SYNERGY

JOURNAL OF THE
CENTRE FOR JOINT WARFARE STUDIES
Volume 2 Issue 1 ISSN : 2583-5378 February 2023

CENJOWS
(Established : 2007)
Room No 301, B-2 Wing, 3rd Floor
Pt Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan
CGO Complex, Lodhi Road,
New Delhi - 110003 (INDIA)
Telephone Nos : 011-24364881, 24366485
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Website : www.cenjows.in
E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]
 INDEX
CIVIL-MILITARY FUSION IN DEFENCE : THE WAY FORWARD

Message from CDS - vii-viii

Message from CISC - ix-x
From The Director’s Desk - xi-xii

1. Civil Military Fusion in India- Promising Pathways - 1-26

Lt Gen Sunil Srivastava, AVSM, VSM**(Retd)

2. Civil Military Fusion for Integrated Strategic - 27-51

Deterrence and Intelligence Surveillance
and Reconnaissance
Brig Anshuman Narang

3. Civil Military Fusion: A Model for India - 52-67

Lt Gen PR Shankar, PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd)

4. China’s Military-Civil Fusion and Lessons for India - 68-87

Brig (Dr) Rajeev Bhutani (Retd)

5. Military-Civil Fusion in China and Lessons for India - 88-105

Lt Col Saurabh Dixit

6. Challenges to India’s Land Border Management: - 106-116

A Call for an all of Government Approach
Maj Gen Alok Deb, SM, VSM (Retd)

7. The Role of Civil-Military Fusion in Shaping - 117-128

Future Military Leadership
Lt Gen AB Shivane, PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd)

8. Civil Military Fusion in Diplomacy - 129-147

Ms Ulupi Borah

9. Civil-Military Fusion for Emerging Technologies in India - 148-166

Lt Col Akshat Upadhyay

Vol. 2 Issue 1 February 2023 vii

10. Paradigms of CMF for Defence R&D and - 167-176
Production Eco System : Creating Level
Playing Field for Private Sector
Lt Gen Rameshwar Yadav, PVSM, AVSM, VSM (Retd)
11. Achieving Civil Military Fusion in Space - 177-195
Gp Capt Puneet Bhalla
12. CMF in Cyberspace Domain - 196-207
Air Marshal Daljit Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VM (Retd)
13. Civil-Military Fusion in Maritime Security: A Status-check - 208-225
Capt (IN) Kamlesh K Agnihotri (Retd)
14. Civil Military Fusion for Naval Operations - 226-238
- A Perspective
Capt (IN) Indrajit Talukdar
15. Civil Military Fusion in Intelligence in India - 239-255
- The Way Forward
Col Vijay Narayan Shukla, VSM
16. Civil Military Fusion in Communications and - 256-268
Spectrum Management
Air Vice Marshal Ajay Shukla, VM
17. Civil-Military Fusion in Infrastructure & Logistics - 269-287
Policy Domains by Leveraging National Logistics
Policy and PM Gati Shakti
Brig Mandeep Grewal, VSM
18. Civil-Military Fusion in Logistics - 288-303
Infrastructure Development
Col MB Singh
19. India's Normative Aspirations of Civil-Military Fusion - 304-315
Knowledge Absorption by Private Sector the Key
Cmde Somen Banerjee
20. Understanding Civil-Military Relations in the - 316-338
United States from a Social Science Approach
Anant Mishra

Notes:-
— Views expressed in articles are individual opinions of the writers, and not of CENJOWS.
— Contributors to Synergy Journal are requested to visit the website for the theme of the next
issue and guidelines.

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 288-303

CIVIL-MILITARY FUSION IN LOGISTICS

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

Col MB Singh*

CMF-Background and Overview

The Civil Military Fusion (CMF) aims at making full use of military and
civilian resources under the uni ed planning and guidance, for achieving
the higher state of military preparedness, leveraging ‘Whole of the
Nation’ approach. United States de nes Military Civil Fusion or MCF
(note the di erence in terminology), as an aggressive, national strategy
of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) with goal to enable the China
to develop the most technologically advanced military in the world by
eliminating the barriers between China’s civilian research and commercial
sectors, and its military and defense industrial complex implementing this
strategy, “not just through its own research and development e orts, but
also by acquiring and diverting the world’s cutting-edge technologies –
including through theft – in order to achieve military dominance”.Chinese
scholars on other hand credit USA for implementing the concept and
claiming to have learnt from it.
Irrespective of how it evolved, USA and China have advanced CMF in
all facets of national defence. This fusion helps in, using commercially
available o�-the-shelf technology, leveraging the synergised strength of
the nation for national security by streamlined processes and resource
sharing to achieve interconnectivity, higher e ciency, and optimal
allocation of resources. Much talked about Chinese MCF called for
six System of Systems (SoS) which are formed by fusing civilian and
defense ecosystems that possesses high levels of commonality but
which have previously been separated into distinct silos. It aims to

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gradually integrate military and civilian resources in a way that creates

a strategic capability for success in a systems confrontation. Chinese
MCF is a strategy whose components are well meshed into China’s
other national security apparatus to advance the Chinese overarching
security and developmental goals. One of the SoS is ‘Socialised Support
and Sustainment for the PLA SoS’ which is MCF in the area of logistics.
Case for CMF in Logistics Infrastructure in India
Most of our infrastructure development has been taking place in isolated
silos. It was marked by lack of coordination between di�erent Ministries/
Departments, for example, once a road was constructed and completed,
other agencies dug up the road for activities like laying of underground
cables, gas pipelines etc.Piecemeal development of infrastructure
took place with complex and fragmented regulatory environment
which resulted in wasteful expenditure and suboptimal use of available
infrastructure. Government of India (GoI) has been lately working
on development of infrastructure in an integrated manner. Minister
of MoRTH Shri Natin Gadkari said in Aug 2020 that, “To take India’s
infrastructure to the next level it has been decided to work on it in an
integrated manner as per Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision. Plans
are afoot to tap full potential while building newer highways.”

Figure 1 : Ingredients of Developing Integrated Logistics Sector

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 COL MB SINGH

In recent past number of other path breaking initiatives have

been taken by the GoI to, “Develop a technologically enabled,
integrated, cost-e cient, resilient, sustainable and trusted logistics
ecosystem in the country for accelerated and inclusive growth”.
India, 5th largest economy of the world is endeavouring to become a
self-reliant USD 5 Trillion economy by 2025. Prime Minister launched
National Logistics Policy on 17 Sep 2022 with desired outcome of
reduction in logistics cost to 8% which is currently 13% of GDP and to be
among top 25 countries by Logistics Performance Index and create data
driven decision support mechanism. While all this transformation is
happening in national logistics ecosystem, there a need to dovetail
and fuse military logistics infrastructure need in national logistics
architecture.
Transformation of National Logistics Infrastructure
Fastest Segment of Indian Economy. The civil logistics sector has
been one of the fastest-growing segments of the Indian economy in
recent years. The sector has expanded at a 15 percent compound
annual growth rate (CAGR) in revenue in the past ve years and is likely
to grow at an even faster pace in the future.
PM GatiShakti & National Logistics Policy are a transformative
approach for economic growth and sustainable development. The
approach is driven by seven engines, which are:-,
• Roads
• Railways
• Airports
• Ports
• Mass Transport
• Waterways
• Logistics Infrastructure

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PM GatiShakti. The PM GatiShakti National Master Plan (NMP)

is aimed at breaking departmental silos and bringing in more holistic
and integrated planning and execution of projects with a view to
addressing the issues of multi-modal and last-mile connectivity
. Launched on 13 Oct 2021, it is a giant stride in India’s ambitious goal for
becoming $ 5 trillion economy. It aims to transform the logistics e ciency
and reduce logistics cost, with focus on integrating existing and proposed
infrastructure of all developmental agencies, ministries and state
governments. NMP will ensure rst and last mile connectivity for seamless
movement of people and goods. It has also been a transformative
approach towards integrated planning and synchronised infrastructure
project implementation. Adopting a ‘whole of the government approach’,
the NMP has successfully incorporated more than 1900 GIS data layers
for infrastructure mapping of di�erent ministries and state governments.
In the last one year, the NMP has e�ectively expedited many projects
which had been previously stalled.

Figure 2 : National Master Plan (NMP)

For supervision and execution of PM GatiShakti, The institutional

framework for formulation, implementation, monitoring and support
is designed to have a three-tier system. The rst tier is Empowered
Group of Secretaries (EGoS), headed by Cabinet Secretary, consisting

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 COL MB SINGH

of Secretaries of 18 Ministries as members and Head of Logistics

Division, DPIIT, Ministry of Commerce & Industry as Member Convenor
that oversees the formulation and execution of the NMP. Second tier is
Network Planning Group (NPG) consisting of heads of Network Planning
wing of respective infrastructure ministries and it will assist the EGoS
in planning the infrastructure. To avoid duplication of works for holistic
development of any region as well as reducing logistics costs through
micro-plan detailing, the Technical Support Unit (TSU) is constituted
for providing the required competencies which becomes the third tier.
It brings together 18 crucial ministries such as railway, road, transport,
civil aviation, telecommunications and agriculture for synergised and
coordinated creation of infrastructure.
National Logistics Policy (NLP). On September 21, 2022, the
Union Cabinet approved the National Logistics Policy (NLP). The
policy complements the PM GatiShakti National Master Plan.
NLP lays down an overarching interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral,
multijurisdictional and comprehensive policy framework for the
logistics sector. The NLP aims to develop a technologically enabled,
integrated, cost-e cient, resilient, sustainable and trusted logistics
ecosystem in the country for accelerated and inclusive growth
to reduce logistics cost by 40% from current 13% of GDP by integration,
optimisation, standardisation and modernisation of logistics space.
This will provide a comprehensive agenda for development of entire
logistics ecosystem. NLP is proposed to be implemented through a

Figure 3 : Logistics Cost as Percentage of GDP in 2020 and Projection for 2025

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Comprehensive Logistics Action Plan (CLAP). Action areas proposed in

CLAP are:-
• Integrated Digital Logistics Systems. NLP proposes to develop a
system of uni ed logistics interface linking multiple data sources and
develop cross sectoral use cases for logistics professionals.
• Standardisation of Physical Assets and Benchmarking Service
Quality Standards. NLP has undertaken to enhance interoperability,
minimise handling risks, synergise processes, and improve ease
of doing business, through standardisation of physical assets and
benchmarking of service quality standards in logistics.
• Logistics Human Resources Development and Capacity
Building. Develop an overarching logistics human resource strategy
and under its guiding principles, stake holding ministries to develop
action plans to address skill development.

• State Engagement. Provide support for development of state/city

level logistics plans, set up institutional framework to take action at
city/state level, measure and monitor action by states and rank them.
• Service Improvement Framework. Improving regulatory interface
to enable seamlessness between sectors, promote standardisation,
formalisation, and interoperability; eliminate fragmentation in
documentation, formats, processes and liability regimes; and reduce
gaps in regulatory architecture.
• Sectoral Plan for E cient Logistics. Sectoral Plans for E cient
Logistics (SPEL) aligned with PM GatiShakti, will be developed
for each sector with underlying philosophies of inter-operability,
resiliency, sustainability, and innovation. Speci cally, SPEL would
address logistics issues pertaining to infrastructure, processes,
digital improvements, policies and regulatory reforms, and capacity
building for better workforce, and prioritise cross-sectoral cooperation
to complement and not duplicate e�orts and focus on optimisation of
modal mix.

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Figure 4 : Pillars of Integrated Logistics Development17

Development of Logistics Parks. Logistics parks (e.g. Multi Modal

Logistics Parks, Air Freight Stations, Inland Container Depots, Container
Freight Stations, cargo terminals, etc.) will be hubs for intermediary
activities (storage, handling, value addition, inter-modal transfers,
etc.) in the supply chain connected by a transportation network. It is
envisaged to promulgate framework guidelines to facilitate development
of Logistics Parks in the country with focus on encouraging private
investment, create a network of logistics parks by mapping them on the
PM GatiShakti NMP, for enhanced visibility, improved logistics e ciency,
optimum utilisation and connectivity.
Military Logistic Infrastructure Voids
Physical Infrastructure especially roads and defence works along
international border (IB) and Line of Control (LoC), are somewhat
developed, however, our infrastructure along Line of Actual Control
(LAC) is far from what is required state of development considering
Chinese infrastructure development across LAC. After 1962 war with

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China, general thought process of decision makers, political as well

military, was that best way to hamper Chinese o�ensive on own side
was by denying axis for developing operations. This was best achieved
by deferred and delayed infrastructure development. Shri AK Antony,
then RM, in 2010 said that, “Earlier, the thinking was that inaccessibility
in far- ung areas would be deterrence to the enemies.”
Thought process started changing with formation of China Study Group
(CSG) in 1970s; however, the intent of improvement of infrastructure
along LAC didn’t translate on ground. Though, 73 roads, which are
known as India-China Border Roads (ICBR) were conceived in 1997
and approved by CCS in 1999 and were to be completed by 2006. These
roads have witnessed many extension of deadline and are yet to be
fully completed, reason for which was informed by the BRO to standing
committee on Defence in 2018-19. It is beyond doubt that these roads
are critical for many purposes in addition to military requirements. Same
Standing Committee on Defence noted in its report that border areas,
“which are generally underpopulated, be populated with sympathetic
indigenous population. This policy requires a good road network, �rstly
for motivating migrated population to return to their areas and secondly,
for their logistics sustenance.”
ICBR Phase-2 for construction of additional 104 roads along LAC of
approximately 6700 kms, approved in 2020-21 continues to face multiple
challenges. Same is the case of Border Airports, ALG projects, Border
Bridge Projects, Border Railway Projects, Border Tunnel Projects and
Sea Ports & Water Ways Projects of strategic nature. Though completion
of LAC projects such as Leh to DBO road in Ladakh, Lipulekh road in
Uttarakhand along Nepal border, Damping to Yangtze road in Arunachal
Pradesh, Atal Tunnel on Manali to Leh axis, Bogibeel and Sadiya bridges
in Assam, Forward ALGs do o�er some hope.
General Manoj Pande, the Chief of Army Sta� while speaking at Army
Logistics Seminar on 12 Sep 2022 said that one of the important
lessons from Russia-Ukraine war is that the pace, intensity and
reach of military operations ride on strength, agility and capacity
of logistics support. “While military infrastructure will continue to

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meet the immediate and speci�c demands of the armed forces, it is

the civil-military fusion with the support of Indian industry that shall
provide the bulwark for execution and sustenance of future operations,”
COAS further added.
Raksha Mantri Shri Rajnath Singh, while delivering key note address
at the same seminar called for Civil-Military Fusion. He said that,
“The government is taking steps to create a robust, secure, speedy and
self-reliant logistics system, with the requisite civil-military fusion, to
e ectively deal with future security challenges”.

RECOMMENDATION ON CIVIL-MILITARY FUSION FOR

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

PM GatiShakti Infrastructure Plan targets set by the Indian government

till 2024-25 for major infrastructure creation are as follows:-
• Expanding National Highways. Extend national highways to 0.2
million kilometres, powered by Bharatmala, completing four or
six-lane national highways of 5,590 kms along coastal areas and
connecting all state capitals in the northeast.
• Increasing Cargo Capacity. Railways has a target to handle
1,600 million tonnes of cargo, decongest 51% of the rail network
by completing additional lines and implement two Dedicated Freight
Corridors (DFCs).
• Shipping. Powered by Sagarmala, shipping sector to see an increase
cargo capacity at the ports to 1,759 million tonne per annum.
• Doubling the Existing Aviation Footprint. Powered by Regional
Connectivity Scheme – UDAN, the Ministry of Civil Aviation, has a
target to increase the existing aviation footprint and have a total of
220 new airports, heliports and water aerodromes by 2025 including
the development of an additional 109 facilities.
• Construction of the Pipeline Network. Doubling the gas pipeline
network to 34,500 kms by building an additional 17,000 km long
trunk pipeline.

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• Extending the Transmission Network. The total power transmission

network is targeted to be ~0.5 million circuit km and the renewable
energy capacity to be increased to 225 GW.
Institutional/Functional Mechanism for Military Infrastructure
Requirement Projection. Infrastructure mentioned above are critical,
as well for the military and it is imperative that military requirements
are included in the PM GatiShakti NMP ab-initio. It needs to be done
by the way of inclusion of defence forces representation in the
formal consultative mechanism of GatiShakti and NLP. However,
in case creation of institutional mechanism is getting delayed for some
reason, defence forces can formulate its requirements and project
to Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade, Ministry
of Commerce and Industry which is nodal department, through MoD/
DMA or IDS for functional ease and speed.
Provision for Military Infrastructure in NLP. Similarly, National
Logistics Policy is silent on requirement and modalities of construction of
logistics infrastructure along border areas. One of the plausible reasons
could be its nancial viability and return on the investment. It is imminently
desirable to formulate defence logistics infrastructure requirements and
reach out to Logistics Division, Department of Promotion of Industry and
Internal Trade for inclusion of defence forces need in National Logistics
Policy. These requirements must be comprehensive, riding on proposed
multimodal connectivity infrastructure to various economic zones.
Military should also aim to:-
• Integrate existing military infrastructure with proposed multimodal
infrastructure.
• Optimise logistics infrastructure of defence forces with synergistic
usage of civil infrastructure.
• Standardise our physical assets, seek to update civil standards to
suit military requirements and enforce standardisation of processes,
taxonomy and service quality standards as being adopted in civil.
• Formalise to reduce fragmentation within the Services and with civil
logistics sector, up skill and reskill the logistics workforce.

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 COL MB SINGH

Suggested Inclusion in NLP. Some suggestions for immediate inclusion

in logistics infrastructure creation as part of NLP are:-
• Dedicated zones in proposed logistics parks for use by military
to be catered wherever these are required; or a separate military
logistics park, land for which must be acquired along with civil
Logistics Park Land, to be created adjacent to civil Logistics Parks.
• Last mile connectivity to be extended either to border areas
where needed or to an existing road. If last mile connectivity is
economically unviable, it should be given capital subsidy.
• Capital subsidy to be also provided to logistics companies for
construction of warehouses in remote areas or an arrangement
of clubbing these with pro table location may be resorted to.
• Inclusion of military logistics infrastructure development
parameters to be included in LEADS (Logistics Ease Across
Di�erent States) Survey for focus on creation of military
infrastructure.

Air elds. More number of Air eld and ALGs are required
to be developed in border areas under UDAN scheme which
can induce the reverse migration and also act as dual use
infrastructure. For example, ALG proposed to come up in Tangtse
may be developed as part of UDAN.
Military NPG and TSU for Integrated Infrastructure Development.
The concept of NPG and TSU enshrined in NLP and discussed earlier
need to be replicated in Border Areas comprising of civilian and
military representatives, having powers of making decisions pertaining
to infrastructure development. This may include the local formation
commanders, engineers from the GREF/ BRO detachment (if
stationed), representatives from Navy or Air Force where required
from the military domain and the representatives of civil administration.
Dual Purpose Projects. Any project being undertaken in forward
location should be considered for feasibility of dual-purpose utilisation,
at the planning stage itself.

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Use of Tunnels in Border Area for Dual Purpose. Tunnelling is

the only viable point defence in face of increasing precision
and lethality of warheads. The PLA has built tunnels for
aircrafts at Lhasa and underground storage facilities to store
nuclear missile submarines in Hainan Islands in South China Sea
. In our case, tunnel based billeting and defences are required to be
constructed, in mountainous areas along LAC. Provisions of Tunnels
for defence works and for storage facility to be planned ab-initio.
The same to be provided with requisite arrangements for troops during
winters and also provide security in CBRN environment.
Cavern Ammunition Storage Facility. Conventional ammunition
storage infrastructure in forward areas is prone to enemy surveillance
and observation during peace and precision strikes during war. We need
underground ammunition storage facilities, keeping in view the terrain
and climate considerations in forward areas. Construction of these will
strengthen defence capability and reduce logistical vulnerabilities.
These facilities must be planned in conjunction with NLP.
Pipeline Network for Fuel. The Indian Oil Corporation Limited is in
process of laying pipe lines for supply of fuel to important hubs as part of
NLP from where, based on the Hub and Spoke Concept, lines should
be laid ahead to supply fuel to remote locations. This is required to be
extended to forward border areas to economise on transportation
requirement and create ease and redundancy in supply of Fuel & Oil.

Critical Pre-requisites. Though not as part of physical infrastructure,

however; as critical enablers, military has to upgrade its digital interface
and logistics organisation.
• Logistics Vertical at IDS. Logistics have achieved fair degree of
jointness among the services. In absence of Defence Logistics
Agency type of central organisation in India, logistics vertical at
IDS is required to lead the way. Going forward, size of logistics
vertical at HQ IDS does not complement the role it plays and
potential it has. Logistics vertical at IDS, suitably augmented, to
be responsible for centralised policy formulation and coordination of

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 COL MB SINGH

logistics aspects at tri-services. While the Services can continue to

be responsible for their own logistics function, the logistics vertical at
IDS to be responsible for:-
• Coordination with other organs and ministries of government
for factoring in military logistics requirement in creation of logistics
infrastructure and ecosystem.
• Policy intervention to encourage the civil logistics initiatives in
addressing military logistics needs and encourage creation of
military logistics ecosystem.
• Optimisation of resources by eliminating duplication in logistic
functions, achieving economy of scale and reduce wastage by
catering centralised reserves.
• Digital Interface. Integrated Material Management On-Line System
(IMMOLS) of Air Force, Integrated Logistics Management System
(ILMS) of Navy and Computerised Inventory Control Project (CICP)
of Army need to be fully integrated with tri-services seamless
interoperability and inventory visibility. Digital architecture to
take advantage of United Logistics Interface Platform (ULIP),
proposed as part of NLP, has to be developed by the military.

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Figure 5 : ULIP Integration Architecture

• Integrated Logistics Organisation. Some measures like setting

up of Joint Logistics Nodes (JLNs) at Mumbai, Guwahati and
Port Blair have materialised, however, logistics continues to be
planned virtually in Services silos. Need of the hour is to evolve
an integrated logistics organisation suitable for forward linking
to Service while having capability of being able to fully take
advantage of PM GatiShakti and NLP by seamless backward
integration.
Conclusion
Logistics e ciency is function of infrastructure, services which includes
digital, processes & regulatory services; and Human Resource. The
government has been proactively working to bring quantum improve-
ment in logistics infrastructure. For us in military, the need of the hour is

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to be innovative which when backed by integrated organisation & e�ort

will become a ‘Force for Modernisation’. Proactively reaching out and
fusing our requirement with GatiShakti & NLP will plug the military in-
frastructure gaps in this highly complex and fragmented environment at
optimal cost and least burden to defence expenditure.
*Col MB Singh has served along LAC as well as LoC. An alumnus of
OTA Chennai, DSSC Wellington and CDM Secunderabad; he was Col
GS (Operations) of a Command along Northern Borders. The o cer is
currently posted as Deputy Commander of a Rashtriya Ri es Sector in
North Kashmir. Views expressed are personal.
Endnotes
1. MCF One Pager, US State Department, https://www.state.gov/remarks-and-releases-bureau-of-
international-security-and-nonproliferation/what-is-mcf-one-pager/
2. Xiaobai Liu, Fei Shao and Xingxing Zhang, “Civil-Military Integration Logistics Support System of
Warships,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 853, 2020 The
6th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Control and Robotics https://iopscience.
iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/853/1/012031/meta
3. Alex Stone and Peter Wood, “China’s Military-Civil Fusion Strategy”, China Aerospace Studies
Institute, https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/CASI/Display/Article/2217101/chinas-military-civil-
fusion-strategy/
4. ibid
5. The Economic Times, 23 Aug 2020, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/
infrastructure/ critical-road-infra-building-to-put-india-on-par-with-us-uk-in-2-years-gadkari/
articleshow/77702276.cms
6. GoI, National Logistics Policy 2022, Ministry of Commerce and Industry Gadzette Noti cation
dated 28 Sep 2022
7. https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/logistics-industry-seeks-subsidies-on-electric-
vehicles-faster-development-of-ulip-platform-in-2023-budget-9718701.html
8. One year of PM GatiShakti – National Master Plan, Ministry of Finance Press Release, 13 Oct
2022, https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/speci cdocs/documents/2021/oct/doc2021102511.
pdf
9. One year of PM GatiShakti – National Master Plan, Ministry of Finance Press Release, 13 Oct
2022, https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/speci cdocs/documents/2021/oct/doc2021102511.
pdf
10. PM GatiShakti November 2022 Newsletter, GoI, Department for Promotion of Industry and
International Trade; https://dpiit.gov.in/publications/e-newsletter
11. First National Conference on Logistics of States Report, Logistics Division Department of
Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, https://logistics.gov.in/
12. PM GatiShakti – National Master Plan, Ministry of Finance Press Release, 25 Oct 2021, https://
static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/speci cdocs/documents/2021/oct/doc2021102511.pdf

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13. PM GatiShakti Plan, https://www.ibef.org/blogs/pradhan-mantri-gati-shakti-plan

14. Ebook on National Logistic Policy, GoI Ministry of Commerce and Industry, https://dpiit.gov.in/
logistics-division#e-BookonLaunchofNationalLogisticsPolicy
15. First National Conference on Logistics of States Report, Logistics Division Department of
Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, https://logistics.gov.in/
16. Ebook on National Logistic Policy, GoI Ministry of Commerce and Industry, https://dpiit.gov.in/
logistics-division#e-BookonLaunchofNationalLogisticsPolicy
17. Vivek Raghuvanshi, 07 May 2010, https://www.defensenews.com/story.
php?i=4616391&c=ASI&s=LAN
18. GoI, Ministry of Defence, Standing Committee on Defence (2018-19) report to Sixteenth Lok
Sabha, Para 1.5, Page 8
19. Ibid, Para 1.2, Page 1
20. Vijaita Singh, “Critical road on China border being constructed in Ladakh: MHA”, Mar 15 2021,
https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/critical-road-on-china-border-being-constructed-in-
ladakh-mha/article34077712.ece
21. First National Conference on Logistics of States Report, Logistics Division Department of
Commerce, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, https://logistics.gov.in/
22. ibid
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24. https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/ les/basic_page_ les/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf
Kapoor, S. 07 September 2022. The Indian Express. Retrieved from www.indianexpress.com:
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iocl.com/Pages/pipelines-overview

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