wow a ak a ead aa a eS ae a — q Page 1 of 1 Parts of Speech ‘example words ‘example sentences, ve | ston ore (Go) be hve dof, | Englihiahcom wa we se. The work ing cnyust__ | EnglshChi.com. New | ing orponon ei mak mie [ Ty dx He eam home ee TAdjecive | disrberanoun ‘tan te, 2 seme, god. | Uwe ome dogs. My dogs are bg 1 igre welts | ke bigdog. ‘Adve — | escrbere ver, aucve | gulch ste, wel, | My dog eas quel. When hes very cradve aye tealiy | hungry eet rely que Prooun | replaesaoun yeahs ae sone | Turis indian. She beat Preston links nom to anatier |v, a aeron,bur | We went school on Monday. word Coruncon | joins clases orsenzaces [and bu, when ike dogs and kee. ikea orworts ‘and cogs Tike dogs but do Ie Trcjecion | shor excmaton, ‘oh euch well | Oueht That har HI How ae you? fometines ined it 8 Welt 1aba¥ kro hen tan annlishelihramlorammarinarteafneech him 2onaneGorton Tecmo COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH LEARNING UNIT 1 LANGUAGE USAGE: CONCORD ‘THE WORDS IN A SENTENCE MUST MATCH OR AGREE WITH ONE ANOTHER, NOTE THE FOLLOWING: 1. THE SUBJECT AND VERB MUST AGREE IN SUBJECT AND VERB. 4. To decide whetner the verb should be singular or plural: Oring the subject. £> @Decide whetheris singular or plural. | ‘OMatch the verb to the subject. , The subject may consist of a group of words. i ‘A comman exarrple is the colectve noun, which refers tothe group as @ ‘single unt. | example: My brother and sister are coming for @ visit ¢. The subject may govern more than one verb I All these verbs must agree with the subject. | D S | Bamps ren oBis wr ne sang otan ane aie Sd at | | fe Nate ject srqarheofre ci he verb at eng ———— RM WW mo mw mo & ma i m inaiid wi 2. AGREEMENT BETWEEN NOUNS AND PRONOUNS D ‘ ‘2. Apronoun must agree with the noun that itis replacing in number and | | gender, 3 a 3 Example: The woman paid for he ticket, ‘The women paid for their tickets. b. Some pronouns are paired with singular pronouns, ch, every, nelther...nor anyone, everyone, nobody, somebody, Example: Everyone is doing his best No-one may hand in hiner work ite. A group of teenagers... planning a trip to Dape Town Thandi end |... been invited to lead the Sscussion Netter of us afraid of this responsioity Expenences of this nature... unforgetabi ‘The lady paid for ticket The class of eames ....keptin after No-one may hand in... assignment late ‘The use of ese skils often. ives, Fish anc chips... special treat for these learners 30.No-one..... exempt from wearing life jacket 11.Allthe boys ..expected to do... best. 42 The cost of the computers... expensive 18.One has to make sure that kis upto standard {14.The gentleman paid for... ticket. 16 Teenagers... problem group, 16 The scorpion ....a dangerous spider. a a 2 a a i 17, Weevils ....2 kind of spider. 18 Dune okets found in desert areas ? 18:Thetonges beats. about 18 Song, 20-Tha team ..going to tour New Zealana,COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH LEARNING UNIT 2 LANGUAGE USAGE: SENTENCES words are usualy aranged m meanngful unts Igoups. The three major word groups re - phrases + clauses tences A. Phrases [Arphrase is @ group of words witnout a finte ver Example 1 alone and unhappy fi, whisting along the way ‘A phrase is always part of another meaningtul uit (@ sentence, for example) 8, Clauses Unive 2 phrase, a cause does have a finite verb but ii does not make Complete sense on its own, i needs @ wore, phrase or clause to complete: example | Thewoman said |Anough there is @ verb (Said) in this word group, the meaning is hot slear, The reader or listener wants £0 know what the woman sa washed her face mm Se TTR MRO MOA ow ma anaaa “a Sess agar i who washed ne face SENTENCES. 1 eantence ie @ g'up of worde whish does have a fnite vere ‘ean stand onits own 2 goes make pertex sense | Sipho fellfrom the ee |i Thandiis my sister ana James ic my brother. | A finite verb has 2 past, present and future tense Example 1 Joshua is my brother. (present tense) ‘= Rennwe nag ner nair permed yesterday (past tense) Jacob wil be competing in the Soccer World Cup next ‘month. (future tense) | Someforms of the finite vero cannot stand by themselves and are ‘neretxe calles nan-inite verbs Examples ofsuch verbs are | the infntive - to comey to buy to st > the present participle comngy buying / sting | tne past panciple- come’ bought! sal’ done t ee)F 1 nn SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION Basically there are thres types of sentences. nz. amo ‘Simple, Compound and Complex. 4. Simple sentence ~ consists of one ciause (ie one subject = one finite vero) ony. a Example: Sipho is my brother. Thandl is my sister 2, Compound Sentence: consists of walmore simple sentences which have combned to form a single, new sertence. Example: Jacob Is my brother and Nelisiwe is my sister. ‘Jacob is my brother but Nelisiwe is my sister. NOTE: The nounlpronoun about which a statement is being made ing sentence, is called the subject ofthe sentence. mma mm Example: Susan is an airnostess, ‘She nas flown to many countries. 3, Complex Sentence ~ consists of one main clause plus one/more ‘subordinate causes. ithe sentence were toe broken up into parts the man clause would De a complete sentence. Ths is called te main cause of the sentence. 6 gxereise 1 WY Complete tne following sentences by filling in the correct conjunction. [kod ft very much... coula not afford to buy 1 2 ne i$ small he is very strong 3. He was obviousiy in pain......he did not complain 4 5 thas been many weeKs.-..° we Saw her ‘We cannot leave, "he arrives. = osm om nom an om% i V&eercis Change each of the following pairs of Simpie Sentences into a singie J] Compound Sentence by means of the conjunctions given in brackets. 2 a 3 3 He visited me ast right He hac tree cups oftea, (when) You nave colectes the money Pay ito your Grave teacher (once) {did not go to school yesterday | had to lock after my sistar who was It (oecause) ‘Something is wrong with the way in which the following sentences have ‘been constructed. Correct them. 41. To walk very stowly is more tring than walking ata steady pace. 3 2. He is not ony a good player but he also nelps ne other team members. 3) She's nehe pleasent person nor does she work very hava B Pexercise « : “The foliowing sentences are ambiguous. Rewrte exch sentence removing the ambiguity 41. We saw a boy with @ book that had no jacket 2. He buned tne dagger ne foun in he calar 3, They threw 3 peach at the referee which was rotten, Preserises Combine each of the groups of sentences below into one complex ‘sentence. Use the pronouns given in brackets to introduce the subordinate ad 3 clauses . 1. Miton wrote Paradise lost. In ister years Miton wes completely bling 3 (wna) 2. The car skidced around the camer The brakes of the carfaliac. (whose) 3. The actor was assautled on nis way home. | admire the actor 3 tremendously. (whom) 4 Exercises a Improve on the quality of the following sentences, 1, Peter plays the guitardi oougnineset 2 Dunng break one car She lifted ner nan. S200 wan to tne store Eland was dnvng nis car She will 12tattend Exercise 7 Distinguish between co-ordinate and suboranate clauses 1 2 What is an infintive? 3 Construct @ sentence with each of mre words below in such a way that the meaning ef the words becomes clear to tne reader. a. inhabit b. dignity trensparent agony fe. obiterate Exercise 8 ‘Complete the following sentences so that they mean the same as the ones printed before them, 1. He knows ne shouldn't have sai those temble things He regrets 2. Weare sory that your job appicaton has not been successtu We regrel to 1. Its pityyou aren't teaching next year. We wesn. 4, They shoule have lat us know that hey were moving house. wish 5. Why aidnt | take up nis offer of @ job) erty 6, They are sony they di not buy the lang Thay re ee mmm mm &a ail a 3 3 a 3 s ND VERB MEN ow DER AS ‘Verbs must also flow their leader (he subject) in pero and number (singular er plural 1 prefer to pay my bis by check nis seutene, he ver prefer apres in abet {stngular or plural with is bye, Taglar Perel Fist Person peer we pra Second Peron youre Fours Third Person Pea appre Tooting athe tbl, you can ae tat is fr person singular, Therefore ust he fist peo ‘singult vet, pref ‘SUBJECTS AND VERBS MUST AGREE “The general rales this: A verb mast gree wh i sub te pero (sono i) The gener ropa pul) Thos fend prefer apre Lets ook ate fw moe examples ‘Marc sour manager, The vei agess (amber) wi ts subject, Mark Many Synem major arebestag a "PC" Day. Nouns ae always consiere third aes ier canbe teed presage oF cid pere pil, Sse major spur ‘wer mot be plural. The ver are pura CHECKUPL ‘elec he correct ver in preabess, an Wr tii pee tse igh. Mae sr your ‘Shove agrecs wih i subject! 1. Ricky wal, wad) two mies each dy. 4 was 2, The nurses (need, needs) your help tis 2. need 5, Carl move, moves) ino bis new sparmnen the firs ofthe mont 3. moves (4. The new book (has, have) over 500 pages 4. bas c ve MPC ‘Collective nouns ke singula verbs when the group act as one; plural verbs woes the members act asindviduals ‘The committe plans to reconvene at pan. The comminee is acting a5 group. Its Tigsier wd reqeies a saul verb, The verb plans is singular and agress with tbe Collective moun commitee. i Pas“The commis re vided inti opinions. Becaue come refers te Tpanunines meiises aiag a individuals, the paral ve wer Sse, ‘Compound subjects, as 30u now, have tro oF more nous of rons Tf te pars ofthe ‘SSrround subjectar joined by or (or nr, the ved ms ares eater (singular ox purl) Shem tbe subject a olows the word or (tno. [Neitherthe supervisors mt the assistan bas the autherig approve the change, ‘Be singuar noun assist flloe the word nor, Use he sur wer hs ‘But watch whathappens whes he sentoz is changed either the assistants wor the perisors have the autres» approve the change. ‘Now he paral noun pecvisor fellow the word nor. Use sagula vtb has. ‘fete pars ofthe composndsibjec arid by andthe ube spl and requis a plural verb Alexander and Yona are traveling to Europe. Ths piualvebare agres wih the ompound subject Alexander and Yana. Exception! Two subjects oie! by andar sill considered sings bey are moifed by the {nde propous each and e7. ‘Every wornan and ctié was given preference. The Sagi wa, was, is comect pusause every means £77 singe on. ‘Each man and child was idented with s name tag. Tx apuar verb was, is comest because each meas each ope Peon CHECKUP2 Select the cores vt from ech pair parentheses, and wri it a espace atte right 1. Neither the peo mor the papers (was, were) onthe dese 2 were 2. Only few ofthe stadens (i, ae) paying tencon. Dae +3. Every boy an gr! (has, bre) a pair of mines > bas “4 Each ofthe tds (bs, have) an assinment to comple. 4 bas ‘5, Dan and Bob (, are) managing the departmens OTHER PROBLEMS ‘wher sentences notin normal order, the correct vecb may note car. Change the sentence to wormal ore Subject Sst then vet. ‘Where (sare) my ber of mails? Normal order: My bor ofmils is were? The subject Doris singular and requires a singular verb. 1 i singua: 2 PSs PRRTM HRP TMT OM Aa HRA Moo mow mm