ACTIVITY FILE
1. USE THIS TYPE OF FILE
2. HANDWRITING SHOULD BE NEAT AND CLEAN
3. MAKE A SEPARATE FILE FOR THE ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY-1
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power
source.
Aim
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches,a fuse and a
power source.
Apparatus and material
Three bulbs (6 V, 1W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (battery . eliminator),
three (on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering,a fuse
wire.
Supplementary: Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch.
Theory
Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 V A.C. and 50 Hz. The household
circuit, all appliances are connected in “parallel” with mains. The switches are connected in
series with each appliance in live wire. 5 A switches are required for normal appliances like,
bulbs, fluorescent tubes fans etc. 15 A sockets and switches are required for heavy load
appliances ‘ like, refrigerator, air conditioner, geyser, hot plates etc. All appliances must have
three wires called live, neutral and the earth. Total power consumption ‘P’ at a time
P = P1 + P2 + P3 +………..
where P1, P2, P3 are the powers drawn by appliances.
To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse of little
higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all appliances. For further
safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply
source.
Diagram
Procedure
1. Connect the bulbs B1, B2 and B3 in series with switches S1, S2 and S3 respectively and
connect each set of B-S in parallel with each other.
2. Connect main supply to a step-down transformer (battery eliminator) to get required
voltage from 0 to 10 V (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 V).
3. Connect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply (battery eliminator).
4. Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set.
5. Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set.
6. Check the circuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
7. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must bum off at about 0.6 A.
ACTIVITY-2
Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus: A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one way
key.
Material: An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.
Diagram
Procedure
1. Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as shown
in diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance
ACTIVITY-3
Aim
To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), current (AC) and check continuity of a given circuit
using multimeter.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus. Three carbon resistors, one standard resistance coil, a battery eliminator with
tapping (2 V, 4 V and 6 V), a step down transformer (6-0-6 V) with two tapping (2 V and 4 V),
a resistor of 100 ohm, a plug key and multimeter.
Theory
Multimeter. It is a single measuring device acting as an Ammeter, a Voltmeter and an
Ohmmeter. For this reason, it is also called AVO meter.
It can measure alternating as well as direct current and alternating as well as direct voltage in
addition to resistance. For this purpose its panel is divided into five different sections. There
are many ranges in each section so that it can measure from micro (10 -6) to mega (106) units.
Rotation of a knob changes the section and the range in one section.
— Rotation of knob for change in ammeter range, brings shunt resistances of different values
in circuit in parallel with the coil.
— Rotation of knob for change in voltmeter range, brings series resistances of different
values in circuit in series with the coil.
— Rotation of knob for change in ohmmeter range, brings different resistances in circuit in
series with the multimeter cell.
1. Carbon resistors are frequently used in electrical and electronic circuits and their values
vary over a very wide range. A colour code is used to indicate the value of the
resistance.
2. A carbon resistance has four different concentric coloured ringe or bands on its
surface. The first three bands a, b and c determine the value of the resistance and the
fourth band d gives the percentage of accuracy called tolerance. The resistance of
carbon resistor R = (a+b x 10c ± T %) Ω.
3. To read the value of carbon resistance, the following sentence is found to be of much
more helpful.
4. The following table provides the colour code for the carbon resistors :
DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF A DIGITAL MULTIMETER
(Draw the pics no need to take print out)
(Draw the above pictures no need to take print out)
(b) D.C. Voltage
1. Select a D.C. source of potential difference, 6 V battery eliminator or a battery.
2. Plug the probes black in com and red in +.
3. Select D.C. volt, by turning the selector switch to range 10 V D.C. volts,
4. Touch and press other ends of probes such that red is on battery terminal marked +
and black on and not the reading.
5. Insert red probe in terminals marked 4 V, 2 V in succession and note readings.
(c) A.C. Volts
1. Turn the selector A.C.( Volt) of suitable range.
2. Touch and press the probes other ends to two terminals of A.C. source of potential
drop and note the reading.
3. Use red probe in terminals 4 V and 2 V in succession and record the reading.
(d) Continuity of given circuit
1. Set the selector switch to ohm, range MΩ.
2. Touch and press the ends of probes at A and B, full scale deflection indicates
continuity.
3. Similarly check in succession the continuity between terminals B and C and terminals
C and D.
Never place the probes ends between terminals connected with the terminals of the
battery.
In digital electronic multimeter for continuity test rotor is set to mark 0 and a buzzer ,
sounds when probes are connected to ends of components tested.
MEASURING CURRENT USING DIGITAL MULTIMETER
(Draw the above pic no need to take print out)
Both AC and DC currents can be measured with a multimeter by connecting the meter
in series with the circuit , in which current being measured provided the current in that
circuit is limited or controlled by a load or appropriate values of resistance.
Precautions
1. Instructions for handling the multimeter should be gone through thoroughly as it is a
very handy instrument and is likely to get damaged if carelessly or ignorantly used.
2. Select the appropriate parameter current, voltage or resistance to the measured and
set it on appropriate range.
3. If range of the parameter measured is not known, start with maximum. For measuring
V, never connect more than maximum 600 V.
4. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of
such items.
Aim
To identify a diode, an LED, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.
Apparatus and material
Apparatus: Multimeter.
Material: Above mixed collection of items.
Procedure
1. If the item has four or more terminals and has form of a chip, it is an IC (integrated circuit).
2. If the item has two terminals, it may be diode, a LED, a resistor or a capacitor.
To differentiate proceed as ahead.
3. Put the selector on resistance R of multimeter for checking the continuity. The probe metal
ends are inserted in terminal marked on the multimeter as common and P (or + ve).
If such that the black one is in common and red probe is in P (or + ve). On touching the two
ends of the device to the two other metal ends of probes.
1. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when reversed and
there is no light emission, the item is a diode.
2. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and does not move when re-versed and
there is light emission, the item is a LED.
3. If pointer moves when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the item is a
resistor.
4. If pointer does not move when voltage is applied in one way and also when reversed, the
item is a capacitor.
Observations
5. Use of multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED and
check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.
Aim
To use a multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in case of a diode and an LED.
Case of junction diode
1. Connect the +ve marked end of the diode to +ve terminal of a 6 V variable D.C. battery
adjusted to minimum voltage.
2. Select the D.C. current at 10 mA range by using the selector switch. Insert one the metallic
ends of probe in terminal P(+) and the black metallic end into the ter¬minal marked
common.
3. Connect the other metallize end of red probe to the free end of the diode and the metallic
end of black probe into the -ve terminal of the battery eliminator and read the value of
current by varying the output of the eliminator. Since the diode is forward biased, it allows
the current to pass.
4. Now reverse the terminals of the diode such that the end marked -ve is at higher potential*
and the one marked + is at lower potential. Again observe the current in multimeter on the
appropriate D.C. milliampere scale. No current reading in the multimeter would indicate
that the diode allows the flow of current in one direction only, i.e., the current is
unidirectional in a diode.
5. Now replace the diode by the LED and repeat the steps to establish that an LED also allows
the flow of current only when it is forward biased as well as emits light.
6. To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
Aim
To study effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.
Apparatus
Light source, light dependent resistors (L.D.R.s) of different variety, a multimeter (or meter
bridge), a source of intense light (a lamp bulb with battery eliminator) and a convex lens.
Light Dependent Resistor
The light dependent resistance are the devices for detecting and measuring electromagnetic
waves (light etc.). Its working is based upon the principle of variation of the photoconductivity
when radiation is incident upon it and absorbed by it.
A light dependent resistor is prepared from cadmium sulphide. Its resistance depends upon the
intensity and duration of light incident on it.
A good quality LDR shows a resistance variation from 1 MΩ in complete darkness to about 10 Ω
in full day light. The intensity of light decreases inversely with increase the square of distance.
Procedure
1. Turn the selector switch and set it on R for the measurement of resistance, in multimeter.
2. Plug the metallic ends of black probe in terminal marked common in multimeter and that of
red in terminal marked as P (or +). Short the other metallic ends and adjust the ‘R adjusting’
to get full scale deflection reading at zero ohm in the meter.
3. Touch the metallic probes to the two metal ends of the L.D.R. [Fig. (a)] and read the value
of resistance when (a) the source is kept at a distance of 2 cm, fixing the source of light in a
stand and keeping the L.D.R. vertically below it.
(i) Moving the source to 4 cm distance from the L.D.R. and
(ii) Moving the source to 6,8 and 10 cm from L.D.R. and repeating observation three more
times.
Observation record:
40 watts (incandescent) (mean wavelength = 610nm)
Serial No. Distance of source from LDR Resistance of LDR R ( kilo
(cm) ohm)
1 50 20
2 40 12
3 30 9
4 20 3
5 10 1
Conclusion
When the distance between light source and L.D.R. increases the resistance of L.D.R. decreases.
Precautions
1. No stray light should fall on the L.D.R. It is better to work in a dark room.
2. Connect L.D.R. carefully to the voltage source.
