Syllabus

MATHEMATICS (860)
CLASS 12
Latest Syllabus issued by CISCE For the Academic Year 2023-2024
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper I : Theory (3 hours) ……80 marks
Paper II: Project Work ……20 marks

PAPER I (THEORY) – 80 Marks

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.

Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from EITHER Section B OR
Section C.

DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR THE THEORY PAPER

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A : 65 Marks
1. Relations and Functions 10 Marks

2. Algebra 10 Marks

3. Calculus 32 Marks

4. Probability 13 Marks

SECTION B : 15 Marks
5. Vectors 5 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 6 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 4 Marks

OR
SECTION C : 15 Marks
8. Application of Calculus 5 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 4 Marks

Total 80 Marks

(7)
 Syllabus
SECTION A multiplication and multiplication with a scalar.
1. Relations and Functions Simple properties of addition, multiplication
and scalar multiplication. Noncommutativity of
(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric, transitive
multiplication of matrices and existence of non-
and equivalence relations. One to one and onto
zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix
functions, inverse of a function.
(restrict to square matrices of order upto 3).
l Relations as: Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness
- Relation on a set A of inverse, if it exists (here all matrices will have
- Identity relation, empty relation, universal real entries).
relation. (ii) Determinants
- Types of Relations: reflexive, symmetric, Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3×3
transitive and equivalence relation. matrices), properties of determinants, minors,
l Functions: co-factors and applications of determinants in
- As special relations, concept of writing " y is a finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse
function of x " as y= f(x). of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency
and number of solutions of system of linear
- Types: one to one, many to one, into, onto.
equations by examples, solving system of linear
- Real Valued function. equations in two or three variables (having
- Domain and range of a function. unique solution) using inverse of a matrix.
- Conditions of invertibility. - Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3), order; Identity
- Invertible functions (algebraic functions matrix, Diagonal matrix.
only). - Symmetric, Skew symmetric.
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Definition, - Operation - addition, subtraction, multiplication of a
domain, range, principal value branch. matrix with scalar, multiplication of two matrices (the
Elementary properties of inverse trigonometric compatibility).
functions.
1 1 
- Principal values. 1 2 
E.g. 0 2   =AB (say) but BA is not possible.
- sin–1x, cos–1x, tan–1x etc. and their graphs.   2 2
 
x  1 1 
−1 −1
- sin x = cos 1 − x 2 = tan −1 .
1 − x2 - Singular and non-singular matrices.

- Existence of two non-zero matrices whose
1 π
- sin −1 x = cosec −1 ; sin −1 x + cos−1 x = and product is a zero matrix.
x 2
AdjA
similar relations for cot–1x, tan–1x, etc. - Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A–1 =
A
( )

sin −1 x ± sin −1 y = sin −1 x 1 − y 2 ± y 1 − x 2 l Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices)

( 1−x )
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
cos −1 x ± cos −1 y = cos −1 xy + 1 − y 2 2
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2

a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
similarly tan -1 x + tan -1 y = tan -1 x + y , xy < 1
1 - xy  a1 b1 c1   d1  x 
     
A =  a 2 b2 c 2  B =  d 2  X =  y 
x-y
tan −1 x - tan -1 y = tan -1 , xy > -1  a3 b3 c3   d3   z 
1 + xy

- Formulae for 2sin–1x, 2cos–1x, 2tan–1x, 3tan–1x AX = B ⇒ X = A–1B
etc. and application of these formulae. Problems based on above.
2. Algebra NOTE: The conditions for consistency of equations in two and
Matrices and Determinants three variables, using matrices, are to be covered.
(i) Matrices l Determinants
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of - Order.
matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose - Minors.
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric - Cofactors.
matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition and - Expansion.

(8)
 Syllabus
- Applications of determinants in finding the area of l Maxima and minima.
triangle and collinearity. - Stationary/turning points.
- Properties of determinants. Problems based on - Absolute maxima/minima
properties of determinants. - local maxima/minima
3. Calculus - First derivatives test and second derivatives
(i) Continuity, Differentiability and Differentiation. test
Continuity and differentiability, derivative of
- Application problems based on maxima and
composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of
minima.
inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of
implicit functions. Concept of exponential and (iii) Integrals
logarithmic functions. Integration as inverse process of differentiation.
Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential Integration of a variety of functions by substitution,
functions. Logarithmic differentiation, derivative by partial fractions and by parts, Evaluation of simple
of functions expressed in parametric forms. integrals of the following types and problems based
Second order derivatives. on them.
l Continuity Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without proof).
- Continuity of a function at a point x=a. Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation
of definite integrals.
- Continuity of a function in an interval.
l Indefinite integral
- Algebra of continues function.
- Integration as the inverse of differentiation.
- Removable discontinuity.
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and functions
l Differentiation (ax +b)n, sinx, cosx, sec2x, cosec2x etc .
- Concept of continuity and differentiability of - Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x, sin4x, cos2x,
|x|,[x], etc. cos3x, cos4x.
- Derivatives of trigonometric functions. - Integration of 1/x, ex.
- Derivatives of exponential functions. - Integration by substitution.
- Derivatives of logarithmic functions. f ’( x )
- Derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions - Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
f (x)
- differentiation by means of substitution.
- Derivatives of implicit functions and chain - Integration of tan x, cot x, sec x, cosec x.
rule. - Integration by parts.
- Derivatives of Parametric functions. - Integration using partial fractions. Expressions of
- Differentiation of a function with respect to f (x)
the form when degree of f(x)< degree of g(x)
another function e.g. differentiation of sinx3 g( x )
with respect to x3. x+2 A B
- Logarithmic Differentiation Finding dy/dx Eg. = +
( x − 3) ( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
xx
when y = x .
x+2 A B C
- Successive differentiation up to 2nd order. = + +
( x − 2 ) ( x − 1) x − 1 ( x − 1)2 x − 2
2
NOTE: Derivatives of composite functions using
chain rule. x +1 Ax + B C
(ii) Applications of Derivatives = +
( x 2 + 3) ( x − 1) x2 + 3 x −1
Applications of derivatives: rate of change
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, When degree of f(x) ≥ degree of g(x), e.g.
tangents and normals, maxima and minima
(first derivative test motivated geometrically and x2 + 1  3x + 1 
=1− 2
second derivative test given as a provable tool).
2
x + 3x + 2  x + 3x + 2 

Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles
l Integrals of the type:
and understanding of the subject as well as
dx dx px + q px + q
reallifesituations). ∫ x 2 ± a2 , ∫ ,∫ dx , ∫ dx
x 2 ± a2 ax 2 + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c
l Equation of Tangent and Normal
l Rate measure.
and ∫ a 2 ± x 2 dx , ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx ,
l Increasing and decreasing functions.

(9)
 Syllabus
(iv) Differential Equations
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx , ∫ ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx ,
Definition, order and degree, general and particular
integrations reducible to the above forms. solutions of a differential equation. Solution of
differential equations by method of separation of
dx
∫ a cos x + b sin x , variables solutions of homogeneous differential
equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of
dy
dx dx dx linear differential equation of the type: + py = q ,
∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x , ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c , dx
where p and q are functions of x or constants.
( a cos x + b sin x )dx dx
+ px = q , where p and q are functions of y or
∫ c cos x + d sin x
, dy

constants.
dx
∫ a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c - Differential equations, order and degree.
- Formation of differential equation by eliminating
arbitrary constant(s).
1 ± x2
∫ 1 + x 4 dx, - Solution of differential equations.
- Variable separable.
dx - Homogeneous equations.
∫ 1 + x4 , ∫ tan xdx , ∫ cot xdx etc.
dy
- Linear form +Py=Q
+ py = q , where P and Q are
l Definite Integral dx
- Fundamental theorem of calculus (without functions of x only. Similarly for dx/dy.
proof) NOTE 1:  Equations reducible to variable separable type
are included.
- Properties of definite integrals.
NOTE 2: The second order differential equations are
- Problems based on the following properties of excluded.
definite integrals are to be covered.
4. Probability
b b Conditional probability, multiplication theorem on
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f (t ) dt probability, independent events, total probability,
Bayes' theorem, Random variable and its probability
a a
distribution, mean of random variable.
b a
- Independent and dependent events conditional events.
∫ f ( x ) dx = − ∫ f ( x ) dx
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem, multiplication
a b
theorem, conditional probability.
b c b
- Theorem of Total Probability.
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx
- Baye's theorem.
a a c
- Theoretical probability distribution, probability
b b
distribution function; mean of random variable.
∫ f ( x ) dx = ∫ f ( a + b - x ) dx SECTION B
a a
a a 5. Vectors

∫ f (x ) dx = ∫ f ( a - x ) dx
0
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a
vector. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a
0
vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel
2a  a and collinear vectors), position vector of a point,
2 ∫ f ( x ) dx , if f ( 2 a - x ) = f ( x )
∫ ()
f x dx =
 0 negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition
of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar,
0 
 0, f (2a - x ) = - f (x ) position vector of a point dividing a line segment in
a given ratio. Definition, Geometrical Interpretation,
a  a
properties and application of scalar (dot) product of
∫ f ( x ) dx = 2 ∫ f ( x ) dx , if f is an even function vectors, vector (cross) product of vectors. - As directed
0
-a  line segments.
 0, if f is an odd function
- Magnitude and direction of a vector.

( 10 )
 Syllabus
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero vector. 7. Application of Integrals
- Position vector. Application in finding the area bounded by simple
- Components of a vector. curves and coordinate axes. Area enclosed between
two curves.
- Vectors in two and three dimensions.
- Application of definite integrals - area bounded by
- i j k as unit vectors along the x,y and the z axes; curves, lines and coordinate axes is required to be
, , covered.
expressing a vector in terms of the unit vectors.
- Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/ ellipses,
- Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors; scalar
polynomial functions, modulus function.
multiplication of a vector.
- Section formula. SECTION C
8. Application of Calculus
- Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its geometrical
significance. Application of Calculus in Commerce and Economics
in the following:
- Cross product - its properties - area of a triangle, area
of parallelogram, collinear vectors. - Cost function,
- average cost,
NOTE : Proofs of geometrical theorems by using Vector algebra
are excluded. - marginal cost and its interpretation
6. Three - dimensional Geometry - demand function,
Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line joining - revenue function,
two points. Cartesian equation and vector equation - marginal revenue function and its interpretation,
of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance - Profit function and breakeven point.
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of - Rough sketching of the following curves: AR, MR,
a plane. Angle between (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, R, C, AC, MC and their mathematical interpretation
(iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a using the concept of maxima & minima and
plane. increasingdecreasing functions.
- Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines parallel to - Self-explanatory
them.
NOTE: Application involving differentiation, increasing and
- Equation of xy - plane, yz - plane, zx-plane. decreasing function and maxima and minima to be
- Direction cosines, direction ratios. covered.
- Angle between two lines in terms of direction cosines / 9. Linear Regression
direction ratios. - Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.
- Condition for lines to be perpendicular/ parallel. - Scatter diagrams
- The method of least squares.
l Lines
- Lines of best fit.
- Cartesian and vector equations of a line through one
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x.
and two points.
- bxy × byx = r2, 0 ≤ bxy × byx ≤ 1
- Coplanar and skew lines.
- Identification of regression equations
- Conditions for intersection of two lines. - Distance of a
point from a line. - Properties of regression lines.
- Shortest distance between two lines. - Estimation of the value of one variable using the value
of other variable from appropriate line of regression.
l Planes Self-explanatory
- Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. 10. Linear Programming
- Direction ratios of the normal to the plane. Introduction, related terminology such as constraints,
objective function, optimization, different types of
- One point form.
linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical
- Normal form. formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method
- Intercept form. of solution for problems in two variables, feasible
and infeasible regions (bounded and unbounded),
- Distance of a point from a plane. feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal feasible
- Intersection of the line and plane. solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).
- Angle between two planes, a line and a plane. Introduction, definition of related terminology such as
constraints, objective function, optimization, advantages

( 11 )
 Syllabus
of linear programming; limitations of linear programming; 10. Explain the concepts of increasing and decreasing
application areas of linear programming; different types functions, using geometrical significance of dy/dx.
of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical Illustrate with proper examples.
formulation of L.P problems, graphical method of solution
11. Explain the geometrical significance of point of
for problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible
regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum feasible inflexion with examples and illustrate it using graphs.
solution. 12. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) the
PAPER II (PROJECT WORK) – 20 Marks concept of local maxima and local minima using
graph.
Candidates will be expected to have completed two
13. Explain and illustrate (with suitable examples) the
projects, one from Section A and one from either Section
concept of absolute maxima and absolute minima
B or Section C. The project work will be assessed by the
using graph.
subject teacher and a Visiting Examiner appointed locally
,
and approved by the Council. 14. Illustrate the concept of definite integral ≡ab f(x)dx
expressing as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual
Mark allocation for each Project [10 marks]:
integration.
Overall format 1 mark 15. Demonstrate application of differential equations to
Content 4 mark solve a given problem (example, population increase
or decrease, bacteria count in a culture, etc.).
Findings 2 mark
16. Explain the conditional probability, the theorem of
Viva-voce based on the Project 3 mark
total probability and the concept of Bayes' theorem
Total 10 mark with suitable examples.
List of suggested assignments for Project Work: 17. Explain the types of probability distributions and
derive mean and variance of binomial probability
SECTION A distribution for a given function.
1. Using a graph, demonstrate a function which is one-
SECTION B
one but not onto.
18. Using Vector algebra, find the area of a parallelogram/
2. Using a graph demonstrate a function which is triangle. Also, derive the area analytically and verify
invertible. the same.
3. Construct a composition table using a binary function 19. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
addition/multiplication modulo upto 5 and verify the properties of triangles (sine/cosine rule, etc.)
existence of the properties of binary operation.
20. Using Vector algebra, prove the formulae of
4. Draw the graph of y = sin-1 x (or any other inverse compound angles, e.g. sin (A + B) = Sin A Cos B +
trigonometric function), using the graph of y = sin Sin B Cos A, etc.
x (or any other relevant trigonometric function).
21. Describe the geometrical interpretation of scalar
Demonstrate the concept of mirror line (about y = x)
triple product and for a given data, find the scalar
and find its domain and range.
triple product.
5. Explore the principal value of the function sin-1 x (or
22. Find the image of a line with respect to a given plane.
any other inverse trigonometric function) using a
unit circle. 23. Find the distance of a point from a given plane
measured parallel to a given line.
6. Find the derivatives of a determinant of the order of
3×3 and verify the same by other methods. 24. Find the distance of a point from a line measured
parallel to a given plane. 25. Find the area bounded
7. Verify the consistency of the system of three linear by a parabola and an oblique line.
equations of two variables and verify the same
graphically. Give its geometrical interpretation. 25. Find the area bounded by a circle and an oblique line.

8. For a dependent system (non-homogeneous) of three 26. Find the area bounded by an ellipse and an oblique
linear equations of three variables, identify infinite line.
number of solutions. 27. Find the area bounded by a circle and a circle.
9. For a given function, give the geometrical 28. Find the area bounded by a parabola and a parabola.
interpretation of Mean Value theorems. Explain 29. Find the area bounded by a circle and a parabola.
the significance of closed and open intervals for (Any other pair of curves which are specified in the
continuity and differentiability properties of the syllabus may also be taken.)
theorems.

( 12 )
 Syllabus

SECTION C 32. Draw the scatter diagram for a given data. Use it to
30. Draw a rough sketch of Cost (C), Average Cost (AC) draw the lines of best fit and estimate the value of Y
and Marginal Cost (MC) when X is given and vice-versa.
Or 33. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost by
applying the concept of Transportation problem.
Revenue (R), Average Revenue (AR) and Marginal
Revenue (MR). 34. Using any suitable data, find the minimum cost and
maximum nutritional value by applying the concept
Give their mathematical interpretation using the
of Diet problem.
concept of increasing - decreasing functions and
maxima-minima. 35. Using any suitable data, find the Optimum cost in
the manufacturing problem by formulating a linear
31. For a given data, find regression equations by the
programming problem (LPP).
method of least squares. Also find angles between
regression lines. NOTE: No question paper for Project Work will be set by
CISCE.
qq

( 13 )
 SAMPLE TABLE FOR PROJECT WORK
S. Unique TOTAL
PROJECT 1 PROJECT 2
No. Identification MARKS
Number A B C D E F G H I J
(Unique ID)
of the Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total Teacher Visiting Average Viva- Total (E + J)
candidate Examiner Marks Voce by Marks Examiner Marks Voce by Marks
(A + B Visiting (C + D) (F + G Visiting (H + I)
÷ 2) Exam- ÷ 2) Exam-
iner iner
7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 7 Marks* 7 Marks* 7 Marks 3 Marks 10 Marks 20 Marks
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

( 14 )
9
10
Syllabus

*Breakup of 7 Marks to be awarded separately by the Name of Teacher:

Teacher and the Visiting Examiner is as follows: Signature: Date
Overall Format 1 Mark Name of Visiting Examiner
Content 4 Marks
Signature:
Findings 2 Marks Date
NOTE: VIVA-VOCE (3 Marks) for each Project is to be conducted only by the Visiting Examiner, and should be based on the Project only