Differential & Integral Calculus FELICIANO and UYDifferential and Integral Cabeulve a general if there wa elation between two variables x and y such, nat for each valve of x, there corresponds value of y, then y i Nd to be a funtion of x. Symbolicaly, this is writen in the yer) The function concept may be extended to relations between oro than two variables. Consider the equation, fx). hi implies that 2 ie determined when x and y are given and iit istomary to say thet 2 is @ function of x and y. For instance, the lume of a right circular eylinder isa function of the altitude h nd redius of the base. that is, Va tien) = ehh, Ls important that we he familiar with the functonal nots on In mathernatics and the physical sclencee functional no: tion plays convenient and important part. In the example ow, we shall illustrate how to set up a formula showing the metional relation between the variables KAMPLE: The area of a rectangle i 6 sq. in, Express the pe: rimeter P of tho rectangle at « function of the length x of one sie, DLUTION: Since + args is 6 sq. in. then the length of the and the perimeter is vealed) mite EXERCISE 1.1 Lo IEG) = 4x, find (a) £15) 0) FY? HD f(x 48x) (8) f(x 1) fx — 2), a tye 2222 rnd x aca fnction oy BL Tey = tan(x+ 9), find x asa function of y, 4, Rxprass the distance D traveled in t he by a car whose speed 4.60 km. 5. Express the area A iterido x 6. "Tho stiffness ofa beam of rectangular cross seetion is propor tional to the breadth and the cube of the depth Ifthe breadth {20 cm, express the siffvew at a function of the depth an equilateral triangle asa function ot 1. A right cioalar cylinder, radius of ase x, height y, ie ins cribed in a right ercuiar cone, radius of base rand height hy Express yas function of x (¢ and hare constant), 8 teecye at + 1, tint LOAN). yg g fea) 103) 9 tee aat ax + tra OTDM 6 4, 10, tre (ay= 45 and (x)= x8—3, fod ¢ [xx and eft OY] 1.2 Limit of a Funetion Familiarity with the limit concept is absolutely essential for 8 doeper understanding of the calculus, In this section, we shall ‘begin our discussion of the limit of a function but. we emphasize thal our treatment here will appeal more to our intuition than to rigor. And since our approach is @ non-rigorous one, we there fore, expect you to gras this hea with ease10 Differential and tntogral Celeul Limits ‘The example above illustrates the fact that f(x) may have a limit at a number ¢ even though the value f(e) of the function is Uundefined, Moreover, it shows that the limit and value of the function are two diferent concepts. EXAMPLE 2, Evahite tin £02) 9) «xt 94 Solution: A seaght abetittion of x = 2 ead tothe inter snes form Since fx) = 4 — Bn then 2) 24 == 2. Hence ig £2) = 102) « jiqy (2? = 38) — (— 2) ep oxme I ae <3 EXERCISE 1.2 ‘valuae each of the folowing: 284 » issis a + ax wine 2 tg B48 BY Teer 3. tim = 1Be +12, yea 14e +15 ine sin 2x So Toon2 Differential and Integral Caleuine Htf{s)= VE find 19, jp, =a 20, ty We HO Wee (ay = a2 = 28+ 8, fire : at. tim =H 2 22, tim, £08 B= 12) 1.5 Infinity Let f(x) be 9 funetion. 1 we can make f(x) a6 large ax we please by taking x close enough, but not equal, toa ves! number 2, then we describe this situation by writing lim fx) = = where the symbol oie read “infinity” 1 tm particular, consider the function f(x) = 2. The table be: low hows tht a tats on ake use epponching the rear, te vl gows gr ang, We ay tat he comes tine as aprons © an inate ths by wating Differential and Integral Calculus 13 Ben we x0 {Im more compact form, we write x 0.1000 | 0.0100 | 0.0010 | 0.0001 | + 0 te-t| 10 | 100 | 1000] 10.000 | > = Bear in mind that = is not a number which results from di vision by zero. Recall that in the real number rystem, division by ‘210 is not permissible. Infect, it ean be argued thatthe statement tim fx) = = ‘not an equation a all since ® dose not represent @ number. It |S merely used as a symbol to Imply that the value of f(x) in ‘eases numerically without bound ae x approaches a. * 1.6 Limit at Infinity AA function f(x) may have 4 finite limit even when the in dependent variable x becomes infinite. This statement "x becomes Infinite” is customarily expressed in eymboliam by "> =", Consider again the function f(x) ~ 2. 1t ean be shown (in sk fry) hat apres ie monbr tno) ees our bound. Tal ‘gmbals += eal “ps ity) and "at “i ny) eed ae ‘Gok a conmeson wt mens ta Tn Tee aol fo nd nite it) tmces pene sine cet most On) whe "te aed ‘nan hat 7) Becomes ttl eases wet eon)u Differential and Integral Caled ita os ‘rom the examples above, we intuitively fee that ifn is any pori- ‘tre number, then boom rse Me hal consider hs act manana theorem 0 imi i imeombol we ne tim 2 =o : oA to limF = 0 ‘Thi is given as theorem in some books, Note thet when a= 1, ‘The use of L9 is ilustrated inthe following examples. eee EXAMPLE 1, tin Lo tin (2. 2 say ° A faction te) “U8 may ame the indeterminate form Ayton xi ptced By, Homer the tint of) asx be Sone ine tay be dete. To find tent we ft de Wi) and Dts) bythe highet power of x Ten We evan the in 2 tg 2 Baitsyem ots BKAVPLE: Evaluate tim 2° * 88° =8 sie Be eed Solution: The function assumes the indeterminate form -& when x is replaced by =. Dividing the numer. EXAMPLE 2, ‘ior and denominator by x, we get ‘why by by EXAMPLE 3. im wey) EXERCISE 14 Yvaduate each of the following. by us 62+ ats 5 1 tm S24 ast + 5 we B+ Te 8 -0 by 9}16 7 atte+2 ants im & aged psxea 1.7 Continuity In Section 1.4, we emphasized that the init and value of function are two different concepts. Infact, in Soction 1.2, whe wwe discussed the meaning of im #2) = 1, we deliberately ignore the actual value of f(x) at x= &. However, in Section 1.5, we mad mention of the fact that the limit af «function f(x) as x—~a turn out tobe just the value of f(x) at x= a Tha is, lim x)= fi) ‘Now when this happens, we have an event of some Taaihematcs fignifcance, The function f(x) is sud to be continuous at x= a] ‘This leads to the following definition DEFINITION 1.2 {A function f(x) is continuous at x = a itm fx) = te. Note thatthe condition tim (2) = fe) in the definition’ sbove actually implies thee enditons, namely (1) Mis define. @ tim ten) ©) ite If any of these conditions is not stistied, then f(x) is sid to discontinuoue atx a ‘A function f(x) i said to be continuous in em interoal if fs continuous for every value of x im the interval. ‘The eraph Leist, and “Tis detnion wat frm by the Freeh materi Auta Low ety 7091859, Limits n ‘this function i “unbroken” over that interval. ‘That i, the graph of f(x) can be drawn without lifting the peneil fromthe paper (Gee Fig. 1) EXAMPLE 1, "The funetion f(x) = x* is continuous at x= 2 because lim x* = f(2) = 4, In fact ts continuous forall fini values of x, The graph of the function is hown in Pig. 1, - | 10 i 91 — FIG.128 Differential and Integral Caleulus BXAMPLE 2, ‘The function ft) = 2 i continuous atx = 2 em n= 10) hove, doe tues st = Once tL. The gph of te function (ce Pig. 1.2) centla “break” x0 de EXAMPLE S, Is the function f(x) = gg continuous over the Imerval 0S x <5? Answer: No, since at x= 2,12) is undefined. EXERCISE 1.5 Find the value or values of x for which the function is disconti- 1 3 RL g eed txt? 2 =p deta Foare 4 : 1.8 Asymptotes Let 02) = 82, D(x) # 0, be rational fonction, Le. Nix) and D(x) are polynomials. Suppose we wish to sketch the graph of fx) A useful ad in sketching the graph of a function isto find, Sf there is any, the asymptote of ita graoh, The asymptote may be 8 vertical line (00 slope), « horizontal line (200 Hope) o€ & nom: vertical line which slants upward to the right (postive slope) or slants downward to the right (negative slope). The following definitions are used to determine the vertical and. horizontal ceymptotes. DEFINITION 1.3 The line x= i vertical sxymptote of the raph of fix) if i f(x) = = Limite 19 DEFINITION £4 ‘fhe lwey > ica horontal asymptote of the graph of f(x i im ft) ssymptote of the graph of the function de- fined by fx) EXAMPLE 2. y = 2s shorizontal gymptote ofthe graph a at ae elim gag of fix) BXAMPLE 9. ¥~ 0 ie a horizontal asymptote of the cena = EXAMPLE 4. There it*no horizontal asymptote for the = 8 since tim 2% raph of (00 = 582° since tim 5 From Definitions 1.3 and 1.4 and the examples above, we ‘an make certain generalizations which would feclitate further the process of finding the vertical and horizontal asymptotes* of the raph of the rational function defined hy the equation ftx) = BED, Dey « 0 Since N(x) and D(2) ae polynomial, we may le Pips) Es ayee + ayesha ge Oe Dewy = yet 4 BARE BL where m and n are positive intogers and ag, 8) ,...y and by, by, by a7e consiants. We now formulate the following rules for SOterpoperti of «ce ich inte and army eed30 = lin a at om ateaue =a a ‘ae ae = tim BERL NAN ain, ae = lim, (6t +8) = EXERCISE 21 Find the derivative by use of Definition 2.1, 1 2 3, . 2 yeast 5x yer tar Gwen s = /E~ 2, fina $8 Given A= nr find SA a iwntiation of Algebraic Functions 31 1a, olen Vs fee tay 14, Given are find ar ihe metre ay rometric Significance of Consider the graph of y = fx) chown in Fig. 2.2. Lat P(x) ix + Ax, ¥ + Ay) be any two points on this curve, Line $ Intersects the curve at P and @ and having inclination © is the secant line of the curve, Nove thatthe slope of § is m= tana = SE» Met anit = ae38 2nd Solution: 83rd Solution: Differential and Integra 2 FIP (0) 12 (ae +P 2) @xsie mer icres td Gray _ = ary 9 bien Atay? why? 4S (onary? by Ds ea 4 caxaty ax saen amit an wD} s-12@x+ ya = 28 (2x01 + ott Geir —4 oe BAAD) 4 (ng, by Di ae” eet) ax OMY) a ventiation of Algebra Functions 39 Le 4 Bind ity = ace 4? 4 » Be ix—nt + carety 4 aay He eee Lay + aay fanny by Ds tI. 2 et) (4) + GHP SEER) say DT + aay (oe [anes +3401) axar1F 1 280%) EXERCISE 2.2 cto te toring Se ax? + ae 6 a veges fave \ Oxt5) VT by ata oy40 a. 12 13, 4 4s. 16 11. Bvaluate 18. 18. 29, 21. Find the slope of the tangent to the cure a the given point 22. 23, 24, atte specie aur of ogee Tesi (ore ay, x8 BTR x4 (@x- 19 +5. Pat xe vare 2 ae 14,2) + 3) Differentiation of Algebraic Functions 4“ ‘tind the values of x for which the derivative is zero. ax-5 26, yor tat an yet 6x + 2a — Bit 9 ap 9" = 12e4 ar! woe ata Find the values of x given that = ana 30, y=2x~ Sx" and aay 2.6°The Chain Rule Certain functions are formed out of simpler functions by a proces of subatitution. Functions which result in this manner are tiled composite functions. " For a general discussion of composite functions, consider the functions f and g given by 9 =f (u) and u~ g(x) respectively. We hve here a situaion in which y depends on w and w in tum de- fends on x, To eliminate u, we amply substitate u =g (x) in y 9 (and tery ‘obtain «new funeion here symolay inthe formDifferential and Integral Clculus Enka between 1 and g, we shall calf the direct fonction ata 8 the inverse function Let us now focus ‘our attention, to the problem of finding the seeuttive of with respect tox or % of a hunction wetter nine form x= gy). This Inverse function rute whi 's @ accomplished by wing the so called ich we sate a8 follows: INVERSE PUNCTION RULE: HY is a differontiable functian of x detined by y= f(x), then as mverse function detined by x - giv) {sa diferente function of y and pu: ic ey Note that D11 clearly shows that the rate of change of y with respect to x (dy/dx) and the mate of change of x with re ect to y (dx/dy) are five of the inverse func Feciprocals. it also says that the deriva tion fa equal to. the reciprocal of the de. ‘eative ofthe direct function. ‘the pront of D1 ls given below. Proof of DI: Let Y = fx) and x = £(9) be inverse func. ‘ons, Then y is a funeuon x and x ls function of 7, By D1O, and ae ay = 49%, tna EXAMPLE tex 9? —4y4, tint Solution: Since x and by Duy, Pay, then P= ay? — ay os inverse Function Rule to find a We Inverse Funct & EXERCISE 23, yovi , unvE ytyty xo ve (4~ ayy 2(4y + 1p 48 tm Chin Rule to find $f and expres tho fins ane inba « Differential and Inteyral Cs 2.7 Higher Derivatives bay Recall that from the equation y & f(x), we get by ai tation te usion SF <1 yy DEY ay sera) wy 19 = y =P Le ‘The desvtive on) of the uncon i number th pcs on x Hance elf funcion of and may he Sct agxn win respec tox This proces prosted ay" indicates the mth power of leally by any ofthe following notations ic en dar aa oe ro et nat — i irene Bo pao + ioe dor a : Dx (Dyy) = Diy ae ~ Xe we roto a he tt dra ot sha eter to ged “8 gure yx aur te fx), on y=0 dena f= tte goer 2; tnt y+ 'sto be differentiated twice. EXERCISE 2.4 Further differentiations give us the derivatives of higher than 2. These derivatives are defined and denoted lows bos SA Bet + ae “tn rcieg oe ymbely"Geady double prime) md" ead wpe ‘gta plc of and rapa Sila. and el £2 cx andt® co reapecvely Te yey" shuld te wed lace a a Srd derivative 4th derivative nth derivative Jp that parenthesis are used in 3 anc (x), The vl (®) af used to distinguish xt trom the symbol yh, Re- 1 (3) while the pre- on yO) Indicates the ndh derioative of y = £ (x). The, ‘eas holds forthe symbol £ ©) (x, (Peet or second and third derivative of each ofthe following:48 Differential and Integral 8 yearor 6. ye (vt x4) ve 1s oye Fest 20. ity = YF, find t” (8) na" (8), u. ity find y* andy, 12. Find the point on the cure y = x? + 3x for yes 18, How fast does the slope of the curvey = (x? + x change atthe point where x = 2? 14, Find the rate of change of the slope of the yex'—rat(2,7) 2.8 Implicit Differentiation In the preceding sections, we have been concemed with funetions defined by the equation 00. Differentiation of Algebraic Functions s lo this form, y i aid to be an expliett function® of x. Far exam: ble, in the equation y = x2 + 4x + 9, y ls an explicit function Iy is a function of x but is not expressed explicitly in terms ‘ot, then y is sad to be an implicit function of x. In each ofthe uations below, y an implicit function of x wt ay tay =0 2-(1-x) y= 0 Peaxtt9 y VIFF tay 21 = cosy Equations (8), (4) and (5) can be written in the form given vy equations (1) and (2), Le, the right member of the equation is zero. Then, in general, an impllet function may be reprewented= hy the equation B23 ftxy=0 ‘An implicit function given in the form E (2.3) can be converted tthe form y = f(x). For instance, the explicit form of the equa lion (8) above is y= Vax" +9" while that of equation (6) is $= Arecos eS, The reader is urgod to obtain the explicit forms of ‘squations (1), (2) and (4). However, there are implicit functions which are quite difficult (and may be quite imposible) to convert to their corresponding explicit forms. Thus finding 4% from an implicit relationship between x and y is of particular importance in those cases where it is dificult (if not impossible) to obtain «explicit solution for y in terms of x. To find £ or y ofan implicit uncon, we diferente torn side ofthe uation with mapect tox tad ten soe fot Pee The oreranlvad weed mpl drains fom =F we ae for x te He tthe fox = 8) ts ‘hs ef, x ead bean ton ty.0 Differential end Integral Calculus examuea. ring uy i + 9 Sain: gh ~ eet ny- areo we EXAMPLE 2. Pind y' if +4xy+ 4y*= 0. Solution: 2 + Any’ + 4y + Syy’ = 0 Any! By’ =~ 2~ ay ae Byly! = — Gar 4yy Ye abet oF EXAMPLE 8. Find y"itx! 4 <4 Solution: Differentiating with respect to x, we have Differentiation of Algebraic Functions 7 51 sincex? Fy? = 4 Note that y" ean also he obisined without solving for 9” ins oi» wl 9. That i starting whi 2x + Zyy SOE ‘we can differentiate Rmplicity again to obtain Subsututing y = =E inthe equation above and simplfyag.we - EXERCISE 2.5 8 by implicit aitterentiation Fina £Y by implicit ait 1 wey 6x 2 veyed 3. VaFy + xy = 21 4 VER Vi= We 5, bate atyt athe 6 ey = Gry? Toy =40h +9)Ditferential and Integral Calculus 8 y= Be42y=0 10. Find y" in each ofthe fllowing: 1 yea a ateyt oat ~ 16x = my 14x? = Bay tay? 4 15, det + Gy? = 36 Find the slope of the curve atthe given point, 16 2 4 By) = Sey at (2,1) 1, Paw =1 ata,2) : 18 Pe a/R y? 5 at (4.1) : 19, xP 4tytyt=9 at(-1,2) * 2. VIR Yap 5 at(3,2) 21. A circle is drawn with its center at (8, 0) and with radi x ssuch that the circle cuts the ellipse x7 + 4y? = 16 at right - angles. Find the radius of the circle, 22, The vertex of the pambola y* = Bx is the center of an el C lipie. The focus of the parabola is an end of the minor tris of the ellipe, and the parabola and clipse intersect At right angles. Find the equation of the elise, WAP LER Some Applications ‘of the Derivative Ww erative is & powerful tool in the solution of many sn selene, engincering, geometry and economics. Among, ‘ems which you wil ind not only weful but also quite neo thoce situations which eall for mexistizing or mini sition, For instance, a manufactarer ie interested in his cost of production. An engineer may want to" o dimensions of the strongest rectangular beam that 1 from a circular log of known diameter. A farmer may he area of the largest rectangular field which he can ‘ith @ given amount of fence. We shall find that the ine isa very useful aid solving such types of problems ths chapter will introduce the students to some applica (he derivative ey ations of Tangents and Normals 1 tion 2.8, we have seen that the deviative of « function te tv spneted i the slope of the tangent to the graph of the pion othe ata eine ced Nevo mi54 Differential and Integral ‘Aviications of the Derivative 55 function. In Fig. 21, the line T i the tangent to the curve y at Py (x;, 94). The other line N perpendicular to Tat Py is the normal tothe curve. UL v = fix) is differentiable at x, Le. £ (4) exist ‘we may formulate the following definitions about the ‘normal to the curve ¥= f(x). By 2), the equation of the normal is y- 8a 2) stay 98 = 0 DEFINITION 3.1 ‘The tangent to the curve y = f(x) (p31) 8 He tne trough wk Ge)! EXERCISE 2.1 | “quations of the tangent and normal to the graph of the Kintton at the given point. DEFINITION 3.2 The normal to the curve y = f(x) (x1, ¥1) isthe line through P, and Voy Saat, 9) icdlar to the tangent at Py byte, 47 ‘The equation of the tangent is given by the points of the equation of «straight line in analytic geometry, that aM By xJE=T , (6,10) B@1) y~y=me~x,) ‘ zr 2) where m = value of y' at x =x) of m=t"(x;). Since the: is perpendicular to the tangent, then ite slope i the nega procal of the slope of the tangent. Hence the equation ef mal ie ey Bs 2) 1 (Mie wall the tangent to y = TE at (1, 2) eros the ania? Benn) Ba2) yy, [At what point on the curve xy? = 6 will the normal pass Weigh the origin? whereas defined above m =f (x) is ‘Pout tbe area of the triangle formed by the coordinate axes fet the tangent to xy = 5 at (1, 5). out the area of the triangle bounded by the coordinate shesand the tangent to y = x2 atthe point (2, 4) EXAMPLE: Find the equations of the tangent and a‘ the curve y= x? at the point (2,8), Solution: The point of tangency is (2 8) Hence x; Woot the area of the triangle formed by the x-axis, the yi © 8, Since y’« 38°, then m = 3(2)* = 12, ‘aoyent and normal to xy = a (2,2) By B(8.1), tho equation of the tangent i ut the tangent to x? + y= 8 and parallel to 2x-y y-8=19(x~2) 1 . 1 uta normal of elope to the curve y* = 2x aru of slope or ae56 Differential and integral C 18. Show that the tangent with slope m to y? yom 4.2 Angle Between Two Curvor The angle between two point of inter may ve defined a Une angle betwen thir tongenis dt th of intersection. It the. tangents ate not perpendivilar to ‘ther, then such tangents form a pair of ace angles anda obtuse angles, The aeute and obtiee angles are supplement For a general discussion of this conevpt, consider the y =f) (x) and y = T4(8) which interes al'a point P, (x a6 shown in Fist 3.24 Lat ty and Oy be the imelinations tangents T, and T, ‘at Py respectively, Let g be the an tween these tangents. Then, by definition, 6 is also the Dotween the curves. Tt can easly be shown that $y 8 ste teated by the equation ° ne wo ‘Then taking the tangent of bth sides of (1), we get tang tan (88%) (2) a tang = 0% — tan, (a) $e cay Let my and mz be the slopes of and T, respectively my tan and m, = tans. 8 (3) above, we obtain Some Applications ofthe Derivative 8 FIG. 3.2 The sgn of tan ¢ in (4) is positive oF negative depending ‘inom the values of m, ‘and m, or on the order in which mand ote used. IF tan 8"> 0, then @ ie acute and if tan 6 < 0! then 's obtuse: In most books, it is customary to find only the angle of interection beiween the curves. The same is true this Sook, Since tan > O-if @ i6 acute, then we may use absolute value symbol in the right member of (4). Thus ur Final formula would be £033) am | wo-|j a= & [hoo], = £ [neo]ar,58 Differential and Integral Calculus EXAMPLE: Find the acute angle of intersection between the curves x? = By and xy = 8. Solution: Solving the given equations simultancously, we got x = (and y = 2. Hence the point of inter Section is Py (xy. ¥p) = (42) as shown in Pig 33. Differentiating the frst equation x* ~ 8y, we got 4 aan imilaly, differentiating the sseond equation xy eet 48 ae me 22-1 areca plc Then by E33), we obtain tng =bI Hence, @ = Arcian 3 o=7 Some Application of the Derivative se FIG. 3.3 EXERCISE 3.2 Find the ccute angle between the given curves. 1 y= axand 4x? + ay? + By =0 2 xP y? = Sandy? = det 8 3 xty 4 daty= Se? and x? = day 4298 = Ox and ax? = — Ay 5. yt 4y=Bandty=4 6. xy= andy? = 12x: yime Differential and Integral cations of the Derivative 6 a Ls (ey EXERCISE 3.3. We interval oF intervals where the function increasing and wssecreasing. 1 tgs 2? + 3x8 ~ 966 Payer ats 4 Aay= @ ~ 97 Im each of these subintervals, fx) is either 4 May 3x7 - 6x—9 sling or decreasing, In the subinterval 1, i {choose any convenient value of © wi interval), wwe sce that (x) > and quently fix) 8 increasing in 1 It 1 f(x) <0 and f(x) ie docreasne in 1,10 f(x) > O and f(x) is increasing m1,” The of the function is shown in Fy. 3.8 Wuser sorta ” toy xt Ge + Bae — 2A 4 12 w- whether the function is increasing or decreasing in the * teri wave 8 wena [23] fix) = 6x2, ( 13] He ox? = 4x +2x, [0.2] 7 er 6x +a — 4x", [1,3] a nim Yat Pt — ses y=) tntin wi conto fa Inain. Lot the graph of this function be represented by ‘ei shown in Figs 84 in the preceding section. For the i si the curve, we observe that, between A and B re>o65 co cy ’ oo” SPN YD Ditterential and integral Caleulus Next, we consider x = 3, Following the pro cedure above, we find that when x< 3. y= (4)(-) = (Jory <0 when x >, y= (4)U4) = Cory’ > 0 ‘This satisfies (2) of FDP and therefore, y is @ ‘minim a x= 3. Substituting x = 1 in y= x! - 6x8 + Ox ~ 3, we get y = 1 which isthe maximum value ofthe function. Likewise, substituting x = 3, we get y=— 8 This is the minimum valve of the func: Therefore, the maximum point is (1,1) and she ‘minimum’ point is (3, ~ 3). The graph of the function is shown in Pig. 8.7. y FIG.97 ‘Some Applications of the Derivative 6 EXERCISE 3.4 Find the value or values of x for which the given function has a snaximum ora miaimura value 1 y= Be 90 44 Ro yaw ant ae 8 yraet oe 7 yee mae 8 Ay te +24x° : @ yee tat oes 8 to yeas 1. at +3 coos 2 yew mor toes 1B y= de ox? + aK 4 a. y=(x—2yt 3. Significance of the Second Derivative In soction 3.4, it was shown how the sign ofthe fist deriv tive or y" ofa function y = f(x) determines whethor the function ‘» maximum or a minimum at a eritical value of x ina given iaa A Gms terval. Now we shall show how the sign of the second derivative or y" may be used for the same purpose Doints @ and B added ws shown in Fig'3.8 Fo the me Serve that the curve alway lee Elow i tangent it kcoe, tomary to sty, in this cae, tha tw cure b coneare dove (Gi son trom below). tis clay seam, teens the foe te ; part'QCR, the curve always lies above its tangent. Here, we sy 4) ory" measures the rate of change of the slope of a curve thatthe ere ie enone spear (an soe ros tee) Ditferential and Integral Caleulue Avplications of the Derivative 69 ‘oor we'll hat by definition ay a() a al ay the slope ofthe carve othe tangent at any point, then Consider again the graph in Fig. 3.4 but this time with ys a) at slong ABQ of the curve in Fig. 8.8, a (lope) ie neg r slong QCR, “A (slope is positive. Hence, we conclude "ihe graph of y = f(x) i concave upward ify" > O ana vaneave downward ify" < 0, y 1s maximum point and C is a minimum point, then we ) Th graph of y = fx) is concave downward at a maxi- 7 ‘um point and concave upward at a minimum point vs (0) andl (i), we may formulate «test for determining motion y = f(x) i a maximem ora minimum at ert wn Derivative Test (SDT) 7 0) he function y = fx) ia maximum atx =a 1 (a) = Oand £" (a) <0. "we funetion y = f(x) isa minimum atx = a 10 (@)=Oands” (2)> 0. ss that H€€° (@) 0 oF if f(a) does not exist, then SDT this particular situation, we may use EDT. Fic.3.8 ye ee 2 Be Sa minim ora0 DDitferential and Integral Solution: yar 4o-8 ons tment 1) a hal» = Ma oof y= Ox? — 12e + 9= Bx ~ 1) Jervetne changes sign es the value of x inereote through andy" = 6x~ 12 nt (2) states that the second dertatve is zero But the rut not equal to zero at x =a. then y= fix) has failection at sa Setting ¥ Land x note that 0, we get x 2 Pind the vahies of x for which the curve of when y= xt ~ 4x" has points of inflection. when 1yy'o lan: Y= dx? — 1888 = Axt(a— a) ‘Therefore, the function is @ maximum and 8 minimum at x= 3, The resulta yo = Apa? ~ Bx = 12x (x ~ 2) With the rerults in the example given i 7 O andx-= 2, Now we test ating ¥" = 0, we got wale. ‘A point whore the senso of concavity changes is point of inflection. For instance, in Fig. 3.8, consider ‘The curve to the left of Q is concave downward wh (0) By statement (2) right, the curve is conceve upward. Hence @ is a pount Forx=0: when x<0,y">0 tion.’ Like the maximum and minimum points, the pok when x>0,y" <0 fection isan essential feature of a carve when one ie ‘raph of & function, For when x< 2,9" <0 a It can be shown that if y = f(x) ha a point of in when x>2.y">0 x=, then £" (2) = 0 oF f" (a) doot not exit, To de F the clave of the function has a point of inflection at Since the sign of y” changes in either cave, then - inde; we tay ose any of Oe footing tases the curve of the function has points of inflection atx= Oandx = 2 + POINT OF INPLECTION TESTS (PIT) - (61 By Statement 2) (2) I f@) = Oana fx) % 0 for x q, then y = f(x) bas a point of int Differentiating further y", we get saa y" = 2x 24~ 24 (= 1), When x= 0, y" =-2440 When x=2, y= 2440 Since 9" # 0, then the carve ofthe function has points of inflection at wach values of (2) IEE (@) =Oandit e*(@) + 0, then y= A(x) hay of inflection a8 a yIneSee 2 Differential and Integral ‘some Applications ofthe Derivative 8 EXERCISE 3.5 hhons in a surprisingly wide variety of problems in acience, engi ‘ering, geometry, economics, and other disciplines concerned ‘wth maxima apd minima, These probleme, whether they are of Practical importance or simply of theoretical mterest, are often twforred to.a8 “max-min” problems. In solving problems of this "yp, no general rule applicable in all cases ean be given. However, ths reader may fin the following stops possibly helpful: Find the value (or values) of x for which the curve of function has a point of inflection 1 y=(e- 1 e- 6) 2. ymax? — 3x! — 36r + 25 1. Draw a figure whenever necessary and denote the variable ‘quantities by x,y, 2, te 2 Identity the quantity to be maximized or minimized and express it in terme of other variable quantities If ‘possible, express this quantity in terms of one indepen: * Sent variable, 8 yao be FL Aye ae Hoe 5, y=ax'— Lox! + 200° +3 3, Find the first derivative of the function and set it to zero. (why?) The roots of the reulting equation are the etical numbers which will give the desired maxisiam oF minimum value ‘of the function, (Note: ‘The critical ‘number which gives a maximum or a minimum valie'may be veritied by SDE However, in practice, the desired ‘value can be selected st once ay inspection.) HXAMPLE 1: A long strip of tin 30 cm wide is to be made into « gutter with rectangular eroms section by Pind the maximum, minimum or inflection point of each given curve. Sketch the graph, yee nse td 1. 4y= Bet ~ 160° + 24x? 8. aya 4 ax onto cee ting up sal wifi Song the gs ind i the dap of he ger leh Vise ese caring cml. : wove al Seton: Lata depth ft ptr ig 2) 1 = bar ofthe ener ro ction yoo I= sna tne recangalr oe esion wae wrest i og 246 Application of Maxi and Minna | } ‘The methods of determining the maximum or Pee eee vie of + fiom Int peodeg con Bnd pr eet , nose™ Ditterential and Integral Calculus ‘tferential and Integra Calculus ® ‘To insur the greatest carrying capacity, we must make the area of the cro soction aspen a: poate That The volume of the eine tank ie sremasinie A Thus veh oy any a) Diterentaing (1) wit respect to, Bu at y= 90 @ From (2), weet BA waar ner 8B 4 oom y= 20-2 ® 7 * Subting (2) in (2), we obtain an Set nd volving or 2, we et ‘A= 900— ” ting ng for 2, we Diterentiating (4) with respect to es ia aa ; hm 30-4 Similarly, lterentiating (2) with respect to 5 Setting A 0, we obtain afiul a 20-ax=0 ene BE ay (Boe V coma) xe 18em EXAMPLE 2: closed ylndie tank (Pig. 3.10) tobe made andl for dh we get ‘ith ied volume, Find the rte ceeens i tthe tank which wil equi the oat coooee Stine in ag e “ Solution: This problem amounts to finding the relation bet- 7 ating (3) and (4), we have ween the height h and the radius r of the tank of Eq (J inition surface ares and ise loa JS Tema fam ci he ton = The i fps eels ee aor the east amount of raterus making te eae peereeree : - with @ fixed volume is that the height should FIG.8.10 ‘The quantity to be minimized is A. Thus be twice the radius of the base. Am APH ARTY Ay ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION: Another solution SUTMRNAT YE SOLITON, aera oars i a function of a single variable, Thus in this16 Differential and Integral Caleulus problem, we may express A in terms of the variable . We start with the two equations (1) and (2) given above, That i, A= Bert + nth a Voeaen 2 rom (2), solve for h, 5 © Substitute () in (2) ond simplify 40 Differentiating (4) with respect to r, keeping in mind that V is a constant, we get a it # serine $8 0 ser 0 eo meny © Substitute (2) in (8). We get are =P =a which agrees with the result of our fit sohution above EXERCISE 3.6 A closed right circular cylindrical tank is to have e capacity fof 1286 a. Find the dimensions of the tank that wil re- ‘ure the least amount of material in making It Lions ofthe Derivative Inne of an open box with a square base is 4,000 en? 1 si simensions of the box if the material used to make 5 te volume of the largest rght circular eylinder that ean ut oom a eitelar cone of radius «7m snd height 9 em, 1 ve height of the right circular cylinder of maxiasum ie thst can be ineribed in a sphere of radius 15 em, 5 t climensions of the largest rectangle that ean be ins tn the elipgo Ox? + 26y? ~ 144, The sides of the xi ate parallel to the axes of the ellipse. nevles trapezoid has a lower base of 16 em and the ig vides are each 8 om. Find the width of the upper ill gutter fe to be made from asheot of tin 22 cm Tr lionding up the edges, Ifthe base Ie 14 em wide, stuth across Uhe top gives the greatest carrying capa Af the bases and altitude of an isosceles trapezoid is Vind the altitude if the area ie to be a maximum, i with a rectangular base is to be constructed on a vn tw form of aright triangle with legs 18 m and 24 m. willing has one side along the hypotenuse of the angular field is €o be enclosed and divided into four its hy fences parallel to one of the sides. A total Ti oikt auers of fence are available. Find the area of the "tnt that can be enclosed, I floor area 18 m? it divided into six cubicles of 1 ‘laue aron by epecting two wooden partitions 2 m high sw! 1 one wall and another partition 2 m high paralel sive wall, Find the dimensions of the room if the sant of wood is used ‘window, consisting of a semicircle sarmounting a has a given perimeter. Find the radius of the se cami the most light voecular cone of radius R and altitude H is creams: ‘sphere of radius r, Pind the relation between8 Differential and Intogral and rif the volume of the cone isto be a minimum. 4. Find the lengths of the sides of an isosceles triangle fiven perimeter ite are is to be as great as possible. 15. An oll can with a given volume is made in the sh Glinder surmounted by a cone, If the radius of the, ual to 9/4 of ts altitude h find the relation betw the beight Hf of the cylinder for minimum surface 16, The sector of a cicle of radius r has a given peri Show that L = 47 for maximum area of the 17. A rectangle is inscribed in the ellipse b?x* + ay? ‘pith each of ite sider parallel 10 an axis of the ell the greatest perimetar which the rectangle ean have 18. A wire of length L is cut into two pieces, one of ‘ent into the shape of a eicle and the other into ff an equilateral inane Find the length of esch thatthe sum of the enclosed areas is a minimum. 18. Find the length of the longest beam that can be Fzontally trom & corridor of width a into a co tridth b ifthe two cormidors are perpendicular toe 20. A man in 2 boat 6 km from the nearest point Pon a Shore wishes to reach # point Q down the straight 412 kim from P. On water, ho can travel 4 km/hr and) 5 km/hr. How far from P should he land in order ‘ie hi total travel time? 21, A tine is drawn perpendicular to the x-axis cutting fabola y= te — a7 and fhe line y = 12~ 2c at tnd L respectively. Find the value of x which distance from L to P « minimum. 22, ‘Tho upper and lower veruoes of a rectangle He on soe By and x” = 4y sfspectivey. The sides of {angle ace parallel tothe coBrdinate axes. Find the ares of the rectangle. 23, The points (3, 2) and (1,6) ie on the ellipse y? + Find’ point on the ellipse so that the ares of the having those three poinss se vertices i a maxiroum. Find she point on the curve y = x? which ism point (4,0). 24 Any lwations ofthe Derivative 9 ‘Fet the point on the curve y =-3 V18 ~ <° (first-quad. feo wor a tangont ay be dian so that the are of We tengle formed by the tangent lite and the coordinate fers minimum: ‘A vangula field isto be fenced, one side of which isthe i of straight river_It is given that the material for the Fes posite sides conts 73,00 per meter and the material [he vi: side opposite the river costs 76.00 per meter. fan sit of 700,00 is available, what should’ the dimensions ‘econcloae 8 maximum ages? muslacturer of certain brand of appliance estimates hw can sell 5,000 units a year at 7900.00 each and that ‘om sell 1,500 units more per year for each 100.00 en in price, What price per unit will give the greatest re rectangular ox whose base is twice as long as it feute has a volume of 86,000 cm*. ‘The material for the ms 10 centavor per Sq. em; that for the sides and wn costs 5 centavos per sq. cm. Find the dimensions ‘ill make the cost of making the box 4 minimum. anes grower observes that if 25 mango tees are planted Tivtare, the yield is 450 mangoes per tree and that the ur tree decreases by 10 for each additional tree per fa How many trees should be planted per hectare to ne maximum erop? + te to be charted for an excursion. The bus company re 20,00 per ticket if not more than 200 passengers ith the trip. However, the company agres to reduce the ye | every ticket P0.05 for each passenger in excess of sengers. What number of passengers will produce the wun ross income? re Hates Al that if y= fe), then §¥ i the rate of change of y wo x Hence ify = f(t, then fis the rate of change sect to If t denotes the time, then $1 i simply i the time rate of change of 7. Likewise, $i the "ange of x. These rates of change ave related by theDitferontial and Integral 80 ~vne Applications of the Derivative at £04) dyads eae {iw vole of the wale inte tank time ts ® i a for example, ify = x7 44x +9, hen “2 =24% 4 and Anh 40°C (ar4) © thisequaton inant 0 be theres of ating both ves ot yo gt tax wit respect toy «pe are to find thon we ave to expres Va a function of ‘Thue in practice, ta find ofthe equation y = He), “hn Pig 31 and by similar tags, we have fet the dervatve of y with respect to x and then ul at a reaultty ge at Many phyticol problems deal with rater of change Solving fr (2), we ast ties with reapact to lime, For inelane, when wale ep 2 tank, tne water surace tering with resect to tne ey « ‘chenze in the water level may be expressed in terms of 8 : charge, of the depth of the water. If we denote this d then 2 iy the time rate of change of the depth. Simi represents the volume, then 3Y isthe tie rte of sha Substituting (8) in (1) and simplifying, we obtain : av ev Bah? ® ‘volume, IV =f), then by E (3-4), we have 3Y = SY v= Sah : Im solving “time rate" oroblem itis important Differentiating (4) with respect to € that all quantitier which change with respect to time denoted by letters Do not substitute che numerical valu av. geht ah 6 tariable until after differentiation with respect to the a er at done EXAMPLE 1: Water is poured into a conical tank 8 m Swbetitating 8Y = 10 and h = 5 in (5), lop and 8 m deep at the rate of 10 m"/ fast is the water level rising when the 10 the tank is § m deop? 2252 ah © ‘oa dt Solving for in (6, we obtain sh 128 my min at ibe AMPLE 2: A ship A ie 20 km west of another ship B, If A sails east at 10 kr/nr and at the same time Solution: (See Fig. 9.11) AC time t let = radius ofthe water surface bbe depth of the water V= volume of the water Ta 7 F sails north at 30 km, find the rate of change 1 is given that 44 = 10 m/min of the distance between them at the end of LL required to find fat the instant br FIG. 3.11 om82 Ditterental and Integral Caleulus Solution: (See Fig. 2.12) At time t et ‘3 distance between the ships x = distance traveled by ship A t mK 1 FIG. 312 1 is required that we find ff when t= 1 hr, Using the right trangle in Pig. 312, we get the relation (20-47 +9? a Diterentating (2) with respect v9 vlitying, ae) @ Solving for » in (1) and substituting these values of x and y, we have VO ‘Some Applications of the Derivative B = VEO= FF 8vE Substituting the values of x, y, 8S and $Y in @), we get a ae a = (20~ 5) 19) + 18) (30) at 1B VE = 10 VT km/hr Alternative Solution: Another approach is to + ‘express in terms of { only, To obtain this, we suostitute x = 10t and y = SOL in (1). ‘Thue = (20— 10H? + (S00? ose V@O=IOH ONT, Differentiating. = “tt - 2120 = 40 (10) + 21909.(90) de> OS a0 ont G00 Substituting ¢= 1/2, we get ass i 88 = 10 emir EXERCISE 3.7 ‘The radius of aright circular cone is increasing atthe rate of 6 cm/sec while ie altitude decreasing at 3 cm/sec. Find the rate of change ofits volume when its radius is 8 em and Its altitude is 20 em, {A ladder 6 m tong leans aguinst a vertical wall. The lower end fof the ladder is moved away from the wall at the rate of 2 m/min. Pind the rate of change of the area formed by the wal, the oor and the ladder when the lower end is 4 m from the wall.pata BPITNE 8 10. Differential and Integral Calculus Aboy 5 ft tall is walking away from a stret light at the rate 61 3 tse. Ifthe light le 12 ft above the level ground, deter fine (a) she rate at which his shadow is lengthening, (0) the fate at which the tip of his shedow le moving and (e) the vate ft which his head ie receding from the light when he is 24 ft from the point directy below the light Water is running out of a conical tank 3 m across the top and 44m deep at the rate of 2m" min. Find the rate at which the level of water drops when itis 1m from the top. A reservoit isin the form of a frustum of a cone with upper base of radius 9 f and lower base of radius 4 and altitude ‘of 10 ft. The water in the reservoir lex Ut deep, Ifthe lvel of the water is increasing at 4 f/min, how fart the volume of the water in the reservoir increasing when its depth is 2 10? NOTE: The volume of a frustrum of x cone of upper base radius, Rand lower base radius rand height bs Vooden! +24 Re) At noon, ship A is sailing due east at the rate of 20 kmh. [At the same time, another ship B, 100 kim east of ship A, is ‘ailing on a coures 60° north of wast atthe rate of 10 ki. How fast is the distance between them changing atthe ud ‘of one hr? When will the distance between them be least? AA ship is sailing north at 22 km/he. A second ship saibng feast al 16 km/hr crosses the path of the first ship 85 km ahead of it. How fast isthe distance between them changing ‘one hour later? When aro they closest together? "Two roads intersect at 60°. A car 10 miles from the junction moves towards it at 30 mihr while @ bus 10 miles from the Junction moves away ftom it at 60 mijhr, Caleulats the rate at which the distance between the vehicles is changing at {the end of 20 min [A boidge i 10 m above a vallroad track and at right angles to it A train running at the rate of 20 mie paces under the center of the bridge at the same instant that car running 418 m/s reaches that point. How eapidly are they separating 8 seconde later? A light at eye level stands 7 meters from « house and 5 me- ters from a path leading fom the house to the street. mpan walks alona the path nt 2 meters per second. Find the rate tons of the Derivative ry + sJuh his shadow moves along the wall ofthe house when #1 Tineters trom the hous, Post 3m high is 6 my from a wall, A man 2m tll is ix directly from the post toward the wall al 2.5 mms, How Tost is his shadow moving up the wall when he il 525 fon ae wal? 1s solume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 6 em? min ‘Hew tase is the surface aten increasing when the length of an fet poured at the rate of 10m? /min so as to form aco ‘neu! ple whose altitude is always equal to the radiue of is fe ind the vate at which the area of its bage is increasing fehs the adis 8 . ‘A wos whose ross section is an equilateral trang i 6 m boy ant 2m wile across the lop. IC water i entering the Weis at 15 m® min, at what rae i the water level sing ia Me th when ite theee fourths fll? Wor is poured into an invetted conical estern of altitude 1 6 ond radius of bose 5 Tl If the water level rises at 30, Wu Tind the rate at which the dry surface of the inside of we sso is deoreasingwhen the water is 4 ft deep, A wrcal iron ball 8 em in diameter ix coated with a layer fof +f uniform thickness. IF se ice melts at the uniform {au 10 em join, ow fast isthe thickness deevensing at fe sstont whem iis 2 om chick? Wares flows out of a hemispherical mk at a rate which is 4 fois the square voot of it depth. If Une radius of the tank is 1" how fasts the water lve felling when the water is 4 ft tory? Hints Use the formula for the volume of # spherical wonenisbe v= Pekar B) ‘near Mation 1 vouly which moves in a straight line is said to be moving \ motion, If the moving body is stall in comparison vance it covers, then It Is customarily referred to aa a ls the directed distance of @ particle P from a fixed © cooréinate line (Fig. 8.13) If the motion of P along- 85 Difterential and integral the line is given by the equation s = f(t), then the veloc the acceleration 2 ae defined ae follows: © be de B85) vate et av ae 8 (36) tim avd ato at a ¥IG, 3.13 ‘Thus, we note that the velocity u the time rate of the distance while the acceleration is the time rate of oh the velocity. The sbsoluta value of the velocity is called of the particle ‘The sign of the velocity determines the direction of of « particle P relative to its starting point. It can be (a) I> 0, the particle P is moving to the right (b) Ifv< 0, the particle P is moving tothe left ‘The sign of the eeceleration determines whether the increases withthe Lime, It ean iro be shown that (a) If a> 0, the velocity vis increasing. (&) 1fa< 0, the velocity vis decreasing EXAMPLE 1; The motion of particle moving om ac Tine is given by Poe tata Describe and diagram the rectilinear m 120. nivation ofthe Derivmtve 8 cette ae ait 9-30 ne-9) av a=G]= 6 a2= 60-2) Hence v= Owhen t= Land t= 3 onda Owen 2 We observe that (a) When t< 17> 0 anda < 0, Hence during, the time t < 1, the particle is moving to the Fight with decreasing velocity, (©) When I< t< 2, v< 0 and a < 0, Hence uring this time’ interval, the particle is moving to the left with decreasing velocity (©) When 2 0, Hence during thi time interval, the particle is mo ving to the left with increasing. velocity. (@) Finally, when t> 3, ¥>Oand a > 0. Hence during the time interval ¢ > 2, the particle is moving to the right with increasing veloc wy The motion decribed above is shown scheme tically in Fig. 8.14, Note that when t= 0, the par ticle is at § = 3 and moving to the right with v= 8. The particle continues to move to the right Santi t= when ¥ = 0. Since s 7 when t= 1, then the particle momentarily stops after moving 4 units to the right of is orginal position when {= 0. 1 then reverses direction and moves to the left until t= 3, When t= 3, = Oands~ 3, Thus It comes to stop again upon reaching its ‘original position, Then it tums right and moves off to infinity88 Differential and Integr eq ieonesris eeeeeere ae ie at One of the most important types of rectilinear mot that with constant acceleration. For exumple, freely falling rear the earth's surface moves with a constant ecelerabi Freely faling we mean that ait resistance is ncglected. Th tant ef acceleration due to gravity ie denoted by g ad is cally equal to 32 fy/ste* or S80 emis” Consider a body in rectilinear motion which moves ve upward of downward. The effect of gravity is to slow th down if itis rising and speed it up i it falling, Suppose @ thrown vertically ypward fom a point A with an initia, vo It can be shown that its distance » ft from the statin at the end of fae B13.7) ~ 16 B38) 490 vome Note that s > 0 ifthe body is above A andl « < 0 if it tbe I the body were thrown downward, then we consider ¥ EXAMPLE 2: A body is thrown vertically upward fre ‘ound with an intial velocity of 96 fy/see the maximum height attained by the body. Solution: Substituting vo = 96 in E (3.7), we have = 960-168 @ Then by E (35), v= 96~ sat ra Some Applicaton of the Derivative 9 [At the highest point, v = ©. Honce trom (2) 96~ sat t = Bae This ig the time required to reach the highest point, Substituting t= Sin (1), we got a= 14458, Hence the maximum helght attained by the body 1a fe EXERCISE 3.8 In each of the following, s (in ft) is the directed distance of mowing body or particle from the origin at time ¢ (in sec) on ‘ordinate line. Describe and diagram the motion fot ¢> 0, 1 se 20 ~ 150 + s6t 2 en Poe toes set ie +5 eer esters Pind the values of for which the velocity is increasing bse ere G s-P- 1 +8 seta +5 sss ar 4 Is VBE+ J, find the velocity and acceleration when = 2, ly Ifs= =, find the velocity when the acceleration is 2 = a0? ~ 1609, when will the acceleration be zero? "An object is thrown vertically upward from a point on the ound with an initial velocity of 128 Te/see. Find (a) its, Velocity at the end of 3 ste, (b) the time required to reach the highest poin, and (c) the maximusm height attained,%0 14 4 Differential and Integral Calculus A body is thrown vertically upward from 2 point on the ‘ound, If st attaine a maximum helght of 400 meters, find Rs initial velocity. From the top of a building 42 meters high, a body is thrown, vertically upward with an initial velocity of 26 meters per Second. Find (a) its greatest dstance from the ground and (©) ita velocity when it strkas the ground, ‘An object thrown vertically upward from the ground res: ches a certain height after 2 sec and rotume to the same height on descent, 8 se later. Find ita initial velocity and the height in question. chapter 4 Differentiation of Transcendental Functions We shall discuss in this chapter the differentiation of « new lus of functions. These functions which are not algebraic sre called transcendental functions. The trigonometric functions td their inverse, together with the logarthmle and exponential func tons, are the simplest tranzcendental functions 4.1 The Function Consider the function f defined bythe equation £0) = gu This funtion assumes the meanings form or = 0. However, Se imi of the nton xs wen uapreahe st, To pore honed Fig. 1 whee ae AC wana an eles eee in radians) at the center 0 of a circle of radius r. ee FIG. 4.1 Btry Differential and Inteerl Caleule Stion: tim bbe the perpendicular to OA and BC be the tangent ae to the circle at C. From the figure, we note that Area of AODC < Ares of sector AOC < Area of 1OBC a $ (0D) (De) < (0a? (wy < (OC) (CB) (ay By Trigonometry and with = OC, we got the following relations OD = rows DC = sin = (B= rtana zoe ‘Substituting these values in (1)-we have Dividing each term of (2) by $+ simu, we got ‘Taking the reciprocal of the terms in (3) “ From: (4), we note that as u-0, cosu~land gehy-r1 Since Ups lice between cosu and cqlr,, both of whies epproach one as u fpprosches 2670, then ful" 1. We now formally state this fact aia theorem, ‘T(4A1) If the angle wie in radians, then the ratio 8 appro: cher uolly a8 Wapproches seo, In symbol, 110 tim S88 EXAMPLE 1: Evaluate lim X+ sin ‘ach ofthe following limits linn 1 tim 08. 11 im EXERCISE 41 : ce SSE ee sink 300s 9 3shea Lint % Differential and intra \atwon of Transcendental Functions 98 4, tim at 9, Wim Lx cost ty fates Bo Tes re a i 7 10, im = tim “SMU Au) ¢ 5. lim tae x-o neo a! fa 2eos(u + ¥ au) sin + au = tig Poona ts setae wayey 44.2 Difterentiaton of Trigonometsc Functions : cm S84 Faw) inf a ‘The following formulas are used for. differentiating [ep sean emerreenecee metric functions, The eymbol w denotes an arbitray di funetion of « = lim cos(u + Au) tim sin + ou a0 Avo 8 pu conu #s - on(u 0) A eos =-sinu tt pia: con) =-sinu etre, com puts ttm) = seo wl a a vine bots ie by 8 we ge pis: copes + ty da du dh ae" A pie: yee = secutamu st 4 cgay a du ae” ONG pit; &(eeuy=-cseweotu Serres We shal give tho proofs of the fin te formulas 4 sina)» cons 8 ‘of the remaining three should be carried through by the & 8 ay In proving D12, we shall use Definition 2.1 (Chapter 2) Jer m3: proof. owe D19, we may use again Definition 2.1 and L10 but rv. its proof ts based on the result already achieved for 9, by sng D12. Proof of D12: Let y ~ sinu where u is a function of x: Then we sin (u # 4u) — sina, By Definition 2.1,96 Differential and Integral ‘uterontition of Transcendental Functions 7 In trigonometry, we have the folowing relations ‘Therefore, we have a 8 fiton) ~ inc Glam = eet sina > c08 ( be-u) w ‘The following examples illustrate the use of the formula for ‘coru = sin (fw) 2 : “iterentiating trigonometric Functions: Differentiating (2) with respect tox, sr cmyeant FXAMPLE 1; Find 8 ity = singe sof Sotto We note tay = sn aa th om’y = sin = simu (. au) with u= 4x. Hence dalla Pe ay a ; Tht Be cnte ca) ty Did & (conn =— sinu Proof of D14: Seer We ase D2 and 18 to prove D1, Sine = tect ; tan = 8 rnaseura: Pod $y lata i Solution: If we write y= sin? 4x as 5 takes the form y = uP with u ‘Then differentiating both sides = a. uy he use of D7. Thus. em SS) ‘This suggets the use of D7. Th i 48 aon nts wor a = tein? dxcontx thea ou conucom $Y — sin (~ sn) = = Skin? 4x cont (4) = 12cin* Axcosdts As we get more familiar withthe formulas and their uses, we perform some steps mentally and thus shorten our solution, instance, in Example 2, we may omit some stops given above, Hiuein practice, the problem it worked out slenpl this way: RENEEXAMPLE 3: Solution: EXANPLE 4: Solution: Ving = 12sin® Axcosts 8Y ty = tan’ Find ity = tant x yo tant bx SZ stam? sxsec* ox (8) by D7, Die = 20tan? Sete! Bx Find the height of a ight circular cylinder of ma- imum volume that can be inscribed in «sphere ‘of radius 15 om. ‘This can be solved by the method used in Chap! ter 8. In fact this is Problem 4 in Exercise 36, ‘This time, we shall solve it by using trigonometric functions In Fig. 4.2, we have Ihe height of the eplings = radius of the base Let V = volume of the cylinder. We are asked to find h for maximum ¥. FIG.4.2 Differentiation of Transcendental Functions 99 ‘The volume ofthe cylinder is Venrh wo Since we are going to solve thie by use of tigo- ometrie functions, we introduce O as Our new Variable. From the right triangle in Fig. 42, we ‘obtain the following relations: inech b= 80c098 Sain e @) Substituting (2) and (8) in (1) and simptiying, V = 6150» sin? cos (4) Difterentiaing (4) with respect to & Boerne [ex.s sco (ansene] = 6750r (sin6} (2cos* — sin?) os 8750 (sind) (26089 sin? 6) = 9 ‘Then we have : sin@=0 (discard tie value) ed: | aston antec Boost (1 costo} = 0 eos? A 1 = 0 cone Substituting this value in (2), we obtain he 10VF em,thea Paine 100 WY and simplify the result whenever possible ind 4 and simplify the result whenever p 10. u 2 13. 16. 16. M. 18, Differential and Integr Calculus EXERCISE 4.2 atx dsm yang yosinse — Dosa? 1 y= sint4x + Pcos8 y= axcon-S— sin 3 = Zc+ Z sinscose + bcos? ssinx y= Berd sinxcoss + } Y= sinx + 2xcomx — Brine y= sin (x +4) c08 (x ~ 4) 1 = cosdx yond > Stand 4 tan? Ox Y= sect x + tan? ax soo here! yy y, sect Bian 97 see! Bx — Seve y= cach x — oot? = Bcot! X + cot Z— scot 2 —x yon geet gt ently Sen cos (xy) = xy sin@ct yexty xeony = sin (x+y) n of Transcendental Functions 10 ins + yom = 0 the following problems by making use of Trgonometnc the dimensions of the right cireular cylinder of maxi i Iaeral surface area which ean be inscribed in «sphere lis 4, strength of a rectangular beam is proportional to the Ith and the square of the depth. Find the dimensions he strongest heam that can be cut from a circular log of, 1 the length of the shortest ladder which wil reach from round level to high vertical wall ft must clear an Bt (esl fence which is 27 rom the wall 1 the volume of the largest conical tent that ean be cons td witha slant height of 12 f. eer 10 f Tong leans against vertical wall. The upper ms down tho wall at 6 ftjsee. How fast is the ladder wig when it takes an angle of 30° with the ground? of the equal sides of an isosceles triangle has cons length of 4 ft. Ifthe angle @ between theso sides in +t the rate of 10 radjse, find the rate at which the ve mvreasing when 6 ‘sotenuse ofa right triangle is 25 f. If one of the seute increases at the rale of & degrees per second, how "the area increasing whea the ange is 80 degrees? wutstion of Inverse Trigonometrie Functions wall rom trigonometry that Aresinx iff x= siny and - $ S¥ SFPata RUINE 102 0m of Transcendental Functions 303 Note, that without restricting the values of y in [$+ juke equation y= Aresinx: does not define « " resinu) ‘The reason for this is that for any valve of x in the inter ys (cone) there are infinitely many values of y which wil salisty tion y= Arcsinx®. However, with thi restriction, wa {or each value of x in [= 1, 1], there Is a unique valve instance, (Arccots) y= Avsin y= 1 aveseeu) y= Arcsin (=1)=— Xi garcescu) = ‘The notation Sin'x is often used for Arcsinx but in 7 we shall use the “Arc” notation. * The definition of the nm: inverse vigonometi fenton ares fellow Lat y= Aresina a Y= Arccom iff ony and OS ¥ S How a= siny °& = Arcany itt tany and $c yc Ihterentatng (2) with respect tox du ay Y= Arccotx iff x = coty and O 0 for O au aqusy) + a+ de (ex 2yds oud aaa as, tun = adv + vd i), wd a 46. of - _ (gs =2—eayde - aS158 EXAMPLE 2. Solution: Differential and In ey Note: In practice, we simply get of the right member of the ‘multiply It by dx. Thus for Tem, the solution will sy as follows 4x? 4 ox ax! + 5x on dy = (Ox? ~ 8x + Syd ay, ind {¥ py means of diterentialsit Find y lax y wee xy + sinx = Iny xdy + ydx + cosxdx = Lay yo tet ding EXERCISE 6.1 simplify whenever possible, ydy + yaa + yoomdx = dy Sx _ int | sine ny sy? + yoou = oo toa y sy + yom = bea ¥ arctan (and) y-B --y oy we of diterentas vy + Aretan (xy) = 0 way » sin ey) Meee le # 2tny = ay 28 + 9?) = Arian Z 189IATA RALANT 160 Differential and Inte 6.3 Applications ofthe differential Let us consider again the graph of y = f(x) in Fie that the difference Oy-dy is representad by the direct ‘ment TQ. The maznitude of this difference can made as please by making Ox suficlently small. In other wordy ‘Ax we eapect dy and dy to be nearly equal. We are ‘flect, shat dy may be used to approximate the value af While the true or exact value of y atx +x i fot axy= yt ay, its approximate value for small Ax is fect aayeyt dy where (recall chapter 5) the symbol "sis ead “is ap qual to EXAMPLE 1, Compute V7 approximately by use of Solution: Let VOT y+ dy and B= xt ex where x isa peefect square nearest to Obviously 87 2641 Hence x= 2G anddx Let Then Forx= 98, y= V56 = Gand si we have thereto, VOT 6+ ‘the Differential 161 Note that if we fave been asked to find VBE oF V3, then our approximation by use of differentials would not have boen 10, rood. Why? HXAMPLE 2. If y = 2° 4 2s? — 3, find the approximate value of y when x= 2.01, Solution: The exact value is y + dy but since we are simply asked to find the approximate value, then we shall solve for y + dy, Noto that if we write 2.01 = 2+ 0.03, then we are considering 2.01 a the result of applying an increment of Ax = dx 7 0.01 toan onginal valve of x= 2. Sine y= x 4 2x7 — 9 o then dy = (3x? + dxjdx @ ‘When x= 2, then from (1) yoe+e—aeia and when x= 2 and.dx = 0.01, then from (2), ay = (22+ 8) (0.01) = 0.20 ‘Therefore, the requied approximation is + yo dy 213+ 020. 13.20 HNAMPLE 3, Bach side of a square is increased by Ox, Find the approximate and true increase of the area A of the square. Solution: ‘The approximate increase in A is 4A and the true incrense it OA, The area of the original square (ABCD in Fig. 6.2)