UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

BSc Thesis on:

LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER

AND RECEIVER
By:

Endale Teketelew, Robel Zerihun, Simeneh Kassie and Yohans

Wasihun

With

Berihun Kassaw
A Thesis Submitted to the Institute of Technology; University of Gondar in Partial Ful-
fillment of the Requirements for the BSc Degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering
(Communication Engineering focus area).

June 2018

Gondar, Ethiopia
 UNIVERSITY OF GONDAR

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT

BSc Thesis on:

LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER

AND RECEIVER
By:

Endale Teketelew, Robel Zerihun, Simeneh Kassie and Yohans

Wasihun

With

Berihun Kassaw

Approval by Board of Examiners

________________ ________________ ________________

Chairman, Dept. Signature Date

Berihun Kassaw ________________ ________________

Advisor Signature Date

________________ ________________ ________________

Examiner 1 Signature Date

________________ ________________ ________________

Examiner 2 Signature Date

Declaration

we, the undersigned, declare that this thesis, laser torch based voice transmitter and
receiver, is our own original work, has not been presented for a BSC degree in this or
any other university, and all sources of materials used for the thesis have been fully
acknowledged.

Endale Teketelew ________________

(GUR/0306/06)
________________
Robel Zerihun (GUR/0865/06)
________________
Simeneh Kassie (GUR/0721/06)
________________
Yohans Wasihun (GUR/0877/06)
Signature
Name

Place: Gondar

Date of Submission: ________________

This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as a university advisor.

Berihun Kassaw ________________

Advisor’s Name Signature

 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

Abstract

A LASER is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on
the stimulated emission of radiation. The term "laser" originated as an acronym for "light
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. Using laser torch we can easily transmit
signal from source to destination. Laser emits light which is highly directional and coher-
ent. It can give a huge amount of energy within a small area, when the signal reaches the
receiver [1].This system can be used where the mobile communication is not possible due
to the lack of mobile operator’s tower. Hence, laser as a communication medium can
provide a good substitute for the present day communication systems as the problem of
interference faced in case of electromagnetic waves is not there and high deal of secrecy
is available. It will easily give a communication distance of several hundred meters, and
with a parabolic light reflector, up to several kilometers. Laser transmitter and receiver
units ensure easy, straightforward systems alignment and long-term stable, service free
operation, especially in inaccessible environments, optical wireless systems offer ideal,
economical alternative to expensive leased lines for buildings. An important feature of
transmission by laser beam is privacy. Because a laser beam is intentionally narrow, it is
virtually impossible for someone to tap into the link without us knowing. Our interest is
to design a laser communication system by using a low cost laser torch that can be used
to transmit confidential voice data from one hill top to other hill top in remote area. Instead
of radio frequency signals, light from an infrared light emitting diode is used as the carrier
in the circuit. The circuit comprises of a transmitter and a receiver section. The input voice
signal is fed through a condenser microphone and the same is modulated via AM at the
transmitter section. The input only if uninterrupted will be heard properly at the receiver
end.

In this project, we designed the circuit that used to communicate with our neighbors wire-
lessly [1]. There has been audio signal in audio generator run on audio analyzer that gives
required sound signal at transmitter and receiver.

The result shows that the transmission process is secure because it has a narrow beam. So
that we can use this system for transmission of confidential data at inaccessible areas.

Keywords: Laser, LST, RF, LM386, Laser power transmission, Receiver, Transmitter,
Wireless Network.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

Table of Contents
List of Figures.............................................................................................................. V

List of Tables .............................................................................................................VII

List of Acronyms ......................................................................................................VIII

List of Symbol ............................................................................................................. X

List of Units................................................................................................................ XI

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................... 1

1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Motivation .......................................................................................................... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem.................................................................................... 3

1.3. Objectives........................................................................................................... 3

1.3.1. General Objective......................................................................................... 3

1.3.1. Specific Objective ........................................................................................ 3

1.4. Contribution of this project ................................................................................. 3

1.5. Methodology and Scope ..................................................................................... 4

1.5.1. Methodology ................................................................................................ 4

1.5.2. Scope of this project..................................................................................... 4

1.6. Limitation of this project .................................................................................... 4

1.7. Organization of this project................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................... 5

2. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6

2.1. Literature review ................................................................................................ 6

2.2. Laser .................................................................................................................. 9

2.3. How lasers work ............................................................................................... 10

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

2.4. Needs of a Laser ............................................................................................... 10

2.4.1. Line of sight (LOS) .................................................................................... 10

2.5. Component Description .................................................................................... 11

2.5.1. LED ........................................................................................................... 11

2.5.2. Resistors..................................................................................................... 12

2.5.3. Capacitors .................................................................................................. 13

2.5.4. Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier (LM386).......................................... 14

2.5.5. Operational Amplifier (IC741)..................................................................... 14

2.5.6. Chemical Lasers......................................................................................... 16

2.5.7. Solid-State Lasers....................................................................................... 16

2.5.8. Fiber-Hosted Lasers ................................................................................... 16

2.5.9. Gas Lasers.................................................................................................. 16

2.5.10. Photonic Crystal Lasers ............................................................................ 17

2.5.11. Semiconductor Lasers .............................................................................. 17

2.5.12. Dye Lasers ............................................................................................... 18

2.5.13. Free Electron Lasers................................................................................. 18

2.6. Specification of parameters............................................................................... 19

2.6.1. How to specify resistor values .................................................................... 19

2.6.2. How to specify capacitor values ................................................................. 21

2.7. Advantages of laser .......................................................................................... 29

CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................... 31

3. Proposed design of laser torch based voice communication ..................................... 31

3.1. Components of block diagram .......................................................................... 31

3.2. Condenser Microphone..................................................................................... 31

3.2.1. Operation of Condenser Microphones ........................................................ 32

3.3. Transmitting Section......................................................................................... 32

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

3.3.2. Laser construction ............................................................................................. 34

3.4. Receiving Section ............................................................................................. 34

3.4.1. Loud Speaker ............................................................................................. 35

3.5. Methodology of the Project............................................................................... 35

3.6. Working principle of the System....................................................................... 36

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................... 37

4. Simulation result and discussion.............................................................................. 37

4.1. Introduction to results ....................................................................................... 37

4.2. Transmitter Circuit Diagram and Operation ...................................................... 37

4.3. Receiver Circuit Diagram and Operation .......................................................... 43

4.4. Working principle............................................................................................. 45

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................ 47

5. Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................................... 47

5.1. Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 47

5.2. Recommendation .............................................................................................. 48

References .................................................................................................................. 49

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

List of Figures
Figure 2. 1 states of laser............................................................................................... 6

Figure 2. 2 LED .......................................................................................................... 11

Figure 2. 3 LED pins................................................................................................... 12

Figure 2. 4 Resistors ................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2. 5 LM386 Pin diagram .................................................................................. 14

Figure 2. 6 Operational Amplifier (IC741) .................................................................. 15

Figure 2. 7 Gas Lasers................................................................................................. 17

Figure 2. 8 color code diagram.................................................................................... 19

Figure 2. 9 capacitor color code diagram..................................................................... 21

Figure 2. 10 transistor circuit1..................................................................................... 23

Figure 2. 11 transistor circuit 2.................................................................................... 23

Figure 2. 12 operation amplifier circuit 1 .................................................................... 25

Figure 2. 13 operation amplifier circuit 2 .................................................................... 26

Figure 2. 14 operation amplifier circuit 3 .................................................................... 26

Figure 2. 15 operation amplifier circuit 4 .................................................................... 27

Figure 2. 16 BD139 circuit transistor .......................................................................... 28

Figure 2. 17 BD139 circuit 1....................................................................................... 29

Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram of the System.................................................................... 31

Figure 3. 2 Condenser Microphones............................................................................ 32

Figure 3. 3 Block Diagram of Transmitting Section .................................................... 33

Figure 3. 4 Laser Torch............................................................................................... 33

Figure 3. 5 Block Diagram of the Receiving Section ................................................... 35

Figure 3. 6 Flow chart of total working order of the system......................................... 36

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

Figure 4. 1 Laser torch based voice transmitter circuit................................................. 39

Figure 4. 2 Transmitter with oscilloscope.................................................................... 39

Figure 4. 3 input audio signal ...................................................................................... 40

Figure 4. 4 carrier signal ............................................................................................. 41

Figure 4. 5 modulated signal ....................................................................................... 42

Figure 4. 6 All displayed signal on oscilloscope .......................................................... 42

Figure 4. 7 Simulation result on transmitter................................................................. 43

Figure 4. 8 Laser torch based voice receiver circuit ..................................................... 44

Figure 4. 9 Simulation result of receiver...................................................................... 45

Figure 4. 10 Laser torch based voice transmitter and receiver circuit........................... 46

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

List of Tables

Table 1.1 capacitor color code..................................................................................... 21

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

List of Acronyms

AC Alternative current

AF Forward gain

AM Amplitude modulation

ASM Advanced System Management

CD Compact disc

CE Collector Emitter

DBm decibel meter

DC Direct current

DOS Density of optical states

DVD Digital video disc

ECE Electrical and Computer Engineering

FEL Free electron laser

HeNe Helium Neon

Ib Base current

IBM International Business Machines

Ic Collector current

Ic Integrated circuit

Ie Emitter current

IR Infrared ray

LASER Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

LDR Light dependent resistor

LST Laser Surface Texturing

MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Op-amp Operational amplifier

PSU Power supply unit

RC Resistor capacitor

RF Radio frequency

USA United states of America

VBC Base collector voltage

VBE base emitter voltage

VCE Collector emitter voltage

VR Variable resistor

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

List of Symbol

Ag Silver

Ar Argon

CO2 carbon dioxide

C2H2 Ethylene

Cr Chromium

Cu copper

De deuterium

DeF deuterium fluoride

H hydrogen

He helium

HF hydrogen fluoride

N nitrogen

Ne Neon

Ni Nickel

NF3 nitrogen tri fluoride

Si Silicon

Sio2 silicon di oxide

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

List of Units
Quantity Units Symbol

Capacitor Farad F

Current Ampere A

Frequency Hertz HZ

Power Watt W(kgm2/s3)

Potential difference Volt V

Resistor Ohm Ω

Time Second S

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

Acknowledgement

First of all, we are most grateful to Almighty of GOD for blessing us with good health
and ideas for completing this project successfully. We would like to show our highest
gratitude to our advisor, Mr. Berihun Kassaw for his invaluable support, patient, assis-
tance and especially his encouragement to this project. We truly have learnt a lot and all
this would not be realized without his guidance. We also would like to thank all our fellow
friends for their contribution in giving our moral support throughout our project develop-
ment period. Last but not least, to the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineer-
ing, for giving us a chance to study and complete our project as part of the Bachelor
program in University of Gondar.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction

1.1. Motivation

In this very competitive world, information is one of the key instruments to cope up with
different situations, such as market value, country issues and communication, which is
the main base of the solution. Voice communication is the most familiar means of com-
munication tools that has been used in the world. But, continents such as Africa, particu-
larly Countries like Ethiopia, couldn’t afford the deployment costs and the call costs even
after deployment of their telecom company. Thus, such countries need to find other kind
of less cost communication mechanisms especially in inaccessible environments. One of
the mechanisms to minimize cost is using laser torch based Voice communication in order
to use laser torch no need of network infrastructure. It is obvious that, wireless infrastruc-
ture require less deployment costs than that of either fiber optics or copper wires. Laser
as a communication medium can provide a good substitute for the present day communi-
cation systems as the problem of interference faced in case of electromagnetic waves is
not there and high deal of secrecy is available. It will easily give a communication dis-
tance of several hundred meters, and with a parabolic light reflector, up to several kilo-
meters [2]. The laser-induced lubricant pockets generated high local pressures and thus
caused a thicker lubricant film, allowing an optimal separation of the contact surfaces
even at lower sliding velocities [3]. It transmits high quality audio and the link is virtually
impossible for anyone else to tap. An important feature of transmission by laser beam is
privacy. Because a laser beam is intentionally narrow, it is virtually impossible for some-
one to tap into the link without knowing. If someone intercepts the beam, the link is bro-
ken and signaling is interception. Fiber-optic cables also have high security and it is very
difficult to splice into the cable without breaking the link. Also, it cannot be detected with
use of spectrum analyzers and RF meters and hence can be used for diverse applications
including financial, medical and military. Laser Surface Texturing (LST) is probably the
most advanced and it produces a very large number of micro-dimples on the surface and
each of these micro-dimples can serve as either a micro-hydrodynamic bearing in cases
of full or mixed lubrication, a micro reservoir for lubricant in cases of starved lubrication
conditions, or a micro-trap for wear debris in either lubricated order sliding [4]. Lasers

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

can also transmit through glass; however, the physical properties of the glass have to be
considered. By rotating the media under the focused pulsed laser beam, a row of crater
shaped dimples are created in the landing zone only [5]. Laser transmitter and receiver
units ensure easy straight forward system alignment and long-term stable ,service free
operation, especially in inaccessible environments, optical wireless systems offer ideal,
economical alternative to expensive leased lines for buildings [6] [7]. Over the past 10
Years, laser intensities have increased by more than four orders of magnitude to reach
enormous intensities of 1020 W /cm2 [8]. The laser can also be commissioned in satellites
for communication, as laser radar requires small aperture as compared to microwave ra-
dar. As we cannot see the laser beam without special IR sensitive equipment, it also makes
alignment more difficult. Further, potential bandwidth of radar using lasers can translate
to very precision range measurement. For these reasons, they can be used as an alternative
to present modes of communication. Laser communication is both wide-band and high-
speed. And the laser transmission is very secure because it has a narrow beam potential
dropping will result in an interruption which will alert the personnel. Use of laser in com-
munication systems is the future because of the advantages of the full channel speeds, no
communication licenses required at present, compatibility with copper or fiber interfaces
and no bridge or router requirements. The laser (light amplification by stimulated emis-
sion of radiation) was perfected in 1960, by research scientist Theodore Mailman at the
Hughes Laboratory in Malibu California. Physicists Charles H. Townes and his brother-
in-law Arthur Schawlow were the first to actually apply for a patent on the laser and they
were the first to publish their findings in scientific journals [9]. He-Ne laser (red beam)
was in commercial use, by 1968. Today many different types of lasers exist, for a wide
range of applications. Lasers are used for surgery, for cutting metal, for determining dis-
tance, for projecting 3-dimensional holographic images, for computer printing and for
entertainment lighting applications. Laser light differs from ordinary light in four ways.
Briefly, it is much more intense, directional, monochromatic and coherent [10]. Most la-
sers consist of a column of active material with a partly reflecting mirror at one end and
a fully reflecting mirror at the other. The active material can be solid (ruby crystal), liquid
or gas (HeNe, CO2 etc.).

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

1.2. Statement of the Problem

There are some areas where cell phone communication is not possible due to the lack of
mobile operator’s tower and difficulty of install communication cable due to geographical
area. The Laser torch based voice transmission system available in market is very expen-
sive with respect to society economy. A low cost system was designed which can be con-
structed which is too cheap for general use for low-income people.

1.3. Objectives

1.3.1. General Objective

 The General Objective of our project is to design a laser communication system by

using a low cost laser torch that can be used to transmit confidential voice data from
one hill top to other hill top in remote area.

1.3.1. Specific Objective

 Evaluating the performance of the light based voice transmission and reception sys-
tem by using light from a laser torch as the carrier of the signal in terms of security,
cost and complexity.
 Comparing different communications in terms of their performance and suggest how
performance can be improved in a selected entities.
 To design and simulate a circuit with the substitution of phototransistor (LDR).

1.4. Contribution of this project

The following points make this work valuable in addition to other works in the literature
review.

 The contribution of this project by arrange number of components we designed a low

cost and secure data communication system, mostly inaccessible environments.
 In most of the literatures we surveyed, they have used simulation scenarios for general
integration of the transmitter and receiver. Both the specific use of this integration for
voice communication and the particular considerations of in inaccessible environ-
ments as future beneficiary from this integration is the key contribution of this work.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

1.5. Methodology and Scope

1.5.1. Methodology

The methods employed to achieve the objectives of this project are:

 Literature review: includes reading books, articles, simulation tools and other re-
sources related to the topic.
 System modeling: involves modeling and designing an integrated transmitter and re-
ceiver wireless network that is used in this project work, choosing corresponding pa-
rameters for both transmitter and receiver circuit, creating different designs for each
compared RF of voice traffic in real environment using proteus software.
 Simulation: involves simulating the designed wireless circuit using proteus software
in different parameters and in different design circuits.
 Analysis and interpretation of the results: includes comparing the degree of laser, RF
signals and with the security.

1.5.2. Scope of this project

We design and simulate the system that can be used to transmit confidential voice data
from one hilltop to other hilltop in remote area where cell phone communication is not
possible due to the lack of mobile operator’s tower by using extra amplifying circuit at
the receiver end for having higher efficiency of the system.

1.6. Limitation of this project

The system cannot be used to for communication, where there is any obstructer like hills
between two communicated places. But the receiver and the transmitter can be set at the
top of the high-rise building.

1.7. Organization of this project

The rest of the project is divided in to four sections. Chapter Error! Reference source
not found. describes the basics of transmitter and receiver specification parameters as
well as the main challenge to combine the two technologies. Then it is highlights one of
the ways to integrate these technologies i.e. wireless. Chapter Error! Reference source
not found. introduces fundamentals of laser and its parameters issue and the way how to
handle it. Chapter Error! Reference source not found. briefly describes the simulation
that has been investigated in this project and brief introduction of component parameters

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

for analyzing the results. Finally, Chapter 5 we will conclude the project according to the
finding of the work. Based on our results to give a recommendation for future work will
be directed.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

CHAPTER TWO

2. Introduction
2.1. Literature review

Laser a device which amplifies the light when an electron absorbs energy either from light
(photons) or heat (phonons), it receives that incident quantum of energy. But transitions
are only allowed in between discrete energy levels such as the two shown below. This
leads to emission lines and absorption lines.

Figure 2. 1 states of laser

When an electron is excited from a lower to a higher energy level, it will not stay that way
forever. An electron in an excited state may decay to a lower energy state which is not
occupied, according to a particular time constant characterizing that transition [11]. When
such an electron decays without external influence, emitting a photon that is called "spon-
taneous emission". The phase associated with the photon that is emitted is random. A

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

material with many atoms in such an excited state may thus result in radiation which is
very spectrally limited (centered on one wavelength of light), but the individual photons
would have no common phase relationship and would emanate in random directions. This
is the mechanism of fluorescence [12] and thermal emission. An external electromagnetic
field at a frequency associated with a transition can affect the quantum mechanical state
of the atom. As the electron in the atom makes a transition between two stationary states
(neither of which shows a dipole field), it enters a transition state which does have a dipole
field, and which acts like a small electric dipole, and this dipole oscillates at a character-
istic frequency. In response to the external electric field at this frequency, the probability
of the atom entering this transition state is greatly increased. Thus, the rate of transitions
between two stationary states is enhanced beyond that due to spontaneous emission. Such
a transition to the higher state is called absorption, and it destroys an incident photon (the
photon's energy goes into powering the increased energy of the higher state). A transition
from the higher to a lower energy state, however, produces an additional photon; this is
the process of stimulated emission.Laser based project has been attempted before but it
have some problems. We have tried to simplify and enhance it by designing voice com-
munication as well. Laser communication is a modern technology in the world of com-
munication where bandwidth allocation, power requirement, and dispersion parameter are
becoming major hurdle due to rapid increase in number of user. So considering these
facts, we put our interest in this project. There were various methods for designing the
circuit of this project but due to scarcity of resources& components, we decided to use
simple modulation and demodulation techniques. In addition, it reduces the complexity
for communication in some cases where optical fiber or any wired communication is very
difficult and expensive. Optical communications has not been started in modern era. The
Egyptians invented it before 5000 years by transmitting signal using glass and the Troy
fall. All Modern day optical fiber communication is based on ancient system [13]. The
functioning Laser was first operated by Theodore H. Maiman in May 16, 1960 and first
visible light laser diode was demonstrated by Nick Holonyak in almost 1960 and later it
was improved by several scientist of the world including USA at IBM, MIT Lincoln La-
boratory, Texas in 1962. Laser diode is suitable for using in optic communication, as it is
monochromatic (coherent) light source and easy modulates. Low attenuation optical fiber
invented by Capron in 1970 can be used for communication through Laser in which some
amount of power is lost at least. A project has been done to transmit voice data from one

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

station to other for short distance by using different types of high quality and costly lasers
such as Gas lasers, Chemical lasers, Excimer lasers, Fiber-hosted lasers, Photonic crystal
lasers, Semiconductor lasers, Dye lasers, free electron laser etc where one condenser mi-
crophone as amplifier, a photo transistor as receiver and a LM386 basic power amplifier
IC and 0.5w Speaker was used. In other project, signal was transmitted by using laser
torch through laser beam just like fiber optic communication. In this system, in transmit-
ter, a 9v condenser is used for taking the audio signal coupled with laser beam and in
receiver an NPN phototransistor, common emitter amplifier and speaker is used. another
project of laser torch based voice transmission system was constructed with Laser
torch(up to wave length of 920nm), IC 741 as volume controller, BC 548, BD 139 as
electrical signal amplifiers, Condenser (electrostatic microphone) in transmitter and IC
741, IC 386, with 2n5777 Photo Transistor and 0.5w/8Ω Speaker in receiver. Robert T.
Sparks, Stephen M. Pompea and Constance E. Walker have made one system to transmit
music or voice over 350 feet by using laser for class room Walker have made one system
to transmit music or voice over 350 feet by using laser for class room use in schools. In
this project they have used the same receiver which is used Active Astronomy Infrared
Kit which consists of radio Shack and small solar cell along with a clip-activated laser
pointer and center tapped audio transformer. Peter Phillips described a low cost laser
beam communicator project in 1993 by using visible laser diode (5mW, 65Onm) in trans-
mitter. An Idea of wireless voice transmission has been given by Thiyagarajan. K, ECE
Department, ASM college of Engineering, Chennai, India, which can be a substitution of
optical fiber communication system. In his circuit, he has used resistors of 100R, 1K,
10K, 22K, 100K, 220K, 680K, 1M and 100K Koa trim-pot, Capacitors, microphone, tran-
sistors, Laser source and photo transistor as a sensing element. Another circuit of Laser
Torch-Based Voice transmission system has been collected from circuit idea by Pradeep.
G which contents condenser micro phone, transistor amplifier BC 548, an op-amplifier
μA741, 1MΩ variable resistor, Base transistor BD139, a 3V Laser torch, 9V power supply
etc in transmitter circuit and an NPN phototransistor as light sensor, two stage amplifier
and audio amplifier in receiver circuit. The main aim of our project construction was to
build a communication system using laser which can be built by the general people quite
easily at home with very low cost with the available equipment in society. The problem
faced by phototransistor can be solved by using LDR, a cadmium sulfide cell which has
inverse relationship with incident light intensity. Phototransistor is a 2 or 3 pin device and

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

incident light on base determines the amount of collector current. The collector current of
the phototransistor, controlled by the incident light on base, flows through the resistor.
On the other hand the current though LDR, controlled by the resistance of LDR (light
intensity) flows through resister. LDR can be connected in similar way of phototransistor
in the receiver circuit as base pin is not connected electrically. However, phototransistor
has greater sensitivity than LDR and can amplify the current. This problem can be elimi-
nated by using an amplifier at the end of the receiver circuit. Moreover, our designed
system cost will be lower than the system we have analyzed.

2.2. Laser

LASER stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A laser is a

device, which produces highly directional light. It emits light through a process called
stimulated emission of radiation which increases the intensity of light. A laser is different
from conventional light sources in four ways: coherence, directionality, monochromacity,
and high intensity. The light waves of ordinary light sources have many wavelengths.
Hence, the photons emitted by ordinary light sources are out of phase. Thus, ordinary
light is incoherent. On the other hand, the light waves of laser light have only one wave-
length. Hence, all the photons emitted by laser light are in phase. Thus, laser light is co-
herent. The light waves from laser contain only one wavelength or color so it is known as
monochromatic light. The laser beam is very narrow and can be concentrated on a very
small area. This makes laser light highly directional. The laser light spreads in a small
region of space. Hence, all the energy is concentrated on a narrow region. Therefore, laser
light has greater intensity than the ordinary light. It is much easier to make laser beams
follow precise paths than ordinary light beams, as in this experiment to develop better
solar cells. Picture by Warren Gretz courtesy of US DOE/NREL (Department of En-
ergy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory). If you have even seen a laser in a science
lab, you will have noticed two very important differences straightaway:

Where a flashlight produces "white" light (a mixture of all different colors, made by light
waves of all different frequencies), a laser makes what's called monochromatic light (of a
single, very precise frequency and color often bright red or green or an invisible "color"
such as infrared or ultraviolet).Where a flashlight beam spreads out through a lens into a
short and fairly fuzzy cone, a laser shoots a much tighter, narrower beam over a much
longer distance (we say it is highly collimated).

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

Where the light waves in a flashlight beam are all jumbled up (with the crests of some
beams mixed with the troughs of others), the waves in laser light are exactly in step: the
crest of every wave is lined up with the crest of every other wave. We say laser light is
coherent. These is three things make lasers precise, powerful, and amazingly useful beams
of energy.

2.3. How lasers work

A laser is effectively a machine that makes billions of atoms pump out trillions of photons
(light particles) all at once so they line up to form a really concentrated light beam. A
laser is created when the electrons in atoms in special glasses, crystals, or gases absorb
energy from an electrical current or another laser and become “excited. First, its light
contains only one wavelength (one specific color).

2.4. Needs of a Laser

A laser is a communications medium it has some unique properties compared to other

forms of media. Lasers are devices that produce intense beams of light, which are mono-
chromatic, coherent, and highly collimated. The term “laser” is an acronym for light am-
plification by Stimulated emission of radiation. A line-of-sight laser beam is useful where
wires cannot be physically connected to a remote location. A laser beam, unlike wires,
also does not require special shielding over longer distances. Lasers offer at least an order
of magnitude longer distances compared to infrared LEDs. Although RF transmitters may
offer longer distances than line-of-sight lasers, they are subject to interference from other
transmitters. Since the laser medium is line-of-sight and the beam being only several mil-
limeters in diameter, it is very difficult for the data stream to be tapped. This offers secure
communication since any attempts to intercept the laser beam would be detected at the
receiver as a loss in data.

2.4.1. Line of sight (LOS)

Line of sight (LoS) is a type of propagation that can transmit and receive data only where
transmit and receive stations are in view of each other without any sort of an obstacle
between them. FM radio, microwave and satellite transmission are examples of line-of-
sight communication.

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2.5. Component Description

2.5.1. LED

LED stands for light emitting diode, which is a semiconductor light source having the
properties intermediate to the incandescent light bulb and laser. LED is incoherent source
of light as well as divergent. Energy is released in the form of the photons. The color of
the corresponding LED is derived by the corresponding energy of the photons. The power
density of LED being low is the major reason of not including that in the project. The
other factors that govern the use of LASER over LED are as follows:

LED is a non-coherent source of light and further diffraction is common in LED as com-
pared to the lasers, which are coherent source. In LEDs, a lot of energy is wasted in ran-
dom constructive and destructive interference, while LASERS are perfect for targeting
the specific areas, which governs the overall working of our project.

Figure 2. 2 LED

It is commonly, used for showing a state of the electronics. For example to show that, the
circuit is powered. We can see these components everywhere. In our laptop, on our mobile
phone, on our camera, to understand the workings of a light-emitting diode, you need to
get into the physics part of semiconductors. Simply explained, the LED is similar to a
standard diode, but with the addition of a phenomenon, called Electroluminescence the
LED has two pins called anode and cathode.

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Figure 2. 3 LED pins

The anode is the longest pin. This is the pin you connect to the most positive voltage. The
cathode is the pin you connect to the most negative voltage. They must be connected
correctly for the LED to work.

2.5.2. Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its ter-
minals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance with
Ohm's law:

V =IR

Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in
most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and
films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such
as nickel/chrome).The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the toler-
ance, maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include tem-
perature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well known is critical resistance, the
value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and
above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the design,
materials and dimensions of the resistor. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and
printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of leads (or terminals)
are relevant to equipment designers; resistors must be physically large enough not to over-
heat when dissipating their power. Resistors produce a voltage drop across themselves
when an electrical current flow through them because they obey Ohm's Law and different
values of resistance produces different values of current or voltage. This can be very use-

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ful in Electronic circuits by controlling or reducing either the current flow or voltage pro-
duced across them. There are many different Resistor Types and they are produced in a
variety of forms because their particular characteristics and accuracy suit certain areas of
application, such as High Stability, High Voltage, High Current etc, or are used as gen-
eral-purpose resistors where their characteristics are less of a problem. Some of the com-
mon characteristics associated with the humble resistor are; Temperature Coefficient,
Voltage Coefficient, Noise, Frequency Response, Power as well as Temperature Rating,
Physical Size and Reliability.

Resistors can be classified into four broad groups;

 Carbon Composition Resistor - Made of carbon dust or graphite paste, low wattage
values
 Film or Cermet Resistor - Made from conductive metal oxide paste, very low wattage
values.
 Wire-Wound Resistors. - Metallic bodies for heat sink mounting, very high wattage
ratings
 Semiconductor Resistors - High frequency/precision surface mount thin film technol-
ogy.

Figure 2. 4 Resistors

2.5.3. Capacitors

Capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a passive electronic component consisting of

a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential differ-
ence (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops in the dielectric that
stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. An ideal capacitor

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is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. Capacitors

are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the res-
onant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other purposes. The
effect is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor;
hence, capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to nearly means of con-
struction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes small amount of leakage
current and has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance.

2.5.4. Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier (LM386)

The LM386 is a power amplifier designed for use in low voltage consumer applications.
The gain is internally set to 20 to keep external part count low, but the addition of an
external resistor and capacitor between pins 1 and 8 will increase the gain to any value up
to 200. The inputs are ground referenced while the output is automatically biased to one-
half the supply voltages. The quiescent power drain is only 24mw (mill watt) when oper-
ating from a 6 volt supply, making the LM386 ideal for battery operation.

Figure 2. 5 LM386 Pin diagram

2.5.5. Operational Amplifier (IC741)

An operational amplifier, which is often called an op-amp, is a DC-coupled high-gain

electronic voltage amplifier with a differential input and, usually, a single-ended output.
An op-amp produces an output voltage that is typically millions of times larger than the
voltage difference between its input terminals. Typically the op-amp's very large gain is
controlled by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its output
("closed-loop") voltage gain in amplifier applications, or the transfer function required (in

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analog computers).Without negative feedback, and perhaps with positive feedback for
regeneration, an op-amp essentially acts as a comparator. High input impedance at the
input terminals (ideally infinite) and low output impedance at the output terminal(s) (ide-
ally zero) are important typical characteristics. Op-amps are among the most widely used
electronic devices today, being used in a vast array of consumer, industrial, and scientific
devices. Many standard IC op-amps cost only a few cents in moderate production volume;
however, some integrated or hybrid operational amplifiers with special performance spec-
ifications may cost over $100 US in small quantities. Op-amps sometimes come in the
form of macroscopic components, (see photo) or as integrated circuit cells; patterns that
can be reprinted several times on one chip as part of a more complex device

Figure 2. 6 Operational Amplifier (IC741)

Applications

 audio- and video-frequency pre-amplifiers and buffers

 voltage comparators

 differential amplifiers

 differentiators and integrators

 filters

 precision rectifiers

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 precision peak detectors

 voltage and current regulators

 oscillators and waveform generators

Most single, dual and quad op-amps available have a standardized pin-out, which permits
one type to be substituted for another without wiring changes. A specific op-amp may be
chosen for its open loop gain, bandwidth, noise performance, input impedance, power
consumption, or a compromise between any of these factors.

2.5.6. Chemical Lasers

Chemical lasers are powered by a chemical reaction ,and can achieve high powers in
continues operation .Fore example, in the hydrogen fluoride laser (2700-2900nm) and the
deuterium fluoride laser(3800nm)the reaction is the combination of hydrogen and deuter-
ium gas with combustion products of ethylene in nitrogen tri fluoride.

2.5.7. Solid-State Lasers

Solid-state laser materials are commonly made by "doping" a crystalline solid host with
ions that provide the required energy states. For example, the first working laser was a
ruby laser, made from ruby (chromium-doped corundum). The population inversion is
actually maintained in the "dopant", such as chromium or neodymium. Formally, the class
of solid-state lasers includes also fiber laser, as the active medium (fiber) is in the solid
state [14]. Practically, in the scientific literature, solid-state laser usually means a laser
with bulk active medium, while wave-guide lasers are caller fiber lasers.

2.5.8. Fiber-Hosted Lasers

Solid-state lasers where the light is guided due to the total internal reflection in an optical
fiber are called fiber lasers. Guiding of light allows extremely long gain regions providing
good.

2.5.9. Gas Lasers

Gas lasers using many gases have been built and used for many purposes. The helium-
neon laser emits at a variety of wavelengths and units operating at 633 nm are very com-
mon in education because of its low cost. Carbon dioxide lasers can emit hundreds of
kilowatts at 9.6μm and 10.6μm, and are often used in industry for cutting and welding.

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The efficiency of a CO2 laser is over 10% [15]. Argon-ion lasers emit light in the range
351-528.7 nm. A nitrogen transverse electrical discharge in gas at atmospheric pressure
laser is an inexpensive gas laser producing UV light at 337.1 nm. Metal ion lasers are gas
lasers that generate deep ultraviolet wavelengths. Helium-silver 224 nm and neon-copper
248 nm are two examples. These lasers have particularly narrow oscillation line widths
of less than 3 GHz, making them candidates for use in fluorescence suppressed Raman
spectroscopy.

Figure 2. 7 Gas Lasers

2.5.10. Photonic Crystal Lasers

Photonic crystal lasers are lasers based on noon-structures that provide the mode confine-
ment and the density of optical states (DOS) structure required for the feedback to take
place. They are typical micrometer-sized and tunable on the bands of the photonic crys-
tals.

2.5.11. Semiconductor Lasers

Semiconductor lasers are also solid-state lasers but have a different mode of laser opera-
tion. Commercial laser diodes emit at wavelengths from 375 nm to 1800 nm, and wave-
lengths of over 3μm have been demonstrated. Low power laser diodes are used in laser
printers and CD/DVD players. More powerful laser diodes are frequently used to optically
pump other lasers with high efficiency. The highest power industrial laser diodes, with
power up to 10 kW (70dBm), are used in industry for cutting and welding. External-cavity
semiconductor lasers have a semiconductor active medium in a larger cavity. These de-
vices can generate high power outputs with good beam quality, wavelength-tunable nar-
row-line width radiation, or ultra-short laser pulses [16].

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2.5.12. Dye Lasers

Dye lasers use an organic dye as the gain medium. The wide gain spectrum of available
dyes allows these lasers to be highly tunable, or to produce very short-duration pulses (on
the order of a few seconds). Although these tunable lasers are mainly known in their liquid
form, researchers have also demonstrated narrow-line width tunable emission in disper-
sive oscillator configurations incorporating solid-state dye gain media. In their most prev-
alent form, these solid-state dye lasers use dye-doped polymers as laser media.

2.5.13. Free Electron Lasers

Free electron lasers, or FELs, generate coherent, high power radiation that is widely tun-
able, currently ranging in wavelength from microwaves, through terahertz radiation and
infrared, to the visible spectrum, to soft X-rays. They have the widest frequency range of
any laser type. While FEL beams share the same optical traits as other lasers, such as
coherent radiation, FEL operation is quite different. Unlike gas, liquid, or solid-state la-
sers, which rely on bound atomic or molecular states, FELs use a relativistic electron
beam as the lasing medium, hence the term free electron.

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2.6. Specification of parameters

2.6.1. How to specify resistor values

A resistor is a device that oppose the flow of electrical current bigger value of resistor it
opposes the current flow. The value of resistor given in Ω (ohms).

Figure 2. 8 color code diagram

From our circuit how to identify resistor values

For R1

The first band is grey, the second band is red and the multiplier is red.

R1=82*100

R1=8200 Ω

R1=8.2k Ω

For R2

The first band is brown, the second band is red and the multiplier is red.

R2=12*100

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R2=1200 Ω

R2=1.2k Ω

For R3

The first band is grey, the second band is red and the multiplier is red.

R3=82*100

R3=8200 Ω

R3=8.2k Ω

For R4

The first band is brown, the second band is black and the multiplier is orange.

R4=10*1000

R4=10000 Ω

R4=10k Ω

For R5

The first band is brown, the second band is green and the multiplier is orange.

R5=15*1000

R5=15000 Ω

R5=15k Ω

For R6

The first band is brown, the second band is green and the multiplier is orange.

R6=15*1000

R6=15000 Ω

R6=15k Ω

For R7

The first band is grey, the second band is red and the multiplier is black.

R7=82*1

R7=82 Ω

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2.6.2. How to specify capacitor values

Figure 2. 9 capacitor color code diagram

Table 1.1 capacitor color code

Band Color Digit A Digit B Multiplier

Black 0 0 X1

Brown 1 1 X10

Red 2 2 X100

Orange 3 3 X1000

Yellow 4 4 X10,000

Green 5 5 X100,000

Blue 6 6 X1000,000

Violet 7 7 -

Grey 8 8 X0.01

White 9 9 X0.1

Gold - - X0.1

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Silver - - X0.01

For C1

First digit color is black, second band is brown and the multiplier is black.

C1=01*1pF

C1=1pF

For C2

First digit color is black, second band is brown and the multiplier is white.

C1=01*0.1pF

C1=0.1pF

For C3

First digit color is yellow, second band is violet and the multiplier is brown.

C1=47*10pF

C1=470pF

For C4

First digit color is brown, second band is black and the multiplier is red.

C1=10*100pF

C1=1000pF

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Figure 2. 10 transistor circuit1

On transistor BC548

 C1 and c2 are coupling capacitors

 C3 is bypass capacitor

From this point of view, we will specified our circuit parameters clearly.

Figure 2. 11 transistor circuit 2

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 Network employs NPN transistor

 Capacitor C1 and C2 will be opened

Then to find base currents, collector current and emitter currents by using Kirchhoff’s
current law.

Loop1:

-9v+ibrb+vbe=0, where vbe=0

-9v+ibrb+0.7v =0

ibrb=8.3v, where Rb is base resistance

ib=8.3v/Rb, Rb or r2 in our circuit is 0.166MΩ

ib=8.3v/0.166MΩ=50uA

Easily make life easy for ourselves and round off this value to 50uAexactly without any
effect. Simply transistor means transferring current from low to high resistance circuit.
The combination of two terms is labeled as:

Transfer + resistor=transistor

Because the maximum base current is 80uA and the minimum base current is 20uA so the
mean base current is (20uA+80uA)/2 while the values of ib between 20uA and 80uA.

Loop2:

-9v+ICRC+vce=0

Icrc+ vce (saturation) =9v, where vce @saturation=0

ICRC=9v

IC=9v/Rc, where RC=1.86Kw

Ic=9v/1.86kΩ=4.8mA

The life make easy with the value of 4.8mA because the value of collector current between
2mA and 7.7mA.

Therefore, the mean value is 4.8mA

To find the value of Ie =IB+IC=4800uA+50uA=4850uA

αdc=Ic/Ie=4.8mA/4850uA=0.989

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β=Ic/Ib=4.8mA/50uA=96

On the transistor circuit condenser microphone transistor amplifier, BC548 is followed by OP-
AMP stage uA741.

Values of α between 50 and 300

Values of β between 5 and 400

Vce (sat) is the transistor that are fully “on” are said to be in their saturation region or level have
reached their maximum values is called saturation region. Next our circuit followed by op-amp.

An Op-amp is a circuit with two inputs and one output.

Figure 2. 12 operation amplifier circuit 1

Y=A(X-Y), where A is gain

Y=AX-AY

Y+AY=AX

Y=AX/ (1+A)

When we come to our circuit

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Figure 2. 13 operation amplifier circuit 2

This circuit leads to the next circuit

Figure 2. 14 operation amplifier circuit 3

Differential amplifier is a two input circuit combining both inverting and non-inverting
amplifiers.

Use linearity theorem

VO=ax+by

Use superposition theorem to find “a” and “b”

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Figure 2. 15 operation amplifier circuit 4

Find “a”: set y=0

VO=-Rv1/R2*x

VO= (-1M/10k)*x=-100x

Vo/x=-100

Find “b”: set x=0

VO=R4/ (R4+R3)*Y

VO=15/ (15+15) y=1/2y

Vo/y=1/2

(R2+Rv1)/R2= (1M+10k)/10k=101, b= (R2+Rv1)/R2*R4/ (R3+R4)

1011/2=50.5

Operational amplifier choosing of resistor values is very necessary.

For inverting amplifier

VO=-Rf/Ri*VI

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For non-inverting amplifier

VO= (1+Rf/Ri)*VI

The behavior of an op amp circuit depends on the ratio of resistor values

Gain=-Rf/Ri, How do you choose resistors from 3 Ω/1 Ω,3k Ω/1k Ω,3M Ω/1M Ω,3G Ω/1G
Ω.

 Small resistors cause large currents.

 Large resistors increase sensitivity to interface and to op amp input currents.

So in our circuit

 Infinite gain

 Choosing resistors not too low or not too high

 The output Ic741 operational amplifier is coupled to the base of the transistor BD139
which in turn modulates the beam.

Figure 2. 16 BD139 circuit transistor

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 Capacitor C3 and C4 will be opened.

 Then to find the parameter by using Kirchhoff’s current law.

Figure 2. 17 BD139 circuit 1

Loop1:

-9v+Rcic+vce (sat) +3v=0, where vce@saturation=0

Rcic=6v

IC=6v/Rc, where RC=1.25k

Ic=6v/1.25k=4.8mA

2.7. Advantages of laser

Less costly Circuit can be easily constructed High data rate No communication licenses
required. The laser transmission is very secure because it has a narrow beam. There are
no recurring line costs. Compatibility with copper or fiber interfaces and no bridge or
router requirements. Lasers can also transmit through glass; however, the physical prop-
erties of the glass have to be considered. Narrow beam divergence Laser transmitter and

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receiver units ensure easy, straightforward systems alignment and long-term stable, ser-
vice free operation, especially in inaccessible environments, optical wireless systems of-
fer ideal, economical alternative to expensive leased lines for buildings.

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CHAPTER THREE

3. Proposed design of laser torch based voice communication

3.1. Components of block diagram

M Trans- Loud-
icro- Receiv-
p mitting Laser
hone ing sec- speake
torch
section tion r

Figure 3. 1 Block Diagram of the System

3.2. Condenser Microphone

Condenser means capacitor, an electronic component, which stores energy in the form of
an electrostatic field. The term condenser is actually obsolete but has stuck as the name
for this type of microphone, which uses a capacitor to convert acoustical energy into elec-
trical energy. Condenser microphones require power from a battery or external source.
The resulting audio signal is stronger signal than that from a dynamic. Condensers also
tend to be more sensitive and responsive than dynamics, making them well suited to cap-
turing subtle nuances in a sound. They are not ideal for high-volume work, as their sensi-
tivity makes them prone to distort.

C=εA/D, Where

C=capacitance

A=area of plates

ε = ε0*εr where ε0 is permittivity of free space and εr is relative permittivity.

From this as capacitance is directly proportional to area and inversely proportional to

separation distance.

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3.2.1. Operation of Condenser Microphones

A capacitor has two plates with a voltage between them. In the condenser microphone,
one of these plates is made of very light material and acts as the diaphragm. The dia-
phragm vibrates when struck by sound waves, changing the distance between the two
plates and therefore changing the capacitance. Specifically, when the plates are closer
together, capacitance increases and a charge current occurs. When the plates are further
apart, capacitance decreases and a discharge current occurs. A voltage is required across
the capacitor for this to work. This voltage is supplied either by a battery in the micro-
phone or by external phantom power.

Figure 3. 2 Condenser Microphones

3.3. Transmitting Section

The transmitter section comprises condenser microphone, transistor amplifier BC548 fol-
lowed by an op-amp stage built around IC1. The gain of the op-amp can be controlled
with the help of 1-mega ohm pot meter VR1. The AF output from IC1 is coupled to the
base of transistor Bd139, which in turn, modulates the laser beam. The transmitter uses
9V power supply. However, the 3-volt laser torch (after the removal of its battery) can be
directly connected to the circuit with the body of the torch connected to the emitter of
BD139 and the spring loaded lead protruding from inside the torch to circuit ground. The
block diagram of transmitting section is shown below.

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Figure 3. 3 Block Diagram of Transmitting Section

3.3.1. Laser Torch

Here we use the light rays coming from laser torch as the medium for transmission. Laser
had potential for the transfer of data at extremely high rates, specific advancements were
needed in component performance and systems engineering, particularly for space-quali-
fied hardware. Free space laser communications systems are wireless connections through
the atmosphere. They have worked similar to fiber optic cable systems except the beam
is transmitted through open space. The laser systems operate in the near infrared region
of the spectrum. The laser light across the link is at a wavelength of between 780 - 920
nm. Two parallel beams are used, one for transmission and one for reception.

Figure 3. 4 Laser Torch

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Principal components:

 Gain medium
 Laser pumping unit
 High reflector
 Output coupler
 Laser beam

3.3.2. Laser construction

A laser consists of a gain medium inside a highly reflective optical cavity, as well as a
means to supply energy to the gain medium. The gain medium is a material with proper-
ties that allow it to amplify light by stimulated emission. In its simplest form, a cavity
consists of two mirrors arranged such that light bounces back and forth, each time passing
through the gain medium. Typically, one of the two mirrors, the output coupler, is par-
tially transparent. The output laser beam is emitted through this mirror. Light of a specific
wavelength that passes through the gain medium is amplified (increases in power); the
surrounding mirrors ensure that most of the light makes many passes through the gain
medium, being amplified repeatedly. Part of the light that is between the mirrors (that is,
within the cavity) passes through the partially transparent mirror and escapes as a beam
of light. The process of supplying the energy required for the amplification is
called pumping. The energy is typically supplied as an electrical current or as light at
different wavelength. Such light may be provided by a flash lamp or perhaps another laser.
Most practical lasers contain additional elements that affect properties such as the wave-
length of the emitted light and the shape of the beam.

3.4. Receiving Section

The receiver circuit uses an NPN phototransistor as the light sensor that is followed by a
two-stage transistor preamplifier and LM386-based audio power amplifier. The receiver
does not need any complicated alignment. Just keep the phototransistor oriented towards
the remote transmitter's laser point and adjust the volume control for a clear sound. The
block diagram of receiving section is shown below.

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Figure 3. 5 Block Diagram of the Receiving Section

3.4.1. Loud Speaker

A loudspeaker is an electro acoustic transducer that converts an electrical signal into

sound. The speaker moves in accordance with the variations of an electrical signal and
causes sound waves to propagate through a medium such as air or water.

3.5. Methodology of the Project

To prepare this low cost project, several related circuit diagram has been downloaded
from different websites. After verification, a suitable circuit has been chosen for modifi-
cation according to the equipment’s available in our country for preparing a low cost de-
sign. Flow chart of the total working of the circuit was prepared. The design was modified
in such a way so that general system of can make it quite easily with affordable equip-
ment’s and easily available in the society. The designed circuit was constructed on a
breadboard. The transmitter and the receiver circuit were tested differently and every
stage output was examined carefully by using an adopter for power supply instead of 9V
battery. Among different stage test, first the transmitter was tested using general laser
torch available in anywhere in the market. Electronic equipment’s have been changed in
different stages according to the need and availability in order to get proper output with
the possible minimum cost. After getting desired output, the efficiency as well as the
range of the system was verified. Comparison of cost of this system and available low

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cost system has been done. Here is the total working order of the system on the flowchart
starting from the transmitter to the receiver output.

Figure 3. 6 Flow chart of total working order of the system.

3.6. Working principle of the System

The above diagram of Figure3.1 shows the block diagram of Laser torch based voice
Communication System, which mainly comprise of two sections such as Transmitter sec-
tion and Receiver section. First the capacitor or electrostatics microphone store energy in
the form of electric field more sensitive ,responsive and well suited to the sound change
the distance between plate when diaphragm vibrates charge current due to increase in
capacitance & trigger transmitting section. then the transmitting section consist of pre
amplifier, op-amp, heat sink and laser diode increasing the voltage at vr1 reduces laser
current laser diode need a threshold current laser beam is amplitude modulated output
power vs. current is linear vr1 determines quiescent brightness and over all sensitivity.
And the laser torch laser medium for transmission transfer of data high rate similar to
fiber optic cable system operate near infrared region of the spectrum wave length of be-
tween 700nm and 1mm and the frequency range between 300GHZ and 430THZ.finally,
receiving section consist of photo detector, common emitter amplifier, audio power am-
plifier and loud speaker photo detector pick up transmitter signal amplification with suit-
able gain drives the speaker. And the loudspeaker transducer, convert electrical signal
into sound. Paper cone moves in accordance with electrical signal.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Simulation result and discussion

4.1. Introduction to results

Laser torch based voice transceiver is well built and the output is verified. Basically, the
circuit comprises of a transmitter and a receiver section. The input voice signal is fed
through a condenser microphone and the same is modulated via Am at the transmitter
section. The input only if uninterrupted will be heard properly at the receiver end. There
is a coupling capacitance at the input end that couples the ac and removes the dc compo-
nents. That means the input if given only, are there the transistor will be forward biased.
Else, the transistor will be reversed biased and there will be high voltage at the collector
terminal. This high voltage will be coupled by the capacitance and is given to the com-
parator, which is an op-amp here. The noise from the power supply is filtered out by the
pi filter. The output of the comparator is given to the transistor which act as the heat sink
and the emitter voltage drives the laser that acts as the carrier for the amplitude modula-
tion. The input that is given to the microphone at the transmitter section will be carried to
the receiver phototransistor by the laser beam and is detected by the phototransistor and
then given to the two stage amplifier. Then this is fed to the audio power amplifier that
amplifies the output that is intended at the receiver section. This amplified voice signal is
then detected by the RC circuit and is fed to the loudspeaker. An LDR was in the receiver
as a receiving element and the high gain amplifier with a basic audio output stage powers
a small speaker. Laser torch starts emitting light after its threshold current. The output
light is proportional to the current through the torch. Amplitude modulation can lessen
the distortion in laser beam output.

4.2. Transmitter Circuit Diagram and Operation

In Fig.4.1 an adjustable current source was used through which the laser torch was being
supplied Here, the transmitter The circuit is based upon the principle of light modulation
where instead of radio frequency signals; light from a laser torch is used as the carrier in
the circuit. Uses 9V power supply .Audio signal or voice is taken as input from the con-
denser microphone, which is, followed transistor amplifier BC548 along with op-amp
stage built around UA741. The gain of the op-amp can be controlled with the help of one

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

mega ohms pot meter. The AF output from op-amp UA741 is coupled to the base of the
power transistor BD139, which in turn, modulates the laser. However, the three volts laser
torch can be directly connected to the emitter of BD139 and the spring-loaded lead pro-
truding from inside the torch to the ground. In the transmitter circuit, audio signal of the
non-sinusoidal waveform and having a few mV of amplitude is taken as input from con-
denser microphone. Condenser microphone is directly followed by the transistor amplifier
stage consist of BC548. Transistor BC548 is connected in common emitter configuration
Resistor R3 and capacitor C1 are acting as self-biasing circuits, which is used for the
biasing transistor. These circuit arrangements provide or establish a stable operating point.
The biasing voltage is obtaining by R3 resistors network. Self-bias is used for obtaining
entire audio signal as input. Capacitor C1 is the coupling capacitor, since audio input
signal is having a non-sinusoidal waveform of different amplitude and frequency, cou-
pling capacitor is used to reject some of the dc noise/line as well as level from audio input
signal. The self-biased circuit is connected with the BC548 in CE configuration. It is tran-
sistor amplifier stage, where the low amplitude audio signal is amplified to the desired
voltage. The output is taken from the collector terminal; so inverted audio input signal is
obtained. Transistor pre-amplifier stage is coupled with op-amp stage built by ua741. C2
is the blocking capacitor while R4 is the op-amp stage resistor. Op-amp ua741 is easily
available general-purpose operational amplifier. Pin configuration of UA741 is shown in
the glossary. Here pin no. 1 and 5 are not connected in order to nullify input-offset voltage.
Pin no. 7 and 4 are VCC as well as –VEE supply voltage. Pin no. 3 is non-inverting input
while pin no. 2 is inverting input. Between pin no. 2 and 6, 1 mega-ohm pot meter is
connected as voltage series negative feedback, which controls the infinite gain of the op-
amp. Resistors R5 and R6 of its value acts as a voltage-divider network, thus it gives a
fixed voltage at the non-inverting pin. Input inverted audio signal is applied to the invert-
ing pin. Op-amp works on the differences into the applied two input voltage and provide
an output at pin no. 6. Since, input is applied to the inverting pin the output is also an
inverting one. Thus, again we get in phase high power and high amplitude level audio
signal. Capacitors C3, C4 and resistor R7 are acting as diffusion capacitors and feedback
resistor respectively. These diffusion capacitors stored the carriers like holes and electrons
in the base and thus provide self-biasing of the transistor. Power dissipation rate of UA741
is very high, which is not practical for driving other electronics devices, so heat sink
power transistor BD139 is used. Power transistor BD139 absorbs most of the power and

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

supplies the suitable power to drive the laser torch. This in turns modulates the laser beam,
since laser torch acts like a balanced modulator, where two signals – one is message signal
(audio signal) and carrier laser signal, superimposed. So, laser beam modulates and trans-
mits the signals to large distances.

Figure 4. 1 Laser torch based voice transmitter circuit

When we attach oscilloscope on transmitter.

Figure 4. 2 Transmitter with oscilloscope

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

When we measure the input signal by using oscilloscope the result is:

Figure 4. 3 input audio signal

The input audio signal is attached on channel A

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

When we measure the carrier signal by using oscilloscope the result is:

Figure 4. 4 carrier signal

The carrier signal is attached on channel B

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

When we measure the modulated signal by using oscilloscope the result is:

Figure 4. 5 modulated signal

The modulated signal is attached on channel C

All signals measured by oscilloscope.

Figure 4. 6 All displayed signal on oscilloscope

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

The simulation result of the transmitter circuit is as follow as:

Figure 4. 7 Simulation result on transmitter

4.3. Receiver Circuit Diagram and Operation

In Fig.4.2, the Transmitted Laser beam was detected by NPN phototransistor (2N5777)
as the light sensor. Here, the phototransistor receives the audio signal of low power and
low amplitude that is followed by a two-stage transistor pre-amplifier. In the pre-amplifier
stage R8 is a source resistor, which is directly connected to the power supply. The pre
amplifier stage is RC coupled amplifier in CE configuration. C5, C6 are the junction ca-
pacitances, which are taken in to the account when we consider high frequency response,
which is limited by their presence. Resistors R9 and R12 are used to establish the biasing
of the transistor BC549. R11 is self-bias resistor, which is used to avoid degeneration. C7
is a bypass capacitor, which acts as to prevent loss of amplification due to negative feed-
back arrangement. Transistors BC549 are the amplifier transistors, which amplifies the
signal because the signal obtained by the phototransistor is of few mV. C8 is the blocking
capacitor, which is connected to the variable resistor VR2, which in turn followed by
audio power amplifier IC LM386. Pin configuration of LM386 is shown in the glossary.
Pin no. 1 and 10 is followed by C10, which is an external capacitor, used to compensate

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

internal error amplifier and thus avoid instability. Volume control can be adjusted from
variable resistor VR2 of 10 kilo ohms. LM386 provides suitable power output useful for
drive the loudspeaker of 0.5W. From the pin no. 5, the high power as well as suitable R14
and C13 are bypass arrangement used to prevent loss of amplification. C12 capacitor is
used for preventing the noise as well as the hum produced by the ac sources. From the
loudspeaker, the audio output is heard.

Figure 4. 8 Laser torch based voice receiver circuit

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

The result of the receiver circuit is as follow as:

Figure 4. 9 Simulation result of receiver

4.4. Working principle

In Fig.4.3 the voltage variation is amplified by a low-voltage audio power amplifier

LM386 and reproduced by a speaker. The maximum output of audio amplifier LM386 is
1 watt, while its voltage gain is 20 to 200. The circuit consists of a transmitter and a
receiver. Both the transmitter and the receiver are built around IC LM386, powered by a
9V battery. Fig. 1 shows the transmitter circuit here a laser diode (LD1) with maximum
operating voltage of around 2.6V DC and maximum operating current of 45 mA is used
to transmit the audio signal. The voltage divider network formed by R2, R3 and VR3
keeps the voltage as well as the current for the laser diode in the safe region. In place of
the laser diode, you can also use a laser pointer. Remove the battery from the laser pointer.
Extend two wires from terminals of LD1 and connect them to the battery terminals of
laser pointer. The spring inside the laser pointer is the negative terminal. The output power
of the laser pointer is 5 mW. Take care while working with laser, as direct exposure to the
laser beam can be hazardous to your eyes. Point the laser beam to the solar panel. Pho-
tometer VR1 (10-kilo-ohm) is used to change the level of the input audio signal. The
audio input (Vin) is taken from the preamplifier output of the music system (CD player,

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

DVD player, etc). Capacitor C2 and preset VR2 are used to vary the gain of the LM386.
Fig. 2 shows the receiver circuit. The audio signal transmitted by the laser diode (LD1) is
received by the calculator’s solar panel and amplified by IC2. The gain of the amplifier is
fixed by capacitor C7. Preset VR4 is used to change the signal level from the solar panel.
This signal is fed to input pin 3 of IC2 through coupling capacitor C5 so that the DC value
from the solar panel can be eliminated. The amplified output from IC2 is fed to the
speaker, which plays the music from the CD player connected at the input (Vin) of IC1.
Assemble the transmitter and receiver circuits on separate PCBs and enclose in suitable
cabinets. In the transmitter cabinet, fix two terminals for connecting the audio signal. Fix
switch S1 on the front panel and the laser diode (LD1 or laser pointer) to the rear side of
the cabinet. Keep the 9V battery inside the cabinet. In the receiver cabinet, fix the calcu-
lator’s solar panel to the rear side such that the transmitted beam directly falls on it. Fix
switch S2 on the front panel and the speaker to the rear side. Keep the 9V battery inside
the cabinet

Figure 4. 10 Laser torch based voice transmitter and receiver circuit

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

CHAPTER FIVE

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

5.1. Conclusion

Laser Torch Based Transmission and Reception are cheaper and simpler in construction
than RF transmitter and receiver. Infrared and Blue-Tooth can also be used for voice
transmission and Reception purpose, but their range is small compared with their price.
This project can be made and used successfully at conference room, political assembly,
and class room and for general conversation between two houses after the successful
working of the project, it can be concluded that this project is suitable for easily commu-
nication. There can be further up gradations in the project, which could lead to a much
better system for communication. A possible way is instead of the short-range laser, high
range lasers can be used which range a few hundred meters. Provisions have to be made
for cases when there is no heavy traffic. Using this circuit, we can communicate with our
neighbors wirelessly. It can be also used in inaccessible areas and conference halls. In
future, it can be commissioned in satellite for communication an instead of the short range
laser, high range lasers can be used which range a few hundred meters Provisions have to
be made for cases when there is no heavy traffic. The capacity of current and near-term
RF communications technology is still increasing. However, it is limited by bandwidth
allocation restrictions, power requirements, and flight terminal antenna size and weight
limitations. The cost and complexity of expanding the existing Space Communications
Networks to enable these higher data rates using RF solutions with large aperture antennas
is a significant undertaking. Optical communications holds the potential for high data
rates with smaller systems on user spacecraft and on the ground.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

5.2. Recommendation

We would like to recommend that laser torch based voice communication system can be
effectively used to build a communication system using laser which can be built with very
low cost. But when we use laser torch based voice communication system the current
should not be beyond the threshold level because it can damage the torch. Unfortunately,
we have faced with many problems while we are doing this project. We have not got
internet connection access and so we repeatedly went to other place to search internet
connection by expending a lot of time and energy.

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 LASER TORCH BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECIEVER

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