Changes of Pronouns

The following are the changes that occur in the pronouns while converting a sentence
active to passive voice:
Active Voice Passive Voice
Me

We Us

you You

He Him

She Her
It It

they them

The Form of Active Voice and Passive Voice in Tenses

Passive voice in Simple Present Tense
Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subiect + infinitive object Formula: S+ to be + past participle + by object

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Eumples:
Simson cares about the lion.
The lion is cared for by Simson.
Ana does the homework.
The homework is done by Ana.
They sell that house.
That house is sold by them.
Jessica always plays the piano. The piano is always played by Jessica.
She buys a book. A book is bought by her.

Passive Voice in Present Continuous Tense

ActiveVoice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + to be (is, am, are) + present| Formula: S+ to be (is, am, are) + being +past participle +
participle + object by object
Examples:
She is doing her homework. The homework is being done by her.
Hcis waiting for Sara. Sara is being waited for by him.
They are giving the prescnt. The prescnt is being given by them
Bobby is drawing a nice scenery. A nicescencry is being drawn by Bobby.
She is writing the letter. The letter is being written by her.

Passive Voice in Present Perfect Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + have/has + past participle + Formula: S + have/has been + past
participle + by objcct
object
Examples
Kerrie has paid the bill. The bill has been paid by Kerrie.
We have cycled five miles. Five miles have been cycled by us.
They have not rcad the book. The book has not been read by them.
We have not agreed to this issue. This issue has not been agreed to
by us.
Has she phoned him? Has he been phoned by her?

Passive Voice in Simple Past Tense

 Active Voice -Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + past participle + object Formula: S+ was/were + past participle + by object
Examples
She cleaned the house. The house was cleaned by her.
Ali bought a new car. A lew car was bought by Ali.
The teacher called the students. The students were called by the teacher.
She saved her money. Her money was saved by her.

Passive voice in Past Continuous Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: S+ was/were +present participle +object Formula: S + was/were + being +past participle +by
object
Examples
Iwas waiting for Dina. Dina was being waited by me.
She was reading a novel. A novel was being read by her.
Andi was learning in English. English was being learnt by Andi.
They were building the house. The house was being built by them.
He was playing a kite. A kite was being played by him.

Passive Voice in Past Perfect Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + had + past participle + object Formula: S+ had been + past participle + by object
Examples
He had left that place. That place had been left by him.
Ihad finished my work. My work had been finished by me.
She had missed the last bus. The last bus had been missed by her.
He had posted the letter. The letter had been posted by him.
John had completed his speech. His speech had been completed by John.

Passive Voice in Simple Future Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject+ will + infinitive + object Formula: S+ will + be + past participle + by object
Examples
I shall read a newspaper. A newspaper willbe read by me.
She will sing a beautiful song. A beautiful song will bc sung by her.

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Ben will repair his bicycle. His bicycle willbe repatred by Ben.
They will pay the tax. The tax will be paid by them.
We shall start this meeting. This meeting will be started by us.

Passive Voice in FutureContinuous Tense

Active Voice Passive Voice

Formula: Subject + willbe + present participle + Formula: S + will +bc + ing + past participle + by object
object
Examples
He willbe doing a test tomorrow. A test willbe being done by him tomorrow.
They willbe watching a movie on next Saturday. The movie willbe watched by them on next Saturday.
Rita will be increasing her value next time. Her value willbe increased by Rita next time.
 Examples:
He is sleeping.

He has gone.

He died in 200S.

Active and Passive Voice using Modal Yerbs:

Active and Passive Voice using 'can'
This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:
Acttve Voice
Passive Voice
S+ can + infinitive + objcct
S+ can be + past participle + by object
Examples
Shecan sell the car cvery time.
The car can be sold by her every time.
Can she play the violin?
Can a violin be played by her?

To change the above sentence into a negative

sentence, then place the word not after can
The sentence patterns are:

S+ canot + infinitive +t obiect

S+ cannot be + past participle + object
Seema cannot buy this car every time. This car cannot be bought by Seema every time.

Active and Passive voice using May

This modal applies toall subjects. The sentence patterns are:

Active Voice Passive Voice
S+ may+ infinitive + object S+ may be past participle + by object
Examples:
He may sellthe house. The house may be sold by him.
May lbuy the computer? May the computer be bought by me?

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word 'not' after May
Imay not buy the computer. The computer may not be bought by me.

Active and Passive voice using Must

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:
Actlve Voce Passive Voice

S+ must + infinitivet object S+ must be + past participle + by object

Examples:
He must finish his duty in a week. His duty must be finished by him in a week.

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after must.
Sara must not open the gate every morming. The gate must not be opened by Sara every morning.

Active and Passive voice using Might

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence paterns are:

Passivc Voice
Active Voice
S+might +infinitive + object S+ might be + past participle + by object

Examples:
Sara might be met by her.
She might meet Sara.

place the word not after might.

To change the abovesentence into a negative sentence, then
Guests might not play chess. Chess migat not be played by gucsts.

Ought To Have"
Passive voice for "Mav Have, Might Have, Should Have, Must Have,
Active voice: MAY HAVE Active voice: MAY HAVE BEEN

The opportunity may havc been availed by you.

Youmay have availed the opportunity.
opportunity. The opportunity may not have been availed by you.
Youmay not have availed the
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE
The meal might have been eaten by him.
Hemight have eaten a meal.
The meal might not have been caten by him.
He might not have eaten the meal..
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE
The book should have been studied by you.
Youshould have studied the book.
book. The book should have not been studied by you.
Youshould not have studicd the
May I buy the computer?
May the computer be bought by me?

To change the above sentence into a negative

sentence. then placethe word 'not' after May.
Imay not buy the computer.
The computer may not be bought by me.

Active and Passive voice using Must

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence
patterns are:
Actlve Voice
Passive Voice
S+ must + infinitive + object
S+ must be + past participle +by object
Examples:
He must finish his duty in a week. His duty must be finished by him ina week.

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after must.
Sara must not open the gate every morning. The gate must not be opened by Sara every morning.

Active and Passive voice using Might

This modal applies to all subjects. The sentence patterns are:

Active Voice Passive Voice

S+ might + infinitive + object S+ might be + past participle + by object

Examples:
Shemight meet Sara. Sara might be met by her.

To change the above sentence into a negative sentence, then place the word not after might.
Guests might not play chess. Chess migint not be played by gucsts.

Passive vojce for May Have, Might Have, Should Have, Must Have, Ought To Have"
Active oice: MAY HAVE Active voice: MAY HAVE BEEN
Youmay have availed the opportunity. The opportunity may havc been availed by you.
You may not have availed the opportunity. The opportunity may not have been availed by you.
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE Active voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN
He might have eaten a meal. The meal might have been eaten by him.
He might not have eaten the meal. The meal might not have becn eaten by him.
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE Active voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN
Youshould have studied the book. The book should have been studied by you.
You should not have studicd the book. The book should have not been studied by you.
 Activevoice:-MUST HAVE Activevoice: MUST HAVE BEEN.
He must have started the job. The job must have been startcd by you.
He must riot have started the job. Job must noí have been started by you.
Activevoice: OUGHT TO HAVE Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN
You ought to have helped him. He ought to have becn helpecd by you

Verbs Followed by Modals (Can, could, may, might, would, should, ought)

The fom of the verb is the same as that of a verb in the Simple Future Tense, i.e., modal
auxiliary + be + III form.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Youcan dothis work. This work can be done by you.
Police could not calch the thief. The thief could not be caughtby police.
You may read this book. This book may be read by you.
He might suffer a great loss. A great loss might be suffered by him.
You should respect your parents. Your parents should be respected by you.
She would teach us today. We would be taught by her today.
We must help the poor. The poor must be helped by us.
We ought to respect our elders. Orr elders ought to be respected by us.

Passive Voice Active Voicc

A scholarship may be won by her. She may wina schola1 ship.

Could this sum be solved by you? Could you solve this sum?
Should cards be played by us? Should we playcards?
By whom could he be helped? Whocould help him?

Imperative Sentences

A sentence that expresses a command, a request or advice, or an entreaty is called

Imperative Sentence or Desire.
Characteristics of Iinperative Sentences
 1. The object 'you' is generally missing in Imperative. Sentences. The structure of such
sentences in Passive Voice is: Let + object + be/not be+ V3
2. In sentences which express request, advice and order, such phrases as You are
requested to/advised to /ordered to are used.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Do it. Let it be done.
Call the doctor. Let the doctor be called in.
Never tell a lie. Let a lie never be told.

Shut the door. Let the door be shut.

Do not starve the cow. Let the cow not be starved

Stand up. You are ordered to stand up.

Kirdly lend me some money. You are requested to lend me some money.
Work hard. You are advised io work hard.

Do not do it. You are forbidden to do it. or Let it be not done.

3. Word kindly/please are dropped.

Active Voice
Passive Voice
You are ordered to open the door. Open the door.

You are requested to come here. Come here, please.

Letthe light bewitched on. Switch on the light.
Let your parents be obeyed. Obey your parents.

Verbs
Change of Voice in the Infinitive
Passive Voice
Active Vojce
to +be+ y
to + Vi
This work has to be done.
Ihave to do this work.
Jwant to buy this book. Iwant this book to bc bought.
Women like to be flattered by men.
Women like men to flatter them.
There is no shop to let. There is no shop to be let.

Verbs/phrases
Irmade him stand up. He was made to stand up by me.
Isaw him cross the road. He was secn to cross the road (by me).

It istimne to
It is time to do this work. It is time for this work to be done.
It is time to callthe roll. It is time for the roll to be called.
Passive Voice Active Voice

Texpect her to be brought around. Iexpect to bring her around.

A pen is to be written with. A pen is to write with.
It is time for the race tobe ruH. It is tine to run the race.

They should be invited by us. Weshould invite them.

 speech.
DirectSpeech Reported Specch
present simple pastsimple
"I'm ateacher". He said he was a tcacher.

present continuous past continuous

"I'm having lunch with my parcnts". He said he was having lunch with his parents.
present perfect simple past perfect simple
"I've been to France thrcc times". He said he had becn to France threc times.
present perfect continuous past perfect continuous
"I've been working very hard". Hc said hc had been working very hard.
past simple past perfect
"I bought a new car". He said he had bought a new car.
past cotinuous
past perfect continuous
"It was raining earlier". He said it had been raining earlier.
past perfect
past perfect (No change)
"The play had started when Iarrived". She said the playhad started when she arrived.
past perfect continuous past perfect continuous (No change)
I had already been living in London for five Jauk told me she had already been living in
years". London for
five years.
Future Tense shall/will
Future in the Past should/would
Eli said, "I will buy the book tomorrow". Eli said that she would buy
the book tomorTOW.
0ther verb forms also sometimes change:
Will
Would
"I will come and see you soon". He said he would come and
see me soon.
Can Could
Ican swim underwater for two minutes". He sajd he could swim
underwater for two minutes.
Must had to
"All tickets must be bought in advance". He said that all tickets had to be
Shall
bought in advance.
Should
"What shall we do about it?" He asked what we should doabout it.
May Might
"May Ismoke?" He asked if he might smoke.
ought to No change
pm.
"Youought to come at 7 pm". He told me l ought to come at 7
Should No change
"1 should have helped you". He said he should have helped me.
Would No change
"I would walk the dog at night". She said she would walk the dog at night.
Could Nochange
"You couldn't do it", He told me Icouldn't do it.
Might Nochange
"I might arrive late". He said he might arrive late.
Direct and Indirect speech Examples of Tense Change:
1. Simple Present to Simple Past

Direct: He said, The boy goes home."

Indirect: He said that the boy went home.

2. Present Continuous to Past Continuous

Direct: Ram said, I am reading a book."

Indirect: Ram said that he was reading a book.

3. Present Perfect to Past Perfect

Direct: The girl said, "I have lost my pen."

Indireci: The girl said that she had lost her pen.

4. Present Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuos

Direct: He said, "Ram has been going."

Indirect: He said that Ram had been going.

5. Past Indefinite to Past Perfect

Direct: Mother said, "I bought.awatch for you."

Indirect: Mother said that she had bought a watch for him.

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 6. Past Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous

Direct: Raju said, "Iwas repairing a car."

Indirect: Raju said that he had beern repairing a car.

7. FutureTense (shall/will) to future in the Past (should/would)

Direct: The teacher said, "Ishall give you notes."

Indirect: The teacher said that he would give us notes.

8. Conditional to Perfect Conditional Direct:

Direct: He said, IfIhad the money Icould buy the car."

Indirect: She said that if he had the money he could have bought the car.

9. Past Perfect Tense: No Change

Direct:She said, "I had gone to Lahore."

Indirect: She said that she had gone to Lahore.

mus
10. Auxiliary Verbs (would, should, might, could, ought, must)-No Change
Direct: He said, "I would like to take milk."

Indirect: He said that he would like to take milk.

Direct:The boy said, "The teacher could have solved it in no time."

Indirect:The boy said that the teacher could have solved it in no time.

Direct: He said, "The boy must apologize to the teacher."

 Indirect: He said that the boy must apologize to the teacher.
10. Changes of Interrogative Sentences
The reporting verb 'said/said to' is changed to 'asked, demanded, ordered, and
enquired' as per the nature of the sentence.
Example: Salma said, "What is Lubna doing?"
Salma asked what Lubna was doing.

While a sentence starts with a reporting verb then at the conversion if /whether is used as the
joining clause.
Example:Lubna said, Will she come for lunch"
Lubna asked if she would come for lunch.

Incase the sentence starts from the "W" question word, thern no extra conjunction is used.

Example: The boy asked, "Where do you stay?"

The boy inquired where I stayed

Things are slightlymore complicated with imperatives:
positive imperative (cll + infinitive

Shut up! He told me to shut up.

tell + not + infinitive
negative imperative
Don't do that again! He told me not to do it again.
ask + infinitive
imperatives as requests
Please give me some money. He asked me to give him sorhe money.

Time and Place References:

Now then

Today that day

Here there

This ihat
that week
this week
the following day, the next day, the day after
Tomorrow
next week the following week, the next week, the week after
the previous day, the day before
Yesterday
-last week the previous weck, the week before
Ago previously, before
2weeks ago 2 weeks previously, 2 wecks before
Tenight that night
last Saturday the previous Saturday, the Saturday before
next Saturday the following Saturday, the next Saturday, the Saturday
after, that Saturday
Now then

Examples:
1. Iwent to the theatre last night.

He said he had gonc to the theatre the night before.

2. I'm having a party next weekend.

Hesaid he was having a party the next weekend.

3. I'm staying here until next week.

Hesaid he was staying there until the following week.

4. Icame over from London 3 years ago.

He saidhe had come over from London 3 years before.

 Table for the changes in pronoun:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
I He/she
You He/she/they
We They
They They
He Hc
She She
It It

Us Them
Our Their
His His
Her Her

Its Its