[Document title]
[Document title]
BHAVANS B.P. VIDYA MANDIR CIVIL
LINES
NAGPUR
SESSION 2023-2024
PHYSICS: INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
NAME: RASHIDA
SAIFEE
CLASS: 12th A
ROLL NO.: 1226 A
INDEX
TOPIC NO. PAGE
NO.
1. AIM
2. APPARATUS
3. THEORY
4. PROCEDURE
5. OBSERVATIONS
6. CALCULATIONS
7. RESULT
8. PRECAUTIONS
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
To find the focal length of a convex mirror
using a convex lens.
APPARATUS
●An optical bench with four uprights
(two fixed middle, two outer uprights
with lateral movement)
●Convex lens (20 cm focal length)
●Convex mirror
●Lens holder
●Mirror holder
●Two optical needles, (one thin, one
thick)
●A knitting needle
●A half metre scale
THEORY
As a convex mirror always forms a virtual
image, its focal length cannot be found
directly as for a concave mirror. For this
purpose, indirect method is used.
An auxiliary convex lens L is introduced
between the convex mirror M and object
needle O as shown in ray diagram (a).
Keeping the object needle at distance
about 1.5 times rough focal length of lens,
the position of convex mirror behind
convex lens is so adjusted that a real and
inverted image of object needle O, is
formed at O itself.
Under such condition, the light rays are
incident normally over the convex mirror
to retrace their path. In the absence of
convex mirror, these rays would have met
at centre of curvature C of the convex
mirror. The distance PC gives the radius of
curvature R of the mirror.
To locate the position of C, convex mirror
is removed (without disturbing the object
needle O and convex lens L). An image
needle I is put behind the convex lens and
moved to a position at which there is no
parallax between tip of inverted image of
O needle and tip of 1 needle. Position of
image needle I gives position of centre of
curvature C of the mirror M ray diagram
(b).
PC=PI=R and f=R/2=PI/2
Focal length of a convex mirror f=R/2
PROCEDURE
To set the lens:
●Clamp the holder with lens in a fixed
upright and keep the upright at 50 cm
mark.
●Adjust the lens such that its surface is
vertical and perpendicular to the length
of the optical bench.
●Keep the upright fixed in this position
throughout.
To set the object needle:
●Take the thin optical needle as object
needle (O). Mount it in outer laterally
moveable upright near zero end.
●Move the object needle upright and
clamp it at a distance (in full cm)
nearly 1.5 times the obtained rough
focal length of the lens.
●Adjust height of the object needle to
make its tip lie on horizontal line
through the optical centre of the lens.
●Note the position of index mark on the
base of the object needle upright.
To set the convex mirror:
●Clamp the holder with convex mirror in
second fixed upright near the lens
upright, keeping surface of the mirror
towards lens.
●Adjust the height of the mirror to make
its pole lie on horizontal line through
the optical centre of the lens.
●Make the mirror surface vertical and
perpendicular to the length of the
optical bench (the principal axes of
mirror and lens must coincide).
●Move towards zero end of the optical
bench (where object needle is mounted)
●Closing left eye, keep open right eye
about 30 cm away from the tip of the
object needle.
●See the inverted image of the object
needle (formed by reflection from the
convex mirror).
●Keep the eye in a position at which the
tips of the inverted image and the
object needle are seen simultaneously.
●Adjust the height so that the two tips
are seen in one line with right open eye.
●Move eye towards right. The tips will
get separated. The tips have parallax.
●Move the convex mirror back and forth
till tip to tip parallax is removed
●Note the position of index mark on the
base of the convex mirror upright.
To set the image needle:
●Remove the convex mirror, keeping
upright in its position.
●With left eye closed, see with the right
open eye from the other end of the
optical bench. An inverted and
enlarged image of the object needle
will be seen. Tip of the image must lie
in the middle of the lens.
●Mound the thick optical needle (image
needle) in the fourth upright near the
other end of the optical bench.
●Adjust the height of the image needle
so that its tip is seen in line with the tip
of the image.
●Move the eye towards the right. the tips
will get separated. The image tip and
the image needle tip have parallax.
●Note the position of the index mark on
the base of the image needle upright
and record the position.
OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the convex lens: 18cm
Actual length of the knitting needle x: 9cm
Observed distance between image needle 1
and back of the convex mirror y: 9cm
Index correction x-y: 0
TABLE FOR FOCAL LENGTH OF
CONVEX MIRROR
Sr. Position Position Position Position Distance
No of of of of between
object convex convex image mirror and
needle lens mirror needle image
1. 15cm 60cm 70cm 10cm 70-110=-40
2. 13cm 60cm 73cm 112.5cm 30-112.5=-39.5
3. 12cm 0cm 74cm 114.5cm 74-114.5=-40.5
CALCULATIONS
R mean = -(40+39.5+40.5)/3 = 40
Therefore,
f = 40/2 = 20cm
RESULT
The focal length of the given convex
mirror is 20cm.
PRECAUTIONS
Principal axis of the lens should be
horizontal parallel to the centre line of
the optical bench.
All uprights should be vertical.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://
physicspracticalreading.blogspo.com
https://infinitylearn.com
https://www.cbsetuts.com
Physics lab manual
