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XI - Ch-3 Motion in A Plane

11th physics chapter three hand written notes

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53 views6 pages

XI - Ch-3 Motion in A Plane

11th physics chapter three hand written notes

Uploaded by

aakashsalunkhe8767
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aa MOTION RECTILINEAR MOTION Consider an object moving along a straight line along. the X-axis. Let %, and x, be the posit the body at times ¢, and ¢, during its motion. Displacement : The displacement of the object betweeen t, and ty is the difference between the position vectors of the object at two instances. Iris given vectors of seats, ny Its direction is along the line of motion of the object. Its dimensions are that of length, Path length: This is the actual distance travelled by the object during its motion. It is a scalar quantity, Its dimensions are also that of length. Avert ve we toci It is defined as the displacement of the object during the time interval over which average velocity is being caculated, divided by that time interval, Tis given by Uy, at © ‘The direction of motion of the projectile’ at any time t ‘makes an angle « with the horizontal and is given by %O © Horizontal range of projectile : The maximum horizontal distance covered by the projectile before it falls to the ground is called the horizontal range. (R). , Derivation of horizontal range (R) : Let the time taken by the projectile to reach maximum. height be t,. The trajectory of the object is symmetrical, the object will take same time in going up and coming tana= down to ground. At the highest point P, t = ¢, and v, = 0 then equ" (4) becomes, O=u sin 0- gt, t= meine (6) ord «Total time in air = 7'= 2t, is the time of Hight ‘The total horizontal distance travelled by the particle in this time T can be obtained by using equ” (8) 18 cos 0. T= u cox 0. 21, u? @sin8 cos0) € u?sin20 : 7 oD) Above equ” gives expression for horizontal range of projectile. Range of projectile depends.on - (@ magnitude and direction of initial velocity of the projectile and Gi value of acceleration due to gravity at that place. For maximum horizontal range sin 28 26=90° or8 Hence & 2 R= Rye = = ® © Derivation of maximum height (H) : The maximum height reached by the projectile is the distance travelled along the vertical (3) direction in time (t,). Substituting s, = Hand ¢ = we have in eqn (4) 1a Heusind.t.~ 386 wens (24) -2 y @ uisin29 _ poems By: aia Be -@) This equation represents maximum height of projectile, ‘© Equ’ of motion for a projectile As the particle starts from 2 = 0, we can write and 8, =y in eqn (8) a Substituting s, 2= (uc08 0) * Teo 8. Substituting s, = y in eqn (4) = wsingt-t gt y= (usin 0) t~ 5 at aa ¥) Tif pie.) se =tan 0.2 -4(q45-| x ystanO.x 4 (fy, (10) ‘This is the equ’ of trajectory ofthe projectile, = sino ( Iwo put tan 0= A and (} = put tan 0= A and (Zerg) = B then the above equ® is of the form ya Act Be A) which is equ” of a parabola. ‘Thus the trajectory of a particle is a parabola. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION (U.C.M.) © Abody is said to perform uniform circular motion if it moves with constant speed along a circular path. © For UCM. acceleration must be ~ perpendicular to the tangent !) of constant magnitude and Gi) always directed towards the centre of the circular trajectory. © Such an acceleration is called centripetal eceleration and force causing this acceleration is called centripetal force. » For circular motion there are two requirements~ (@) tangential velocity and )) centripetal force of suitable constant ‘magnitude. © e.g. The motion of the moon around the Earth is a nearly circular motion. (a) Period, Radius Vector and Angular Speed Consider an object of mass m, moving with a uniform speed v along a circle of radius r. Let T be the time period of revolution of the object. (Period (1) : The time taken by the object to complete one revolution is called as period of 1 velocity, revolution. 2ar me ate v 2ar oe A) (i) Radius Vector (") +A vector drawn from the centre of circle 10 the position of the particle is called radius vector (") Radius vector has magnitude equal to radius (7) of circle and it is directed away from the centre of the circle, U.C.M. is a periodic motion, then we can define angular speed, Angular Speed (w)': Angle descirbed by the - radius vector per unit time is called angular speed. Prom definition Ge Angle 2x _ Ur) _v er ee = ‘The S.I. unit of angular speed is radians/sec. (b) Expression For Centripetal Acceleration : Fig. 8.6 Uniform Circular motion Consider a particle performing U.C.M. in an anticlockwise sense along a circle of radius (+) with augular speed (0) and period (7). Let us choose the coordinates such that this motion is in ay plane having centre at the origin 0. Initially the particle be at P, on the +ve X-axis. At a given instant ¢ particle moves at P. Let 0 be the angle | , between POP. do @= at and s0 0 = SP x and y components of the radius vector 7 will be 7 cos and r sin 0 respectively. F = (rcos0) i + (r sin 0) j = [ros (o] f+ [r sin (00) } ) osin(ai+e exten ro [em (opis mton] 2 ‘Acceleration is given by adv _d sepa d a aa22 = are [- in(or) i + oe(ao)} naa [-» coa(ot) i since 2-0? [- cos(ot) i + rsin(ad| @=-o'r (3) Here minus sign shows that the acceleration is opposite to that of 7 i.e. towards the centre. Equ"(3) gives expression for centripetal acceleration. Magnitude of centripetal acceleration is given by a=o'r= 2 =v = (A) Hence centripetal force is given by Fema =-mo*? Magnitude of centripetal force is given by (6) 2 mo’ F=mo%r= ™ = mov Conical Pendulum : Itis a pendulum in which mass revolves in a horizontal circle and the string makes a constant angle with the vertical describes a cone whose vertex is fixed point 7 goa (say 0), then mass string system is called a conical pendulum, T eos Conical Pendulum Consider a bob of mass ‘m’ tied to one end of string of length ‘T and other end is fixed to rigid support. Let the bob be displaced from mean position and whired around a horizontal circle of radius ‘r’ with constant angular velocity ‘w’, then the bob performs U.CM. During the motion, string is inclined to the vertical at an angle @ as shown in fig. 3.7 From figure, the forces acting on the bob of mass m, of the conical pendulum are — @ Gravitational force ‘mg’ acting vertically downwards and, Gi) Force due to tension 7° acting along the string directed towards the support. We resolve tension 7' into two mutually perpendicular components — (@) T cos 0 is acting in vertically upwards. () _Tssin 0 is directed towards centre O'. __ In this case T'cos 0 is balanced by mg; so there is no net vertical force. T cos mg wl) And T sin 6 provides necessary centripetal force. Tsin 0= ae 2) mitt _ tan @= = me Te ak? ( i 2) tan O= “payg wd = 2: 7 Poe jgtan aise tsin® ‘gtand (8) (A) ( where lis length of pendulum and h is vertical distance of the horizontal circle from the fixed point O.

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