Causes and Impacts of Floods in Palawan
Causes and Impacts of Floods in Palawan
UNCOVERING THE ROOT CAUSES AND
FAR- REACHING IMPACTS OF FLOODS AND
LANDSLIDES IN BROOKE'S
POINT, PALAWAN
PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL
Volume: 14
Pages: 813-820
Document ID: 2023PEMJ1295
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10036421
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-23-10
Psych Educ, 2023, 14: 813-820, Document ID:2023 PEMJ1295, doi:10.5281/zenodo.10036421, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article
Uncovering the Root Causes and Far-Reaching Impacts of
Floods and Landslides in Brooke's Point, Palawan
Allan H. Sumandal*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to look at the core causes of recurring floods and landslides in
Brooke's Point, Palawan, and to make suggestions to solve these concerns. Understanding local
perspectives of the causes of floods and landslides, analyzing the impact of these catastrophes on the
community, and suggesting potential strategies to lessen their consequences were among the research
aims. A mixed-methods approach was utilized to collect data from affected individuals and
stakeholders, including household surveys, key informant interviews, and field observations.
Residents blamed the frequent floods and landslides on a combination of natural and manmade
reasons, including climate change, poor land use practices, illegal logging, and mining operations,
according to the results. The catastrophes had substantial social, economic, and environmental
consequences for the community, including deaths, property destruction, and interruptions to
livelihoods. Based on these findings, the study suggests that comprehensive flood and landslide risk
management measures be implemented, community awareness and preparedness be increased, early
warning systems and communication networks be strengthened, and environmental conservation and
sustainable development be promoted. The suggested recommendations are projected to contribute to
a more resilient and sustainable Brooke's Point community, capable of coping with and adapting to
the increased dangers posed by floods and landslides as climate change and other environmental
issues become more prevalent.
Keywords: causes, environmental issues, impacts, floods, landslides
Introduction Flooding also has both positive and negative effects on
the ecosystem. Talbot et al. (2018) found that severe
Hazards like floods and landslides result from an flooding caused losses in the majority of ecosystem
environmental change collectively called natural services (supporting services, regulating services,
disasters (Sholihah et al., 2020). In the same way, provisioning services, and cultural services), while a
natural disasters are part of the human environment half of the ecosystem functions were neutrally or
(Moradi et al., 2019). Hence, calamities are never- favorably impacted by small floods.
ending, unavoidable, and inescapable. The natural
disaster started long before contemporary people Weiskopf et al. (2020) explained the four (4)
arrived on Earth and is probably here to stay for the ecosystem services and their role in maintaining life.
foreseeable future (Lee, 2018). Natural disasters have Provisioning services pertain to the basic needs of life
created hazards to and difficulties for humankind's to propagate, including water, food, and air.
existence and well-being over time. (Guo, 2021). Regulating services refers to the ability of the
Environmental changes affect the environment and ecosystem to maintain, retain, and moderate provisions
that organisms need. Supporting ecosystem services
other environmental components (e.g., living and non-
helps fundamental ecosystem processes like primary
living). Although people cannot prevent natural
production, nutrient cycling, and genetic diversity
disasters from occurring, they can mitigate their
maintenance. Cultural services include things like
effects. To date, humans continue looking for solutions
identity in culture, recreation, and physical and mental
to limit the risk and danger that disasters could bring.
wellness, which are non-material advantages humans
get from biodiversity and ecosystems.
Every year, documents and reports show that floods
and landslides have caused deaths, injuries, Floods and landslides are among the widespread
homelessness, damaged or destroyed buildings, roads, reasons for destroying human lives, properties, and the
and other infrastructure (Department of Natural environment (Glago, 2021). For over 30 years have
Resources, 2022), and economic losses (Onyango & passed, global flood disaster in 2021 was recorded as
Uwase, 2017). Over the past several decades, there has the most frequent, causing high death and economic
been an increase in the number of natural disasters losses (2021 Global Natural Disaster Assessment
worldwide, particularly storms and floods. (Asian Report - OCHA, 2021). Just recently, in December
Development Bank, 2013). 2022 alone, members of the Association of Southeast
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Research Article
Asian Nations (ASEAN) experienced 33 disasters,
22floods, and five (5) landslides (Janottama, 2022). were still perplexed about the reasons behind this
Meanwhile, the Philippines experiences 20 typhoons phenomenon, considering that the municipality is a
annually on average, which increases the risk of forested area and seldom visited by typhoons. Many of
tsunamis, drought, rising sea levels, storm surges, the residents were shocked by this happening. Many
landslides, floods, flash floods, and flooding (Asian
thought this would not occur because Palawan is safe
Disaster Reduction Center, 2019). 18 tropical cyclones
to live in. Speculations and rumors have circulated that
entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility, or PAR,
this happened because of mining. Some believe it is
in 2022, resulting in flooding in Mindanao and
because of the lack of proper drainage, while others
landslides in Leyte (OCHA, 2023).
argue that it is because of climate change. Hence, to
reveal the truth behind this problem, a study focusing
In the Philippines, landslides and flooding are two of
on the causes and impacts of floods and landslides in
the most frequent natural disasters. These take place
Brooke’s Point should be conducted.
because the nation is most susceptible to typhoons,
tropical cyclones, and climate change. Reuter (2022)
Research Questions
reports that in the Philippines, floods and landslides
have resulted in several casualties, lost livelihoods,
This research paper aims to explore the causes and
destroyed infrastructures, harmed natural resources,
impacts of floods and landslides in Brooke’s Point,
and forced the displacement of numerous people.
Palawan. Specifically, it sought to answer the
Recent rainfall in the southern Philippines led to
following questions:
flooding and landslides that resulted in fatalities as
well as estimated 1.36 billion peso ($24.4 million) in
1. What are the causes of floods and landslides in
losses for infrastructure and agriculture.
Barangay Brooke’s Point, Brooke’s Point, Palawan?
With an index score of 25.14%, the Philippines placed 2. What are the impacts of floods and landslides
third among all nations with the highest risks globally among residents of Barangay Barongbarong, Brooke’s
in terms of catastrophe risk, based on the World Risk Point?
Report 2018 (World Economic Forum, 2018; quoted in 3. What do residents of selected barangay in Brooke’s
the 2019 report of the United Nations for catastrophe Point realize after experiencing floods and landslides?
Risk Reduction). With some estimates placing 60% of
the nation's territory and 74% of the population as
Methodology
subject to various risks, including cyclones,
earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, and landslides, the
Philippines is very susceptible to calamities brought on Research Design
by natural disasters. As a result of powerful cyclones
and lots of rain, the Philippines is particularly This study utilized a mixed-method research design. It
vulnerable to floods (World Bank Climate Change can be summarized that research question 1, 2, and 3
Knowledge Portal, 2021). Tropical cyclones are linked follow descriptive quantitative research, while research
to landslides and floods. Typhoon Yolanda reportedly question 4 falls under qualitative since the answer to
caused the biggest damage in 2013, killing 6,300 the questions were drawn based on the interview with
people and causing P95.5 billion in destruction to the affected residents. Hence, mixed-method was the
infrastructure (Lara, 2020). fit design in this undertaking.
Commonly prone to flooding and landslides in the Respondents
Philippines are Northern Luzon, some parts of the
Visayas region like Iloilo, and some parts of Mindanao The respondents of this study were residents of
such as Northern Mindanao and Davao region Barangay Barongbarong, Brooke's Point, Palawan,
(Romero, 2016). who were affected by recent floods and landslides.
Specifically, participants were selected from nine
But due to prolonged rains brought on by a Low-
sitios within the barangay: Barongbarong Proper,
Pressure Area (LPA), the municipality of Brooke's
Curanga, Tagusao Highway, Tagusao Shore, Candis,
Point in southern Palawan has recently been
Pintasan, Malulunan, Danadio, and Bagong Sikat. A
vulnerable to floods and landslides. Flooding
stratified random sampling technique was utilized to
inundated some homes, causing a loss of P103 million
determine the appropriate sample size.
in agriculture and public facilities (Ticke, 2023).
Residents were got trauma by this event, and people
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Research Article
respondents during floods and landslides. Some
An online sample calculator, Survey System Software, responses were recorded, and students were also given
was used to calculate the sample size based on printed questionnaires to ask their parents about the
parameter expectations, a confidence level of 95%, causes, effects, experiences, and realizations
and a confidence interval (margin of error) of 5%. Out associated with floods and landslides. Interviews and
of 340 affected families, 180 respondents were completed questionnaires were utilized to collect data.
identified as the desired sample size. To determine the
number of respondents for each sitio, a sampling Data Gathering Tool
fraction was calculated using the formula n/N (desired
sample size divided by the population size). Table 1 A questionnaire featuring a checklist and open-ended
presents a summary of the respondents' distribution questions was employed, as well as interviews. Two
across each sitio. sections made up the questionnaire: Part I focused on
the causes and impacts of floods and landslides,
Table 1. Respondents allowing respondents to identify the primary factors
and consequences in their area, with the option to add
additional causes and impacts not listed; Part II
featured an open-ended question inquiring about
respondents' experiences and realizations related to
floods and landslides in their area.
Data Treatment
To address research questions 1 and 2 frequency
counts and percentages were used to identify the most
common causes and impacts of floods and landslides.
For research question 3, thematic analysis was
employed to analyze participants' responses.
Table 1 displays the data collected from various sitios, Limitations and Delimitations
highlighting the number of affected families and the
sample size of respondents in each location. In total, The study had several limitations and delimitations.
340 families were impacted by the situation being Firstly, the research focused solely on Barangay
studied, and 180 were chosen as a sample for further Barongbarong, Brooke's Point, Palawan, which may
analysis. The distribution of the sample reveals the
limit the generalizability of the findings to other
extent of the impact on families in each sitio,
locations. Secondly, due to time and resource
providing valuable insight into the situation at hand.
constraints, the study relied on self-reported data from
Data Gathering Procedure the participants, which may be subject to response
biases. However, the use of both questionnaires and
The researcher initially obtained permission to conduct interviews aimed to mitigate this limitation by
the study by submitting a letter to the office of the providing multiple avenues for data collection.
barangay commander. The questionnaire, which
consisted of a checklist and open-ended questions, was Ethical Considerations
disseminated to the selected respondents once it was
approved. In order to collect information on the causes The study adhered to ethical guidelines in conducting
and effects of floods and landslides, respondents were research with human participants. Before starting the
given an inventory of prospective causes and effects. data collection process, the researcher ensured that
Also included in the questionnaire were sections for informed consent was obtained from all participants.
respondents' demographic information. Participants were informed about the purpose of the
study, how the data would be used, and the voluntary
Face-to-face interviews were utilized for data nature of their participation. Additionally, the
acquisition because some respondents were illiterate. confidentiality of the participants' information was
Through interviews, the researcher also acquired guaranteed, and any identifying information was
information about the experiences and realizations of removed during the data analysis process to protect
their privacy.
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Research Article
Results and Discussion agreed that Heavy rains (70%), Mining activities
(45.6%), Illegal logging (28.9%), Climate change
(25.6%) were the main causes of landslide. These
Causes of floods and landslides in different findings suggest that the residents are highly aware of
barangays in Brooke’s Point, Palawan the various factors contributing to landslides in their
community. These perceptions are supported by
existing literature on the causes of landslides. Heavy
rainfall is a well-known trigger for landslides, as it can
cause soil saturation and reduced soil strength, leading
to slope instability (Guzzetti et al., 2007). Mining
activities have also been shown to exacerbate the risk
of landslides by altering the natural landscape and
weakening slope stability (Petley, 2012). Furthermore,
Figure 1. Causes of Flood illegal logging can increase landslide susceptibility by
removing vegetation that helps to maintain slope
As shown in Figure 1, respondents agreed that the stability and reduce erosion (Sidle et al., 2006). Lastly,
major causes of floods in their barangay are Heavy climate change has been linked to increased landslide
rains (60%), Low area (42.8%), Presence of Mining occurrence due to more frequent extreme weather
(36.7%), Climate Change (34.4%), No Proper events and altered precipitation patterns (Nadim et al.,
Drainage System (33.9%), etc. It is evident that 2006). The residents' perceptions of landslide causes
according to the respondents, heavy rains is the main align with established scientific knowledge,
the reason or cause of wide floods in their area. This underscoring the importance of addressing these
finding aligns with previous research that has factors in order to mitigate landslide risks in their
emphasized the role of heavy rains in causing floods. community.
For instance, Trenberth et al. (2003) found that an
increase in extreme precipitation events due to climate Impacts of floods and landslides on residents of
change contributes to a higher likelihood of flooding. affected barangay in Brooke’s Point
Furthermore, Alfieri et al. (2015) noted that low-lying
areas are more prone to flooding, especially when
combined with heavy rainfall and inadequate drainage
systems. Additionally, mining activities have been
linked to an increased risk of flooding due to
landscape changes and the disruption of natural
drainage patterns (Kirschbaum et al., 2010).
Respondents' perceptions are consistent with existing
literature on the causes of flooding, highlighting the
need for targeted interventions to address these risk Figure 3. Impacts of floods
factors in their community.
Based on the responses of the respondents, as shown in
Figure 3, the impacts of floods were mainly focused on
damage to infrastructure (48.3%), Income loss
(47.2%), cut-off water and power supply, and
communication systems (42.2%). These findings
highlight the various ways floods can disrupt the lives
of residents and affect the overall well-being of the
community. The reported impacts align with the
existing literature on the consequences of flooding.
Damage to infrastructure is a common outcome of
Figure 2. Causes of landslide
floods, as inundation can weaken structures and cause
physical harm to buildings, roads, and other public and
Meanwhile, Figure 3 illustrates the causes of landslide,
private infrastructure (Kreibich et al., 2017). Income
it can be inferred that vast majority of the residents
loss is another well-documented consequence of
floods, as they can disrupt economic activities, lead to
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Residents and government officials of Brooke’s
Point realize after experiencing floods
and landslides
job loss, and affect livelihoods, particularly in areas
that are heavily reliant on agriculture and other flood- Experience of the Residents during Floods and
sensitive sectors (Hallegatte et al., 2016). Lastly, the
Landslides
disruption of essential services such as water and
power supply and communication systems is a critical
Theme 1: Trauma and Shock. Since it was the first
impact of floods, as it can exacerbate the effects of the
time of the residents of Brooke’s Point to experience
disaster and hinder emergency response and recovery
floods and landslides, many of them have experience
efforts (Villarini et al., 2014). The residents' responses
trauma, got feared, scared, and worried. Even little
regarding the impacts of floods on their community are
rains make them panic, thinking that huge volumes of
consistent with established knowledge on the
water will reach their homes again. They narrated that
consequences of flooding, emphasizing the need for
they never expected that these phenomena will come
effective flood management and mitigation measures.
and changed their lives forever. They also added that
these events have caused them to fear and worried
about their safety because they were trapped and stuck
at their houses. Here are some of the experiences
shared by some residents:
“We were scared because the level of water got higher
and higher” Respondent No. 5
“Most people in our barangay had trauma, and some
of us got sick after the flood.” Respondent No. 19
Figure 4. Impacts of landslide “I can still remember seeing the floods raging in our
house, and this made me sad, scared, and nervous
Figure 4 illustrates the impacts of landslides on the
residents. According to them, damage to infrastructure every time it rained.” Respondent No. 36
(55.6%), house destruction (40.6), Income loss
(34.4%), crop destruction and livestock loss (33.9%), Theme 2: Destruction of Properties and Livestock.
and road closure (30%) are the most common effect of The occurrence of floods and landslides also resulted
landslides. These reported impacts are consistent with in the destruction of personal properties of the people,
the literature on the consequences of landslides. such as their houses, furniture, appliances, and
Damage to infrastructure and house destruction are gadgets. In addition, rice fields or palayan, coconut
well-known outcomes of landslides, as they can cause tree, banana, and other crops were also destroyed.
significant harm to buildings, roads, and other Furthermore, farmers have lost many livestock
infrastructure (Corominas et al., 2014). Income loss animals, such as their chickens, pigs, cow, etc.
can result from landslides, as they can disrupt
economic activities, leading to job loss and affecting “Our house, furniture, and livestock got destroyed and
livelihoods, particularly in areas dependent on killed because of severe flooding in our barangay.”
agriculture and other landslide-sensitive sectors (Sidle Respondent No. 1
& Ochiai, 2006). Crop destruction and livestock loss “The flooding and landslides in our barangay cause a
are also frequently reported impacts of landslides, as lot of damages, the other houses got broken, their
they can lead to reduced agricultural productivity and palayan and some of their main source of income got
threaten food security (Nadim et al., 2006). Lastly, flashed by the flood”. Respondent No. 3
road closures due to landslides can hinder “Unexpected flood caused us trauma. It damaged our
transportation, disrupt essential services, and impede
properties and source of income like coconut trees &
emergency response and recovery efforts (Petley,
banana trees.” Respondent No. 4
2012). The residents' responses regarding the impacts
of landslides on their community align with
Theme 3: Availability of Food, Clean Water, and
established knowledge on the consequences of
Power Outage. Like other calamities that hit our
landslides, emphasizing the need for effective
country, the unprecedented natural phenomenon
landslide risk management and mitigation measures.
always resorted in scarcity of food, access to clean
water, and power outage failure of communication
systems. Many of the residents spent their nights
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without lights in their homes and were unable to barangay once more, they must start to plant more
be reached due to no signal in their places. Due to tress and be responsible of their waste.
floods and landslides, some were stuck and could not
get out to buy food and fetch water. “We need to plant more trees, have better drainage
systems and people should learn how to properly
“It was difficult to get food because of the height of the dispose their garbage.” Respondent No. 12
flood.” Respondent No. 9
“Take care of nature, because the Lord did not make it
“We experienced water and electric outage the whole
to destroy.” Respondent No. 43
week.” Respondent No. 16 “I realized that we need to protect our nature for
“We run out of water source and run-out of disaster, we need to plant more trees and don't abuse
electricity.” Respondent No. 37 our environment.” Respondent No. 68
Realization of the Residents after the Floods and
Landslide Conclusion
Theme 1: Drainage. Aside from heavy rains, many
also believed that having no proper drainage system in (1) The study on the causes and impacts of floods and
the streets worsened the flood. Water from the higher landslides in Brooke's Point, Palawan, Philippines
area was stuck in low-lying places like barangay reveals that the primary causes are heavy rains, low
Barongbarong. Hence, the residents call the barangay lying areas, mining activities, illegal logging, and
officials to act on this matter. climate change. The community's awareness of these
factors is supported by existing literature, which
“We realize that our barangay has no proper drainage emphasizes the importance of addressing these factors
system and our place is at a low area.” Respondent to mitigate disaster risks in their area. (2) The impacts
of floods and landslides on the residents of Brooke's
No.1
Point include damage to infrastructure, income loss,
“A proper drainage system should be created to
crop destruction, livestock loss, and disruption of
prevent flooding.” Respondent No.3
essential services such as water, power, and
“I have realized that a proper drainage system is communication systems. These impacts are consistent
needed in a community.” Respondent No. 15 with established knowledge on the consequences of
floods and landslides, emphasizing the need for
Theme 2: Be Ready and Prepared. From the effective management and mitigation measures to
experienced that residents have shared, the majority of reduce their effects on human lives, properties, and the
them had explained that they were not ready and environment. (3) The residents of Brooke's Point have
prepared when the floods and landslides came. These experienced trauma, shock, and loss of properties and
resulted in the destruction of personal documents, livelihoods as a result of floods and landslides. Their
houses, appliances, crop lost, and death of livestock. realizations after these disasters highlight the
importance of proper drainage systems, disaster
“Expect the unexpected. Always prepare yourself. preparedness, and environmental conservation, such as
Know what to save first.” Respondent No. 10 planting trees and responsible waste management, in
“I realized that one should always be prepared in preventing and mitigating the impacts of future
times of disaster.” Respondent No. 11 disasters. (4) The findings of this study can inform
“What I have realized is that you should always be disaster risk reduction and management efforts in
prepared for such situations, so as not to be surprised Brooke's Point, Palawan, and other similar
or confused about what needs to be done, and above communities. Addressing the identified causes and
all, don't panic in order to act correctly.” Respondent impacts of floods and landslides through targeted
interventions, such as infrastructure improvements,
No. 52
community education, and environmental
Theme 3: Plant More Trees and Take Care of the conservation, can help protect the well-being of
residents, enhance resilience, and contribute to the
Nature/Environment. While Palawan is known to be
achievement of the UN Sustainable Development
paradise because of its untouched or virgin mountains,
Goals.
people believed that floods and landslides have
happened due to human activities such as cutting of (1) Implement comprehensive flood and landslide risk
trees and improper disposal of garbage. Residents management measures: The local government, in
believe that to prevent these calamities to hit their
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