRF in Bonyokwa
As indicated in Figure 3.0 the factors include Effective Ward. On the other hand, the choice of Kigamboni and
SWM administration whereas, relevant stakeholders and Ubungo Municipalities was influenced by the inclusion of
their roles are clearly identified and fulfilled; Availability of the two municipalities in the Open Burning Project for the
waste collection services and segregation practices; Presence establishment of pilot MRFs.
of reliable market for the recyclables waste; and Presence of
reliable waste characterization data for determining the The study also, involved Focus Group Discussions
volume of recyclables and possible revenues MRF can (FGDs) as part of data collection protocols. Members of the
generate, conducted FGDs included 3 Head of Environmental
departments and 3 Environmental officers each from Ilala,
Further, availability of Land free from disputes; the use Kigamboni and Ubungo Municipalities; A representative
of right technology and capable human resources in from PO-RALG responsible for Local Government
managing MRFs; Financial viability of the MRFs whereas, Authorities coordination; 3 representatives from Vice
the revenue must exceed the operational cost; Presence of President Office Division of Environment and
supportive legal framework that back up the establishment representatives from waste collection service providers.
of the MRFs; Understanding of the economic status of the
community for determining a proper plan for community Further, interviews, were conducted to representatives
engagement in the use of MRFs and high level of awareness from Mtaa Chairperson of the Bonyokwa sub-ward; a
to the community on the use of the established MRFs are Sampled 20 Households at Bonyokwa sub-ward, 3 Youth
very essentials in ensuring sustainability of the MRFs. working at the the established MRF at Bonyokwa sub-ward
and 3 representatives from the NGO that supporting the
IV. METHODOLOGY establishment of the MRFs (NIPE FAGIO). The study also
involved a documentary reviews as part of data collection
The study methodology involved a purposeful tools and the collected data analysed using descriptive
selection of 3 Local Government Authorities (Ilala City, analysis.
Kigamboni and Ubungo Municipalities). The choice of Ilala

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ISSN No:-2456-2165
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION process is Government dominated. In the two municipalities
there is inadequate involvement of Private sector (including
 Legal Framework; waste collection service providers), NGOs with SWM focus
Tanzania has a robust legal framework for supporting as well as recyclers and informal waste collectors. This may
the establishment of MRFs. The supporting pieces of affect the off-taking of the recyclables, supply of technical
legislations include, the Environmental Management Act, know-how and effective operation of the MRFs.
2004, Public Health Act, 2004, and the Solid Waste
Management Regulations of 2009. Further, Ilala city enjoys the support of local leaders
especially, Mtaa chairperson, unlike Kigamboni and
 Waste Characterization Studies Ubungo municipalities whereby the process of MRFs
The quantity and composition of generated waste can establishment is controlled at municipal level with less
be considered as backbone in the establishment of MRFs. ownership at local level. This may affect the sustainability
Quantity information can include both the weight and of the proposed MRFs.
volume of generated waste in an area expected to be served
by the established MRF. Also, Waste quantity include the The political will of Local leadership in Ilala city has
projection on the future waste generation. These are the proven to be pivotal for successfulness of MRFs. Local
quantities that will be used to estimate the size of the leadership at Bonyokwa sub-ward have been very
required MRF and associated management cost. For instrumental in mobilising community in waste sorting as
example, in Bonyokwa’s MRF in Ilala city, that serves a well as abiding to waste collection schedules. This also,
total of 10,4000 population and 3000 households, a total of involved organizing waste collection schedules for the
47.94 tons of waste is received every month out of which residues at the MRFs as well as identification of the
clear plastic is 0.440 tons; coloured plastic is 0.344 tons; customers for the recyclables.
HDPE plastic is 0.520 tons; other wastes including paper
and leather is 0.896 tons; Hazardous waste is 1.072 tons, and  Market For Recyclable Waste
organic waste is 44.668 tons. This provides the basis for The presence of reliable off-takers of the collected
estimating the amount of money that can be generated from recyclables is very vital for the sustainability of the MRFs.
the MRFs through selling of the recyclables. This call up on In Dar es Salaam, there is a reliable market for recyclable
the two municipalities of Ubungo and Kigamboni to conduct waste, especially plastic and paper as shown in plate 1.0.
thorough waste characterization study before the However, in Ilala city (Bonyokwa sub-ward) the established
establishment of the MRFs. MRFs found not to have specific contract with off-takers of
the recyclables waste. This may jeopardize the sustainability
 Swm Administration of the MRFs in a long run.
In Ilala city the established MRF in Bonyokwa Sub-
Ward, found to have involved several stakeholders. For This also applies to Kigamboni and Ubungo
example, NIPE FAGIO (NGO with SWM focus) has municipalities whereby, there were no pre-planning
provided the expertise, start-up capital and 3 bins at each arrangements for off-taking of the recyclables from the
household in project area. The NIPE FAGIO has also being MRFs.There must be a clear arrangement with recycling
involved in awareness creation to community on the companies or aggregators for off-taking the collected
sustainable use of MRF. However, the situation is different recyclable at the MRFs to enhance sustainability.
in Kigamboni and Ubungo municipality whereby, the

Plate 1 Recyclables Market Opportunities in Dares Salaam

Source: Omar (2022)

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Further, as organic waste consist higher proportion of poultry or fish. There is a continuous demand for fish and
the generated waste, presence of market for by product of chicken in the country, but the production costs at the
organic waste is vital for sustainability of MRFs. For moment are very high, amongst others due to the expenses
example, the market for Maggots and organic Fertilizer is related to feeds as indicated in several studies. The project
among the low hanging fruits for sustainability of MRFs. areas (i.e. Ubungo and Kigamboni municipalities) are also
Hermetia illucens or Black soldier Fly (BSF), an insect known to have commercial livestock and vegetable growers
native to Tanzania, has a spectacular ability to convert waste which provide assured market organic waste products
into protein and is renowned for easy handling. The fly can especially, maggots . maggots and high-nitrogen organic
consume as much as 70% of its own body weight in waste fertilizer. The best practice from the existing MRF in Ilala
every day. For every kilogram of organic waste that it municipality has proven high demand for both maggots and
consumes, nearly 50 grams of protein are produced that can fertilizers in the local community.
act as a feed supplement for commercial livestock such as

Plate 2 Black Soldier Fly Value Chain

Source: Mukonoweshuro et. al., (2023)

 Financial Sustainability
The interview with Ubungo environmental officer revealed that the planned MRFs are expected to serve 7,013 and 26,000
population for Kinzudi and Mavurunza sub-ward respectively. Based on the UN-Habitat Study of 2018 the per capita waste
generation in the two municipalities is 0.67kg/day. Impliedly, in Ubungo municipality the proposed MRF in Kinzudi sub-ward is
expected to serve 4.7 tons per day while the one in Mavurunza sub-ward is expected to serve a total of 17.42 tons per day.
However, the study conducted by the Vice-President-Division of Environment in 2020, have indicated the average composition of
MSW includes garden and wood waste to be (30%), food waste (37%), papers (11%), plastic (7%), glass (4%), metal and tin
(1%), textiles (2%) and ash (8%). Further, the same study by the Vice-President-Division of Environment in 2020, indicated the
recovery rate for plastic and paper to be in the range of 20-30%. Other studies including UN-Habitat (2021) indicated the metal
recovery rate to be as high as 60%. Based on that the income necessary for running the MRFs can be established.

 Income from Selling Recyclables and Recovered Organic Waste

Sustainability of the proposed MRFs in Kigamboni and Ubungo municipalities at large extent depend on the amount of
recyclables that can be retrieved from waste stream for sale. Table 2.0 and 3.0 shows the estimated recyclables to be collected and
their expected revenues respectively based on the waste composition and recovery rate highlighted in 5.3.3.

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Table 2 The Estimated Recovered Recyclables and Organic Waste for sale from MRFs

Field Survey: 2023

Table 3 Expected Revenue for the MRFs in Ubungo Municipality

Field Survey: 2023

 Operational Cost based on the Best Available Practice from the Existing MRF in Dares Salaam
The operational cost includes supplying the storage equipment for waste segregation, collection of the segregated waste from
households, transportation of the residual waste to the damp site, wages, and water bills.

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Table 4 Operational Cost
MRF location Item Unit Unit cost (Tshs) Annual Cost (Tshs.)
Kinzudi Storage Equipment 42,408 pc 500 21,204,000
Collector’s Wages 10 Person 5000 18,000,000
Watchmen Wages 1 person 5000 1,800,000
Water bills Lump sum 30,000 360,000
Residual waste Transportation 24 Trips 400,000 9,600,000
Sub-total 50,964,000
Buying of Recyclables
Plastics 54.89 tons 300,000 16,467,000
Papers 37.74 tons 150,000 5,661,000
Metals 51.46 tons 500,000 25,730,000
Sub-total 47,858,000
Sub Total 98,822,000

Mavurunza Storage Equipment 181,872 pcs 500 90,936,000

Collector’s Wages 20 persons 5000 36,000,000
Watchmen Wages 1 person 5000 1,800,000
Water bills Lump sum 60,000 720,000
Residual waste Transportation 48 Trips 400,000 19,200,000
Sub-total 148,656,000
Buying of Recyclables
Plastics 203.46 300,000 61,038,000
Papers 139.88 150,000 20,982,000
Metals 190.75 500,000 95,375,000
Sub-total 177,395,000
Total 326,051,000
Field Survey: 2023

Therefore, based on table 3.0 the expected revenues for

the Kinzudi and Mavurunza in Ubungo municipality are
227,323,300Tshs and 853,273,000Tshs respectively.
However, the operational costs for Kinzudi and Mavurunza
MRFs are expected to be 98,822,000Tshs. and
326,051,000Tshs. respectively. This implies that there are
nearly 150% and 135% profits for Kinzudi and Mavurunza
respectively if the MRFs are managed well. This will
guarantee the sustainability of the proposed MRFs.

 Technology and Human Resource

At Material Recovery Facility (MRF) it is expected for
waste to be received, separated, and recyclable materials
prepared for marketing to end-users. This requires use of
technology and equipment to sort and process recyclable
materials, which increases the efficiency of the recycling
process. The operational of such equipment require capable
human resource. However, in interview with project
coordinator at the Vice-President office –Division of
Environment and Head of Departments at both Ubungo and
Kigamboni Municipalities it was clearly indicated that the
waste brought at the MRFs will be manually sorted. “There
will be no use of automated machines for enhancing sorting
Efficiency”… indicated by Project Coordinator. This has
also, been observed for the existing MRFs in Bonyokwa
Ward as shown in Plate 3.0.

Plate 3 Waste Sorting at Bonyoka MRF in Ilala City

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 Household Awareness Government. This found to guarantee security for the
Community awareness on the existence of the MRF in investment as well as resource mobilisation from several
their locality and their role is vital for the sustainability of stakeholders.
the MRFs. For example, Bonyokwa sub-ward through local
leaders especially Mtaa chairperson and members of Sub- Likewise, in Ubungo and Kigamboni municipalities the
ward committee have reached out the community to two municipalities have offered land for the establishment of
sensitize them on the use of MRFs and the benefit attached the MRFs. For the case, of Kigamboni the area was
to it. This has been witnessed during the study whereby, demarcated for the establishment of Waste transfer station
local leaders used different approaches in sensitizing prior the introduction of Open Burning Project. The
community. The applied approaches include provision of Municipality has already started investment in the area
waste segregation bins/sacks to encourage sorting practice, which make it is to fit the MRF purpose.
provision of waste segregation equipment, free waste
collection charges for the households that perform well in For the case of Ubungo municipality the 2 areas
waste sorting and regular community meetings. (Kinzudi and Mavurunza) located for establishment of
MRFs found to have been acquired through a participatory
 Waste Collection And Segregation approach between the municipality and local leaders. This
In Ilala city (Bonyokwa sub-ward) found to have well found to guarantee security of investment and in turn
established waste segregation plan. Through NIPE FAGIO- sustainability of the MRFs.
NGO households in the project area supplied with 3 waste
storage equipment. Further, there was planned waste VI. CONCLUSION
collection schedules, whereby, group of youth contracted for
waste collection in a project area. There was also established Sustainability of MRFs is associated with many
incentives mechanisms for households that adhered to waste factors. However, the ten (10) factors identified in this
segregation practices. The incentives include free waste paper are the core from which the sustainability of the
collection charges. This was also found to have been proposed MRFs in Ubungo and Kigamboni municipality
considered in the designing of the proposed MRFs and advised to consider. The important of these sustainability
Ubungo and Kigamboni municipalities whereby, some funds factors anchored on the fact that the two MRFs under the
allocated for sensitization of waste segregation practices Open Burning project are expected to be the model MRFs
including provision of segregation equipment. whereas, its failure my discourage future investment in the
establishment of MRFs. In turn, this may defeat the good
 Household Income Status purpose of MRFs as not only waste management strategy
As indicated by Fadhullah, et. Al., (2022), low income but also livelihood opportunity for urban poor.
areas with predominantly rural characteristics with high
proportion of low income earners tend to exhibit less waste RECOMMENDATION
segregation practices compared the high income status
neighbourhoods. This fact has also proven to be true in the  The prices for the recyclables in the MRFs should be
study area. In the interviews with local leaders and made attractive compared to other buyers to entice waste
municipal officials it was clearly stipulated that appetite of pickers to bring the recyclables to the MRFs.
waste segregation is low in the Bonyokwa sub-ward in Ilala  The community must be incentivized in the use of
municipality as much of the area is composed of low and MRFs. Some of the incentives may include reduction of
middle income earners. However, it was also highlighted waste collection charges for the households that
that buying of the recyclables at MRFs motivate the low demonstrate effective waste segregation practices.
income earners to segregate waste as oppose to middle and  Continuous awareness campaigns on the use of MRFs by
higher income families. The motivation of waste segregation community members.
to higher income households found to be motivated by  The operation of the MRF should apply Public Private
exposure which also linked with education and economic Partnership model whereby, Waste collection Service
status. provider operating in that locality must also run the
established MRF.
Likewise, Kigamboni and Ubungo municipalities have
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