DA!

HOC QUOC GIA TP HO CHi MINH

TRIIONG DAI HOC BACH KHOA
Ton N1 Minh Nguyet (Cfi Wen)
Le Van Viet Man - Tran Thi Thu Tra

CONG NGHE CHg BIEN RAU TRAI

TAP 1

NGUYEN LIEU VA CONG NCI*

SILO QUAN SAU THU HOACH
alai ban kin the nheit)

THU VIN
TAU* OH KY MIT CoHG 144 IPMCii

•14 000 0
239-4

NHA XUAT BAN DAI HOC QUOC GIA

TP HO CHI MINH - 2009
 GT.02.CN(V)
211-2009/CXB/28-12 CN.GT.877-09(T)
DHQG.HCM-09

■
 MUC LUC

Lei/ NO/ DAU 5

Chuang 1 T1NH H1NH SAN XUAT - CHE BIEN - TIEU THU
RAU TRAI 6 VIET NAM 7
1.1 San xuet rau trai 8
1.2 Che- bien rau trai 13
1.3 Tieu thu rau trai 14

Chu'cing 2 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT 23

2.1 Phan loai rau trai 23
2.2 Ciu tao to bao, ma thtfc vat 34
2.3 Tinh chit vat 13'T 53
2.4 Thanh philn h6a hoc 79

Chafing 3 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN D61 177

3.1 Qua trinh 116 hip 179
3.2 Cac bign d6i vat 1 fi 200
3.3 Cac bign d6i vg h6a hoc 211
3.4 Cac ye-u to anh huemg den thdi gian bao quan rau trai 238
3.5 Ctic chit dieu has sinh trtiang thkic vat 242
3.6 Vi sinh vat, con trimg va cac tac hai len rau trai 263

Chthfng 4 THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUOI 287

4.1 Cac y6u t6 truck thu hoach anh ha:mg den chit Wong
rau trai sau thu hoach 287
4.2 Thu hoach rau trai tutdi 323
4.3 Wong g6i rau trai sau thu hoach 342
4.4 Van chuyen 366
4.5 Van chuyen Wing darting hang khong 372

Chiecing 5 BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TLiI 374

5.1 Cac chi tieu chit lacing cila rau trai 374
5.2 Cac phlicmg phap bao coin rau trai tu'cii 382
Chztctng 6 CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN
VIET NAM 452
6.1 Baal 454
6.2 Cam 462
6.3 Chu6i 471
6.4 Dtta hatu 484
6.5 Dda 491
6.6 Dim 503
6.7 Mang cut 514
6.8 Nhan 519
6.9 Sau riPng 529
6.10 Thanh long 541
6.11 Vii 549
6.12 Vu sCra 557
6.13 Xoai 564

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 578

 LSI NOI DAU

Mon hoc C6ng nghe che bien rau trai la mOt trong nhang mon hoc
chuyen d dtpc gicing day trong chairing trinh ciao tao k9 su nganh Cong nghe
Thuc phdm - Khoa K9 thuat H6a hoc, Truang Dai hoc Bach khoa - Dai hoc
Qtdc gia TP H6 Chi Minh. Muc dich ctla m6n hoc la cung cap cho sinh vien
nhitng kie'n thdc v'd nguyen lieu rau trcii, nhang Nen ddi cua thong trong qua
trinh phat trien, thu hoach, bdo quern vet che Nen.

CONG NGHE CHE BIEN RAU TRAI gam hai tap:

Tap 1: Nguyen lieu va tong nghe bdo quern rau trcii titai
Tap 2: Cong nghe the bien cac san phdm tit rau trcii
Tai lieu duot bien soan nham muc dich h6 trg cho sinh vien mOt so
kien thdc mon hoc nay va clitqc phan tong bien soan nhu sau:
Chuang 1, 4, 6: ThS T6n Na Minh Nguyet;
Chuang 2: ThS Trdn Thi Thu Tret;
Chuang 3: ThS Trdn Thi Thu Tra, ThS Tan Na Minh Nguyet;
Chuang 5: PGS-TS Le Van Viet Man, ThS Ton Na Minh Nguyet.
Nguai phan bien cho cuon gicio trinh nay la GS-TS Luu Dubin.
Chang toi xin cam an su giap dog ctia ccic ban d6ng nghiep, ccic em sinh
vien trong qua trinh thuc hien, &lc biet xin cam on nhang chi clan tan tinh
ceta GS-TS Luu Dudn va luon mong nhan cluac nhang kin y clang gop de tap
tai lieu net)/ tang dap ling tot cho muc dich gicing day.
Moi y kie'n clang gop xin gtli a: BO mon Cong nghe Thuc phdm - Khoa
Ky thuat H6a hoc, Truing Dai hoc Bach khoa - Dai hoc Quo/c gia TP H6 Chi
Minh, so" 268 1,9 Thuang Kiet, Phuang 14, Q10.
Dien thoqi: (08) 864 6251.
Email: [email protected]
Cdc tete gid
 Chu'o'ng

TINH HiNH SAN XUAT - CHE BIEN - TIEU THU

RAU TRAI d VleT NAM
Viet Nam vdi din tich 331.690km2, IA met da't nu& nho be so veri
nhieu qu6c gia khdc tren the giai. Tuy nhien, do ddc didm dia hinh kha ddc
biet, dAi vA hep, khoang cach tit ckic Nam den ckic Bac IA 1650km, trai dai tit
8°10' dgn 23°24' tren ban cau Bac, nen doc theo chieu dai ddt mi6c, c6 nhieu
vimg khi hdu khdc nhau &an ddn viec hinh thAnh cdc vimg sinh thdi nong
nghiep khdc nhau. San phdrn nong nghiep not Chung vA san phdm rau trai
n6i rieng vi vdy ma rat da clang vA phong phd.

Bang 1.1 Gid tri san xueit nong nghiep (tinh theo gici thcie te)
Gia trj (tii d6ng)
Nam
Ttong so Tr6ng trot Chan nuoi Dich vu

1999 128.416,2 101.648,0 23.773,2 2.995,0

2000 129.140,5 101.043,7 29.962,2 3.136,6
2001 130.177,6 101.403,1 25.501,4 3.273,1
2002 145.021,3 111.171,8 30.574,8 3.274,7
2003 153.955,0 116.065,7 34.456,6 3.432,7
2003 172.69C,1 131.754,2 37.343,5 3.598,4
Tj► I. gia tr$ (%)
Nam Dich vu
T6ng s6 TrOng trot Chan nu6i
1999 100,0 79,2 18,5 2,3
2000 100,0 78,2 19,3 2,5
2001 100,0 77,9 19,6 2,5
2002 100,0 76,7 21,1 2,2
2003 100,0 75,4 22,4 2,2
2003 100,0 76,3 21,6 2,1

(Ngu6n: Nien gicim thong ke 2004, NXB Thong ke, Ha N6i, 2005) (1)
8 CHUOVG ;

\Teri uru thg va digu kien dat dai, di6u kien khi hau, sinh thai va luc
lacing lao &Ong can cu, sang tao (nuac to có tth 28 trieu lao &Ong chigm 70%
tong s6 lao &Ong hoat &Ong trong lanh vyc nong nghiep), Viet Nam cd• day
dti nhting digu kien can thiet de phat trien san xuat va chg bien rau trai
tren quy m6 Ong
•
Tuy ring t6c dO phat tridn cua nganh rau trai Bang ngay mot tang
nhanh, nhang t6c dO tang tru•ang ay van chtia Wang Yng vii tie'm nang san
co va yeu cau mong mu6n d6i vai hoat Ong san xuat, the bign va tieu thy
rau trai Viet Nam.

Bang 1.2 Gici tri san xutit nganh trong trot (tinh theo gici so scinh 1994)

Gia tri (ti' (long)

Nim
Ting s‘ LVdng thVc Rau dAu CAI( CN Cay an till
1999 86.380,6 52.719,7 6.174,6 19.906,1 6.131,2
2000 90.858,2 55.163,1 6.332,4 21.782,0 6.105,9
2001 92.707,0 55.066,1 6.844,3. 23.109,3 6.402,3
2002 98.060,7 59.619,3 7.770,8 22.246,9 6.894,9
2003 101.786,3 61.029,1 8.030,3 24.175,0 7.017,3
2003 106.581,2 63.538,1 8.689,6 25.351,6 7.439,9
11 IA gia tri (%)
Nam
T6ng s6 Ltking thVc Rau 01.1 Cay CN Cay an trai
1999 100,0 61,0 7,2 23,1 8,7
2000 100,0 60,7 7,0 24,0 8,3
2001 100,0 59,4 7,4 24,9 8.3
2002 100,0 60,8 7,9 22,7 8,6
2003 100,0 60,0 7,9 23,8 8,3
2003 100,0 59,6 8,2 23,8 8,4

(Nguon: Nien gicim thong ke 2004, NXB ThOng ke, Ha NO, 2005)

1.1 SAN XUAT RAU TRAI

Nhu tren da noi, do có nhigu khu vtic sinh thai 'long nghiep khac nhau
nen Viet Nam co nhigu loai rau trai. Moi vimg khi hau se co nhCing chung
loai rau trai thich hap. MiAn Nam có khi hau nong am d4c truing cua viing
nhiet ddi nen cac chting loai rau trai nhiet ddi chiam u'u the nhu daa, chu6i,
mang cut, mang cau...; care loai rau gia vi, bau, Min Trung 'long va
lai thich hap voi cac loai cay gia vi, thanh long, ba, nho.... Mie'n Bac, cl4c biet
la Wing curt Bac c6 khi hau ctia vimg on ddi vai b6n mita khd re) ret, nen c6
cac loai rau trai khdc nhu ma, cam, vai, dao, cai bap, khoai tay, su hao...
TINH WINN SAN XUAT - CHE BIEN - TIEU THU RAU TRAI U VleT NAM 9

Dien tich tr6ng trot a nude ta khoing 8.500.000ha (nett tinh ca nheing
dien tich ca the khai hoang thi c6 the tdi 10÷1,1tri:eu ha), trong do, dien
tich tr6ng cay An trai va rau hien nay la 1.355:000ha chiem khodng 15,3%
vdi san lacing 14 trieu tdn/nam. Trong do, rau va gia vi chiem 600.000ha,
san ldong 8 trieu tdn va trai cay chiem 755.000ha, san lacing 6,5 trieu tdn.
Trong tong san lacing cay An trai, chu6i co san lacing Ian nhat vdi khoing
1.400.000 tdn, tiep den la cac loai cay c6 mtii, khoing 800.000 tdn, nhan
dat 590.000 tdn... Chu yeu dien tich trong trot thuOc vg cac nong tracing,
khu chuyen canh, hyp tac xa nong nghiep. Phan con lai la cac vu'an rau trai
ctia 'long dan.
Sin xuat cay An trai tap trung nhi6u nhat tai khu vuic D6ng bang song
Cub Long (DBSCL) vdi tong dien tich tiac tinh vao khoing 321.000ha, chiem
gan 40% dien tich tr6ng cay an trai cua ca nude. Trong xu huffing chuyen dich
car cau cay tr6ng, nam 2006 dy trio dien tich tr6ng cay An trai yang nay dat
300.000ha cho san lu'yng 3.300.000 tan, den nam 2010 dien tich se dat
420.000ha va san lacing se dat 4.600.000 tdn. Cac Wing san xuat cay An trai
CO dien tich ldn tie) theo la vimg mien nth Bong Bac, chiem 23% va \rung
Dong Nam BO, chiem 17%...
Do di6u kien thuan lcii v6 khi hau va dat dai, rau xanh CO the dayc san
xuat quanh nam vdi nhi6u chimg loai phong phti thuOc cac nhom rau An IA, rau
An trai, rau An ca, rau gia vi va cac loai rau khac. Pita trien san xuat rau la
mot dinh haang ldn nham da dang h6a san phgm nong nghiep va chuyen dich
ca cau kinh to nong nghiep hien nay. D6ng bang song H6ng la viing trong rau
Ian nhat tren ca nude, chiem 29% t6ng san lotting rau. DBSCL &Mg did hai ve
san xuat rau, 23%. Den nay ca nude da hinh thanh hai hinh tit& tr6ng rau:
- Cdc Wing rau chuyen canh yen thanh ph6, thi xa, khu ding nghiep
Ian. Dien tich chi chiem 40% t6ng dien tich trong rau, nhung san
lacing dat tdi 48%.
- \Tung rau luan canh vdi cay lung thyc, cho yeu a vu Bong tai cac tinh
phia Bac, DBSCL va Bong Nam B.
Sy hinh thanh va phat trim cua cac Wing chuyen canh tut nhan hay
nha nude v6 rau trai da dan dan cilia viec tr6ng trot va san xuat rau trai vao
quy dao chuyen nghiep ham, vi chi as cac Wing chuyen canh, nhang thanh tyu
khoa hoc ky thuat va thiet bi hien dai mai cO the dole AI) dung nharn tang
nang suat san lotarng, chon loc gi6ng, di6u chinh chat lacing san pham theo
yeu cau cua thi tru'ang tieu thy.
Tuy nhien, hinh thdc nay a nude ta cling chi dang a giai doan (Mu, do
do cac \rung chuyen canh thuOng dat tai khu vyc c6 khi hau dat dai tut nhien
phO hyp.
10 CHLIONG 1

Bang 1.3 Tinh hinh sem xudt va tieu thu trcii cay

Chi tleu Dot du'oc nam 2003 Di/ kie'n 2010 Ti l4 dot

TOng dien tich tr6ng cay an trai 692.252 ha 750.000 ha 93,3%

TOng san 'Mpg 5.695.000 tan 9 trieu tan 63,3%
Tieu thu binh quan 49,8 kg 65 kg 76,6%
Xuat khdu 182,5 trieu USD 350 trieu USD 63,8%
Che bien 290.000 tan/nam
(Cac nha may san xuat chi mdi
hoat d6ng khoang 30% cong
suat thiet ke)
Ti le that thoat 25 ÷ 30%

Ngu6n [1]

Bang 1.4 Ccic wing chuyen canh trai

Cac Ioai trai Wing chuyen canh

DUa h6u Kien Giang, Tien Giang, Long An, Quang Nam Da Nang
Chu6i D6ng Nai, Hau Giang, Tien Giang, Cifu Long, Ben Tre, Vinh Phu, NOng
truong Chau Thanh
Dda Long An, Hai' Giang, Kien Giang, Minh Hai, cac n6ng trUOng D6ng Giao,
Le Minh Xuan
Cay có mOi Hau Giang, Tien Giang Citu Long, Hoa Binh, N6ng truong PhU Quji
(Nghe An)
Thanh long Binh Thuan, Long An

Ngu6n [1]

Bang 1.5 So lieu trong trot a mot so wing chuyen canh

trcii cay trong dieni

Di4n tich tr6ng Nang suSt trong San lu'ong

Vung dia ohu'Ong
(ha) (ta/ha) (tan/nam)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

CAM

Mien Bac 10.546 55,6 58.639

Ha Giang 749 91,4 6.826
Vinh Phi, 470 80,8 3.798
Hai Hung 1.121 41,7 4.674
Thanh HOa 1.650 20,9 3.454
TiNH HiNH SAN XUA'T - CH( BIEN - TIEU THU RAU TRAI d V10. NAM 11

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Mien Nam 21.345 108 ,2; --" 230.927

DuyOn Hai 364 157,9 5.747

DOng Nam BO 312 113,1 3.530

Ti6n Giang 5.560 150,4 83.630

Can ThO 5.259 100,0 52.590

DOA
6.942 65,6 45.561
Mien Bgc
200 120,0 2.400
Lai Chau
405 38,9 1.753
Vinh Phu
450 105,1 4.730
Ha Tay
3.026 30,0 9.078
Thanh HOa
18.262 103,7 189.464
Mien Nam
1.290 124,9 16.107
DuyOn Hai
132 118,4 1.563
Dong Nam BO
3.690 45,0 16.605
Ti6n Giang
4.127 127,4 52.593
Minh Hai
CHUOI

29.864 463,190
Mien Bgc
1.423 35.575
Bac Thai
2.468 56.764
Ha Bac
5.864 49.844
Hai Hung
5.214 31.284
Thanh Hoa
67.422 220.355
Mien Nam
4.982 775
Khanh H6a
6.138 563
Dong Nai
5.076 20.983
Ti6n Giang
9.654 54.383
Minh Hai

Ngu6n [1]
Bang 1.6 Die yang chuyen canh rau

Cac loai rau Wing chuyen canh

Cai bap Hai Phong, Ha N6i, Ha Bac, Hai Hung, Da Lat

Khoai tay Nam Ha, Ninh Binh, Thai Binh, Ha N6i, Da Lat

Hanh tay Thuan Hai, Me Linh

TOi Ha Bac, Hai Hung, Lj/ Son
Cat Quang Tri, Thiia Thien Hug, Quang Nam Da Nang, Thai Binh, Ha Bac

Tieu Quang Tri, Quang Binh, S6ng Be, Dong Nai, Phi) Qu6c, Ha TiOn

Ngu6n [1]
 12 CHLIONG 1

Bang 1.7 S6 lOu ve trong trot rau a mot s6 ming trong die'm

MO tich Nang suit Sano lng

Vimg trcmg didm
[ha] Wha) [tgninarn]

Ha N6i 5.400 166,5 - 90.300

Hai Phong • 6.700 193,8 129.500
Hai Hung 16.400 116,7 191.600
Ha Tay 13.700 127,2 175.900
Lam D6ng 3.900 192,8 75.400
TPHCM 11.300 216,3 245.200
D6ng Nai 7.000 113,7 79.500
Cdn Tho 3.300 143,8 47.600

Ngu6n [1]

Theo cdc bang tren, ciing c6 thd thay du'crc ski phan vimg theo khi hau
cua cdc loai rau trdi. D6i vai trdi, mOi vimg chuyen canh c6 the chi tr6ng mOt
. loai cay, nhtmg d6i vai rau, vai nhu cau tieu thy hien nay, thi cdc vimg
chuyen canh la khu vt1c tap trung Wing cdc loai rau, tit rau cu, rau trdi, rau
Id._ hay IA viing luan canh vai cac loai cay hang thkfc nham tranh th6 dien
tich dat tr6ng, tang d6 mau ma cho dat. Viec phdt trie'n san xuat rau IA mOt
dinh hkiang Ian nham da dang h6a san phdin 'long nghiep, von la the manh
cua nu& ta. Cdc Wing chuyen canh rau c6 dien tich lan tr6ng bap cai, su hao,
du'a chu6t, khoai tay.
Rau gia vi nhii at, t6i, IA san pham chu litc cila mien Trung, ncti
c6 khi hau ming, kho. Hien nay, cdc san pham gia vi say kilo IA mat hang c6
kim ngach xua1 Wu rat cao.
Xay dung, kim sodt va ding nhan cdc vimg rau an toan cung IA znif)t
bier' phdp him hieu de tao ra san pham rau sach, du tieu chuan tieu thy
trong nu'ac va xugt khau dein cdc thi tru'ang kh6 tinh.

Bang 1.8 Kei quci Owe hien cong tcic phdt trien dien tich rau an tam

2001 2002 2003 2004 KH 2005 TH 2005

Didn tich rau 9.797 9.340 9.126 8.842 9.000 8.524

Didn tich rau an toan 134 505 1.636 4.390 8.000 8.382,7

Nang suit, tin/ha 17.84 18.14 18.15 19.00 19.00 21.9

San liging, tan 174,766 169,427 165,616 168,000 171,000 183,581

TiNH H1NH SAN XUAT - CHEBIEN - TIEU THU RAU TRAI a VIET NAM 13

1.2 CHt BIEN RAU TRAI

Chg bign rau trai chua phai lA mdt manh Caa Viet Nam. So voi viec
tiling trot, tieu thy rau trai tUcli, viec chtbign va tieu thy cac san phgm rau
trai chg bign hay con rat han chg vd mat s6 hieing ding nhu chat Wang.
Hien nay tren toAn Viet Nam, c6 khoang 80 nhA may va )(Yang chg
bign san phgm tit nguyen lieu rau trai vizi t6ng ding suat thigt kg khoing
290.000 anInarn, dat 44% chi tieu cua charting trinh phat tridn dgn nam
2010. Trong do, c6 12 day chuygn mai dau tut nang cap vai tong ding suat
bin 50.000 an san phdmInam,vai thigt bi hien dai, dat tieu chugn chau Au,
My. Thg nhung do nhilng nguyen nhdn vd nguyen lieu nhu san thing
loai, viec bao quan chua tot va nguyen nhan vd tieu thy san pham, nOi dia va
xuat khau, nen cac nha may chi host dOng duac 20+30% cong suat. [Ma va
nhan lA hai loai nguyen lieu dole tap trung chg bign (m6i loai chigm 34%),
tigp da IA vai, thanh long, chuifii, chom chorn, xoAi.
Phan 16'n cong nghe va thigt bi hay con lac hdu 'thong ang ba, ca cau san
pham \TA chat lacing san pham khong phi hap vai thi truang ca trong len ngoAi
nuac. Ngay tren thi twang Viet Nam, san phgm rau trai chg bign Viet Nam lai
bi kern thg so vai nhang san pham rau trai chg bign ngoai nhdp.
Cac mAt hang rau trai chg bign cha ygu caa Viet Nam là trai cay ngdm
dating, nuac ep trai cay, mitt, rau ngdm dam, tu'cing (it, ca... nhung ph6 bign
nil& van là cac clang rau trai say Icho nhii at say, tieu say, hAnh tai say,
chu6i kilo, hang deo...
Cdc san phthn tit rau cha ygu daqc dang g6i trong bao bi thay tinh hay
bao bi nhua gon nhe, thai gian bao quan ngam. ThUang thay IA cac san phgm
kieu hanh tai ngdm dam, kim chi, Jura man, Wang at, Wang ca, at sate, CA
chua co ddc...
Mat trai cay CO rat nhidu loai tif mat kho nhu mat sen, dita, dgn mat
deo nhu mut ca chua, mut mang tau, dgn mut rim nhii milt ddu, mat chum
runt... Cdc san phgra nay thing do cac 10 mat san xuat ra (lo mut DA Lat),
chu'a c6 nha may cong nghiep san xuat loai san phgm nay.
Trai cay ngdm dating, nuac ep trai cay thi thuang duac clang trong ion
thigt, mau ma van con dein gian va gia thanh thi lai khd cao, chu'a dgn cluac
v(ii dai da s6 nguai tieu dung.
Cung nha viec san xuat rau trai, nganh chg bign rau trai cung dang
tim huang de phdt tridn. Mat trong nhting hinh thdc aurae chi trong IA lien
doanh \Teri cac cong ty nit & ngoai. 0 thai diem nay, viec hap tdc san xuat
rat thich hap vi c6 the lap dat ngay nhang ddy chuyen cong nghe va cac
quy trinh chg bin san phgm tien tidn. Tuy nhien ye ldu dai, day cung la
14 CHLVNG 1

mot hinh thac c6 nhieu rui ro, nhat là viec thon tinh clan va sau da IA sä
hau town b6 cua cdc cong ty nuac ngotti.
Cdc cong ty ch0 Wen rau trai thu6c quyen quin 1Sr nhA nuac thutng
nh6, day chuyen thiet bi chua citing b6, mAu ma san phdm khong nhieu N/A
chua dep mat. M6 hinh lien doanh tao ra nhang san phdm da dang han, bao
bi hinh iliac dep. Cong ty to nhan ding là m6 hinh thing gap hi0n nay.
Nhin chung, ngAnh the bien rau trai cua Vi-et Nam hay con 6 mac d6
thap, chua dap ang vai nhu cau dm nosh tieu dung, va nhat IA chua thac ddy
dugc tiem nang y0 nguyen lieu rau trai tai Vi0t Nam. 'PST 10 chg bign rau trai
chi mai dat 5+7% tong san luang hang nAm va ty 10 ten that sau thu hoach
len dgn 20+30%.

1.3 TIEU THU RAU TRAI

Rau trai luon lA san phdm dtiac tieu thu manh, tali& tien IA do nave
dich dinh dutng. Mac du chi cung cap khoang 10% nhu tau nang luang hang
ngAy chu yeti do thAnh phan glucid, nhang rau trai lA ngu6n cung cap khoang
va vitamin tit nhien khong loai thuc pham nAo c6 the thay thg dutc. Chat ita
cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin... h6 tra tich cac ye, hieu qui cho qua trinh
tieu h6a vA.giii d6c cua at the cung IA do rau trai cung cap.
'Ring cong ty Rau trai Viet Nam ra dtsi ngAy 11/2/1988, lA t6 chac nha
nude dau tionJAm nhiem vu hap nhat cac dan vi c6 quan 110 dgn san xuat ch0
Men va xuat nhap khdu rau trai. Sin xuat c6 nhi0u thi mai c6 nguyen lieu de
chd bign va c6 rau trai tuai tieu thy tren thi truing trong ngoai mtac. Nguac
lai, viec tieu thy c6 nhanh vA nhieu thi mai thtic ddy sit phat trien cis ngimh
san )(tat va the bien rau trai.

Hinh 1.6 Ginn d6 bie'u thi mac cung clip dinh &tong cua nguyen lieu rau tred
T1NH HINH SAN XUAT - CHE BIEN - TIEU THU RAU TRAI b VIET NAM 15

Hien nay, ngoai cdc ca quan nha nuac, da xutt hien nhang doanh nghiep
to nhan chuyen kinh doanh cdc loci san phdm rail trai tuai, chg bign trong
pham vi nei dia va xutt nhdp khdu. Sit c6 mat cua cdc hinh fink kinh doanh
nay ding with cdc chitin Woe conh tranh, ma r6ng thi tradng dt nhanh chOng
ddy marsh viec tieu thy mat hang rau trai. Tuy nhien, cho dgn nay san phdm
c6 lacmg tieu thu ion chi giai han trong cdc clang rau trai tuai hoc sty kilo.
Cdc mAt hang chg bign vAn chua Yuan &roc tai tam phat trign twang (mg.

Tien thy trong ntidc

Khao sat mai day dm Vien Khoa hoc Ky thudt Ming nghiep Viet Nam
ye san xutt va thaang mai hang hoa rau trai cho thty tong lacing rau trai tieu
thy binh quan dau ngadi dA tang han 2 ldn trong 10 nArn qua. Xu huang tieu
thy ctia ngabi Viet Nam ding c6 nhieu thay d6i. Nhu cau n6i dia tang nhanh.
Ngu nha nAm 1993 kh6i luting tieu thy rau binh quail la 50kgIngzthilnam thi
dgn nAm 2002 la 111kgIngitailnam. Tacrng tit kh6i lifting tieu thy trai cay binh
quan ddu ngatti nam 1993 la 18kg thi dgn nAm 2002 IA 38kg.
Mac tieu thu rau xanh cang Vic cang tang, nhung tinh rai ro vd an town
ye sinh lai cao do ngatti tr6ng rau kitting tuan thti cdc quy trinh ky thudt.
Trong khi d6 tS, le tieu thy trai cay tang (IA11 a cdc loai vi ngadi Viet Nam
vdn duy tri thoi quen sit dung hail hgt cdc loci trai tuai chg bign tai nha.
Rau trai tren thi tradng n6i dia &roc cung ctp tit chinh cdc nha san
xutt. NOng dan trong trot, thu hooch va chit dgn cdc cho clau m6i de ban,
nhieu gia dinh con c6 sap a cho va bdn san phdm cua minh trac tigp cho
ngatti tieu thu. Hinh thdc mua ban nay chi a quy m6 nha va trong pham vi
On, t57 10 ton thtt rat cao vi khong dp dung bien phdp bao quan nao.
Cdc citing ty kinh doanh nha nut& hay W nhan thu mua rau trai tai nai
san xuart, tign hanh sct chg bao quan r6i phan ph6i lai cdc nai ban le. Vai
hinh thac nay, rau trai dgn tay ngadi tieu thy se 'sdch Ilan, chit luting cao
han, va tS, le thtt thodt do ha hang ding it han.
Rau trai chg bign tren thi tracing not dia tuy ding c6 nhieu thong loai
nhung tieu thy nhieu nit& la cac san phdm rau chg bign nha twang (ft, Wang
ca, cac san phdm ngdm dim, ca chua co dAc, ftt sate, rau gia vi sty kilo hoc
bet... san phdm trai cay chg bign la dong mat trai cay, trai cay sty. Cdc dong
naac trai cay, trai cay ngdm, Wou trai cay... tuy da c6 nhung chua vacit qua
&roc san phdm ngoai nhdp vg chit lacing, cam quan, bao bi.
D6i Wong tieu thu rau trai tuai n6i dia la ngutti c6 thu nhdp khd, vi gid
ca rau trai tuai van con cao, chua phit hop vai thu nhdp cua dai da s6 ngti6i
tieu thy. Mac sting ngay cang tang se gitlp cho thi trating rau trai ngay cang
phat tridn. Cdc loci trai cay tuai ngoai nhdp da tham gia thi truing, nhung
16 CHUGWG 1

a
do gid cao nen cung chi dive bAy ban nh(rng caa hang rau trai cao cap cac a
thanh ph6 16n. Cdc san phdm nay ding &Plc bAy ban a sieu thi va vitot qua
cac san phdm ding cluing loci cila Viet Nam do indu ma va bao 131 cktc kjr bgt
mat, gid ding khong cao hon mac du phai chiu thug nhAp
Gid ban cac san phdm rau trai tutri va stic tieu thy bign Ong khd 16n
giiia cac Wing, dia phitong thy thu6c \Tao thai vu va nhu cau thi tru'Ong. Dau
va cuoi vu gia cao hon rat nhie'u so vdi lac thu hoach dai tra Inge du chat
a
Wong kh6ng thAt ,cao. Cang xa viing san xuat gid cang tang, vOng c6 mac
sting cao, nhu cau nhigu thi gid cang cao. Vi du 1kg vai thieu ddu vy gid
15.000d, giiia vy gid 8.000d va cu6i vy c6 the len din 20.000d. Ngu a thanh
phi H6 Chi Minh 1kg vai thieu 8.000d, thi a HA N6i chi 5.000d va tai \nein
c6 the chi 3.000d.
a
M6t vi du khdc nhu chom chom gitla vu Long Khanh gid 2.000d/kg,
thAnh ph6 H6 Chi Minh gid 5.000d, & Hug c6 the la 10.000d vet ra dgn HA
N6i con c6 the cao ho'n. MAn a . Bac HA ban gib 3.000d/kg, a HA N6i là
6.000d, a thanh phi H6 Chi Minh c6 the ban 9.000÷10.000d/kg.
Theo nhAri dinh cua giai hilu trdch thi tri truing rau trai n6i dia dang
hoan than thigu t6 chdc, manh mun va tai phat. Hien tu'ong trong inua, rat gib
U.& nen quen thu6c nhu quy luAt, trong khi cac nha kinh doanh thi manh ai nay
lo, thAm chi can phd gid Fan nhau, canh tranh khong lanh manh. Vi vAy can
phai cid tign hg thing phan ph6i n6i dia.
Tren awe tg, vai he thing phan photi cu, milc d6 hao but c6 the of
10+50%, do rat nhi6u nguyen nhan. Nhung chu ygu lA do ngittri nong clan
ding ra thirc hien khau phan ph6i. Ho thigu hieu bigt ye kinh doanh, phan
phoi va bao quan rau trai, thin din viec gigun thieu lqi nhuAn. Viec cai t6
thong qua cac dot an phdt tridn he thing phan ph6i rau trai tieu thy trong
nit& va xuat khdu, chuyen giao ky thuAt, cung cap kign fink kinh doanh, tieu
chudn chat hiong, (long g6i, bao quan IA rat can thigt.

Xuat khdu
Rau trai dm Viet Nam da có m4it a khoang 40 mfac va vOng lanh th6
tren town the giai, trong d6 c6 mOt s6 thi triging 16n. Viec xuat khdu rau trai
cua nurac to khong can dinh va dg trai qua cac thOi ky thang tram khdc nhau.
Thai 10 ti trufic 1990 den 1994: kim ngach xuat khdu lien tyc bi sut
giam, tit 52,3 trieu USD nam 1990, xu6ng con 20,8 tri'eu nam 1994. C6 ba
nguyen nhan chti ygu lam cho kim ngach xuat khdu rau trai bi stit giam:
MOt /a, dang c6 nhitng thay d6i 16n vA chinh tri tai cac thi tniOng xuat
khdu rau trai chinh cua Viet nam trong thOi diem d6 la Lien X6 va cac intik
Deng Au.
 TiNH H1NH SAN XUA7" - CHE BIEN - TIE(' THU RAU TRAI 6' VIET NAM
17
Hai là, chinh sach bao vay, cam van d6i vii Viet Nam dm cac nttac
phutng Tay da lam cho viec xuat khgu de'n cac thi truing mdi rat han chg.
Ba ld, vao thbri didm do nhiem vu chinh cua Jiang nghiep Viet Nam la
khgc phuc ski thie-u but lutng thktc, tap trung xuat khgu gao, nen chu'a co digu
kien ddy manh san xuat va xuat khgu rau trai.
Thai 16? 1995 - 1998: xuat khgu rau trai da lay lai can bgng va bulk Tau
On dinh, kim ngach xuat khgu tang kha, dat dinh cao nhgt so vdi truck do vao
nam 1996, tuy nhien, lai bi slit giam manh vao cac nam 1997 va 1998. Nguyen
nhan chinh la chat luvng va chinh sach xuat nhap khgu chua phu ho, dap ang
dttqc yeu cat.' cua thi fruiting.
Th&i 16, 1998 - 2001: kim ngach xuat khdu tang nhanh va lien tuc.
Dinh cao nhat la vao nam 2001 dat 329,9 trieu USD. Nguyen nhan IA do thi
trutng Trung Qu6c da gia tang manh, chiem 142,8 trieu USD kim ngach xuat
khgu. Cac thi truing khac ding tang.
Thai 14 2001 - 2003: thi trung Trung Qu6c bi sLit giam lam cho kim
ngach xuat khgu lai giam xu6ng 219,6 trieu USD vao nam 2002 va 182,5
trieu USD vao nam 2003.

Tur nam 2004 den nay, viec xuat khau rau trai da co dgu hieu phuc h6i.
Kim ngach xuat khgu nam 2005 dat den 230 trieu USD.
Hau heft cac loai rau trai di.foc xuat khgu dtt6ri clang rau trai tucti bao
quan lanh. S6 lacing xuat khgu chura cao do yeu cau khAt khe clia khach hang
ve gioeng, chat lacing, di4u kien gieo tr6ng, digu kien !ado quail: M4t hang rau
tuvi-xat Mt xuat khgu nh,t cai bgp, Tau trai, khoai tay, khoai so, nam, mang,
hanh hu'ong, gitng, toi, mOt s6 loai rau gia vi.
Being 1.9 Kim ngach xwit khciu rau trcii Vi0 Nam

Nam Kim ngach xugt khgu rau tral, Kim ngach xuat khgu rau trai,
Nam
USD USD
1990 52.300.000 1998 50.000.000
1991 33.200.000 1999 100.000.000
1992 32.300.000 2000 200.000.000
1993 23.600.000 2001 329.900.000
1994 20.800.000 2002 219.600.000
1995 50.000.000 2003 182.C10.000
1996 100.000.000 2004 140.000.000
1997 70.000.000 2005 235.000.000
(Ngucin [1D
 18 CHLICNG 1

Trai cay tdoi xuat khu IA chuai, dua hau, du du, xoai, Oda, vai, nhan,
thanh long, dita, mang cut. Rau trai chd bidn IA cac loai rau muai chua, mudi
man, rau trai say, mitt trai cay, mirk trai cay co dac. Tuy cac chang loai rau
trai xuat khau ttioi cung nhd chd bidn Wong doi phong pita, nhung chua có loai
hang ilk) dat khai lupg xuat khu lOn ddn vai chyc, vai tram ngAn tan/nam.

Thi trattng xuat khu caa Viet Nam trong nhiing nam en day da ma
rOng khd nhieu. Da s6 hang xuat khu xuat di cac nu& trong khu vac chau A
nhu Trung Quote, Nhat Ban, Phillipin, 11c, Dai Loan, Hang Kong, Singapore,
Thai Lan, LAo, Campuchia.... Mot s6 % kim ngach xuat khdu da hdang &roc
ddn cac thi trotting chau Au, chau My nhu Phap, Lien Xo, My...

Thi trureing xuat khu cita VW Nam

Trung Quicc: IA nderc san xuat, xuat khu vA tieu thy rau trai lan nhat
chau A. 90% rau trai caa Trung Qu6c dttqc tieu thy dderi dang tdoi, 10% ddoc
chd bietn, (long hop, say, lAm mut... Trung Qu6c là thi trtiOng lan thd ba cua
Viet Nam, chidm 10,3% tong kim ngach xuat khu Viet Nam. Day IA thi
trudng day tigm nang de tham nhap vi en ve khoang each dia ly, dan s6
&mg nhat thd gieri, yeu cat, hInh thdc, quy cach, chat Wong khong qua cao,
nhu cau tieu dang cung rat da dang. Hien thi truting nay chidm tai 40% kim
ngach xuat khdu rau trai hang nam caa Viet Nam. Hinh that xuat khu pho
bidn sang Trung Quote IA mall dich bien giili, chuyen cha bang xe có hay
kitting c4:5 he thong bao quan lanh. Hinh thdc nay gidp ta xuat nhanh, nhang
ding day rai ro ve van de thanh town vA quan he ban hang lau dAi. Tuy vay,
xuat khdu hang rau trai caa nttac ta sang Trung Qu6c dang phai canh tranh
gay et yeti hang dm Thai Lan, Dili Loan vA cac rut& Asian. Trung Quac con
gift vi tri trung chuydn cho viec xuat khu tidp clgn cac thi trderng kik.
Cdc mat hang rau trai Viet Nam xuat sang Trung Quotc là rau trai tuci
cac loai, da s6 là trai cay. dac biet la thanh long, dita, xoai, nhan, vai, chom
chorn, data hau, dda... Mat hang rau thdOng xuat sang Trung Quac theo dang
trung chuydn raid &fa chuOt, khoai tay, dau, mang, ca chua, at, gang, hat
tieu, nghe, toi...
Trung ()u& cung la mot thi trutng nhap khdu lan cila Viet Nam ve cac
san phdm rau trai tuti va chd bietn.
Nh4t Ban: la ntierc nhap khu lan thd hai caa Viet Nam, sau My. Ty
trong kim ngach xuat khdu sang Nhat chidm 13,2% tong kim ngach xuat khu
caa Viet Nam. Nam 2(04, kim ngach dat 3.502.400USD. Nhat Ban IA thi
trung ce• tiem nang tieu thy lan ve rau trai, nhurng 141 la thi trutmg rat kilo
tinh, dac biet là cac tieu chudn ye sinh an town thiic phdm (VSATTP), chat
lu'qng vA rah ma. Nhat cung IA mot thi truttng tutting clai bao tha, mitt thud

L_
TINH HiNH SAN XUAT - Chit BIEN - TIEU THU RAU TRAI d VIET NAM 19

kha thdp nhung rat rdc roi, dbi hal nhigu kiem dich gdt gao. Hang rau trai
mu6n nhap khdu vac) Nhat Ban phai du<gc cap gia'y chung nhan chdt krang
theo cac tieu chudn caa he th6ng JAS va cac chang nhan ve bao ye sinh thai.
Cac gigy chang nhan nay phai do cac phong thi nghiem &la Nhat cap, hodc
ngu ca quan kiem dinh nu'ac khdc thi ding phai tuan tha theo quy trinh kiem
dinh san phdm cua Nhat. Nhirng tha tuc nay thu'Ong ton kern va anh hu'ang
den thai han giao hang.
Ve mat hang rau trai, Viet Nam da xudt sang Nhat cai bdp, data chuOt,
khoai tay, dau, mang, ca chua, nam, cac loai trai cay nhiet dai, tieu, girng, at,
rigng, nghe,
Dai Loan: là thi twang trung gian cho nhieu loai san phdm caa Viet
Nam. Dai Loan cling là thi trurting c6 nhieu tiem nang vai thi higu da
khong dOi hOi cao v6 chdt lurgng, rau trai tuai va chg bign caa Viet Nam nhap
khdu \Tao Dai Loan con du'ac tien giam thug suit. Kim ngach xudt khdu
rau trai qua Dai Loan chigm 11,3% tong kim ngach xuat khdu caa Viet Nam.
Cac mat hang rau trai xudt qua DM Loan là cai bdp, chuOt, khoai tay,
dau, mang, ca rot, ca chua, nam, chuoi, thanh long, dila, xoai, nhan, vai, trai
c6 mth, chom chom, data hau, data, tieu, gang, at, rikg, nghe, COL.
Han Quik: nhu cAu rau trai caa thi tru'ting Han Qu6c Wang dol lan,
dac biet IA cac loai rau trai nhiet dai. NI-ming Han Qu6c lai IA thi tru'ang kh6
tham nhap vi mac dO bao h0 rat cao, he tho'ng quan ly nhap khdu ph is tap,
tap quan tieu &mg chat chg. TS, le kim ngach xugt khdu sang HAn Qu6c
chigm 9,5%. Nhu cgu ve rau trai caa Han Qu6c d6i vai Viet Nam van là cai
bap, du'a chuOt, khoai tay, dau, mang, ca rot, ca chua, nam, chu6i, thanh long,
dila, xoai, nhan, vai, trai c6 mui , chom chom, data hdu, data, tieu, Ong, at,
rikg, nghe, COL..
Singapore: hang nam Singapore nhap tit 1.200.000 ÷ 1.350.000 tan
rau trai vai tri gid 550 ÷ 600 trOu USD trong da rau trai tu'ai chigm 80%.
Kim ngach xugt khdu rau trai caa Viet Nam qua Singapore dat khoing 1%
trong s6 d6 va ciing chi dat 3% so vai tong kim ngach xua.'t khdu rau trai
dm Viet Nam. Singapore là thi trutng co dung lacing trung binh. Hang rau
trai nhap khdu tyr do, khong han chg, khong phai chiu thug nhap khdu,
nhung rau trai nhap khdu vac. Singapore phai dat tieu chudn an toan ye
sinh than phdm.
Nguyen nhan kim ngach xual khdu rau trai cad Viet Nam dat thgp là
do gid thanh san phdm rau trai Viet Nam con cao, phi van chuyen cao, lam
giam di sat canh thanh. Gia thanh van chuyen caa Viet Nam cao han Thai
Lan 7%. Ngoai ra, yeu cat.' dat tieu chudn an than ye sinh thut phdm ciing là
mot rao can clang kg. Singapore nhap cua Viet Nam hanh to* (long lanh,
20 CHUMIG 1

bien, rau say...

Malaysia: do nhung dieu kien ve khi hau, dgt dai, phan lan (tat trung
dm Malaysia tap trung cho cay cong nghiep. Hang nam Malaysia phai nhap
hang tram trieu USD rau trai de ddp .ing nhu cau trong nude. Day IA mot thi
truing khd dg dai, nhap khdu rau trai khong can g* ph6p nhap khdu. Yeti
cau ve chat luting va an toAn ye sinh thi c phdm cling khong chat che. Cdc
chung loai rau trai Viet Nam c6 the xuat sang Malaysia IA cai bap, dua chuOt,
khoai tay, dau, mang, ca chua, nam, chu6i, dila hau, thanh long, dila,
xoai, vai, nhan, trai c6 mui, tieu, gang, at, rieng, nghe, tai...
Australia: hang nam, Australia nhap khdu khong duai ltri?uUSD
rau trai tit Viet Nam. Tuy chinh sdch nhap khdu d6i vai rau Viet Nam khong
c6 gl phan biet va phan Ion mat hang rau trai nhap khdu ducrc min thue,
nhung yeti cau cao ve ye sinh, kiem dich ding lA mot kh6 khan d6i vai ngAnh
xuat khdu rau trai Viet Nam khi muan tham gia thi truing Australia.
Autralia nhap ctia Viet Nam khoai tay, khoai so, dau, ca chua, nam, mang
tay, mang ta, dila, chu6i, dua hau, thanh long, dim xoai, vai, nhan, trai
tieu, gang, 6t, rieng, nghe, tai...
MY-: hien là nu'ac nhap khdu lon nhgt, chiem 18,8% tong kim ngach
xuat khdu cua Viet Nam. T6c do gia tang kim ngach xuat khdu sang My binh
quan 61,6%/nam. Cao rat nhieu so vai tac dO tang chung. Ddy IA kat qua caa
viec ky Hiep dinh thuang mai song pinging giaa Viet Nam va My. Tuy nhien
trong thtri gian qua, xuat khdu colt Viet Nam sang my- gap kh6 khan do cdc
vu kien ca basa, torn, det may, tST trong xuat khdu sang My chi con 16,8%, so
vai tong kim ngach nhap khdu cua My chi dat chua den 3,3%. Viec ma rung
mat hang xuat khdu va kat qua dAm phdin de Viet Nam gia nhap WTO la
buck chuan bi cho qud trinh chinh phyc thi truOng day tiem nang nay.
Nga: la mot thi truing rau trai lan tren the gioi, nhieu nuac dang ddy
manh xuat khdu vao thi trudng nay. Kim ngach xuat khdu rau trai Viet Nam
qua Nga khoang itriOsu USD. Cdc mat hang xuat khdu vAo thi truting Nga c6
the IA rau trai bicri (khoai tay, tai, cai bap, dua chuOt, chu6i, trai mui), ray
trai the bien (nude data clang hop, di a mieng, dila khoanh, dua chuOt liar(
giam, ca chua hOp, tu'cing ca, ttking dt, khoai tay che Wen.
Map: Xugt khdu rau trai sang Phdp can thap, trong do dila hop, xoA
IA hai mat hang cha y'eu.
Nhieu thi trutrAg- quac to nhap khdu rau trai cila Viet Nam co mac gi;
tang lien tuc nhu Phdp, HAn Qu6c, Nga, Nhat Ban, HA Lan, Trung Qu6c. Mit
gia tang tit 40+57%, tuy vay thi truOng Trung Qu6c van chiem den 42% kin
ngach xuat khdu rau trai caa Viet Nam.
 T1NH HiNH SAN XUAT - CHE.BIEN - TIEU THU RAU TRAI d VIET NAM 21

Tinh hinh xugt khau cuc ky bign &Ong cua nganh rau trai Vi0t Nam c6
the ly giai qua nhigu nguyen nhan, chu quan Nth Ichticb quan.
- Vi0c tr6ng trot, san xtigt rau trai a nuerc to con nhiliu bgt cap mang
tinh to cung to cop. Rau trai gi cung c6, nhung khong mut loai nao c6 s6
lacing 16n. Ai ding tr6ng nhu'ng tr6ng khong ding hie, nen killing the thu
hoach dling boat. MOi nha wan tr6ng theo mut ky thuat khac nhau nen
khong ding digit lacing.
- Vi0c quy hoach cac \Tung chuyen canh chua c6 trong tam, chua tap
trung tai i u dg tao ra nhang viing san xudt c6 tinh canh tranh. S6 yang
chuyen canh nhu vai thik Bac Giang, vu sita LO }ten, thanh long Binh
Thuan, nho Ninh Thuan, bUai Nam Roi, sau rieng Chin 1-16a can qua it, diOn
tich nho nen khi khach hang can s6 luqng lan trong thOi gian ngan thi kh6
c6 thg gom
- Vi0c ygu kern trong ky thuat sac chg bao quan nguyen lieu tai cac nha
may chg bign rau trai da lAm cho t6n thgt nguyen lieu tai cac nha may len
dgn 30+40% vac) ky thu hoach do khong chg bign kip, va hau hgt cac nha
may lai dk thigu nguyen lieu, chi hoat dung khoang 20+25% nang sugt thigt
kg vac nhthig mua khac.
- Nguai nOng dan chi dung nhting biOn phdp bac quail truyen thong, sa
sai nen khong gift' dugc chit lacing san phdm titai On dinh. O cac chq dau mai
a TP HCM, hay Ha NOi da c6 he th6ng bao quail lanh, nhang khong tip dung
dai tra ma chi dung cho cac loai rau trai ngoai nhap dat ti'en vi vay tS, 10 that
thoat sau thu hoach rat cao, 25+50% t6ng san lacing. Viet Nam lA mut trong
nhang nuac c6 tS, 10 thgt thoat sau thu hoach cao nhgt khu vuc.
- Hien tuqng lam dung thu6c trit sau va bao ve thuc vat trong giai
tr6ng trot ding can phai nhac dgn vi ty 10 san pham chilli du lopg volt mdc
cho phep kha lan. Tai Hui chq Nang nghi0p Qu6c t6 vita t6 chtic tai Can Thy,
chi cat 13 trong s6 26 mau trail cay IA kh6ng phat hien du lacing thu6c bao ye
thuc vat, 3/26 mau (11%) c6 du lacing volt mac cho phep. Nguyen nhan nay
da gay kh6 khan cho rau trai tuai cila Viet Nam khi mu6n &Am nhap vao cac
thi truang c6 yeu cau cao vg kigm dich thuc vat.
- Bao bi, d6ng g6i chua dep, thigu hgp dan, gia van chuygn cao, ton
thift lan nen gia thanh cao, thigu stlic canh tranh v6i cite nuac khdc nhtt Thai
Lan, Trung Qugc.
- Khong co nhi6u thu'ang hieu, nhan hieu cho cac san phgm rau trdi Viet
Nam. Viet Nam c6 rat nhigu gi6ng rau trai c6 chat lctcmg cao, nhung chi rrOt s6
it trong do c6 clang 14 thlicrng hieu yai cac tieu chudn chat lacing kem theo.
D =u nay h :n uy nha san xugt, viec quang bá san phdm d6n cac
,Ifiiitarf#K • ii1igittialitt801. d6 finh huang dgn kinfligaoh xuat., khgu.
ANT0,94-Aa
22 CHIVNG 1

Tom lai, san xuat chd bign va tieu thu rau trdi tai Viet Nam tuy da dat
dtic.tc m8t s6 thanh qui, nhttng cung chi mai chigm m6t vi tri khiem t6n trong
nen kinh to nu'ac nha. De dat duvc muc tieu xdy dkmg nganh san xuat Nig chg
bign rau trdi hQi nhap duvc vai cdc miac trong khu vyc, can phdi cd nhi'u no
lift tit phia nuteti san xuat: cii-tao gi6ng, cid tign phut:mg phdp gieo tr6ng,
thu hai va bio quan sau thu hoach, phii theo doi nam bat dttqc nhu cau thi
truttng; tit phia cdc tong ty chg bign rau trdi: lap dAt day chuyen hien dai,
theo dOi quy trinh, da dang hoa mau ma bao bl, khio sat nhu cau cila ngtki
tieu dimg; tit phia chinh quyen: h6 trct von, giim thug, c6 cdc chinh sdch bio
ye thttang hieu, tao dieu kien eng dung khoa hoc ky thugt, ph6 bign sau Ong
nhUng kign thec ve bac) quin sau thu hoach nham giam thidu t6n that sau
thu. hoach.
Tr6ng rau trdi va cay canh la m6t trong nhCing bu'ac phdt tridn chinh
ctia nganh tit nay dgn nam 2010. Nam 2006, Viet Nam phan dgu dtta dien
tich cay an tali len 760.000ha, tang 5.000ha so vai nam 2005, va phan dgu
dat kim ngach xuat khdu 330.000.000 USD. De dat muc tieu nay, B6 Nong
nghiep va Phdt tridn Nong th8n tap trung phdt tridn cdc cay an trdi c6 lcli
the nlitt cay c6 mui, cam qu9t, btrai, dna, xohi, nhan, Arai, thanh long, sau
rieng, mang cut, vti sea; phdt trien cdc gi6ng cay An trdi chat lticmg cao, dAc
san a cdc \rung nhtt cam, qu9t (Canh, Can The), bu'ai (Pink Trach, Doan
Hung, NAm Roi), xohi cat Minh Long, Bgn Tre, Tien Giang), qu9t h6ng
(D6ng Thdp), vti sea (Lb Ren), thanh long (Binh Thugn). Mat khdc, ding can
tridn khai xdy Ong timing hieu, ma Ong thi truttng tieu thu va ddy manh
chg bign rau trdi. Dau ttt cdc vimg nguyen lieu tap trung cho cdc nha may
theo Intang tham canh, xdy diing cdc vutin giong dat tieu chudn quy Binh, san
xuat du gi6ng tot, c6 kiem sodt chit lagng, ma Ong viec dp dung khoa hoc ky
thug sach benh, tao tan, boc trdi, trait vu, bio quin, chg bign, khuygn khich
tieu thu nong san, thtic ddy phong trao lien kgt GAP, 136n nha g6m san xuat,
nha khoa hoc, doanh nghiep va nha cung cap tai chinh.
Trong linh 3/ye nay, can phai nhac dgn host d'Ong cua vien Nghien elk
cay An qui mien Nam a Tien Giang. Hoat &Ong chit ygu cua vin là lien kgt
nha vutin vai khoa hoc ky thug, chon va phan lap gi6ng, nghiep cub nhang
giii phdp trong trot va thu hoach cung yeti viec to chec ph6 bign Ong rai
cdch thec tr6ng trot cho ngt.t8i dan.
 Chafing 2

NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT

Cling nInt cac loai thirC vat khac, rau trai c6 eau trtic va thanh plign
h6a hoc cu'c ky da dang. Nhiing phAn c6 the sd dung de chg bign thdc An dei
khi khong phi IA trai theo dinh nghia cua phan loai thdc vat hoc ma c6 the
là met dang bign dOi tit met car quan hay m6 bac) nit° de, hay c6 the là la,
than, re, hoa, ctia cay. Rau trai con là ngu6n nguyen lieu chda rat
nhieu loai hop chat hea hoc, c6 gia tri dinh dating cao, mat' sac, hticing vi da
clang va rat dg dang bign clei trong qua trinh chin cling nhur bao quart va chg
bign. Hieu re ve nhung tinh chat dm ban than rau trai, nlidng san
xuat trong trot rau trai, bao quan sau thu hoach hay nhang nha san sugt san
phdm chg bin tit nguyen lieu rau trai se de clang diet* khien ddoc cac qua
trinh xet ly, giam t6n that do hd hong va tang them plign loi nhugn, dam bao
an toan ye sinh thtic phdm.
Rau (vegetables - 'legumes) là nhiing loai cay than mem. Than, la, hoa,
trai, cu, re deo c6 the sit dung de chg bin cac men an trong beta An chinh
(chung vdi cam). Rau rat giau chat xa, khoang va cac loai vitamin.
Trdi (fruits) chtIa nhieu du'Ong (glucose, fructose, saccharose...), vitamin,
acid hdu ca... Khi trill chin, su tao thanh cac hop chat ester, alcohol tao nen
mini thdin rat dgc trung cho tting loai trai. Do c6 chda nhieu &Ring, acid nen
trai thtiOng dole An tdcri hay chg bign thanh san phdm dung de trong mieng,
hay trong nhdng bi-ta An phy. Cay cho trai c6 the là cay than thao hay IA cay
than mec, thdOng nien hay lull nien.

2.1 PHAN LOAI RAU TRAI

Rau trai lit met Ahem thyc vat rat da dang, thay dai rat nhieu tit hinh
dang dgn tinh chit sixth hoc. Viec phan loai rau trai chinh vi vgy kha phdc
tap. Tay theo muc dich ma chting to c6 the phan logi rau trai theo cac each
khac nhau. Vi du, trong bao quan, rau trai ddoc phan loai dtra theo kha nang
chiu nhiet hay ctging de ho hap; trong buen ban rau trai ddoc chia thanh
chinh vu va trai vu. Cac nha sinh vat hoc thl phan loai rau trai theo clac
diem eau true, hay theo bo phgn An dole_ can ngudi tieu clUng chi chia don
24 CHIJ.ONG 2

gian thanh "rau" IA cac loci thug vat dung trong 1Di:fa An chinh con "trai" thi
ding sau baa chinh hay trong baa An phy. Do d6, co mot s6 loai trai du'oc xep
vAo nhorn rau nhti ca chua, du'a leo... Trong phan nay, chi gicli thidu mot s6
cach phan loci thong dung c6 thd Ling dung trong cong nghd thtfc phAm.

2.1.1 Theo thip v4t -hoe

Cdc loai rau trai c6 thd phan loci dua theo cAu tnic hay hinh thai hoc
thanh 32 ho thyc vat duqc trinh bay trong bang 2.1.

Bang 2.1 Bang phan loai rau trai theo ho thitc vdt

Ten rau
H9 Ten khoa hoc Loai 1■46 ta
trai
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
A. Trill
Anarcardiaceae Dao 16'n Anacardium Hat Trai va hat phat then phfa
h0t (dieu) occidentale L. tren phan an da0c
Xoai Mangifea indica L. Trai V6 dai, phan an dt.10c bao
hach g6m thit trai cang vol phan v6
giiia va Idp mang mong phla
trong Idp v6 ngoai
Annonaceae Trai na Annona squamosa L. Trai M61 trai con la mot miji nh6
ph ac
Mang Annona muricata L. Trai mac Lon, thit trai mem, v6 c6 gai,
cdu xiem trai Ion la mot phac hOp
nhi6u trai con, n61 ket vdi
nhau qua cac Id bac va rn6t
ciii Ian
Brometiaceae Daa Annas comosus Merr. Trai dau Trai la phac hop cac trai con
Bombacaceae Sau Durio zibethinus L. Trai Day, v6 m6 ra theo &tong
rieng mong doc theo chieu dal trai va c6
nhieu gai nhon

Caricaceae Du a Carica papaya L. Trai V6 mem, 6 giaa cd m0t

mot-1g khoang tr6ng On, trai phat
trian tii bau noan tren
Curcurbitaceae Dua hau Citrullus vulgaris Trai bat, Loai trai dang !Dien the', phat
Schral flan then tit bau noan duo', duoc
bao low bang lOp v6 day phat
trien tit Id noan, phan trong
v6 chCta mot lOp to bao mem,
an duoc

Guttifetae Wing cyt Garcinia mangostana Trai V6 day, dai, thit trai ngot dfnh
L. mong chat vao h0t
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, TINH CHAT
25
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Lauracac B0 Persea amiricana Mill Trai ./V6 day, vo giCia la phan an
along &roc, v6 trong la met Idp mang
along dinh sat vdi hot. Hat cCing
Moraceae Sung Ficus carica L. Trai ty Trai la dang phut hap, thit trai
bong chita nhieu het nho
Mit Ariocarpus integra L. Trai Trai co kich thuOc Idn, vo co.
pht:ic gai, v6 ngoai day dinh vdi vo
giCra. MOi thdm, nhieu mi,
Musaceae Chu6i Musa paradisiaca L. Trai Met nai chu6i co nhieu trai >cep
var. sapientum mong song song nhu nhang ngen tay
Myrtaceae Sim Syzygium cumini Trai Ira' c6 mau Um sam, phat trien
Skeels hach thanh timg chbrn, china nhieu
tannin va anthocyanins
6i Psidium guajava L. Trai V6 ngoai.khong phan biat re
mong rot
Makopa Eugenia javanica Trai Trai co dang non, va x6p
Lam. mong
Passifloraceae Chanh Passiflora edulis Trai V6 day, ciing, d6 ye (nhu vo
day Sims mong so)
Rosaceae Dau tay Fragaria vesca L. Trai Trai phirc hdp, chi, yeu la
phan thit trai an cluoc mang
nhieu hat nho a ngoai
Rutaceae Cam Citrus sinensis Trai co Trai mong Nen the vdi Idp v6
Osbeck mui giCia x6p, day
Sapindaceae Chom Nephellium Trai Trai duoc bao boc bai mot
chom Lappaceum L. mong Idp v6 dai, co nhieu gai mem.
Phan an dudc la do hat chiia
nhieu ruidc
Sapotaceae SapOche Chryosphyllum cainito Trai Ldp v6 trong mong nudc,
L. mong nhieu thit trai, nhieu mu
Chico Achras sapota L. Trai Lop v6 giCra gan chat vdi lop
mong v6 trong
B. Trai/Cti
Curcurbitaeae- Su su Sechium edule Trai bau Do de hoa phat trier) thanh
(Jacq.) Sw. narn
Dua Cucumis sativus L. Trai bau Thit cila trai la !Op v6 gida va
chu6t ndm v6 trong, phat trier) tit bau
noan dudi
Bi ng6 Curcurbita maxima Trai bau Thit 6:a trai la Idp v6 giU'a va
Duch ndm v6 trong, phat tridn tit bdu
noan dudi
26 CI-WONG 2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Malvaceae VW!) Hibiscus esculentus Trai V6 chda nhieu xd
L. mong

Leguminosae Dau dim Vigna sinesis Trai Phat trien tit la noan, co the
(Stickm.) tach ra td &king nut 6 giCta

Dau Phaseolus sp.L. Trai Ph5t trien td Id noan, co the

tach ra tii duting nett 6 giCia

Dau Ha Pisum sativum L. Trai Phat trien tu Id noan, co the

Lan tach ra td &Jong nut 6 gilla

Solanaceae Ca Solanum melongena Trai Ldp v6 ngoai mong, bp vo giaa

L. mong dinh chat vOi 16p v6 ngoai

Ot rau Capsicum frutescens Trai Trong runt co mOt 16 h6ng

L. var. Grossum along Idn

Ca chua Lycopersicon Trai Hat dudo gan vao phan thit

esculentum mong trai chda nhieu nu&
Mill.car.conimune

C. Rau ci,

Liliaceae T6i Allium sativum L. Modified V6 mong, dang cu phirc hop

skin

T6i tay Allium porum L. - La G6c phinh ra, trang, nhting

khOng phan bit ro giCra cu
va than

Hanh Allium cepa L. CO Than di ngan, la tao thanh

di r6ng

Chenopodiaceae CO den Beta vulgaris L. CO r6 M6 bao co chda chat mau

Cruciferae CO cal Raphanus sativus L. CO re CO gia có cau truc x6p

CO cal Brassica raga L. var. Re bign CO tr6n, dau nhon, mau

Rapifera Metz the treng hay d6 tia

Colvolvulaceae Khoai 1pomoea batatas (L.) Re Cau truc nham hdn khoai tay
lang - Poir.

Umbelliferae Ca rot Daucus carota L. var. Re bien MO bao chda mau

sativa the

Zingiberaceae Giing Zingiber officinale Than re Than di nam ngang 6 cludi

dat, kich thudc Idn

Solanaceae Khoai Solanum tuberosum Than ci, Than cu kich thubc Idn, la
tay L. phan than re ngang ngan

D. Rau la (bao g6m hoa va than)

Liliaceae Mang Asparagus oficinalis L. Than Phan ch6i an &roc, Om

tay var. altilis nhcing la non xep xoan 6c
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, PAIN CHAT 27

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

,
Umbelliferae Cdn tay Apium graveolens L. La --' Cu6ng la gdn song, la dang t6
• var. dulce hop gam 3 - 7 la nha
Ng6 ray Peiroselinum crispum Than va La c6 hinh long chim, xodn
(Mill.) Nym. la cuon 'al
Compositae Rau diep Lactuca sativa L. La Ddu cuon lai
Cruciferae Cai Brassica oleracea Choi Choi nhanh kh6ng trdt ty
brussele var. gemmifera
Bdp cai Brassica oleracea Hoa Tao thanh mat bap
hanh
Bong cai Brassica oleracea Hoa Bao Om nhung long ngdn,
var. botrytis DC phan nhanh a dinh va la
Su hao Brassia caulorapa Than Than ca tron, va mang
MO tac Brassia juncea Coss La Mep la c6 khia 00 V, be mot
nharn, dinh

(Nguein: B. Er. Pantastico, Postharvest Physiology, Handling and Utilization of

tropical and Subtropical fruits and Vegetables, AN Publishing 1975)

Trai clacrc phat trien len W hoa. Trong ding nghe thkic phdm, trai cay
(lucre hieu ld bQ phan ctia hoa phat trien tai nhien hay du6i tac clOng ctia con
nguiti tra thanh clang m6 'lac, mem hay gion c6 the "an claw". Data vao b6
phdn phat trien ctia hoa thanh phan an chicle ctia trai ma to c6 the chia trai
thanh nhieu nh6m.

Bang 2.2 Phan loci trcii theo thztc vat hoc

Trai ddn: là trai dvdc tao ra tit 1 nhyy hoa cai

Triii kho: khi chin vo trai tra nen khO va ding chia thanh hai dang
Dpng vd nut khi chin: khi chin v6 trai se tit nig ra giai phOng hat.

Cac loai dau Trai Tau hinh thanh tit 1 la Dau phOng
(legume) noan va khi chin se tach dOi
dcc theo ca 2 phia lung va
byng cua trai (ddu Ha Lan,
ddu phOng...)
28 CHONG 2

Dau Ha Lan

t.,,-• ,.
.41 - • .----
, •
. , :: , • .. ,,,....--
,.t-t•
,..,,. --- -.1..v-- z.--4-
.may .,
s1-4 1 .
- ..,--
......,.., ,_

Dung trai dai Hinh thanh ti! 1 la noun va Nhcfa ngbt

khi chin se tach d6i doc then f-- - ,W4qWeltr .
(follicle) ': - '
441,
1 phia king hay byng cua trai . -7i,
;-* - '
r>a
. .. ,

A
C.,.'14-**'4 "C • •
e. •• r■ . , ..
Olit.
*4_ • .4 ' ' ........-..:

Dung trai Hlnh thanh tit mOt vai la noun Dau bAp
(mt.idp khfa, dau bap, sgu ..:.)..-,
nang nr) ...
riang ...) . •
(capsule) ....-
- .:.,•,'
, ..._ . ...
Arqu$ .
... 4,;4..

Trai kho/Dpng vó khong nut khi trat chin di giai phong hot
Trai có canh CO mot hay hai hat, v6 hat Trai tan bi

(samara) bign thanh dang mang mong Canh -"

(trai tan bl) )., 4t,
.7.. ,,,,r
-
. -
, r .
4,= ,,
vi.- 5 e1 ,•
`..t*

Tali co clang Trai chi có 1 hat, vo trai va 136. p

hat (caryopsis, vo hat hqp thanh Idp v6 f
grain) mong (Ilia mi, bap) - - _
.
, .

"-7.--;.......„ c

• .
Hat
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, T1NH CHAT 29

Trai dung b‘ Trai cb 1 hat, kh6 kh6ng nat Hot htiong du'Ong
(Achene) vo. Hat gen lien vOi v6 trai ta i,,
tir ". ..• .
1 digm (htiOng dudng)
P;O . . ''''' .

.i. ,. . P
. .

Ln ..--ia .' . 3'

Trot dung hot Gi6ng loci trai. be nhUng v6 HO ciao - trai dgu
ming (nu° trai dac va cling (h6 dao, be ,r-)7. *-- •;":. ." di - •''
chb) ',

of

Trai WO': khi chin vo trai mem va mcng nueic

Trai mong Phan vo trai phat hien thanh Ca chua
Phan an dudc (nho, ca chua) !Vo trai an ciLiqc . ;.":
(berry) , .•
.....t,,
.,- 1i
• ifs!.;",,
‘'w. ., .,
..

Trai dung M6t clang trai mong, nhung Bi ngo

bgu nam vo trai ngoai phat trign cling ;o - e
(pepo) chac, tra thanh v6 ciia trai tv",
.. .,
cay (cac loaf dua, dila chuOt,
:...— ... , 4
beu, bi) - :

. -. . . ',-, -.
V6 ngoai , . . .-i.
,. ef4a. "
t:.....
Trai cc') mai MOt dang trai mong, vo ngoai Chanh
va vo giCta phat trign G ing tra V6 ngoai va
L 171:.vdtrong 17#
(hesperidium)
thanh vo cila trai. Con v6 v6 gala "....:.
.....
-E,
trong phat trign thanh nhCing .....
--.
tep va mui mong nil& (cac `''
e

F.'
loai trai ho citrus cam, chanh, -
bUoi...) - - . ..
110
30
CHUOVG 2

Trai hoch Chi có 1 hat ddn phdt tri'en tit Dan

(drupe, stone) bgu thudng. Phan trong cung
dm lop vo trong (endocarp)
tro nen cang nhu dd, phgn vo
ngoai bin thanh mang ngoai
cua vó trai. Con lOp vó giCia
(mesocarp) bin thanh vo va
phgn an duoc cOa trai (dao,
man)

Trai nac Phan vo trai bign do) tra nen Tao

mOng nhu gigy, phgn dg hoa
(pome)
va 6ng hoa phdt trie'n thanh
phgn an dUcfc (tao, le)

Data \Tao ca-u trtic mo thiic vat, ta c6 the chia trai thanh clang c6 nhiL
nac va clang trai hach c6 mOt hat, di ,c16 lai dime chia nh6 thanh cdc nhom
khac nhau.
Viet Nam, ngudi ta cling thuVng phan loai rau theo cac phan loai
nay. MOt s6 loai rau ViOt nam phan loci theo phan an dime trinh bay trong
bang 2.3.

Bang 2.3 Phan loai rau cu Vitt Nam theo bo phOn sri dung

Nhdin sinh du'ong Nhom trai

Than la Re CI) Hp all bt. due chi*,

- HQ cal: cal frang, cai xanh, bap Khoai tay, Ca rot, su mucfip, bf ng6, bau...
- HQ rau khac. rau muong, rau day... hao...
Hp 011: dau Ha Lan, dau
- Rau gia vi: ngo, hanh... cove, dOu phOng...
Hoa
- Mang: mang tre, mang tay...
B6ng cai, bong bf, hoa
fig ca chua: ca chua, ca
chu6i, thien ljt...
tfm, fit ngot
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, TiNH CHAT 31

Dao On hOt Dau

Mang cut

Trai sung
trai va

Lop ngoai cUa

Tao
Ca chua
Dao

Hinh 2.1 Phdn loaf trcii theo cdu true mo thvc vdt
(Nguem: G.B. Coombe, Ann.Rev. Plant Physiol., 27, 207, 1976)
32 CHUONG

Bong cai

Rau an la cac loai

Khoai tay

Hinh 2.2• Phan loai rau theo cdu true mo thric vat
(Ngu6n: Wills, R. B. H., McGlasson, W. B., Graham, D., Lee, T. H., and
Hall, E. G., Postharvest: An Introduction to the Physiology and Handling
of Fruit and Vegetables, Van Nostrand Reinhold, AVI New York, 1989)
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT
33
2.1.2 Theo vinig plat trign
M& Wing khi hau se thich hap cho mOt s6logi rau cu phdt tridn
Wing on c6 cac loai trai hach nhu mci, man (Mo... trai mong, nh6
nhu nho, mam xoi, dau... trai nac, c6 nhieu hat nhti tao, le... Cdc loai rau on
ddi nhu bap cal, dau HA Lan...
Wing clan nhiOt dai: c6 nh6m trai c6 mtii (trai citrus) nhu chanh, cam,
quit, Cac nhOm khdc nhu bcc, kiwi, sung, lull, olive... Cdc loai rau can
nhiOt d6i IA ca chua, dau cove...
Wing nhift chu6i, xoai, du du, diia, oi, nhan, vai, chOm chant, mang
cut, sau rieng, me, thanh long... Cdc loaf rau nhiet dal IA rau muting, rau day...
Ngay nay, ding v6i su' tign b0 ctia khoa hoc ky thuat, rau trai cid du'ac
di thqc vA cdi tao giOng de thich hap vai diet, kien khi hau ctia cac \rung khdc
nhau. Vi du nhu nho duac trong a viing nhiet dai, vai, nhan du'ac trong a cac
\Tung can nhiet d6i...

2.1.3 Theo khii yang dinh &tang (khd nang cung cap calo)
Cung cdp glucid: cay Wang thuc: khoai tay, khoai lang, khoai mi, gao,
bap...
Cung cdp protein: cay ho (tau: dau nAnh, clgu xanh...
Cung cdp lipid: cay ho dau: dau phOng, (tau nAnh, me, dila, hu'ang
ducmg, co...
Cung cdp vitamin va khocing: hgu hgt tat ca cac loai trai cay, rau xanh.
Cung cdp mzii va vi: cay gia tieu, toi, nge, hAnh, rau thcim cac loai...

2.1.4 Theo thiii vu thu hoqeh

Rau trai chinh vu: Tau trai, phdt tridn va chin binh thuting, tuy thuOc
dat dai, thOi tiet. Chgt luring trai cao, trai thorn, ngot, kith thdac lan, it bi
sau benh
Rau trcii trdi vu: vi nhu cgu thf trudng, mOt vai bien phap se dtrac dp
dung de fink ddy cay dau trai khong dung mua. Chgt lacmg trai thgp hcrn, chua
han, nh6 horn, nhitng d6i lai nang sugt, sin luring thu trai duck trai deu trong
nam. Gia tri kinh to vi vay se &Plc tang them.
Tuy nhien, diem cdn hru y IA cling vai sit tien bO volt bdc cilia khoa hoc
ky thudt, ky thuat nhan gigng vo tinh, cay ghep... c6 kha nhieu cay cho trai
khong con c6 vu mua mA c6 the trong trot va thu hoach quanh nam nhu du'a
hgu, nhan, thanh long...
34 CHLPING 2

Biing 2.4 Thai gian thu poach chink vu ciia mOt so loaf rau trcii
Thang thu
hooch 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Looi rau ci, ---------,.....„
..f.....ex---.:
Cam '. 7%,-4:VE.:41. 5.:go.
Mang cut 4.. ,!.
;,4RAL.....,..,. ,
,,.. ... 4

Thank long , ,,,,, r-.:.,:c.-4,44i• ..

, .. : r.. '1•;:,1%,,■4i*:.,,,,,,
. ,
Chu6i • A 40 A, • 4;7 1;:74w/41:"
K. . lk
rw

Gac
Nhan 4.." ...,• .,n, . ,•','
Bap cai Afttra-41
DLia leo
tegic,, . ,ii-.. 4, ,
Chanh
,,
. .,:..
Vai

2.2 CAU TAO TE BAO, MO THkfC VAT

2.2.1 Cat' tao to bao thiic vat
Cau tao to bao cua rau trai c6 cdc thanh phan chung bao g6m vdch to
bao, chat nguyen sinh, nhan t6 bao, ty thg, luc lap, cdc sac lap, vo sac lap va
khemg bao.

ER - Endoplasmic Reticulum: Irldi nOi chat; PD - Plasmodesmata: cAu lien bao;

CH- Chloroplast: luc lap; M- Mitochondria: ty thd; N- Nuclear: nhan; V- Vacuol: khOng Pao
CW- Cellwall: vach to Pao; NU- Nuclear Unit: nhan nho
Htnh 2.3 Cdu tao to bao thrfc vat nhin tren kink hien vi
(Ngu6n: The Mc Graw-hill companies Inc)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TIAIH CHAT 35

■
4):7:1
HInh 2.4 Te bao thuc vdt con non
(nhin thdy ro nhdn, ty the va khong bao)
(Nguon: The Mc Graw-hill companies Inc)

a- Vetch a beta thtic v1t (cell wall)

Bao boc ben ngoeti to bao thut vat la vach to bao. Vach to bao thyc vat
c6 nhiOm vu bdo ye cac ca quan ben trong. Vach to bao mong, dan hoi va
trong su6t, ditac tao nen tit cdc sai cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, pectiri va
protein. Chieu day vach to bao kha tan, c6 the nhin thy ditac dilUi kinh hien
vi thong thaang. DO day, thanh phtin h6a hoc va ctiu true vi mo cua vdch to
bao thay dOi tuy thuOc vao nhieu ygu t6 flint giai doan phat tri4n, dieu kien
gieo
Cgu trim
each to bao
Phie'n giaa
tht,fc vat

Vach to bao
Pectin so cap

Lien kgt
ngang glycan
Mang to bao
86 soi
cellulose

Hinh 2.5 Ulu tnic vach to bao thvc vdt (m6 hinh cdu tao chi tiet)
(Ngu6n: The Mc Graw-hill companies Inc)
36 CHLICNG 2

Vach td bao thuc vat duac tao thAnh tit nhidu lap. Da s6 cac td bac) thuc
vat dd'u c6 lap vach td bac) sd cap (primary cell wall), phdt tridn ding of i td
bac) va lap vach t.e bao this cap (secondary cell wall) nam phia trong vach td
bac) sd cap, hinh thAnh sau khi td bao da ngiing phat tridn. Lap vach td bAo
sd cap mong ham va mem deo hcrn lap vach td bAo thd cap va se khong mit
di trong suOt qud trinh phat tridn caa to IDA°.
ThAnh phin h6a hoc caa lap vach td bao sd cap cha ydu IA cellulose,
tao thanh duai dang cdc b6 sai cellulose nho (microfibri/s), va cdc pectin ding
nhu cdc polysaccharide mach nhanh cd lien kdt ngang glycan. Chinh ciu tnic
nay tao nen sac cang va kha nang chong lai laic nen ep cho to bAo thuc vat.
NgoAi ra, trong lap vach td bAo sd cap ding c6 thd tim thiy mot hang nho
protein cha ydu IA trong thAnh phin caa cdc enzym gitip bidn d6i .vach to bao
trong qud trinh chin cilia rau trdi. Vdch to bAo thuc vat là hd mAng ban thim
gap phin didu chlnh hang chit thim thiu ra hay Wm td bat), chong lai hidn
ttigng tang ap sugt thdrn tha-u ctia cdc phin ben trong td bit°.

Tg bao 1
Vach to bao
sd cap
Vach to bao
this chip

Hinh 2.6 Cdu tao vetch to bao nhin tren kinh hien vi
Lap vach td bAo this cap nam phia trong lap vach to bao sd Cap va chi
hinh thanh khi to bac, trtiang thanh (cell matures). Ciu trac caa lap vach td
bat) nay ding gieht nhti caa lap vach to bad sd cap nhurng c6 them lignin.
Cf mat s6 cdc to bac, is 6-4 mat la hay vo treti trong vach td bac) con chtia
them cdc chit beo (khong ua-tliteic) nha cutin, suberin va sap. Cdc chit nay
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA11 TAO, TINH CHAT 37

vA lignin gitip cho to bAo ch6ng mgt nurdc vA bdo ye to bao bi thing ch6ng
lai xam
• nhap &la vi sinh vat.

Hinh 2.7 Cac to bao a bieu bi tie't ra snot lop mong Cutin

b- Mang nguyen sinh chat: là ranh gidi ngoAi ctia m6i to bao.

Protein membrane
van chuy4n
Protein membrane
ngoai bran

Lop
- phospholipid
kep

Protein Protein
membrane membrane
ngoai bran not bao

Hinh 2.8 MO hinh "the khcim ctOng" ve cdu trac mang sinh chtit
Sinh hoc Op 1 theo Phillip trang 46 hinh 6.100

Mang nguyen sinh chgt mong han vach t6 bAo thitc vat tit 10+100 lan.
Ve mat cau true, mang nguyen sinh chit cung nha tat ca cac mang to IDA°
khac deu là mang "the kham dOng" chtIa phospholipid vA protein. Goi là "the
kham Ong" vi ca'u true mang la ldp cloi phospholipid dude gdn (kham) vdi cac
phan tii protein \TA khong ngimg cit dOng. Mang to bac) khOng can xCng do cac
vi tri hay hinh the clia protein ducjc kham vao khac nhau N/A cd tinh thgm
chon loc. Chat nang chinh cua mang nguyen sinh chat IA diet' chinh ski van
chuyen vat chgt vac) N/A ra to bac). Co the cila van chuyen chgt qua mang có
the don gidn chi do tham thgu vA khuech tan clan gian thuan chieu gradient
38 CHUONG 2

n6ng d6 qua hip kep phospholipid hay c6 the van chuyen "chit Ong" ngttqc
chieu gradient n6ng d6 nha cac protein. MOt cach khac c1 cac chat qua lai
mang to bac) IA theo CC chg xuat nhap bac) (cytosis).

c- Nguyen sinh chat (cytoplasmic)

Nguyen sinh chat hay con goi IA to bac) chat chi tat ca moi chat ben
trong mang nguyen sinh chat. Rieng to bac) thyc vat cO khong bAo to nen to
bac) chat dtiqc xem IA phan vat chat ben trong mang nguyen sinh chat ngoAi
khong bAo. Nguyen sinh chat g6m mot moi trtiang c6 ye d6ng nhat clued kinh
hien vi goi IA cytosol va cac bac) quan nhii nhan to bAo, luc lap, cac sac lap, ty
the...

Mang to bao

Mang lUdi Mach nho

not chgt The mitochondri

Robisomes

Vi sdi va
nhang sdi
trung gian

Hinh 2.9 BS miong thong da to bao

Cytosol: ch(a hctn 80% là mtac, 13% protein, ngoAi ra con có cac acid amin
ty do, cac giot lipid, cac hat tinh bOt... Nuac.trong cytosol mat phan a dang
nuac lien kgt va mot phan a dang ty do. Phan miac lien kgt chit ye-u là tao
lien kgt vii cac mang sqi protein. Mang sqi protein nay duck goi IA IDO xurang
to bac) (cytoskeleton) de "treo" cac bao quan. Phan ntiac a dang w do Ilea tan
cac nguyen lieu va nhien lieu cho cac qua trinh sinh t6ng hip dien ra trong
to bao. Cac qua trinh phan giai glucid dy tra thong qua qua trinh dtiOng
phan, va qua trinh t6ng hqp protein xdy dgu ra trong cytosol. Trong qua
trinh bd.° quart N/A cite hien, cac hien d6i lAm bien tinh protein se anh huang
toi c6u trtic cua to bAo chat va do d6 anh haling teli cac tinh chat hoa
to bAo thyc vat. Vi du,, rittac lien ket giam lAm bay hat nuac lAm rau trai bi
heo,
Nhan: IA trung tam kiem sodt th6ng tin di truy6n, di6u khi6n moi host
Ong cua to bao. Nhan dtiqc bao boc bai mot mang nhan c6 nhi6u 16 thung
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 39

xuyen qua N/A ben trong c6 dich nhan. Trong nhan chtia cdc nhiem sac thd
chda thong tin di truyAn va cdc nhan nho c6 nhiem vu sari xugt cdc tidu don
vi. Cdc tidu dam vi se di qua mang nhan ra nguyen .sinh chat r6i mai ke't hqp
vdi nhau tao thanh ribosoin. W mAt ca-u talk h6a hoc, nheem sac the chinh IA
cdc ADN lien ket vai protein tao thanh sqi chromatin dai cuOn troll lai con
cdc "nhan nh6" chinh là cdc ARN va mOt it AND. Cdc nhan nh6 khong c6
mang bao quanh, no vet va tieu bien khi to bac, phan chia. Khi to bac) con
hinh thanh thi "nhan nh6" xugt hien tra lai.

Hinh 2.10 Nhan to bao

Ty the (mitochondria): "là ca quan thtic hien qud trinh he, hgp trong t6
bao, chuyen cdc nang lacing h6a hoc cila cdc chgt dinh dung thanh nang
luqng sinh hoc (ATP).
Ccic lap the: bao gOm luc lap, sac lap, vo sac lap va cdc amyloplast.

hat xep ch6ng len nhau

chgt dOm

Hinh 2.11 Cdu tao ctia luc lap ctia to bao nhu ma
40 CHLIONG 2

Luc lap (chloroplast): IA bao quan cluia chlorophyll va he enzym can

thigt c6 chile nAng hap thu nang luOng Anh sang de quang hop tao dating
glucose tit khi carbonic va nu'ac. Doi khi trong lye lap ding t6n tai mot it hat
tinh bOt. Ca/u frac ctia lye lap cho tren hinh 2.11.
Sdc lap (chr-omoplast) va vo sdc lap (leucoplast) c6 cdu trdc gio-ng nhu'
lyc lap nhang khong chua chlorophyll. Khi d6 bac, quan nay c6 nhiem vu
sinh tong hap va cat gilt cdc chdt mau thui)c nhOm carotenoid nen docic goi
la "sdc lap".
Bat lap (arnyloplast) IA nth ding hctp va cat giur tinh bOt oda to bac)
thtfc vat.

Hinh 2.12 Cdu tao clia sdc lap to bao nhu me), ben trong
có chda cac hat carotenoid nho mau do

Hinh 2.13 Cciu tao ctia vo sdc lap

 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 41

W.
Hinh 2.14 Cdu tao ctla bOt lap to bao nhu mo cu khoai
ben trong c6 chda ccic hat tinh .50 (A-amyloplast)

Cac chat kheic: trong nguyen sinh chat mOt s6 loai thitc vat con chaa
cdc giot chat be() (lipid droplet) va cdc hat tinh thd calci oxalate.

Hinh 2.15 Nhang giot chat beo c6 kith co' kh6c nhau

d- Khong bao
Khong bac) IA khoang chaa dich bac, du'qc bao boc mang khong bAo.
Khi rau trai con non, trong to bao chu'a CO hay chaa cac khong bac) kith dm&
nhO, nhang khi rau trai truang thanh, cdc khOng bac) se hip lai thanh mOt
khong bao trung tam co kith thu'ac ldn. Khong bao cO vai tro gift mitre, chat
khodng, hqp chat hau cq tan trong nutic va cdc chat thai. Khong bac, cua hoa
chaa sac to clan du con trung va mOt s6 thkic vat trong khong bao chaa cdc
chat dOc bao ye thu'c vat. }thong bAo cung gitip tao nen sac tang ben trong te-
bao, neu luc tang nay mat di thi rau trai se heo.
42 CHLICING 2

Khong bac)

Hinh 2.16 Ceiu trtic khong bao trong t6 bao thtic vCxt

2.2.2 Cac loai to bac) Chip vat

Tg bac) thtic vat c6 cau tao rat khdc nhau a cac bo) phan khdc nhau. CO cac
loai to bao nhu to bac) mein (nhu bao, parenchyma cell), t6 bac) day (cticrng bao,
collenchyma cell), t6 bao gO (thach bat), sclerenchyma cell), to bac, scri, tg bAo Ong,
to bao sinh truing, to bac, sap.:.
a- re" bap mem con goi lA to bac) sinh (Wang, IA to bAo hoat &Ong thu6ng IA
t6 bac) caa phan "an duce hay "thit trai" trong rau trai. Ve can ban to bao
nhu mo c6 eau tao ging nhu moi loai to bar) khdc 'nhung chi khdc nhau v6
hinh dang NIA kich at& lan hon. ThAnh to bAo ming, to bAo chat c6 cac thg
hoat Ong, gian bac) chda nhi6u khi, nu6c va pectin. Hinh dang ctia t6 bao
mem thay dOi rat khdc nhau o nhiing loai rau trai khdc nhau. MOt khac biet
16n IA nguyen sinh chgt cua to bao nhu mo tali chin bign dang thAnh mot 16p
mong bi ep sat vAo thAnh t6 bac). Trong khi d6, kitting bac) trai chin hqp lai
thAnh mot giot rat 16n, chda day nu6c va nam 6 trung tam cila t6 bAo.

b- re- bao day la to bac) hoat Ong. Thanh to bac) day va kitting d6ng cl6u. C6 thg
co clang eau hoar clang dai. Kich thu6c nho he n to bar) mem.

c- re" bao cdng hay t‘ bac) dd la to bac) kern dgn khong hoat dOng vi trong to
bac) co hi*0 tacing hoa g8 (tao thanh cellulose), dgn khi to bAo giA thi hoa g6
100% va khong hoat dOng nira. Qua trinh h6a gO cua to bac) can c6 thd &plc
thtic ddy nhanh vi nhiing tic &Ong v4t, 1S7 trong qud trinh sinh truang, thu hai
• hay. bao quan.
d- re- bao Ong la to bAo hoat &Ong, c6 cgu truc 'clang Ong, thAnh tg bac) chda
cellulose va lignin nen:14m dai.
-•
e- re bao sinh tnthng lA logi to 1-,Ao tai ch6i Id, nu hoa, trai non. Cgu tao
g6m thanh to bao mOng, nhan 16n, kh6ng bao chua phat tridn, hoat &Ong 62
cac thg, lap rat manh.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA11 TAO, TINH CHAT 43

2.2.3 MO bac) thtic vat

Cac to bAo giong nhau se tap hqp lai thanh rno te' bAo. Ghia cac to bAo
thilc vat c6 mOt lap polysaccharide goi là phien giaa (middle lamella). Thanh
phgn tao nen phign giva rat giAu pectin va (16 chinh IA lap "xi mang" ggn ke't
cac to bac) vUi nhau.
Mac du vach to bao day va cang nho ng khong co 1'4 hoan toan to bao.
Cac to bao c6 the lien thong vai nhau nhd cac du lien bao (plasmodesmata).
Cu lien bao IA cac kenh rat nho xuyen qua ca cac lap vach to bao chinh, phu
va phien gala. Nu'ac va cac phan U.( nho (chgt dinh &Ong, cac thong tin h6a
hoc) c6 the vao to bao qua cac cat] nay ma kh6ng can xuyen qua mAng.
Khoang khong gian trong giaa cac to bao goi IA gian bao (intercellular).
Trong gian bao chita nu 6c va cac chgt khi nhti oxy va carbonic do cac to bao
ho hgp nha ra. Lacing oxy hgp thy vAo nay c6 hai cho rau trai trong qua
trinh chg bie'n nha oxy hoa cac vitamin, tao bot trong purée trai cay...

Cdu lien bao

phign gii1a

Hinh 2.17 Cdu lien bao (hinh chup dcldi kinh hien vi dien ti )

.,A
.yam..• ;71***
t. , ,„.( 1-'4'
"ii.
; •'
tc
7' ' ' , '

HInh 2.18 Cdu truc gian bdo

44 CHUOVG 2

Thdc vat ducic cau tao tit nhieu dang mo bao. Cdc mo tap hap thanh cac
he mo. Cdc he ma chinh cua thdc vat Om:
- He ma the cha gom ve hay bidu bi (dermal)
- HO mo nen g6m mo mem, nio cdng, mo day...
- He mo mach g6m xylem va phloem.

if

MO bao y0 Thanh to bao

th0 2
/.;:-.■ _
41, 1;4 MO ding, cucing mo
M6 phan sinh
iio

v
T6 bac, '.717:-.1:1.
Cau talc ong : *.•
4 ••4; •
: T4: t,•
mach ray
Vet 16m 11.h2.4•::
Lip
T6 bao
thanh
kern theo
to bao
j '1LL 11.1 this hai
MO mach (dan chat MO mach (dAn nitOc,
dinh duang tu la) khoang tit re)

Hinh 2.19 Cdc clang mo bao thuc v4t (clang nao hinh)

a- Mo mem (nhu ma, mo sink clueing, parenchyma tissue): tap hcsp cac t6 bao
mem, tao thanh phAn nac cUa trai, la, than, re... Gian bao chda khi,
hemicellulose va pectin. The tich cua gian bao se quygt dinh dO don hay mem
deo cua rau trai. Thg tich gian bao a trai chiem khoang 20%, a rau la tren 20%.
b- Mo bcio of (protective tissue, dermal system): phat trign tren be mat caa
cac co quan (trai, la, than) con goi IA mo bieu bi (epidermis). Cdc to bao viing
nay gan chat vdi nhau, khong có khoang chtia khi. Ldp ngoai ding la mang
cutin g6m cac to bao clula cutin (cutical membrane), la mot loai sap khong
thank nudc, khong tharn khi, ce) tdc dung bao vg ch6ng thodt narc, cac tac
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 45

Ong tit moi truting va suf tan cong ctia vi sinh vat. Gift vai tro trao doi khi va
am IA n1-II-Mg 16 khi (stomata, kill khOng) cau tao tit hai td bao, c6 thd ma
clOng dinh 1(37. Ca thd cang non cang co. nhidu 16 khi hoat dong, cang gia thi
s6 16 khi hoat &Ong cang giam. Hoa va re khong c6 16 khi. Khe nth, sinh
tru'ang (lenticel) cang la nai trao cl6i khi, nhttng luon luon ma, phan b6 a
than, r8, trai, khong c6 a la.

Nhan Thanh to bao Nhan

Gian
bao

Hinh 2.20 MO mem

c- Mo day (mO keo, collenchyma tissue): eau tao tit cac to bac day. Phan b6 a
khu vtic ngoai, gan lap bidu bi, phan b6 doc theo chiau dai tao do dai va tinh
co clan cho CC quan.

Lop
allitts
mang
giCfa
.: .
so
. , isk:
404161
Hinh 2.21 Ccic to bao day (collenchyma)

d- M6 cetng (ma clang cta, curmg mo, sclerenchyma tissue): thu'ang sap xdp
dual lap mo bidu bi, gift nhiem vu giit c6 dinh hinh dang ben ngoai ctia rau
trai, c6 ba dang mo:
M6 sqi (fiber): tit cac td bao ding, c6 thanh day, tao thanh nhirng b6
sal xdp doc theo chidu dai ccr quan. Ben ngoai thanh to bao c6 chtra nhieu
46 CHUONG 2

pectin va hemicellulose nen mo mem va chiu duac qud trinh nau hodc nhai.
MO sUi tao nen eau true xa cho rau trai. Rau trai cang gia thi dO h6a
g6 cua cac to Liao nay cang tang, cac b6 scti cal-1g dai han, khong bi cat
mach khi dun ngu, tao nen cgu true dai, nhi0u xa cho rau trai.
MO g6: phan b6 thanh mi)t vong troll chung quanh tharScay, hodc tao
nen cac phan cting cua trai, cac to bao h6a g6 100%. Phan cgu trtic nay cua
rau trai kW1g sit dung de "an" cla6c.
Cdc to bdo phdn tan: lA nhung to bac, cang phan tan trong mo mem tao
nen cam gidc c6 cat khi an. Ty le cac to IA° ming phan tan thay d6i I.& 16n
giaa cac loai rau trai, chi c6 m0t, s6 loai trai cay nhii xoai, 6i... IA co the nhan
ra duvc cgu true nay. Trong cang mOt trai, 6 ggn lap vó trong hay en hat se c6
tSr 10 to bao ding phan tan cao han.

Thanh to bac, Intl 1 Thanh to bao thil 2

gian bao
Gian bao

100A 100p

A, B - to bao mem cua loi than

C, D - tg bao mem cua cu6ng N/A gen Id
E - tg bac, dai cua thit Ia
Hinh 2.22 Hinh clang ya kich thddc khdc nhau cua cac loaf t6 bdo mem
(Ngui3n: Esau, K, Anatomy of Seed Plants, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, TINH CHAT 47

a) b) c)
1- 16 khi; 2- lop sap cutin; 3- m6 bao vg; 4- Inc lap chaa trong to bao mom; 5- mO bao
mem blnh thuting; 6- mO x6p; 7- ma mem chaa cac hat tinh 136t; 8- Op m6 bao day
clAc cua cac to bao bao vg dan dal, thanh to bao day; 9- Op to bao hinh ang ho cat 6
dudi nhCing gian bao rOng; 10- leip m6 mem ben trong
Hinh 2.23 Cau tao ctia m6 bdo ve
a) MO bdo ye dan gidn cda mang tdy; b) MO bdo ve cda khoai tay;
c) Lap vd phitc tap cda trai le

L6 khf

Lop cutin sap

Tg bao bigu bi

Tg bao bao vg

Mach dgn phloem

Mach clan xylem

Tg bao mem

Gian bao

Khe ha

Hinh 2.24 Ceiu tao cdc mo bao thifc vat

e- Mo meth (m6 thin): chaa cac to IDA° clang 6ng co nhiem vu dua mi6c va
mu6i tit r'e' di dgn cac ca quan (xylem) va cac chit dinh dtleing sinh tong hyp
tit la den re va cac cc( quan (phloem). Xylem thing tao thanh IA mach 6
giaa, con phloem 14i la nhang bO mach phan b6 ben ngoAi. MO mach can
chaa he dap nhua mu, IA chit dinh &fang nuoi cay, giong saa, chaa
carbohydrate, gum, mu6i, tannin, enzym, nhya hay terpen. Khi gAp Anh sang
va sac nong, nhua bi oxy hem thanh mau sain, goi lA hien tuyng chay nhya.
Trong ciu trtic ctia IA, mO mach nam trong gan IA N/A phan b6 trong thit la
du6i dang nhigu sai n6i li6n nhau (gan). D6i vai trai, mo mach tit cuo'ng vAo
48 CHUUNG 2

lftptrai trong gan hat sau do tem ra thit trai theo kieu d6ng tam, tao ra mot
s6 dang xd cho thit trod.
f- MO phan sinh (meristematic cell): tap trung a ngon cay, ch6i, CO chdc
nang cdu tao to bao mth, cd quan mdi, g6m cac to bac. CO nhan ldn, to
bac, chgt dam dac, kh8ng bac) it hoac khong co, thanh to bAo mong.

2.2.4 Cite cd quan chinh

Cac cd quan chinh ctia cay là re, than, la, hoa, trai. M6i co quan là tap
hdp &la nhieu loai mo bAo va thut hien n1-fling nhiem vu rieng. Dg chg bign
thyc phdm, thi b0 phan, cd quan nAo chi:fa nhieu to bAo mem Teti co thg sit
dung de an tudi va chg bign.
Rg: co nhiem vu but nude, cac chgt dinh &tang va cac chgt khoang iii
trong dgt trong chuyen theo mach din di dgn cac 138 phan khac. Cgu tao
chinh IA mo mach a gic a xen lan vai mo mem, ben ngoAi ding IA cac mo hoa
g6. Cl mot se; chiS, to bAo bigu bi phat trien dAi thAnh long hut. Co cac loai re"
nhu' re coc, re chum, re cu, re co not

1 1- long but

2- m6 bao ye
va mo mem

2 3- m6 mach

4- diking di cim
ntioc va khodng

Hinh 2.25 Cdu tao tren mat cat ngang mot phcin re

1- each to bao
2- mang to bac
3- to bac, chgt
4- nhan
5- khong bao

Hinh 2.26 Cdu tao cad to bao long hat (te: bao bleu 1)1 phat trien thanh)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 49

A- re- ccc
B- re chOrn

Hinh 2.27 Cdc loai cay

Than: là khung surdas cua cay, mang toan b0 cdc b0 phan caa cay nha
Id, hoa, trai, choi, canh... Co cdc loai than IA than thdo, than m0c, day leo,
than cu... khdc nhau try cgu tao caa mo ch6ng du, s6 lacing t6 bac) cdng.

1 2 3 4 56
1- mach xylem
2- and mem
3- mach phloem
4- m6 day
5- bigu bi
6- lop cutin

Hinh 2.28 Cali tao to bao than that vat

a) L') c)
Hinh 2.29 Than clang
a) Than gi5; b) Than cat; c) Than thdo
50 CHLMNG 2

a) b)

c)
Myth 2.30 a, b) Cody than leo; c) Cdy than be

a) b) c) d)

Hinh 2.31 Ccic clang than di

a) Khoai tay; b) c) Su hao; d) Czi dong

Let: c6 nhieu clang khdc nhau nhu'ng nhin chung c6 dang phang, hay
dia rOng. Tdp trung nhieu nhgt cdc 18 khi host Ong, to bac sinh du'ifing chila
nhieu luc lap, ya c6 nhiem vu trao d6i khi (H 2 O, 02, CO2) qua 16 khi va tie'n
hanh qud trinh quang hap tao chA dinh diking nu& cay. Me mach chay doc
theo gan la. Mdt dual la c6 nhieu 16 khi hon mdt tren Id.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 51

— ch6i
cu6ng Ia
phi& Ia

bie'u bi
• 6 egg 6 •:`,..- 4-4- --•-•-•-g-•
II % 6 6 • „ AT g 44.-
hat lyc lap
• 111 .. g 6 6 • 04 IN,
• • _ • , 4. • 6 ._ nhan
" •■-.1 11.a. O.: 14 764. i p.. ._ .
' g ..," .g.• ft-Z. ;.‘ ••• .?l• -.• ••• .613tAiL
san phd.m quang hop
;:;)•,S
" •j; .,_ II 1.-ter.-
••• ■ •%.•••
- ..• ..g.
1..• mach dan
6 ...
l'• -.... '6, ti■••■*-■ 74:4----
6".
6.4•1117c-r;
mach ray
__..-..._ .....• ••• •-7
- .
.
J
CO2 H20 02 02 H2O

bieu bi tren

Hinh 2.32 Cdu tao mo bac) cila la cay

1- la trOc dao; 2- la rau muting; 3- la rau ngot; 4- Id dia Ian; 5- la kinh gidi
6- la 16t; 7- Ia xiidng song; 8- Id rau ma; 9- Id sen

Hinh 2.33 La ccia ccic locti cay

52 CHLICNG 2

a) b) c)
Hinh 2.34 Cdc dang gan Id
a) Gan hinh mang (Id gai); b) Gan song song ad re quat)
c) Gan hinh cung (Id dla lan)

Trak cifiu tao tii nhang mo nac. S6 htcrng va the tich gian bao quye't
dinh dO don hay mem deo cila tali. CO nhiL kidu trai nha trdi hach, trdi
nac, trdi co

a) b) c) d)

e) f g)

h) k)
Hinh 2.35 Mut cdt ngang ctia mot s6" loai trdi cay
a) Trdi du b) Trdi ma bd doc; c) Trdi cdi; d) Trdi chi)
e) Trdi chanh; f) Trdi bong; g) Trdi ca chua cdt ngang
h) Trdi dau Ha Lan; i) Trdi tdo to bd doc; k) Trai thi la
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 53

vo cueing
ye)
nac
thtfc gia noan thit
hat
hat
bO mei mach

a)

cu6ng
nac ben ngoai.
dai
—hat mei mach
hat
nac ben trong
vo

dal hoa
cu6ng
d)

cueing
vo day ben ngoal
vo va nac
vo xop giCia

lop mang dai hat

hat kip vó trong china
nhung tui dich
dai
e) f)

Hinh 2.35 Cdu tao tren nult cdt ngang cda ca c loci trai khdc nhau
a) Trdi bdu nam (dita chuat, bi, bi ng6) cdt ngang
b) Trdi hach (anh clao, deto, man) xe doc
c) Trdi be (mam x6i, dau) xe doc
d) Dau (crau Ha Lan, dau netnh, claw lima) xe doc
e) Trdi nac (tdo, le) xe doc
Trdi c6 mai cdt ngang

2.3 TINH CHAT VAT Lig

Cac tinh chdt vat 13'7 c6 anh hating den qud trinh van chuyen, bao quan,
gia ding chg bien rau trdi. Tinh chdt. vdt 1$7 phy thuOc vao rat nhi6u ye-u t6.
Tinh chdt vat 1sr dia dung mOt loci thiic vat thay d6i rat nhi6u phu thuOc vao
gi6ng, dac tinh Uwe vat, di6u kin trong trot, thbi digm va cach thiic thu hai
ding nha di6u ki6n bao 'van. Mat khdc, cdc hot dung song cua rau trai ding
54 CHLJCNG 2

se anh haang dgn cdc tinh chgt vat lSr. Do da, trong su6t qud trinh bao quan
rau trdi, tinh ch6t vat lSr ding se thay d6i. Cdc tinh chat vat 1j, cua rau trdi
can quan tam bao g6m hinh clang, kh6i hang vet khoi litang rieng, cdc tinh
chat ve ca nhiet thin dien vdc cdc tinh chat quang hoc.
Moi tinh chA vat IST deu c6 mat tich curt, mat tieu curt hay nhang ang
dung nh6t dinh vi vay can phai nghien cat de lai dung mat tich cuc, kh4c
phuc mat tieu cut. Nha vay, se giam daoc ton thA va ha gia trong bao quan
va chg bign.

2.3.1 Hinh dang, kich thutdc, khol luNing va khdi lofting rieng
Hinh dang va khei lacing IA (lac cho tiing gieng loAi rau trdi khdc
nhau. Vi du, dei vai chugi thi loAi chugi tieu c6 trdi to, dai con trai chuol cau
thi nho va ngan. Hinh dang, kich thactc, khei lacing va khei lacing rieng the
hien dO chin va chat lacing cua rau trai. Trdi c6 hinh dang (lac trang tai
thu'eing c6 ch6t lacing tot han trdi c6 hinh dang dac biet. Vi du, dila chuOt co
hinh clang tru trim thuon dai se ngon va mong naac hem trai bi thAt cueng.
Thy thuec yap thoi quen hay nen van h6a, ngtki tieu dung c6 the thich!
sit dung trdi to cho nhi'eu ding an hay trai nho vita du cho met ngadi sit
dung. Nha vay, khei Wong tiing trdi M (gram) phu thuec vAo tang thi trating
tieu thu khdc nhau. Tuy nhien, du thich trdi to hay nho thi ngatii sit dung deu
thich khea lacing rieng thuc cua trdi lin. Kh6i lacing rieng cua trdi n6i len de
mong nadc, de ch6c, de rang cila trai. Tr& tang tuai mai mong nude, cang "dac
met", "chat thit" thi kh6i lacing rieng tang tan. Cdc trang thai ha hOng hay bit
tinging ctia trdi deu se lAm anh hung tcli khi iticmg rieng. Vi du, khea lacing
rieng se giam khi trdi thuec nhom citrus (cam, chanh, bi chai; mot s6
loai hat hay trai bi con trimg an rang met, dila Idu qua chin (x6p)... Khoi
Wong rieng thuc cua trdi tang dan trong qua trinh hinh thanh trai teen cay,
nhung c6 khuynh hutng giam dan trong qua trinh chin dm trai sau thu hoach
do mat natio. Dkfa vac) sa khdc bit ctia kh6i lacing rieng to c6 the ling dung di
phan loai thuc vat, dac bit IA cdc loai hat. Cdc hat tot va nang thutmg se chin
xueng nadic con cac hat furlong se not len tren mat nu'ac.
Trong tong nghe bao quan va the bign rau trai, khi thu mua nguyen
lieu, ngoai van de lya chon kich ca va khgi Wong rieng phir hop vai tang dia
pinking con can quan tam dgn lu<a chon phan loai de c6 de dang deu nhat
dinh ve kich thadc, khol hong va de chin cila trdi. Rau trai ding d6ng deu
kich ca ding de clang lu<a chon kich thole thigt bi phit hqp. Xac dinh kich
thadc va hinh dang ttiing binh &la trdi con can thigt de tinh toan kho china
va thigt bi van chuyen, thi'et bi rita... Trong muc dich d6, nha thigt kg quan
tam khong phai là khoi lacing rieng that cua trai ma la khgi lacing rieng big
kign hay con goi lA dung trong (khol Wong rieng toAn
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TI-NH CHAT 55

g=

Ngay nay, vai sit tier' 130 cua khoa hoc ky, thuAt, cdc nha sinh hoc da c6
rat nhieu phdt minh nham lam tang kith thutc, kh6i luang rieng cua trdi.
Khong nhang thg, hinh dang cua trdi cling &lac bign d6i nham tang tinh
them in hay de tiet kiem dien tich trong chuyen chi nha data hgu hay ca
chua hinh vuong, hinh kim tit thdp.

Hinh 2.37 MOt so trcii &lac bin doi hinh clang cl<ic biOt

2.3.2 Tinh chat cd 1ST

Cac tinh chgt ca ly cua rau trdi c6 thd Ice den bao gOm dO gion
(crispness), khd nang ep Igy nu& nhieu hay it (juiciness), dO ming (hardness,
stiffness), de) mem (softness, tenderness), dO chAc cua thit trdi (firmness), dO
dai (toughness), del be hay bOt (mealiness), dO dan hOi va dq xa (fibrousness).
Vi du, cdc tinh chgt cc; lY &roc (fa chuOng nhti tao thy phdi gian t cam
phdi nhieu nu'ac, chu6i phdi ram vim phdi, khong qud cang hay qua nhiin.
Ngdoc lai, nhang tinh chit cct ly khong hay it chicle via chuOng ho'n nhii tao
thy bi bOt, dau thy qua mem, data ba c6 xcr
Khi ngtkri tieu dung mua rau va trdi, ho chti tam rat nhieu t6ri tinh
chgt cd 1ST. Tit nam 1963, Hard va cdc tong sit dm Ong (la thy rang da s6
ngtitti tieu thy d'eu quan tam den "dO War, "clO chAc" va "dO chin" khi luta
chon rau va trdi to cli, trong khi da, c6 rat it ngtttii quan tam (Mtn gid tri dinh
clang cua rau trdi nhu' ham hiqng vitamin A hay C...
Tinh chit co V cua rau trdi phu thuOc nhigu vac) ciu true va thanh
phgn hOa hoc, kith nang them thgu va Ichuech tart ntiac cua to bac,. Nhgt IA
ciu true, thanh phgn hOa hoc ctia vach to bao va cdc chit trong gian bac).
Ham lacing ntiac-trong te bac) va cdc dang lien 1dt dm milk yeti cdc chtit kho
56 CHUOVG 2

khdc cung anh huang khong nho Uri cdc tinh chit co 1Sr ctia rau trdi. Vi du,
nhu d6i voi trdi tao tay, to c6 thd thiy c6 loai tdo gion chac va loai tao b6t bef
phu thuOc vao ban chit cila pectin trong gian bao va ham lacing tinh b6t.
Hinh clang ciia mo to bac) se bign clang ra sao trong qud trinh nhai?
Bign dang se phu thu6c vao luc nhai cua miOng va thanh phan cung nhu cau
trtic ctia ma. Hinh 2.38 cho thiy mol Wang quan giiia cdc b6 phin cUa thuc
vat Nth cdc tinh chit c6 1ST.

Cau tao, Wan IN)

Cgu truc rau trai
tinh chat cO IY

Kha nang ket dinh giiia

Ma bao
2 to bao, cgu tao mo

TUOng tac cua to bao

Te bao Ti 10 cita thanh to bao/toan
to bao, kich thildc to bao
Lien k6t ngang
Vach to bac Trinh sAp x0p,
dO day, mong

Cgu tao
Cac scii polymer
thtjc vat Thanh phgn hoa hoc

Ski bin d6i (sinh IY/ gia cang)

=Ow

Didm kidm scat

Hinh 2.38 So de, mo td dnh huang cda cac don vi &Yu tritc
den tinh chdt cc( 41 cila m6 thitc ve.it

Polymer es day c6 the bao g6m 110 th6ng cac polysaccharide hay ate 1)6
scii cellulose chit ygu tao nen vdch to bao thuc vat. TS 10 cila cdc polysaccharide
nhu tS7 10 gift protopectin/pectin, cellulose/hemicellulose, va ceu trtic cua cdc
chat nay nhu dO dai, cdc lien kgt v6i nhau tao thanh b6 scri, cac lien kgt cua b6
scri v6i nhau, cdc lien kgt ngang trong khong gian ba chigu... se tao nen d6 day
va des ming chac .cho vdch to bao thuc vit. Ghia cdc to Wm lien kgt v6i nhau tao
thanh mo, cau tao, thanh phan caa cdc soli lien bao (plasmodesmata), thanh
phan cac chit trong gian bao (intercellular)... ding se anh huang dgn (16 cung
hay mem cua trdi. Carig nhigu cdc chit mach (Jai c6 nhigu lien kgt ngang nhti
protopectin thi mo rang ding, ding nhigu cdc polymer mach nga.n nhu pectin
va it lien kgtt ngang thi mo rang mem; rang nhigu cellulose va b6 scti rang ldn
thi rang tang cam gide xo khi an san phdm...
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 57

Kich thuUc va hinh clang cang nhu' thanh phdn has hoc caa to bao cang
se anh hu'ang nit tinh chdt ca ly caa san phdm. Vi du, t6 bao nhu mo eaa cu
khoai tay cang to va chtla nhieu bOt cang lam tang cam gide bOt khi an khoai
tay (hinh 2.39c). D6i vdi t6 bao Eng xylem thing c6 clang dai va c6 the Ong
de-n 200um thi cang dai, cang Ong va cang nhieu cellulose, hay lignin thi
cang lam tang cam giac xcs khi sit dung san phdm.

a) b) c) d)

Hinh 2.39 Cdu tao cda cac te" bdo bi ha hong mot so loaf trcii
a) Hinh chup duoi kinh hien vi dien to qua (Scanning Electron
Micrograph - SEM) clia loci tao tay gien cid chin. Te bdo da bi 'Tat
va gidi phong te' &do chat (khodng chia cl6 là 200pm).
b) Hinh chup SEM ctia mot be mfg det bi va cda locti tao tdy "bOt" del chin
mu6i, cac te" bao det bi phdn chia rieng (khodng chia dS la 200pm).
c) Hinh chup SEM cda m6t be my dd bi vd act cd khoai tdy sting.
Cdc te" bdo cla bi vd vd tie't ra to bdo chdt cda chang (khodng chia
dO là 100pm).
d) Hinh chup SEM cda mot be my dd bi vacua cu khoai tdy dd claw
nciu chin. Te bdo cla phdn chia rieng tcti lop (thanh giaa), nhung to
bdo chua bi va vd v6cn cdn gia nguyen to bac, chdt (khodng chia clo
la 100pm).

Mat dieu khdc nUa anh hurting don cam gide caa an la each bin
dang ctia te" bac, cloth tdc dung ctia lye nen, cat (14c to ra khi can va nhai).
Dadi tac dung caa cac laic nay, cac to bac) c6 the chi bi tach rieng khOi nhau
nhung khong vet cac vach to bac va khong giai ph6ng cac to bao chdt.
Ngttdc lai, te" bao cd the se bi va va giai ph6ng ra to bac chdt. Dieu nay phu
thuac vao cac phan hfc sinh ra trong to bao chdt va tai vach to bdo dttai tdc
dung caa hp nen, cat. Neu phan ltxc sinh ra trong te' bao chdt 'an han phan
he tai vach to bao, to bac se bi xe rach, ngude lai thi cac to bao se tru'at
teen nhau va tach rc7i khai nhau. Nha vay, a clic loci rau trai theta chin (do
trai con xanh hay chu'a qua qua trinh gia nhiet), do pectin chtia bi bign dot
nhieu nen to bao dinh vao nhau khd chat, nen tdc dung caa laic nen,
cat, mo se* bi bie'n dang theo but cat ngang vach t6 bao, pha va va giai
58 CHUONG 2

ph6ng to bao chgt. Ngu nhu trong to bao chtla nhieu nut& (cang mong
ntidc), khi chiu laic nen cac to bao se tao ra phan lilt ldn hart nen ta cam
thy gion hon. Neu rau trai da chin (do gia nhiet hay chin to nhien tren
cay) cdc bign d6i hda hoc thily phan pectin lam ldp "ximang" kgt dinh
thanh to bao giam, dudi tdc dung dm lilt nen cat, cdc to bao bi phan cach
thanh ding nhOin to bao nha, hic d6 se tao cho ngudi an cam gide mem.
Nhu vAy cam giac mem, ba se tang khi trai qua chin, loci trai giau bet va
khi gia nhiet. Tgt nhien khi chiu lilt, mo khong chi bign d6i theo met dang
ma se theo ca hai each bign dOi tren. Ngudi An c6 cam gidc ming hay mem
phu thuec vao bign d6i nao chigm uu thg.
Do gion ctia rau trai, dac bit IA la va tong ctia rau phu thuec nhieu
vao qud trinh thgm thgu va khugch tan. Trong qud trinh chg bign ta cd thg
lam tang do gion nhd qud trinh thgm thgu lam trai htit nude va tracing na.
Vi du nhu cl6i vdi rau an la, cd thg lam tang de gidn cUa rau bang cach
ngam rau trong nudc lanh trade khi An. Khi ngam vao nudc lanh, do ming
de chgt tan ben trong khong bao cao hon n6ng dO ben ngoai nen se xugt
hien qua trinh khugch tan nudc qua Idp ban thgm vao trong to bao, lain
cho to bao truong len va tang de gion. Nguoc lai, khi ta ngam rau trai
trong dung dich mu6i hay clueing, nu'dc se c6 khuynh twang thgm thy ra
ben ngoai lam rau mem (heo).
Trong qua trinh bao quan va chuyen chit rau trai, cdc tinh chgt cct 137
rat dudc quan tam, dac biet IA de cang, mem, va de gion, the hien kha nang
pha vd lien kgt. Trai gion va cdng se de vd khi chit' tac dung cila lilt nen vi
du nhu tao tay, dua hdu. Ngudc lai, trai mem dudi tdc dung cUa lilt nen se bi
bep nhu trai na, hong... Met tinh chgt co 13'r khac cung can quan tam la de
dan h6i We kha nang tra lai hinh dang ban dau trade khi bi keo, nen. Trai
cd kha nang dan hoi cang cao cang it bi bign dang trong qua trinh di chuygn.
Do va chain trong chuyen cha hay do hp nen ep trong qua trinh d6ng goi,
rau trai c6 thg bi bep, vd hay chi bi tham den do tray )(Lift lam giam gid tri
thuong phdm. Xe.c dinh chinh xac de ming ctia trai se gitip xac dinh thii gian,
phuong tin va dieu kien van chuygn thich hdp. Can chon chg de bao quan
trai khi van chuyen, luu kho thich hdp tranh trai bi bep, tham. Dua vao de
cling &la trai, dg quygt dinh s6 ldp trai cay xgp trong thing, chieu cao cae
thhng trong kho Dua vao de cting, ngudi d6ng gdi co the chon vat lieu
boc lot trai IA rom, la, hay x6p PS.
Cac tinh chgt cd phy thuec vao de chin dm trai. Trai con xanh
thudng cd de clIng cao_va do cdng giam clan khi trai chin. Thy thuec muc dich
chg bign va khoang each di chuygn de chon thdi digm hai trai thich hdp. Dg
chuygn trai di xa va quang du'dng gap ghenh nen thu hoach khi trai vita tich
to du chgt (chin Icy thuAt). Ngu trai dude stl dung ngay khi thu hoach, quang
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 59

dating van chuyen ngan va bang phang thi c6 the thu hoach khi chin acing_
Cac sin phdm can do gion cao can sit dung nguyen lieu la trai con xanh (mat
du du gion, du du ngam gidm...) can cac san phdm c6 cdu true mem hay clang
ddc thi can qua qua trinh du chin trai (nectar du ca..).
Cac tinh chit ca 13'r cung se thay d6i it nhieu trong khi the Wen nen
can chon cong nghe cite bien thich hap. Vi du, qua trinh than rau trai lam
giarn dO ding gitip de clang ham trong qua trinh xep hOp; Sau qud trinh mu6i
chua, du'a cii se tra nen mem phan Id va gion han or phan cu6ng. Thong ty ca
phdo ding can phai gia ducat dO gion.

Hinh 2.40 Gdc mang tasy co nhieu xa lam tang d6 dai cho san plam

Ta con phai quan tam den dO dai (toughness) va di) mem (tenderness)
cua rau trai. Vi du, g6c cua mang tay c6 khi nang bi dai, kho nhai neu nhu
thu hoach tre chi mOt tuan do tang lacing lignin tai g6c. DO dai cua rau trai
phu thuOc vao thanh phan hoa hpc cua lap vach to bao, nhdt la ham lacing va
tinh chit eila pectin, hemicellulose va cellulose. DO dai cung se thay do2i trong
qua trinh chin teen cay, bac) quail va ehe bien. DO dai thay d6i phu thuOc vao
tinh trang cua mo, pH, n6ng di) muei va enzym, nhdt la cac enzym xue tac
cho cac phan Ling c6 lien quan den pectin nhu glycosidic hydrolysis,
depolymerization, demethoxylation...
Can luu 3', la cac tinh chit IST cUa rau trai la mOt thong s6 vat 15r dein
thuan, khong dung de mieu ti chit luang rau trai va rdt kh6 tieu chudn h6a.
Giaa cac s6 lieu do duac bai cac thiet bi do tinh chit ca 1S, va cac giac quan
etia con ngutti c6 m6i Wang quan nhung rdt phtIc tap va thay d6i nhieu thy
thuOc vao thoi quen sit dung cua ngtidi tieu dung. Vi du, rat kh6 dtia ra mOt
thong so" di) xa chinh xac de phan dinh giaa rau cii Wed non dung cho xao
ndu va rau cii gia heo dung cho muei chua. Hodc chi data vao dO cling se rat
kh6 phan biet dttdc ca rot mem do cu con non hay do cu mit name heo. Trong
nhang truting hap nhu vdy, can phai ket hap vai ddnh gia cam quan.
60 CHUMIG 2

Theo Abbott thi khi chiu cac lye tac Ong co hoc rau trai c6 tinh chgt luu
bign gi6ng nhii met vat thd "deo - dan h6i" (viscoelastic). De deo (lac trung cho
cac loaf trai mem nhu ca chua, cherry va cac trai thuec ho citrus nhu'ng it dac
trong cho cdu trite cua cac rau va trai chat gion that' tao tay hay ca rot. De deo
gitip cho trai ch6ng lai cac bign clang lam dip, tham cud trai. Ngay ca vai
nhang rau trai cling chat nhti khoai tay ding c6 met de deo nit& dinh.
De xac dinh tinh dan h6i cua nguyen lieu, to xac dinh modun dan h6i
(hay con goi la modun Young) khi matt bi bign dang. Modun dan h6i bidu dien
khd 'tang bign dang dan h6i cUa nguyen lieu va ti s6 Alp luc nen - keo, tic la
do he s6 g6c cud during cong F/D truck khi mau bi phd va (luc nen ducrc tinh la
lut tren met dcm vi dien tich, can keo la tSf 10 bign clang so vai chieu dai ban
dau. Modun dart h6i cua nguyen lieu not len dO ben cUa nguyen lieu, dieu nay
can thigt de tranh ddp vci trai khi chuyen cha va tinh town thigt bi trong chg
bign rau trai. Vi du, d6i vai thucrng gia, khi chuyen cha, can xac dinh cac lye
se Lac Ong len trai khi chuyen chi de' dam bao gia trf t6i da ctia &fang cong
F/D thiic to phdi nha hcm didm chay sinh hoc (bioyield point) ctia trai, (lac
biet la khong ductc volt qud didm va. Met mat khac, trong ding nghe chg
bign, khi thigt kg may can xac dinh luc du lan dd gay cac bign dang vi du xac
dinh luc can thigt dd got vo dcta, cat migng ca rot, khoai tay... Cac nha khoa
hoc thuc phdn, lai quan tam cign cac bign d6i, gdy va ctia rau trai trong mieng
cho dgn khi nu6t. Cac bign d6i nay se tao cho ngutti an cam giac migng le
chay hay dac, migng tao thy gian hay bet... Nhu vdy, ca de ben lan didm gay
ra bign dang (gay va, barn dip) cua rau trai deli dang ducrc quan tam.
Phucrng pita') quen thuec nhdt dd xac dinh tinh chdt cct ly ctia rau trai
la ddm xuyen va do lye nen, bign dang. Ngoai ra can cac phucmg phap khac
nhtt do de rdo, do va cham, dung song am thanh hay song sieu am... Cac
phucrng pita') nay dole tang kgt bai mOt s6 tac gia nhu Brown va Sarig
(1994), Chen (1996) va Abbott va cac Ong set (1997). Sau khi do cac thong s6
bign dang cUa ma thkic vat cluai tac dung cild luc keo hay nen, cac nha khoa
hoc da xdy dung nen cac &fang cong m6 to tinh chgt cct 1S7 nhu &tang cong
lye tac dung va bign clang mau theo thai gian hay duttng cong luc tac
dung/bign dang (F/D).
Cac thi nghiem dam xuyen hay nen ap can th1c hien vai t6c de chdm
dgn mac ducic xem gan nhu' la. khong TOL De d6c ban dau cUa &Ong cong cho
dgn khi mau ma to bao chua bi vet thd hien nen de bign dang dan h6i. Qua
didm gdy va, cac to bao old matt bat dau bi vu. D6i val. met s6 loci trai c6 thd
c6 met didm thay -d6i 1-A4-et ve de d6c truck diem gdy va, tai d6, ma t6 bac,
bat dau xudt hien gay vetgoi la didm "chay sinh hoc" (bioyield point), mOt s6
loai trai khdc thi diem chay sinh hoc rat gan, kitting the phan biet cittqc vai
didm va. Qua khai diem gdy va, bign dang tang dm luc c6 thd tang, khong
d6i hay giam. Tai didm bin dang t6i da, dau do khong can do ducrc cac bign
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 61

dang cua mau mo va lye giam xu6ng d'Ot ng6t. Duting cong F/D cua mau duti
tac dung cila lite dam xuyen dting dang voi trutng hap ltic nen. CO thd sir
dung cac ddu do khdc nhau d6 tao nen lye dam xuyen hay hp nen nham do
dO chdc &la nguyen lieu thy thuOc \Tao tinh chit sin phdm va hive dich do.
Nguyen lieu ding chdc khi lute do tang Ian.

Qua trinh nen Qua trinh

100 Didm nha nen
gay vo Peak thit hai
80
z
rn
<0. 60
D6 d6c (mOdun dan h6i)
—
0 40 Digm gay vo
-J

20
Diem chay
hinh hoc

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bien dang (mm) Bien dang t6i da

Hinh 2.41 Dttang cong hic tcic dung I bier' clang (F/D) cda tao tdy
dttai tdc dung cila lye nen
(Ngutin: Judith A. Abbotl-1999)

Mau mo dem do có hinli try (cao 10mm N/A dung kinh 15mm), van t6c
nen ep dd tao bign dang la 0,42mmIgiay. Du'ang cong (F/D) cua hai loci tao là
Wang tit nhau ngoai tit kha nang chiu bidn dang t6i da.

2.3.3 Tinh chgt nhiOt

Trai cay IA vat the song, ea qua trinh ho hap de" sinh ra nang luang.
Ndu nht.f nang sinh ra khong duac sit dung hdt cho cac chuydn hoa
trong rau trai thi se ducat thai ra moi trot ng du'dri dang nhiet. My thu6c kha
nang sinh nhiet do rau trai ho hip ma lacing nhiet thai ra mai trutng ctia
trai IA lan hay nhO va to goi nhiet do IA than nhiOt cda rau trai. Neu nhiet
d6 moi truing xung quanh lcm han than nhiet, rau trai se c6 xu hu'ang h6 hip
tang, auk day qud trinh chin. Nguac 14i, ndu nhiet dO moi truing giam thip,
ho hip rau trai se giam. Nhang ndu nhiet d6 qua cao hay qud thip, cac bidn
doi sinh 1Sr bi r6i loan, rau trai se giam manh vg chit lacing cam quan. \Tay,
nhiet lacing sinh ra do qua trinh ho hip ndu khong duroc giai phong thi tich
tra nhiOt lam hu• hang rau trai. Do do, thong thoang va chon nhi0 dO bao
quan thich hop se gitip ba.o quan &roc lau hon. Mat khac, t6c do chin se tang
 CHLICNG 2
62

duUi tett Ong dm nhiOt, do do nhiOt do, gm la mot trong cac bin phap
ram chin rau trai. Thong thdang, khi thu heti trai, dd c6 the chuyO'n di duac
xa ma tranh ddp, nong clan thu heti khi trai chuta chin hoan town, con do cuing
nhgt dinh. Khi de'n nc i tieu dung mai tap trung trai de chi chin.

b) c)
a)

Hinh 2.42 Dkia veto hinh chup "than nhift" xcic dinh cdc hit hong do beim
ddp cad trcii tao do Delicious ma /thong cein phci vet trai
a, b) Hinh chup thdn nhi:et trai; c) Hit hong that to tren trai
(Ngu6n Danno - 1978)

Bang 2.5 MOt so" tinh chdt nhift ctia cdc thanh phdn thifc phdm
(-40°C < t < 150°C)
PhtIcing trinh
Thong so Thanh phfin
-6?
He so an Protein k = 1,7881 x 10-1 + 1,1958 x 10-3 t - 2,7178 x 10
-7t2
nhiOt Lipid k = 1,8071 x 10-1 - 2,7604 x 10-3t - 1,7749 x 10
W/(m.K) Carbohydrate k = 2,0141 x 10-1 + 1,3874 x 10-3t - 4,3312 x 10-6t2
-6t2
Cellulose. k =1.,8331 x 10-1 + 1,2497 x 10-3t - 3,1683 x 10
Tro k = 3,2962 x 10-1 + 1,4011 x 10-3t - 2,9069 x 10-6t2

Protein a = 6,8714 x 10-8 + 4,7578 x 10-10t - 1,4646 x 10-'2t2

00 clan nhiOt -14t2
m2/s Lipid a = 9,8777 x 10-8 - 1,2569 x 10-1°t - 3,8286 x 10
-12t2
Carbohydrate a = 8,0842 x 10-8 + 5,3052 x 10-1°t - 2,3218 x 10
-12t2
Cellulose a = 7,3976 x 10-8 + 5,1902 x 10-lot - 2.2202 x 10
-'2t2
Tro a = 1,2461 x 10-7 + 3,7321 x 10-1°t - 1,2244 x 10

Protein p = 1,3299 x 103 - 5,1840 x 10-1t

Kh6i ItiOng
rieng Lipid p = 9,2559 x 102 - 4,1757 x 10-1t
kg/m3 Carbohydrate p= 1,5991 x 103 -3,1046 x 10"1t

Cellulose p = 1,3115 x 103 - 3,6589 x 10-1t

Tro p = 2,4238 x 103 - 2,8063 x let

Protein cp = 2,0082 + 1,2089 x 10-3t - 1,3129 x 10-6t2

NhiOt dung
rieng Lipid cp = 1,9842 + 1,4733 x 10-3t - 4,8008 x 10-6t2

kJ/(kg.K) Carbohydrife cp = 1,5488 + 1,9625 x 10-3t - 5,9399 x 10-6t2

Cellulose cp = 1,8459 + 1,8306 x 10-3t - 4,6509 x 10-8t2

t - 3,6817 x 10-6t2
Tro cp = 1,0926 + 1,8896 x 10-3

Nguein: Choi vu Okos (1986)

NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CX1.1 TAO, T1NH CHAT 63

Met (mg dung khdc cua tinh chdt nhiet rau trai tudi là de kiern soft
chdt lacing trai cay data tren than nhiet cua trdi. Cdc nhA khoa hoc da nghien
eau each ghi lai hinh anh than nhiet trai goi la "thermogram" (Danno,
Miyazato & Ishiguro, 1978). Danno da nhdn thdy rang vdi trai tao tay, nhiet
do girla vOng tao bi dap NIA Wang tao con nguyen ven chenh Lech nhau tit
0,2-:-1°C. Mut vay, bang each "chap anh" nhiet do trai cay có the xdc dinh
daqc hu hong dm trai ma khong can phd vet trai.
Trong cong nghe ch6 bien rau trai, cdc tinh chdt nhiet dac Wet quan
trong trong chon the do va tinh todn nang lacing cua cdc qud trinh co sit
dung nhiet nha say, co dac, lanh dOng hay thanh trong, tiet Cdc
thong s6 ve nhiet cua rau trai can quan tarn IA nhiet dung rieng, he s6 clan
nhiet va de clan nhiet.

Nhift dung rieng (Kcal I ktK): IA nhiet lacing can thiet de nang nhiet
Ae &la met thin vi kh6i lacing vat lieu len. 1°C. Nhiet dung rieng phu thuec
vao thAnh phin cdc hap chit du tao nen that phdm va ducic tinh theo cong
thdc chung:
C = ECiXj
V8i: C, - nhiet dung rieng cua cdu tit i
Xi - phdn mol cua cdu tit i (%).

De dun gian hctn , nam 1985, Chen da dtia ra ding thiic tinh nhiet dung
rieng phu thuec vao hAm lacing chit khO:
C = 4,19 - 2,30X - 0,628X3
X là phdn tram chdt kho trong thkic phdm.
Met cong thtic tinh khdc do Choi va Okos' dua ra vao nam 1986 de tinh
nhiet dung rieng cua thurc phdm not chung là:

Cp = 4,180X„, + 1,711Xp + 1,928X1 + 1,547Xc + 0,908Xa

trong do X là phan kh6i lacing cua hap phin Bang xet va w, p, f, c, a Wang
ring là ky hieu cho nude, protein, be°, carbohydrate va tro.
Tuy nhien, d6i vdi mOi loaf rau trai se cs5 met cong thdc thgc nghiem
rieng de 'Ede dinh gia tri nhiet dung rieng chide trInh bAy trong bang 2.6.
64 CHLIONG 2

Bang 2.6 NhOt dung rieng cua mOt s6 logi thit trcii
phu thu'Oc vao dO dm (Alvarado, 1991)
Nhiet dung rieng (d6 dm)*
Trai/Ten khoa hoc Phuting trinh
kJkg-1°K-1 % chgt kh6
Tao (Malus communis) 3,64 (87,6) 3,31 (82,4) 3,27 (75,9) 2,68 (49,7) 1,51+0,0232M
BO (Persea drymifolia) 3,39 (74,0) 3,06 (65,4) 2,97 (61,1) 2,39 (44,2) 0,92+0,0332M
Co (Carica pentagona) 3,89 (92,5) 3,56 (88,0) 3,06 (83,5) 2,89 (71,5) -0,53+0,0463M
Chu6i (Musa 3,39 (75,6) 3,01 (66,8) 2,85 (59,1) 2,55 (44,7) 1,34+0,0262M
cavendishii)
Chuoi (Musa auriens) 2,97 (68,1) 2,85 (62,1) 2,64 (55,2) 2,26 (39,8) 1,24+0,0255M
Chu6i (Musa 3,35 (73,8) 2,97 (63,6) 2,76 (59,4) 2,47 (49,2) 0,66+0,0362M
paradisiaca)
Chu6i (Musa rosacea) 2,93 (70,0) 2,85 (65,0) 2,72 (59,4) 2,43 (45,7) 1,48+0,0209M
Anh dao den (Primus 3,31 (77,5) 2,89 (58,2) 2,47 (47,4) 2,51 (40,6) 1,47+0,023M
capuh)
Nho ( Vitis vinetera) 3,52 (81,2) 3,14 (70,6) 2,93 (67,1) 2,35 (47,5) 0,68+0,0346M
&raj chiffn (Citrus 3,68 (88,7) 3,31 (83,5) 3,10 (78,6) 2,64 (63,1)
paradisii)
1,71 (11,4) 1,55 (9,2) 1,62 (1,9) 1,37 (1,4) 1,41+0,0229M
(Psidium guajaba) 3,56 (86,6) 3,22 (76,7) 2,85 (66,7) 2,51 (50,7) 0,97+0,0294M
Chanh (Citrus Limon) 1,70 (11,4) 1,69 (9,4) 1,63 (1,9) 1,45 (1,2) 1,51+0,0179M

Chanh (Citrus 2,76 (64,7) 2,26 (47,3) 0,66+0,0334M

3,64 (89,9) 3,35 (78,3)
aurantifolia)
Dau tArn (Rubus 0,55+0,0353M
3,60 (86,5) 3,10 (72,0) 2,89 (66,1) 2,64 (59,4)
glaucus)
Xuan dao (Prunus spp,) 3,60 (86,6) 3,39 (79,7) 3,10 (67,2) 2,60 (44,2) 1,56+0,0232M

Cam (Citrus sinensis) 3,52 (83,1) 3,27 (76,8) 3,01 (72,4) 2,68 (62,9)
1,85 (10,5) 1,68 (10,1) 1,78 (1,9) 1,36 (1,3) 1,52+0,0219M
1,23+0,0219M
Du du (Carica papaya) 3,35 (89,7) 3,31 (77,3) 2,97 (70,7) 2,55 (55,5)
3,52 (81,2) 3,22 (63,1) 3,10 (60,3) 2,43 (3,31) 1,70+0,0230M
Le (Pyrus communis)
Dao (Prunus persica) 3,43 (87,5) 3,22 (80,0) 3,10 (71,6) 2,72 (56,6)
1,78 (12,6) 1,71 (10,4) 1,43 (1,3)
1,69 (2,0) 1,51+0,0218M
(Ananas comosus) 3,48 (84.7) 2,60 (62,1)
2,97 (71,0) 2,39 (46,0) 0,98+0,0286M
Man (Prunus salicina) 3,68 (88,9) 3,10 (75,0) 2,97 (70,4) 2,81 (67,7) 0,11+0,0401M
Le gai (Opuntia tuna) 3,64 (84,6) 3,22 (73,6) 3,10 (68,2) 2,85 (53,7) 1,45+0,0250M
Dau (Fragaria vesca) 3,81 (92,0) 3,39 (86,1) 3,22 (78,1) 2,93 (67,1) 0,68+0,0329M
Dau tay (Fragaria 3,68 (90,4) 2,93 (79,7) 2,76 (74,2) 2,64 (65.2) -0,21+0,0415M
Ichiloensis)
11u9t (Citrus reticulata) 3,69 (87,0) 3,18 (76,8) 2,85 (64,2) 2,30 (48,3)
1,83 (12,8) 1,78 (10,6) 1,77 (2,0) 1,47 (1,5) 1,52+0,0221M
3,94 (94,5) 3,48 (81,6) 3,18 (74,8) 2,93 (64,1) 0,71+0,0339M
Ca chua (Lycopersicon
esculenturn)
4,56 (87,4) 3,18 (82,7) 2,97 (73,6) 2,64 (62,7) 0,45+0,0344M
Ca chua (Cyphomandra
betacea)
3,98 (92,0) 3.68 (89,0) 3,18 (76,3) 2,97 (66,8) 0,33+0,0385M
DUa hau (Citruillus
vut • aris
 I
65

kJ/kg
nong
NhiOt

chay

283

270
300
288
286

289

264
■

304
-•

75

95
,-- N- CO 0) N CO
.---, N N C \I N N

diem d6ng d'ac

Nhiet dung
rieng dUdi

kJ/(kg.K)
a) .,- N CO a) CO 0 1.0

1,94
CD CD N- Cr)

2,05
63 CO
0 0) -1--
- 0)- 0)- 0)- CO N T 0) CO 0 ,-
rieng tren diem ..._, C \I •-: CA .-- ..-- ,-- CV CV .1. ,- T c..i (.1
dung

kJ/(kg.K)
dOng dac

co co in .-

3,9 1
co IC) ..--- in

3,70
• co 1.-- 0
Nhiel

FP) 0) CO 0) CO 1"-- N.-- CO Up CO 0) r-- 1,--

CO Cf) CO CO CO CO CO N C\1 CO CO CO CO'

1
'
dOng dac
Digm

,.... CO (C) N N CO
-0,9
0 0 - ,- (r)

-2,4
°C

,-_
C) ,- ,– 7 7 1- T 1.-. 1- V-

I
0,48

0,40
0,53

0,57
0) CD (.0 CO (.0 0) ,Z1'

1.c.0
0
1.... -4!
o X5 t'_-, N 1,-. CO CO 1.0 CD

0
O o c d c — ci c\i c;

3,30i

1,00I
.D O o o o o o o o
- .--. o
oo'o

4,30
-0 0 0 co r-- co co CO N CO (I) CO
X ': X ■
-•• Lii- c\j- c5 -- •cr- N
CNJ -1- a;
Carbohydrate

14,13

12,18
12,76

Lo co o
19,18
15,38

in
10,18

17,15
8,08
N
LO (D CO i..0 1.--
Xc

fr7 CO CO

CC) (6 (NI CO (-6 In- r.---

--
r

co

o a) CO CO 0 (D 0 1-- 0 0 N 0 1.0 co
-#
0,58

,4s)
m
co co N CO 0) N '1' C\I
IC)
'I' CO -,-. ',-- CO Lc)
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 O 0 6 ---- 6 0 0
I

c
N N
0,88

11 0 0 CT) CD 0 N
0,75

1.0 CO CO CO CD
115 e ›:'- N. CD 0 _ N_ CO _
`71- '1'- 0) 0 CO CO CD a)
a. 0 0 ,-- v-- v-0 ..-- Cr) 0 0 0 0
87,87 I

7 CO co
85,64

rua co ..4- co co o 7 co
80,56
68'06

0 _
OE' L 8

co r.-- 7 N- LO 0) CT) 1.0 .-- ...zt

.co
e X
Cs,/
."—' `1: Cr; 6 6 cr5 .,-.- co c\i cri co
= co co co co co co CO N I,- N
kho
Ly chua, dO va
Nam v iOt quat

Nho c hau Au

— E
Sdri chua
Viet quat

Sdri ngQt

7
I Mam x6i

— 5=
Nho My

--.
co 13
.„ Sc
as o
. -
trang

--■
as .(Cs . CT ,45
Vai

a -J
->, "=
0 > -J CO
 267 _I
66

270

280
108
289
CJ)

106

280
..-.. (r) U)

275
(.., J CO

307
CO

273
0) (0 C
a) r CO CO
T.' 0) 0) a) 0 CO
CV C\1 CO CV CV N CV CV C
- CV

N. CO 0 0) CD 0) ,-- 0 O 0 Cr) `Zr •--

2,07
1,74
...-••• C \J CO U) (D O 0).
0 0 CO CO 0)- 0)- rt- 0- (N- 0)- 0) U) 0
0)
T.
..... (N- N ,-- „-- ,-- r •If- *-• CO CV CV r r N CO- CV N .---

2,56
• (C) 0) CO

OL:£
N. CO
,- v- .-- (.0

2,57
Tr CO •Cr CV CO 0
a) CO CO r-- 0 CT)
a a) r-- a) CO OD 0) CO CV
Cr) CO C6 CO Cr) Cr) Cr) Cr) co co Cr) Cr) Cr) Cr) N cfi

I
(N CD

-2,0
0) ,:r CA co C) (o 0_ ap 0
...I- (c) 0)
6 c5 o .-. c.I , c.
, ri ' q
C43 ,
i g q

1
0,28
2,50
0,46

2,40
2,00

8,20
11,10

15,11
61,33

0,40
0,76
0,90
 67
— M CT) CO N CO T

26 1

316
293

308
'cr

302

307

254
CO

307
0) 0 0 CO 0) 0) N
CO CO CV cr N
cr) r--- cc) 0 N-
C, CV CO CO CV N N M CO ,-- N N (0 N

CO wct N ,- L.0 0 •ct (7)

1,85
2,25 r-
..,:- CO
r---
r CO
CO (D
0) 0)
-,---
'Kr (.0
CO-
0
0)
0
,-
a) 0)
- CO- 0) CO 0 CO CO
-
---- ,- T ,--- 1- T T N r r T r- T r- T N

O CO 0) T r 0 N CV N 0
3,63

N N 0) CV N LU N

3,82
L0

LL
cr, o a) a) o a) o a) o o co o o ,- r--- o
6 -4- CO CO ,:r CO •zr CO •cr CO -zt CO •zr ..zr 6 6 NI
T

,.., ,- co co r-- r co co a) N:r co C7) L.0 CO CO r CO

-0,5
10 0

L' 0-
ES ,- CNI 6 6 ..- 6 6 d T o o o. 6-
. c?

Q) -1 co a) CV I"- *-- T N r N
0,57

1,00 •-• 0 N CO 0 1.0

L8'0

Z9'0
P, CO CO CD 0_ 0)_ CO- N r-- CO h- •cr c0 r 1.0 0 CD
6 c\i o — o — O 6 6 6 O 6 r o

I
O cp o c2) o O O O
3,00

o o
3,80
2,30

1,70
2,50

2,50

2,00

3,60
1,80
0L

to co (D ,-- cr CO 0 CO CO T 0
CV T CV CO N M 6 CO N N
(5)

0) •ct N

14,15
33,07
15,09
'1- (D CO 0 0 CD 1"--
9,56

lf)
5,24

3,65

.cr ":1-
- LI) r 0) \i" - N N r*-- o CO
1r- "Cr r--- Lri
,- CO cci a; N (D CO O
CO

..._, 0) 0 N N LU o N T
0,14

0 CO CO CO CO 0 0
0,70
0,50
61:0

oz'o

at .7- 0 CV .,-- r CO CO N CV CO r--. co

6 6 d 6 o 6 6 6 6 6 T O 6 6 6 6
{ 2,00

I
3'38

...._ co co cN co Tr co co c\J N 1.0 CO 0 0 0

0,75

1,74
0 S ' 1.

0)
en CO N CO (0 0) •:1- 0 0) N CO 0 N _ M CO N- LU
6 N N CO 0 v- .- (.0 CO 1-
58,581

0 ,- N- CO (7) 0 LU T
I 92,40

0) 0 '0' (.0 CO Cr) CO 0 0

CO 0 N 1.. ) CO CD N 0) 0 (D (7) 0 o r-- CO •:r 0 0
(2)

N- CO 6 r- 6 CO c\I r,- ..- co ,:r Lri CO (NI- 6 ,- ,:t ,- co

CO N- 0) CO 0) CO CO Cr) CO CI) N- 0) 0) CO (7) CO

..-.
DUa c huOt
Mang tay

.-
Bap ngot
Bong cal

Cal xoan

....... -,
Can tay
Bap cal

Can tay

Su hao
61 tay

.al
Ca rot

s:, m ,L.)n c0)

BOng

BOng

cts- ,. al .(CS CO
.
., -"Z
1

0 CD 0 0 0 CC I- (3
 318
CO r- .,- CO N CO CO

280
106
315
306
263

306
293
CI)

300

266
307

308

248
,- 0) "1' 1- T- CO CO Cr
....., N N CO CO CO N N N

I
_-) 0) C5) (D CO "1' CO CO

2,03
E ). 7:r 1,94
■-• C°- 33)
O a) co o co r-- N N- N- N- CO 0 CD CO
_ 0) 0)
...... r (NJ CV N r .- .-- v- v- r N ,- c\i ,- v-

l
3,81
co N- N N N CO N- r-

4,08
co

3,47

3,56
4,01

in

4,08
N-
3,75

,
:r
,
67-
01
a)
N.
CJ) CY) 0) r-- ,
71- a) o o o o in CO CD
CO CO CO c6 c6 ri CO R7r ..zi -1
- .cr N CO CO

l
•,- CA co N CO CO CD In CO .- ,- CO

0,80I -0,8
-0,3

CO
-0,5
L'0-

0)
6 ,- ,- 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 ' ,- ' ,- 6
, . .

N CO 1,20 CD O '1'

0,82
0,50

0,42

sz'o
N-
0,30

0,54
0,87

O) c) o co in o
P., CO 1"--- CO N 0') 0) CO N.. ID_ 0
,- CD ,--
r
6 6 6 (4 6 6 6
3,30

.0 0
I

0 0 0

2,40
1,50

0
1,10

0 CD
3,00

0,50

06' l
5, 10
3,20

re C \ CO 0) CO CO ,- "--- "I CD
1- •-_.1 "1 r v-- ,- .1- N CO N :6
--,

N
23,43
27,89

0)
24,28

_ Cr)
14,46

LO CO CO CO 0 0) 0 '1' 0 '1' (1)

6,33

Cn"" CD CO VD 01 '1 if) CO 1.1) 0 •,-- (D N CO

N 7ir ,-- ,- N
..,:r r- a) , (.6 co co co .,:r in —
I
0,35

1 15,32
0,10

0
0,48

0 0) 0 0 'I' N- cv a)
0,24

N 0 CO 0) 0 N
co
CO ,... CY) CO
q -zr ,- ,- N CO '1' v- CY) I- LC) (0
O o 0 o o 6 o 6 o o . 0 6 6 O 6 6
1,40

co a) co co co
2,86

0,94

N- c) in o c) o in c)
2,09

68'0
Zt7'9

O up ,- CD 0) 0
Co
- o — CT) N CD 0 CO N CO 00 (f)
c...i •,- c. , ,- o — o cv .-r o o 1.- V-.

0 CO ,- 0 CO CO 11) N
74,26

CO CO (D CY) "I" 0 'I CO CD

79,53
87,71

.---. CO 1-0 CD CO ,- CO (D CO (f) N 0 N- ,-• CO 0) N CO N

.- 0) 0; CO c\i (V ,z 4 y-- 4 C') CO ifi a; CO
0) CO CO
,--
CO
(.6
CO N
.4
O) co co N- 0) N 0) 0) CO 0) 0) 0)
Ca chua xanh
Ca chua chin
Dau HaLan,_

Ot ngot xa nh
Cu cal yang
ngo tay-

01
,

Khoai ma

..-.. >. ›..,

tay

v-
Tao kho

,(13 ■
cri 0 *0
Khoai

.-.. _C
c
,.., ,..' RS- 0
Rau

o
E v c v ).< ..-
MO

CO
BC

'os "n -as — ''D "t't

Z g = CO 0 .cT1 0 I—
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA-1.1 TAO, TINH CHAT 69

He so dein nhOt (W/m°K): là van t6c &mg nAng lucrng nhiet truygn qua
vat lieu, la nhiet lacing truyen qua mot dcrn vi be mat clang nhiet trong m6t
don vi then gian khi gradient nhiet dO bang 1°K. He s6 clan nhiet X chil ye-u
phu thu6c vao ban chat, cat, true, d6 dm, va Theo mOt s6 tac gia
nha Maroulis et al., 1990; Maroulis et al., 1991; Saravacos va Kostaropoulos,
1995, doi vdi vat lieu dang hat cd mOt (10 r6ng c, thi he s6 dein nhiet có the
tinh theo ding thdc:
1 1 -e
= E.Aa + (1- e).ks hay — = — +
X Xas
voi Xa va Xs IA h0 s6 dein nhiet cua pha ran va pha khi.
Nam 1997, Rahman va cdc d6ng stt dua ra tong thdc xac Binh he s6
din nhiet cho trong qua trinh say kho rau trai rani sau:
X = eaXa + fin - ea - ewAs + eivXwl
trong do: X - he s6 dein nhiet; e - phan the tich cua help phAn dang xet
a, S, W - viet tat cho khong khi, chat ran (chat kho) va dm.
0,713
T .,285
X,285
v0
Va gid tri: f; = 0,996[1- c ]. H)
a + kwr Tr w
7',. - nhiet do tieu chudn 273°K
T - nhiet d6 tuyet d6i, °K; Xw - phAn kh6i lacing &la nude.
C6ng thiic tren có the sit dung khi Xv, thay d6i tit 0,14+0,94, nhiet d6 ter
5+100°C, va d6 x6p bleu kien tit 0,0+0,56. Sai s6 dot down thay d6i trong
Iclioang 7+15% thy thu6c vao loai san phdm this nghiem. M6 hinh nay khong
vai nhiet d6 duUi 0°C va tren 100°C.
Vi du, vizi pa - kh6i luting rieng bieu kie-n; pt - kh6i luting rieng thkic
ctia rau trai va X - ham dm, to co:
Pa X pa . 1 Pa"
Ca = 6W = s
Pt (1 + X) Pw ) ( 1 ÷ X) ps

Nam 1989, Murakami va Okos dua ra tong thiic tinh he s6 dan nhiet
theo thanh phAn cac chat trong thu'c phdm
=E

- phAn the tIch cua eau tit i; xi - phAn kh6i hicfng

pi - khol lacing rieng; Xi - h0 s6 dan nhiet ctia cau tit i

xi/Pi
x=
z E (xi /pi )
70 CHLIONG 2

Bang 2.8 14 so dcin nhi•Ot cria nt6t so loai that

(Ngu6n ASHRAF Refrigeration Handbook (SI) - 2002)

HO s6 Nhiot Ham
Loai thkic phSm dan nhi0 am Tac gla Lu'u y
W/(m.K) °C %

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Tao 0,418 8 — Gane (1936) Gi6ng tao chua

Tasmanian, Phap, 140g

N Lick tao 0,559 20 87 Riedel (1949) Chi s6 khOc xa a 20°C la

1,35
0,631 80 87
0,504 20 70 Chi s6 khuc xa es 20°C la
1,38
0,564 80 70

0,389 20 36 Chi s6 khtic xa a 20°C la

1,45
0,435 80 36

MU khO 0,375 23 43,6 Sweat (1985) Tjr trong = 1,32g/cm3

Dau bo 0,398 9 Smith et al. (1952) Ty trong = 0,75g/cm3

B6ng cal xanh 0,601 28 87,6 Sweat (1974) Tj/ trong = 1,32g/cm3

Ca rot 0,385 -6 Smith et al. (1952) Tit trong = 0,56g/cm3;

ngon doc cat valu6c

Puree' ca rot 0,669 -16 — Smith et al. (1952) Ty trong = 0,6g/cm3;

nao, xac lat valu6c

Nho den 1,26 -8 — Smith et al. (1952) trong = 0,89g/cm3; ep

thanh kh6i

0,310 -17 Smith et al. (1952) Ty trong = 0,64g/cm3

Cha la
0,337 23 34,5 Sweat (1985) Ty trong = 1,32g/cm3
Sung
0,310 23 40,4 Sweat (1985) Ty trong = 1,24g/cm3
Ljr
0,276 -15 Smith et al. (1952) T9 trong = 0,58g/cm3;
Ntidc btroi
kich thUOc h6n hop

VO nho 0,462 30 Bennett et al. (1964) Set, khOng h6t

NuOc nho xanh 0,237 28 Bennett et al. (1964) SOt, khOng hOt

0,567 20 89 Riedel (1949) Chi so khuc xa a 20°C la

1,35
0,639 80 89

0,496 20 68 Chi s6 khuc xa a 20°C la

1,38
0,554 80 68

0,396 20 37 Chi so khuc xa 6 20°C la

1,45
0,439 80 37
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT 71
_____
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
(1)

0,439 25 — Turrell and Perry Gi6ng Eureka

(1957)

Mdt nho 0,391 20 42,0 Sweat (1985) 1-■', trong = 1,32g/cm3

Xuan dao 0,585 8,6 82,9 Sweat (1974)

Hanh 0,575 8,6 — Saravacos (1965)

NUdc cam 0,435 30 — Bennett et al. (1964) Gi6ng Valencia

Vo cam 0,179 30 — Bennett et al. (1964) Gi6ng Valencia

Dau Ha Lan 0,480 -13 — Smith et al. (1952) Ty trong = 0,70g/cm3;

bac vo va chan
0,395 -3 —
0,315 7 —

Dao, say 0,361 23 43,4 Sweat (1985) Ty trong = 1,26g/cm3

Le 0,595 8,7 — Sweat (1974)

NUac le ep 0,550 20 85 Riedel (1949) Chi s6 khdc xa 6 20°C la

1,36
0,629 80 85
0,475 20 60 Chi s6 khOc xa 6 20°C la
1,40
0,532 80 60
0,402 20 39 Chi s6 khuc xa a 20°C 15
1,44
0,446 80 39
Man 0,247 -16 — Smith et al. (1952) Ti/ trong = 0,61g/cm3;
&tong kinh 40mm; chieu
dai 50mm

Khoai tay 1,09 -13 — Smith et al. (1952) -11'

trong = 0,97g/cm3;
nghien dang thanh ti:ing kh6i
chat

Khoai tay 0,479 2 — Dickerson and Read Ti

j trong = 1,01g/cm3
(1968)
Man kh6 0,375 23 42,9 Sweat (1985) Ty trong = 1,22g/cm3

Nho khO 0,336 23 32,2 Sweat (1985) Tji trong = 1,38g/cm3

Dau 1,10 -14 — Smith et al. (1952) Tjt trong = 0,80g/cm3;

kich thudc hon hop
0,96 -15 — Kich thick h8n hop
trong siro &tong
sacharose 57%
Mist dau 0,338 20 41,0 Sweat (1385) Tj't trong = 1,31g/cm3

Bi ngo 0,502 8 — Gane (1936)

72 CHUONG 2

Bang 2.9 DO dein nhift clia mOt s6 loci thvc phdm

(Nguein ASHRAF Refrigeration Handbook (SI) - 2002)

DO dAn Ham Kh6i Kiang

am Nhl.t
Thut pham nhi.t, rleng bleu Thi HO tham khao
0/0 3 dO, °C
mm2Is kian, kg/m
Tao d6, Ca trai 0,14 85 840 0 ÷ 30 Bennett et al, (1969)
Tao, say 0,096 42 856 23 Sweat (1985)
Tao, puree' 0,11 37 - 5 Riedel (1969)
0,11 37 - 65 Riedel (1969)
0,12 80 - 5 Riedel (1969)
0,14 80 - 65 Riedel (1969)
MP, say 0,11 44 1323 23 Sweat (1985)
Chu6i, thit trai 0,12 76 - 5 Riedel (1969)
0,14 76 - 65 Riedel (1969)
Anh dao, thit 0,13 - 1050 0 .30 Parker and Stout (1967)
trai
Cha la 0,10 35 1319 23 Sweat (1985)
Sung 0,096 40 1241 23 Sweat (1985)
Dau, milt jam 0,12 41 1310 20 Sweat (1985)
Nho, milt jelly 0,12 42 1320 20 Sweat (1985)
Dao 0,14 - 960 2 ÷ 32 Bennett (1963)
Dao, say 0,12 43 1259 23 Sweat (1985)
Khoai tay, ca 0,13 - 1040 ÷ 1070 0 ÷ 70 Minh et al, (1969)
cu Mathews and Hall (1968)
Khoai tay, 0,12 78 - 5 Riedel (1969)
nghien, hap
0,15 78 - 65 Riedel (1969)
Man kh6 0,12 43 1219 . 23 Sweat (1985)
Nho kho 0,11 32 1380 23 Sweat (1985)
Dau, thit trai 0,13 92 - 5 Riedel (1969)
Cu cai diking 0,13 - - 0 ÷ 60 Slavicek et al, (1962) ..

DO clan nhi0 (m2/s): ha:,, con goi la tinh Sr nhiet, (lac trttng t6c di
thay dei nhiet do ctia vat thd. D6i vizi rau trai thi de clan nhiOt cl4c trtml
cho t6c do d6t n6ng hay lam nguei va xac Binh theo cong

a =
cxp

vai: C - nhiet dung rieng, (Kcal/kg°K)

NGUYEN LIEU RAU THAI - CALI TAO, TINH CHAT 73

X - he s6dan nhiet (wIni°K)

p - khoi 'dung rieng (kg/m3).
Co the tinh try'c tiep d6 clan nhiet cua rau trai theo phtiong trinh cua
Riedel:
a = 0,088.10-6 + (aw — 0,088.10-6)W
aw - d6 clan nhiet cua na6c tai nhiet dO dang xet
W - dO am rau trai, (%).
Philong trinh cua Martens:
a = (0,057363W + 0,000288T).10-6
Voi T IA nhiet d6 tuyet d6i (W).
MOt each khdc ni-ta de xac dinh d6 dart nhiet cua dang nurotc rau trai la
do trip ti6p bring may do t6c do dan nhiet va xac dinh theo ding thtic:

aT _ (a2T 1 aT)
at - a ar2 r ar
trong do: r - toa d6 theo phuzing ban kinh, (in)
t - thdi gian truyen nhiet, (s). [37b].

2.3.4 Tinh chtit quang

Mau sac la mOt trong cdc tieu chuan ducic quan tam nhieu khi ngubri
tieu dung lu'a chon rau trai. Cdc loai anh sang phan chi6u ra tit rau trai ciing
the hien ducic mOt s6 tinh chat cua rau trai nhu dO chin, d6 ttwi... Tuy nhien,
mat nglidi chi nhin thay diwc mOt phan nho trong day anh sang ma ta goi IA
vUng anh sang thay dude. De do dac mau sac trong vUng anh sang nay ta
dung colorimeter. Con de phan anh cdc tinh chat quang khac the hien a
ngoai vUng anh sang thay dtwc ta co the sit dung spectrometer hay
spectrophotometer.
Cac tinh chat quang hoc chili yell là sit phan xa, truy'en su6t, hap thy,
hay tan xa anh sang cila be mat rau trai. Khi rau trai ducic pitch. ra ngoai
sang, khoang 4% anh sang se bi phan xa ngay tai be mat do mat ngoai bong
ldng, 96% nang lacing con lai se diiac truye'n qua 136 mat den cdc to bao ben
trong. Tai day, nguon sang nay se bi tan xa tai cdc be mat phan chia pha cua
cdc mo thtfc vat hay bi hap phu bai to bao chat, lam thay d6i back song anh
sang. K6t qua IA nang luctng &la anh sang trang sau khi chi6u vac) rau trai va
phan xa lai bi bien d6i nen khi den mat ngutti se cam nhan nen matt sac
khdc voi anh sang trong ban dau, tao nen matt sac khdc nhau cua timg loaf
rau trai (Birth, 1976).
74 CHIVAIG 2

Phgn phan xa
cua tia khugch tan Phgn truyen su6t
cOa tia khugch tan
Ngu6n sang
chigu tdi
Tia sang truy6n su6t
be mat
rau trai

Tia sang
phan xa

HInh 2.43 Phan b6 nguein cinh sang trdng chieu tai

bt mat rau trai tao mew cho nguyen lieu

Mau sac thuting the hien dO chin cila rau trai, va aging d'O mau doi khi
cung gan hAn N./6i cikIng dO huvng. De danh gia, mien to mau sac, co nhigu hO
"toa dO mau" (Fa diivc de nghi nhif cac he cua Clydesdale; Francis; Hunter vA
Minolta. Trong do, difvc sit dung nhi6u niat IA hO toa RGB (Red, Green
and Blue), thuttng duvc dung trong man hinh mau vo tuye'n truye'n hinh hay
mon hinh may tinh, he Hunter L a b, h0 CIE (Commission Internationale de
l'Eclairage) L* a* b*, CIE XYZ, CIE L* u* v*, CIE Yxy, vA CIE LCH.

Hinh 2.44 He toa c10 mew CIE L*a*b*. L* cho biet do sang,
tU trdng = 100 den den = 0
a* vet b* la toa do bieu hien mau sdc tren "mat phdng mew XY"; a* bieu hien
mau tren truc do - xanh la coy, b* la bieu hien mau tren truc yang - xanh luc;
diem giao gitia ba truc nay the hien mem xam chudn. NguOn tit Minolta (1994)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TAW CHAT 75

Theo Sr kien dm CIE, mat nglitli cd the cam nhan du'ac ba mau can ban
là xanh la cay, do va xanh lye, cac mau con lai that ski chi la to hap cua ba
mau can ban tren, vi vay nam 1931, CIE du'a ra he toa de mau CIE Yxy dung
de mieu to mau sac do mat ngadi cam nh4n. Nam 1948 he toa de mau
Hunter L a b du'ac du'a ra dimg cho quang dien va den nam 1976 he toa mau
CIE L* a* b* ditac RI dung de mieu to chung cho mau sac (hinh 2.44).
Cac mol lien ket h6a hoc hap thy nang lacing anh sang tai cac bu'ac song
khac nhau, vi vay mau sac ciia san pham to thay la "mau anh sang da
bi hap thu. Cdc hap chat nhif chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin va cac chat
mau khdc hap thy anh sang trong vOng anh sang thay dive. Nude,
carbohydrate, chat be° va protein hap thu anh sang trong vOng hang ngoai
gan. Nam 1987 Williams va Norris da lap ra met danh sach cac bade. song hap
thy chinh cho cac chat mau, nu'oc, chat be°, protein, carbohydrate. Tiep theo d6
cac nha khoa hoc da thong ke ducic rat nhieu cac badc song hap thu cila rat
nhieu chat, tit do phat trien nen met phdang phap phan tich khong can pha vik
mau de xac dinh ham liking chat kho hoa tan (SS), acids, tinh bet va do chin
cua rau trai. D6i with met s6 loai trai nhif tao tay, citrus, kiwi, xoai, du'a cac loai,
hanh tay, dao, khoai tay va ca chua c6 the xac dinh ditac chat kilo hoa tan hay
tinh bet vai de chinh xac len den 93% (Dull, 1984; Birth; Dull; Kawano;
Kawano; Murakami; Katayama; Slaughter; Lee and Pieris). Ham luring cac
chat beo trong hat va trai ba ciing co the dtrac xac dinh bang cach phan tich
can hang ngoai NIR (D.C. Slaughter, personal communication, 1996).

2.5

Mau tao "Delicicous"

2.0 -
ham Wong chat kh6
hoa tan 14,5%

(5 1 . 0
0
-J
• Tinh
0.5 - A N aft
o Duong ;
0.0
cs . —00 ----al

400 700; 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 2500

Thay duoc Can h6ng ngoai Budc song (nm)

Hinh 2.45 PM trong vang anh sang th6y claw va h6ng ngoai gdn
cud tao tay loci 'Delicious'. Hcip thu nicznh nhdt trong wing
back song ctia nitac, tinh bey vet &tang
76 CH(IONG 2

as

b)

Hinh 2.46 Hinh chup multispectral a plied hien ra cac lau lidng cda trcii cay
a) Hinh chup tai back song 540nm (trcii), 1010nm (giaa) va hinh so scinh mew
giaa hai bit& song (phdi) thdy duac vi tri bi tham cda trcii tao My Delicious
b) Hinh chup tcti back song 1010nm (trcii), 760nm (giaa) viz hinh so scinh mew
giaa hai balk song (phdi) de thdy vi tri hit hong clia trdi tao Crispin
Ngu6n Aneshansley vet Throop - 1999

Khi ky thudt phat trien hcm, cac camera cho phep chup lien tuc hinh
anh cua rau trai 6 nhieu base song khac nhau. Hinh anh chup khoang dual
10 back song lien tuc thi daoc goi ten IA "multispectral" va hinh chup nhib
horn 10 back song thi &foe pi IA "hyperspectral". Cac hinh chup dang nay c6
the gitip chting to xdc Binh dacre cac vet tham, cac ha hong do lanh, hay do
nhiet, cac thaang ton cac ha liOng khac ctia rau trai ma khong can phai pha
mau.

Hinh 2.47 Hinh chup multispectral cda trcii cd chua di plicit hien cac vi tri bi
hit lidng boi vi sink vdt sail ben trong trcii (tai briar song 540nm (trcii), 700nm
(giaa) ya hinh so scinh gida hai buck song (plicii)). NguOn Abbott 1999
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRA1 - CA-U TAO, TINH CHAT 77

2.3.5 Tinh chgt diOn

Nhting nghien cdu v6 tinh chit dien ctia nong san duvc thkfc hien
trong khodng 20 nam gan day. Cdc nghien cdu tip trung sit chi y vao kha
nang dan dien va tinh chit dien moi cua nguyen lieu. Tinh chit dien cua
nhieu nong san, clic biet doei vs:1i cac vit lieu but am phu thuOc nhieu vao
ham dm. M6i to:mg quan giiia ham dm va dO dan dien da &Plc sit dung lam
cc/ sa de thiet ke cdc may do dO aim nhanh ctia hat. Hai dang chinh cua
may do dm hat IA dang thong qua do dO clan (lien caa hat va dang thong
qua do dien dung (hang s6 dien moi). Rau trai c6 khi nang dan dien tuy
khong 16n lam. Hang s6.dien moi caa rau trai phu thuOc vac, n6ng dO chit
khO, n6ng di) chit bay hai, dO tro, nhiet do... nen cling c6 the thong qua
viec do hang s6 dien moi de xac dinh mot s6 tinh chit cila rau trai, nhit to
dO am va lacing hacing. Nam 2003, 0. Sipahioglu va S.A. Barringer (IA xac
dinh moi tucing quan cua hang so" dien moi theo nhiet do, di) dm va do tro
bai plutang trinh.

Bang 2.10 Phaang trinh tinh hang s6 dien mai

va he so an that dien moi cda rau trcii tai 2450MHz

Hang s6dian moi

Chung K' = 38,57 + 0,1255.T + 0,4546.M - 14,54.A - 0,0037.M.T + 0,07327.A.T

Rau K' = -243,6 + 1,342 T + 4,593.M - 426,9.A + 376,5A2 - 0,01415.M.T

- 0,3151 A.T

Trai K' = 22,12 + 0,2379.T + 0,5532.M - 0,0005.T2 - 0,003866.M.T

H4 s6 ton that din mai

Chung K" = 17,72 - 0,4519.1 + 0,001382.T2 - 0,07448.M + 22,93.A - 13,44.A2

+ 0,002206.M.T + 0,1505.A.T

Rau K" = -100,02 - 0,1611.T + 0,001415.T2 + 2,429.M - 378,9.A + 316,2.A2

Trai K" = 33,41 - 0,4415.T + 0,001400.T2 - 0,1746.M + 1,438.A

+ 0,001578.M.T + 0,2289.A.T

T = nhiOt d8 (°C), M = ham gm (%), A = ham lacing tro (%)

 1

1
78

NhiOt d6

38,3
0 LI) In

CC)
OD LO CO CO 0 in 01 0
6 c\i •I- C\J a) 0 (.1 CO cri COi N: 0 (0
co in rr (s) .- ..:1- co in co N co

0,00137 1 1 0,899

1
LO 1"-- N. CO CO CO CO 0) '1' LC)

0,883
ii CO 'Kt
ca ..— N LO CO a) a) -cr co I,- a) ,--- U)
N a) a) a) 0) co co co a) cr) co 0) co
6 6 6 6 o 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

0 N 0 N- CO 0

0,00 1434

0,001348
CO

0,001004
CO
LO CO N- .,— N in .,:r in
0,0016
•—• N CO CO LO ..— 7r N- nz1-
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
HO s6 ton that eliOn mai

0
6 6 o 6 6 6 0 6 o
_,
Ni,-
o N N
-0,04048
-0,02420

0 in N

-0,1355
-0, 1825

-0, 1192

-0,2407
N 0) CD '1' CO
+ -4- CO 10 co CO Nft 0)
O Lr)
a) co co cv ir) -cr rr
- 0 ,-- 0 _ N N
.13 6 6 CO
6
+ 6 6
co

Q)
20,36
22,40
16,45

CO N CO CO N

20,95
CY) N 0)
CO CC) CD 1".- te N N 0 't
0 C ) R Ni A
N: N cri o5
0,1 CV r N
-

CO ch o •zr- 0 N
0,848

0) CD CO CD
CO 0 -4- c\J 0 CO 0) Lo 0) a)
O) 0) co 0) I a) I I a) a) a) a) co
6 6 6 o 6 6 6 6 6 6
-0,0005129I
-

-0,0005831

-0,0005706

-0,0005502

-0,0008304
-0,001143

0 o o I O I I
HAng s6 diOn moi

7...
1

0
-0,08378

0,05240

-0,08229

0 05229

+ co CD N
-0,2068

CD
-0,1208

co c\I CO
I— 7r
co r--
r-- co
b

_a ,— ,— I I
o
+
L__ '

6 9
j

,—. CO CO CO N
74,18

N N .—
77,94

CO
'1 't CO CO CO N- CO CO 0
N-
a

I I
M CO iti ,71- Q5 d r-: ,
,i- IC) CD N- CO CO CO N. N-
Cu cai yang

DUa c huOt

to
Khoai tay

Bap ngot
Bong c ai

,. qv
>"
;II
o 4,:s—

0 - 0
Ca rot

ii5
Rau

o ,*- o _C
C4 ,.• ,.7 _C '03 (
CC I— 2 0 Y I- H 0
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 79

2.4 THANH PHAN HOA HOC

Thanh phan h6a hoc n6i chung bao g6m tat ca cac hop chat hau co, vo
co cau tao nen moi to bAo rau trai. Trong plain nay, chi tap trung nhigu tai
thanh phan h6a hoc &la phan "An &foe &la rau trai. Can luu y vi rau trai la
sinh vat s6ng nen trong su6t qua trinh phat tridn, thu hdi, bao quan, cac
host dOng s6ng nhut quang hop, ho hip, cac qua trinh chuyen h6a se din ra
lam ham Wong cac chat h6a hoc thay d6i lien tut.
Thanh phan hoa hoc tao nen gia tri dinh &rang va cam quan caa rau
trai. Trong rau trai thAnh phan chi ygu g6m nuac, cac glucid nhu dugng, tinh
b6t, cac chat xo, cac hop chat chila nits, lipid, cac acid hil'u cci, mu6i khoang,
vitamin, chgt tham, chit mau va m6t s6 polyphenol... Thanh phan h6a hoc
cua rau Cu trai thay d6i nhigu play thuac vao nguan got, gi6ng loai, digu kign
gieo trung, chAm bon, d6 giA, thu hai, bao quan, van chuye7n, chg bign so b6...
chinh digu nay dd tao ra cac loai rau trai dac san cila titng yang. Tim higu vg
thanh phan hoa hoc va stf bign ddi ctia chung trong rau trai se giap cluing to
chon duoc phuong an bao quan va chg bien thich hop nhgt.

2.4.1 Ntioc - di) vit di) khil

Nu& chietm khodng hon 80% thAnh phan cua rau trai va ham 50%
thanh phan cua di va hat tuoi. Trong thanh phan eau tao caa tat ca rau xanh,
hAm lacing caa nude rat cao, trung binh khoang 70+80%. Dac biOt lA cac loai
rau thong thurdng nhu bi dao (95,5%), =Op (95,1%), ca chua (94%), ham Wong
nutc 16n hen 90%. Trong trai, hArn lacing nude c6 nhigu 6 cac loai trai thu)c
nh6m citrus nhu bttai, cam, chanh... có luting nutc khoang 90%, cac loai trai
nhu bet, mit, chu6i ham dm chi trong khoang 70+75%. Nhu cat' nu'oc hang
ngay cua m61 ngu6i IA rat 16n. Ngoai vigc nap nage vac) ca thd mot each trite
tigp tit cac ngu6n nude sach, rau trai cung IA mgt ngu6n cung cap nate kha tot.
Trong thttc vat n6i chung 80+90% ntfac t6n tai 8 dang nude tit do trong
dich bac), Wong nude con lai 6 dang nude lien ke't trong nguyen sinh chat,
gian bac, va mang to bail Nu6c tai do lA dung moi hoa tan cac chit nhu
dating, vitamin, chat mau, acid him cci. di mang td bAo, node a dang nu& lien
kgt v6i protopectin, cellulose, hemicellulose... Trong nguyen sinh chit, nude
can lien 1dt v6i cac pectin, glucid va protid tao thanh clang keo. Xet vg mat
h6a hoc nude vita là moi trikng hoa tan vita dung vai tro m6t chit h6a hoc,
tham gia cac phan ung t6ng hop hay duly phan cac chat trong qua trinh song
caa rau trai. Trong m6t loai rau trai, lacing nage phan b6 khong dgu, 6 vO va
hat thu6ng Wong nude it hart trong thit trai. Dicing nude trong rau trai thay
d6i rat nhigu phu thu6c vAo mgt s6 cac ygu to nhu gi6ng cay, d6 chin va kith
ca cua rau trai, da am va nhiOt d6 khi thu hoach va bao quan... Vi du, that:mg
rau trai tang chin, kith ca tang to thl hAm lacing am tang giam.
80 CH1VNG 2

Bang 2.12 Ham ltiong nUarc trong int s6 loai rau xanh
(Nguon: Vi*On dinh dttang VOt Nam)

Ham Wong nU6c Ham Wong nUoc

Rau xanh Rau xanh
(g/100gi rau xanh) (g1100gr rau xanh)
BI dao 95,5 Cai thia 93,2
MUdp 95,1 Rau mong toi 93,2
Ca chua 94,0 Ca phdo 92,5
Su su 94,0 BI ro 92,0
Cai xanh 93,8 Rau muting 92,0
Cai cUc 92,5 SO lo 90,9

Hinh 2.13 Ham lacing flack trung binh trong loci trcii cay

Trill Ham !Lion nubc (g/100g) Trill Ham ItiOng nutic (g/100g)
Tdo 83,9 Oi 86,1
Mc' 86,4 Mit 73,2
Bo 72,6 Kiwi 83,0
Chu6i 74,3 Cha la
Mam xoi 85,6 Chanh 89,0
Blueberry 84,6 Xoai 81,7
Dua cantaloup ' 89,8 Qu9t 86,3
Anh dao chua 86,1 Cam 86,8
Anh ciao ngpt 80,8 Du do 88,8
Bliai 90,9 Dao 87,7

Nho M9 81,3 Le 83,8

Nho chau Au 30,6 DCia 86,5
Dau 91,6 Man 85,2
Dua hau 91.5 Luu 81,0

Ham lacing nuac c6 trong rau trai anh haling nhieu tai cac tinh chit
&la rau trai ttiai cang nhti cong nghe va san phi'm rau trai ch6 Eden. Khi mai
thu hoach, rau trai c6 lacing mfac cao, rau trai ttiai inch, da tang mau sac ttiai
sang va hucing thin d4c thing. Nhang theo thitri gian bao quan, lurccng nude
giam din din de'n khoi Wang chung cua rau trait giam va gay ra cac bien d6i
cam quan nhtf giam cli),.gion, mau tra nen s'am hcm, da nhan nheo, miti vi
thay d6i.
Ham lacing nu'ac ty dc, trong rau trai anh hung rat lan to cac qua trInh
the bien rau trai. Loai rau trai nao tang nhieu nu'ac lien ket thi trong qua
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 81

trinh tach nu'ac (nhil say kho, ly tam tach miac, chigt...) se tang kh6 tach mite,
can c6 cac hien phdp ho tor. Vi du, khi say rau trai it pectin nhit nho, thorn
'dung "dm tit do nhieu, de clang ha do rim xu6ng 7+8%. Nhung ngu say chugi
nguyen trai, do ham luong pectin trong chugi kha cao, rat kh6 dat duoc dgn dO
am bao quan 12+13%; va khi dat dgn d6 am nay, chu6i nguyen trai se rat ding,
khong the an duoc. VI vay, that:mg mu6n say chu6i kho, can phai cat !slang lat
Tu'arig tit v6i qua trinh lanh long rau trai, de' dang bang Wong ntrac tit
do, nhiet d6 dang bang chi can —5°C, nhiing phai ha nhiet d6 xueing —50°C mai
c6 the clang bang hoAn toan nuac trong rau trai.
De xac dinh hAm luting nu'ac trong rau cu, ngttai ta c6 thd dung hai
phuong phap:
- Say dgn kh6i lacing khong d6i de xac dinh ham rim toan phan (147a,„ pa)
- Vat ep lay miac r6i do d6 kho cua nit& ep bang chigt quang kg dd suy
ra !!tong rulac tut do (Whido).
Phwing phap thd hai dirge sit dung ph6 bign trong tong nghiep dd xac
dinh nhanh hAm Wang dm tit do ding nhu' hAm lacing chat kho cila nguyen
lieu rau trai.
147 indn phdn = When ket Wty do

100% 10+20% 80+90%

Loai trir thanh phan nu& cua rau trai, tat ca cac thanh phan has hoc
con lai duoc goi IA chat kho (d6 kho). Can cur vAo tinh hoa tan cila cac chat
Mao nguti ta phan chiing ra thAnh hai nhom:
Chat kh6 hem tan: lA cac chat kilo tan duet trong nu cc, hoa tan trong
dich bAo. Cac chat kho hoa tan thing gap IA cac loai dating dan, dutng doi,
mot s6 dextrin mach rat ngan; ruou, cac chat mai, mot vai loai chat mail,
met s6 vitamin tan trong nu'ac, mot s6 enzym, met s6 mu& khoang va mot s6
acid hil'u
Ch.& kho khOng hba tan: IA cac chat kilo khong hoa tan duoc trong
nude. Cac chat kho nay lA thAnh phan cau tao nen mang to bAo hay narn rdi
rat trong nguyen sinh chat; cluing ming con IA cac ban mong lien kgt giita cac
V bao tao thanh lrxo. Thu6c nh6m nay ta c6 th6 ke dgn cellulose,
hemicellulose, protopectin, pectin, tinh bet, chat beo, mot s6 vitamin tan
trong clau nhu A, D, mot s6 chat khoang va mot s6 thanh phan hal co c6
chila nita...
Khi xac dinh hAm dm, (long thai ta ciing xac dinh &roc hAm Wong chat
kho trong rau trai. Phuong phap say dgn kh6i luong khoag d6i c6 the xac
dinh throe di) kho town phan con phuong phap do d6 kilo bang chigt quang kg
se cho bigt chat kilo hoa tan.
82 CHUONG 2

2.4.2 Glucid
Bang 2.14 Phan loci glucid va khci nang tieu hoer tai runt non
(Nils - Georg Asp — 1996)
Monomers Iola nang tieu hem
Monosaccharides
Glucose +
Fructose +1
Glactose +
Disachatides
Saccharose Glucose, fructose +2
2
Lactose Glucose, galactose +
Oligosaccharides
a-Galactoside Galactose —
Raffinose Glucose, fructose
Fructooligosacharides Fructose, glucose —
Maltooligosaccharides Glucose +
Polysaccharides
• Tinh bOt +
Amylose glucose (-)3
Amylopectin glucose
Tinh bOt bier. tinh glucose
• Polysaccharides khong phi tinh bOt
Cellulose Glucose
Hemicellulose Galactose
Pectins Glucose
ii-glucans Mannose
Gums Arabinose —
Chat nhay Xylose, rhamnose
Uronic acids
Fructans Fructose —
Phu gia thtjc phgrn rndi
Inulin Fructose —
Polydextrose Glucose —
PolyoIs Nhieu loci diking (+)
Alcohols (—)
Pyrodextrins Glucose —

+ Ruey non có khd ruing tieu hoa &tot

- Khong bi tieu hOcOezi 'icit non
I Giai hart trong mgt s6 truern.g hop khong tieu how &lac
2
MOt so, ngueli khong tieu hocz claw hay kern neu thieu enzym
3 A1Of so loci atilt bOt bie'n tinh khong tieu ht5a dirge
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 83

Thanh phgn chidm khol lutng 1Crn thd hai trong rau trai, khodng tit
2+40% khOl luting, IA glucid. Thy thuec loai rau trdi khdc nhau se Chita cac
loai glucid khdc nhau. Ham luting glucid thgp nhgt trong bau bi, data chuOt,
va cao nhgt trong cac loci rau cu c6 Chita tinh belt nhu khoai, dgu... Glucid
gop phgn chinh tao nen hinh clang, vi ngot va gia tri dinh during cita rau
trai. Cac glucid chit ydu trong rau trai bao gom cac clang dutng don gidn va
cac clan xugt cua du tng c6 thd hba tan trong nude, cac dang polysacchride
nhd tinh 134, cellulose, pectin, pentosan...
Xet ve mat dinh dating, cac glucid trong rau trai not Chung g6m mOt
phan nho cac dang dtiOng don.gidn va chidm phan lOn là cac chgt xo. Cdc
dutng dun gidn de Uhl h6a nen co thd hgp thu nhanh, triet dd. Cdc chgt xo
co the khong hgp thu dive nhung gOp phan quan trong trong tieu h6a, gitlp
tang cutng nhu Ong runt va han chd cac benh ve clutng tieu h6a nhu ung
thu trdc trong, tri... Ngoai ra, cac glucid tham gia trong viec tao nen cac hop
chgt glycoside dong vai trO rat quan trong trong phOng va Chita benh.

1- Daing thin gidn vet cac dein xual daing

Bang 2.15 MOt so locti clueing don gidn c6 nhie'u trong rau trai

Da tan trong
N gu'ang ,
Da khiquyen
Loal during Cong thtic cgu too
ngot
nhgn
bao him hcii
cim
n u'ac

6CH,OH H
5 CH,OH
0 HO 0
Fi...\
i . 70% 0,55% 15%
a-D-glucose HO.
HO °H OH H
32 H OH
OH OH

H
CH,OH
HOCH, O OH HO 0
0-D-Fructose HO H iI...\ 180% 0,25% 30%
HO OH
CH,OH H OH
OH H

CH,OH
CH,OH
0 O '
Saccharose OH I
A OH 100% 0,38% 13%
HO 0 CH2OH
OH OH

Trong rau trai, cac dang during dun gian hoa tan chit ydu trong kitting
bao. Ham lung cac loai dutng nay se tao ra vi ngot cho rau trai. Ba loai
84 CHLIONG 2

duting c6 nhieu trong rau trai la glucose, fructose WI dating saccharose. DO

ngot va dO tan cila dating nguyen chA duvc trinh bay trong bang 2.15.
Ngoai ba loai del ng chinh teen, trong rau trai con c6 thd c6 them clic
loai clueing khac nha maltose, galactose, ribose, ramnose, arabinose...

Bang 2.16 Ham Izigng &tang có trong mOt s6 lad trcii thong dung
Cdc 1001
Nguyen lieu Wong tang Glucose Fructose Saccharose Maltose
Cliking khdc
Anh dao chug [8,1] 4,3 . 3,3 0,5 0,0 -
Anh ciao ngot [14,6] 8,1 6,2 0,2 0,1 -
BO [0,9] 0,5 0,2 0,1 0,0 0,1
Buoi 6,2 1,3 1,2 3,4 - -
Cam 8,9 2,2 2,5 4,2 0,3 -
Chanh 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,0 0,0 -
Cha la 32,0 23,7 8,2
Chu6i 15,6 4,2 2,7 6,5 0,0 0,1
Dau [5,7] 2,2 2,5 1,0 0,1 -
Dtia hau 9,0 1,6 3,3 3,6 0,5 0,0
Dua 11,9 2,9 2,1 3,1 0,0 -
Dao [8,7] 1,1 1,3 5,6 0,7 -
Du dU [5,9] 1,4 2,7 1,8 0,0 '

Kiwi [10,5] 5,0 4,4 1,1 - -

Le [10,5] 1,9 6,4 1,8 0,4 '

Lt,tu 8,9 5,0 4,7 0,4 0,0 -

Mam x6i 7,9 3,1 4,1 0,4 0,5 • -
Man [7,5] 2,7 1,8 3,0 0,0 *

MO 9,3 1,6 0,7 5,2 1,0 -

Mit 18,4 1,4 1,4 5,4 - -

Nho M9 [16,4] 6,6 6,9 1,4 1,5 '
Nho chau Au [18,1] 6,5 7,6 0,4 3,1 0,1

Nho kho [65,0] 31,2 33,8 0,0 - -

oi 6,0 1,2 1,9 1,0 ' -
Qu9t [8,5] 1,2 1,1 6,2 - -
Tao [13,3] 2,3 7,6 3,3 0,1 -
Xoai 14,8 0,7 2,9 9,9 0,0

Vi du: Maltose96"mOt it trong nho, chu6i va 6i; mannitol trong cac ca

hi? cai (Brassicaceae) va ho bau bi (Cucurbitaceae); raffinose, stachyose v
verbascose trong cac cay ho dau (Fabaceae); 1F-13- va 6°-(3-fructosylsaccharos
trong cac cay ho toi (Allium) nhut hanh, toi tay. Bang 2.16 cho tidy hal
lacing diking c6 trong inOt s6 loai trai thong dung.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA'U TAO, TINH CHAT 85

Bang 2.17 Ham litcmg mOt s6 loai &tang don gicin trong cac loai rau cua
Trung Qu6c. (Nguem Kaushalya Gupta - 1989)
Ham lu'Ong g/100g phan an clu'qc
Rau a Ham irn, Fructose trung binh Glucose trung binh Saccharose trung
% khong bign CA kheng bign d6i binh khong bieen dcii
Ca chua 94,2 1,25 1,00 0,02
0,75 + 1,87 0,53 + 1,66 0,00 + 0,17
Ca rat 89,6 1,36 1,41 2,56
0,69 + 2,22 0,71 + 2,27 1,32 + 4,53
CO hanh 87,6 0,76 1,08 1,48
0,19 + 1,80 0,41 + 1,75 0,74 + 2,31
Rau diep 96,4 0,48 0,40 0,10
0,10 + 1,13 0,06 + 1,26 0,02 + 0,79
Cal thao 94,5 0,50 0,64 0,04
0,35 + 0,66 0,41 + 0,79 0,02 + 0,06
Bap cai 90,6 1,75 1,92 0,46
1,47 + 2,23 1,62 + 2,54 0,21 + 1,20
Bong cal 92,4 0,74 0,70 0,28 _
0,49 + 1,09 0,41 + 1,01 0,07 + 0,94

Bang 2.18 Ham him diterng thayd6i cit'a mot s6 loai rau trong ba meta
khcic nhau ctict nam 1988. (Ngu6n Haila - 1992)
Ca chua
Nang do g/100g (khoi Itiong kid)
Xuan (n = 4) He (n = 7) Thu (n = 5)
Fructose 1,00 1,26 1,12
Glucose 0,75 1,07 0,87
Saccharose 0,00 0,04 0,02
Cai thho
Nang do g/100g (kh6i Iticing tuoi)
Xuan (n = 4) He (n = 6) Thu (n = 5)
Fructose 0,42 0,48 0,60
Glucose 0,51 0,64 074
Saccharose 0,41 ' 0,03 0,05
CO hhnh tAy
N6ng do g/100g (kh6i lacing tUcli)
Xuan (n = 5) He (n = 4) Thu (n = 6)
Fructose 1,23 0,37 0,64
Glucose 1,54 0,94 0,78
Saccharose 1,55 1,16 1,62 _I
86 CH1fUNG 2

Gioia cac loai rau trai khdc nhau, ham Wang cac chdt dating thay d6i
rat nhieu, nhang ngay trong ding mot loai rau trai, thy theo d6 chin, gi6ng
loai ham lacing cac chat dating ding thay d6i trong m6t khoing rat rOng.
Thuting trong maa kho trai c6 vi ngot hcin trong mua mita do ham Kiang
dating cao han va ham lacing acid thdp han.
Ngoai cac dating dan giin, rau trai con chtIa cac dan xugt cud dating c6
kh6i lacing phan tit nh6 va tan loot trong nu'ac. Cac clan xugt cua dating
trong trai c6 the 1(6 den D-sorbitol trong m6t s6 trai ho hoa h6ng (Rosaceae),
vi du trong 100m/ nu& tao ep chtla khoing 300÷800mg D-sorbitol. Trong
100m/ nit& cam ep c6 130+170mg Meso-inositol.
Vi da s6 dating thin gian va cac dan xugt hoa tan tot trong dich bao
nen trong nuac ep trai cay thong t6n tai of i mOt lacing khd cao. Bing 2.19
cho thgy ham lacing dating c6 trong 100m/ miac trai ep cua m6t s6 loai trai.

Bang 2.19 Ham Ittowg &tong trong 100m1 midc trdi cay ep
Ham lu'cing dutmg (g/100mintAc trai ep)
Loal UM cay
Glucose Fructose Saccharose Sorbitol

Anh ciao 7,50 t 0,81 6,83 ± 0,74 0,08 t 0,02 2,95 t 0,33

Dau 1,80 t 0,16 2,18 t 0,19 0,17 t 0,06 < 0,05

Dao 0,67 t 0,06 0,49 t 0,01 5,68 ± 0,52 0,09 t 0,02

Kiwi 6,94 t 2,85 8,24 t 3,43 1,81 t 0,72 < 0,05

Ld 1,68 ± 0,36 8,12 t 1,56 0,55 t 0,12 4,08 t 0,79

Man 4,28 ± 1,18 4,86 ± 1,30 0,51 ± 0,36 6,29 t 1,97

Nho 9,59 t 1,03 10,53 t 1,04 0,29 t 0,08 < 0,05

QuYt 0,85 t 0,04 0,59 t 0,02 8,38 t 0,73 0,27 ± 0,04

Tao 2,14 t 0,43 5,31 t 0,94 0,82 t 0,13 0,2 ± 0,04

TS/ le gifia cac loai dating nay se tao nen cac vi ngot thanh ddm khdc
nhau giita cac loai trai. Tuy nhien, can km Sr la vi ngot cua rau trai khong chi
phu thu6c vao n6ng d6 dating ma la ski ph6i hap hal hod giita cac loai (luting,
acid, pectin, tannin va mat s6 hap chgt tao vi khdc.
Trong qua trinh bao quan va chg bign, cac dating dan gian ea thg tham
gia phan tang Maillard tao nen mau sam va miii cho rau trai.
Dating clan gian ,d8 tan trong mfac nen trong qud trinh chg bign, neu
rim vai Wang nude qua. nhie'u hay thai gian qua ldu c6 the anh hating d6n vi
cila sin phdm. Mdt khdc, cac chdt dating dan gian lai là dang ca chgt chc
nhi6u loai vi sinh vat, chinh vi ly do da, khi rau trai bi ddp, cac chgt dating
tiet ra tao m6i truting tot cho vi sinh vat phdt
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 87

2- Tinh 1)0
Tinh bOt IA h6n hop hai polysaccharide lA amylose vA amylopectin.
Amylose do cac &tang a-D—glucose lien ke't vdi nhau tai vi tri a-1,4.
Amylose ca clang mach thang. Cac nhom glucose trong amylose ci.ing ca
khoang 0,1% lien ke't tai vi tri a-1,6 tao nen mach nhanh. Tuy nhien s6
hang phan nhanh va chi6u dai mot nhanh rat it so vdi mach nhanh cua
amylopectin.

0H OH OH

Hinh 2.48 Hinh cdu true ctia mach amylose

Thing cac amylose khOng du6i thing ma a ding xoAn 6c. Tren yang
xodn, cac nhom hydroxyl huang ra ben ngoAi cua vong xoan, ben trong IA cac
nhom C—H. Nha cau trim nay ma tinh bOt ca kha nang hit am va tao phdc yeti
cac chdt Ichdc nhu vai iode, acid boo... Kh6i lu'ong phan tur cua amylose thay
d6i rat lan phy thuOc vao dO chin, vao giong, loAi va cac phdn khdc nhau cCia
thkic vat (la, r6, hat hay

CI% 0/y

Oy
11400/7
06406
Lien kgt a(1,6) glucoside
(diem gnarl nhanh)
0/y
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH

HO OH
OH 1 OH OH OH OH OH OH
Lien kgt a(1,4) glucoside

Hinh 2.49 Cdu frac clia amylopectine

Amylopectin: giong nhtt amylose, amylopectin ding là polymer ctia

du'ang a-D—glucose tai cac vi tri a-1,4 \TA khodng 4+5% IA lien kel tai vi tri -
a-1,6, vA m6i nhanh ca dQ dai. khoang 20+25 g6c glucose. Phan tit lacing dm
amylopectin rat 16n, vao khoang 107+108dvc vA cling thay d6i thy theo gi6ng
loAi thy'c vat.
88 CHLICNG 2

Trong to bast) thkic vet, tinh bet dticic hinh thanh tai cdc amyloplast
(bet lap) trong nguyen sinh chAt. Ham lacing tinh bet trong rau trai thay
d6i rat lain thy thuec gi6ng cay va dO chin ctia trai. Vai tro &la tinh bet
trong rau trai IA ch1t till can cho sti phat trien cua cay con sau nay,
chinh vi vAy tinh bet chda nhigu trong hat va cac phgn chuyen dot trig cua
cay nhti cu. HAm lu'crng bet chda nhigu trong cdc loai hat lacing thut nhti
gao, nge, Ma mi, trong met 86 loai cu nhti cu khoai mi, khoai lang, khoai
tay... hay trong chic loai trai con xanh nhu' chat xanh.

Bang 2.20 Ham /acing tinh bOt chda trong nit s6 trai cay
clic, ming Don Nam A
(Ngu6n JOHN K CANDLISH - 1987)

Trail calf Ham Tinh bOt Toll cay Ham dm Tinh OA

dm

H6ng xiern 75 ± 1 0,99 ± 0,9 Man (rot) 94 ± 0,5 0,080 ± 0,01

Dita 87 ± 0,6 0,37 ± 0,08 Nhan 82 ± 0,6 0,11 ± 0,07

Mang cdu xiern 86 ± 9 0,40 ± 0,4 Mang cut 81 ± 0,8 0,26 ± 0,07

Mit Vai 85 ± 1 0,18 ± 0,1

Gi6ng Chempedak 71 ± 8 0,99 ± 0,2 Xoai

Gi6ng Nangka 81 ± 3 0,42 ± 0,4 Gi6ng Filipino 83 ± 2 0,23 ± 0,08

Khg 91 ± 2 0,16 ± 0,1 Muom •79 ± 2 0,23 ± 0,07

Du a 88 ± 1 0,62 ± 0,7 Chu6i

DWI hgu 93 ± 0,8 0,077 ± 0,02 Ging Pisang tali 72 ± 1 2,4 ± 1

Bah 92 ± 5 0,080 ± 0,07 Gi6ng Pisang rajah 64 ± 3 7,5 ± 3

Cam Thai Lan Gi6ng Pisang mas 72 ± 2 1,2 ± 0,8

V6 day . 89 ± 1 0,16 ± 0,05 Chom chum 81 ± 2 0,12 ± 0,03

V6 mong 90 ± 1 0,13 ± 0,01 6i 86'± 5 0,55 ± 0,2

Sdu riOng 67 ±-'8 5,2 ± 5 Le 90 ± 0,5 0,27 ± 0,3

NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT 89

Bang 2.21 Ham piling tinh bOt chila trong mot s6 locci rau ctia Mexico
(Ngu6n Scinchez-Castillo - 2000)

Tinh bOt Dugong tang

Cac loai rau 1 3,3 ± 5,7 0,8 ± 0,5

co 2 17,5 ± 7,8 1,5 ± 1,6

Dau 2,1 ± 3,1- 2,0 10,1

Ot 4 0,6 ± 0,7 1,6 ± 0,4

Than hash 5 Vet 8,5 ± 3,1 r

BAu bt 6 0,2 2,2

Re ci, 7 VAt 4,3

Cal bAp Vet 1,9 ± 1,1

Rau an la 9 Kh6ng nhan ra 0,6

Cab loai khac 10 Khong nhan ra 1,5 ± 1,2

Than thao 11 VAt • 1,3 ± 1,7

Vit < 0,05%

1 Bdp non

2 Khoai tdy, khoai Zang, khoai mi

3 Dlu Ha Lan

4 dt chuong yang, cld, xanh...

5 Hanh toy, tai tay

6 Su su, bi xanh

7 Ca rot, cu caw

8 B6ng cdi, bong Broccolli

9 Rau di‘p, cdn tdy, cdi thia

10 Ca chua xanh, ca chua chtn, dita leo, cdi xoong

11
Bang cdc trong, ng6, rau muting, bac ha, mai toy

Trong cling mOt loaf trai city, ham Wang tinh bOt ming thay d61 thy
theo gi6ng. Vi du, cac nghien cilu dm David G. Stevenson (2006) dgi vdi 6
gi6ng tao dttac tieu thu nhieu et My cho thgy gi6ng Granny Smith co ham
luvng tinh b6t cao han se thich hap cho cac san phdm ngu nha mitt tao;
trong khi do gi6ng tao Royal Gala c6 ham hicmg tinh bOt thgp han va thich
hap cho An tic:6 (bang 2.22).
90 CHUONG 2

Bang 2.22 Kh6i lucmg trung binh, ham luting wide vet tinh btit
efia 6 giong tao tieu thu nhiht tai My
(Ngutin David G. Stevenson - 2006)

Kh6i lacing trung binh Ham lu'Ong Woo Ham lacing tinh b6t
Gi6ng tao
(g/trai)a (%) (% chgt kh6)b

Gala 103 89,4 45,8ab

Golden Delicious 100 90,4 47,5ab

Granny Smith 114 88,3 53,2a

Jerseymac 159 89,9 44,3ab

Jonagold 123 88,5 51,0ab

Royal Gala 109 88,9 44,0b

a trung binh clia 60 trcii (lay mils 3 ldn, moi ldn 20 trai)
Khoi Iticmg
b Ham luong tinh bOt claw phdn tich hai ldn cho m.8i dqt thi nghi-em

Cgu tao cua tinh bat trong rau trai cO clang hat. Hinh clang va kith
thuac hat tinh 136t thay d6i rat nhigu thy thuiic vac) gi6ng va d6 chin dm trai.
Kich tit& hat tinh bit anh Ilitang tai tinh chgt cd 1Y cila tali. Hat tinh bit
cang 1an thi thit trai cang boy, x6p. Kh6i lacing rieng tinh b6t bang 1,5+1,6,
do do khi nghiAn vai ntfac, tinh bit se lAng xu6ng.

Hinh 2.50 Cd'u true hat tinh bOt caa tao

(Ngudn David G. Stevenson - 2006)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAO TAO, TINH CHAT 91

Hinh 2.51 Cdu tao hat tinh bOt czla chu6i

a) Chu6i Valery xanh; b) Chu6i chin
(Kayisu et al., 1981)

30 120

pmol/h.g (kh6i!Ong trap

;b.
' 20 80
.c)
C

10 40

A - Chu6i chin. Trai dUQc (*a bang dung dich HCI 1%

va bao quan trong phong CA 18°C
• Tinh bOt: • Saccharose dtroc sinh tang hop; • Saccharose

B - Cac thanh phan saccharide cua ding mOt m&u dui&

• Tinh bOt; • Saccharose, glucose; • Fructose; • CO2

Hinh 2.52 DO thi bieu din bie'n doi cda ccic thanh phdn glucid
tren trdi chit& sau thu hoach. (Ngu6n Kayisu - 1981)
92 CHUONG 2

Ngoai trit mOt s6 loai Cu, thutng trong cdc loai rau trai, tinh bOt chi
chigm tY'r 10 nhe. Trong qua trinh trdi 16n tren cay, ham lutqng tinh bOt tich
to se tang dgn dgn cue dai, sau d6 se giam dgri theo qud trinh chin. Trdi khi
xanh tinh bOt nhieu (chu6i xanh 20+30%, tao xanh 2+3%), khi chin lacing
tinh bOt giam xu6ng ( 2%) do tinh 1)4 chuygn h6a thanh dutng. Do d6, thy
muc dich ding ngh0 ma lcia chon nguyen lieu thich hop. Vi du, d6i v6i chu6i
de san xugt bdnh chu6i hay keo chu6i thi nen chon chu6i chin c6 d() ngot cao.
Ngtiqc lai, ngu san xugt bOt chu6i thi phai chon chu6i Yang de c6 lacing tinh
bit la nhigu nhgt.
S6 lieu thu doge IA gid tri trung binh cua hai mau lAp lai, cdc mau nay
lgy tit plign gifia cua nam trdi khdc nhau

Bcing 2.23 Ham lityng tinh bit vd tY' 10 gii?a amylose va amylopectine
trong hai gidng ca chua Fireball va Moscow
(Nguon Ming - Ho yo - 1967)

Gi6ng Ch Fireball Ging Ca V. R. Moscow

Glai Tinh bcjt Amylose Ti s6 Glai Tinh bOt Amylose 11 s6

down (mg/100g (mg/100g amyiopectin/ dcgin (mg/100g (mg/100g amylopectin/
chin ca chua ca chua amylose chin ca chua ca chua amylose
WOO WO WOO ttIcfi)

1 480 126 2,81 1 464 140 2,31

2 652 200 2,26 2 700 204 2,43

3 1110 428 1,59 3 600 226 1,65

4 1220 490 1,49 4 400 140 1,86

5 610 244 1,50 5 130 20 5,50

6 140 18 6,78 6 96 6 15,00

7 136 12 10,33 7 74 4 17,50

8. 180 14 11,86 8 68 2 33,00

9 70 2 34,00 9 74 4 17,50

Thu'6ng trong trdi cay, ts? 10 amylose tren amylopectine 16n hart 1. Ty
10 nay tang cao trai tang gi6n, ngttqc lai trdi se deo. Ty 10 nay dAc bit ant)
hu'ang dgn chgt lacing cua rau tr.& say kho. Khi tST 10 amylose tren
amylopectine lan hqn,.1",.rau trdi say de kho va san phgm gion, ngutc lai khi
tS, 10 nay nhe hum 1 thi say Mu kilo va san phdm deo, vi du nhu xoai, chu&
chin... Ty le nay cling thay d'61 theo qua trInh chin cila rau trdi. Vi du d6i v6:
ca chua, ty 10 nay giam theo qud trinh chin caa ca.
NGUYEN LIN RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, TI-NH CHAT 93

3- Crie chat xd
Cdc chgt xcf trong rau trai IA cac loai polymer khdc ngoai tinh b6t
nha cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin... va lignin. He fiat' h6a nguti khOng c6
cac he enzym phan giai &roc cac chat xd nay. M6t phAn chit xa se &roc cac
vi sinh vat song trong rut giA &la ngRii len men, phan con lai se theo
phan thodt ra ngoai. Do do, theo quan niem dinh dutng cu thi chat xci
kh6ng c6 gid tri ve mat dinh dung. Tuy nhien, chit xo lai c6 duoc nhitng
gid tri khdc 6-mg khong kern phdn quan trong d6i vdi sac khoe cua ngudi
va. IA mot phdn khong the thie'u trong beta an. Chit xo lam cho thyrc phdm
tilts:mg nd ion hcsn tao cam gift no va thodi mai mac du an it "chit dinh
dung". Xd lam cham viec fiat' hda cac beta an do d6 nguOi to cam thay lau
doi han. NgoAi ra chat xd con lAm cham viec hip thu cac chit dinh &tang
vao mau, giam tdc d6ng xgu do ntIng d6 chit dinh &tang cao d6t bign ngay
sau baa an. Cdc chit xo gidp lAm tang nhu d6ng ru6t, lAm phan mem va
tang th6 tich gitip phan diroc tong ra de han, nhanh chong hon. Do d6, an
du hiong chit xd se phong ngita ditdc cac benh ve cludng tieu hda nha tao
b6n, viem runt thita, ung thu runt ket, dai du?ing, sail than, tri, beo phi, va
cac benh v6 he tuan hoAn nhu' gian tinh mach, thieu mau tim cyc b0, huyet
kh6i trong tinh mach... Chat xo con giiip hip thy cac chgt d6o, clac biet là
kiln loai Ong tich to trong t6 bac) va tong ra ngoai. Ngoai ra, chgt xo con
c6 tac d6ng tot len he cholesterol trong
Ham lacing cac chit xo trong mot s6 loai trai vimg Dong Nam A &roc
trinh bAy trong bang (2.24).
Trong rau xanh cac loai, ham lacing cellulose thuOng chiem tit 0,2+2,8%
thy theo tang gi6ng. Rau den (1,1%), rau ng6t (2,5%), rau mong toi (2,5%),
rau ninit (1,9%), rau xA lach (0,5%)... là nhiing loai rau an là thuting gap
trong cac baa an hang ngAy cua nglitti Vi't Nam co ham lurcrng chgt xcr trung
binh. HAm lacing chat xo, nhgt là cellulose thutng cao o m6t s6 cac loai
mang: mang nira (3,9%), mang tay (2,3%), mang tre (4,1%), mang vdu
(4,5%)... CUng vdi cac loai trai (thutng 0,5+2,7% IA cellulose), rau xanh là
ngu6n cung cap chit xo cci ban cho con nguOi trong cac baa an hang ngay,
dac biet c6 Sr nghia cho nhang benh nhan bi boo phi.
 94

DLISH - 1987)
(g1100g phcin an ditcc)

Cac polysaccharide kh6ng

Q
E
lZ
C
..o

4,03
.0
Loai trai

S
1 Cellulose Lignin T6ng long xo
thu6c nhcim ce llulose

I (2) (3)

...-..
4.....4
(5)

..--

-
C7)

+I
0)
0)
Hong x iem

+1
CO
CO

6
N

6
N
+1

I,
2,9 ± 0,6 4,5 ± 0,7

N-
co

c0
Dfia

6
0,37 ± 0,08 0,95 ± 0,1 0,54 ± 0,07 0,20 ± 0,02 1,7
CV

41
v

I
Mang c6u x iern 86 ± 9
+I

0,40 ± 0,4 0,56 ± 0,4

Mit

,--
OD

r-.
+I
0,99 ± 0,2
ID

Gi6ng Chempedak 3,0 ± 0,6 1,8 ± 0,5 0,62 ± 0,4

xi

00
CO
+I
0,42 ± 0,4
CC)
c.i

G i6ng Nangka 1,6 ± 0. 1 0,84 ± 0,1 0,34 ± 0, 1

Y
.c
.4(1)
O
U)
10

+I
+I
a)

9 1± 2
0
0
..-
0)

0,16 ± 0, 1

6
6

0,24 ± 0,3

CO
-1-1
(.0

co
o
N
+1
Du du 1,6 ± 0,2

6
0,81 ± 0, 1
in

-1
(-4

0,077 ± 0,04
CO
+I

0)

Chia hau
0

93 ± 0,8 0,077 ± 0,02 0,26 ± 0,07

6
0

0,037 ± 0,02 0,4

J

03
140

;-6
(3)
co

+I
CO

0
N.

o
6'0

N
0

+1
N.
-4-1

6
6
0,63 ± 0,5 0, 18 ± 0, 1
6
6'

CO

as
C)

E
-4-1
T-

0
1-..

0,16 ± 0,05 2,0 ± 0,4 0,54 ± 0,06

(--4

0, 15 ± 0, 1

CT
+I
0
,—
rs.-

0,13 ± 0,01 1,3 ± 0,2 0,35 ± 0,05 0,027 ± 0,01

to
CO

+I
+I

N
N
+I

0
.1-_

Sau r ieng 67 ± 8
6-

Lri
in
a)

C\I
N
+1

6
6

4,4
 f••••

tr)
......

1-
q

..-...
-.....
r•-••

N
co
O

CO
0,41 ± 0,07

N.
O

co
0,52 ± 0,01 j

O
+1

0
+1
6

6
94 ± 0,5

6
Man (roi)
0,013 ± 0,02

N.
a
in

N.
+1
0,28 ± 0,01

6
6
Nhan 82 ± 0,6 0,11± 0,07
0,37 ± 0,2

CO

CO
0,31 ± 0,03

+t
0,26 ± 0,07 0,76 ± 0,05

6
Mang cyt

o
(o
+-
.-
0

+I
0,66 ± 0,08

CO
6

+I
to
0,18 ± 0, 1 0,82 ± 0,04

Xoai
.
CV

4:1
..--
0

co
+I
6 0,36 ± 0,3

CO
-I-I
6

(f)
1,2 ± 0,04

N
Giong Filipino 0,23 ± 0,08
CO

CV

co
r,-
0

+I
0-

07
0,28 ± 0,3

CD
+I
N
0,97 ± 0,3

N
Mu m 0,23 ± 0,07

Chu6i
.:1
(0

cN
2,6 ± 0,8

m-

CV
0,37 ± 0,06

I
'-

N.
+I
+1
Giong Pisang tali 1,6 ± 0,2
CO
:t-

co
2,0 ± 0,8

CO
+I
0,41 ± 0,02

CD
41'
In

+I
Gi6ng Pisang raja h 1,8 ± 0,4

co
2,0 ± 1

CV
c\i
0,36 ± 0,01

N.
+I
1,2 ± 0, 1

N
+1
6
Gi6ng Pisang mas
0,27 ± 0,05

co

N-
o
0,36 ± 0,02

+I
O

N
+1
0,84 ± 0,01

"
6
Ch6m chom
T
vr-
CI

+I

cv
1,2 ± 0,4

Li"

1.0
to

CO I CO
CO
6

+I
+1
2,5 ± 0,3

6
6
0,46 ± 0, 1 0,23 ± 0,1

((I)
0,85 ± 0,1

...1
90 ± 0,5 0,27 ± 0,3 L
95
96 CHUUNG 2

a- Cellulose: co ding that cau tao là polymer mach thang ctia dating D-
glucose lien kat vai nhau bang lien kat 0-1,4 nen con dale goi là 13-glucan.
Day la m6t polymer tao nen tit 5000+ 10.000 phan tit glucose thy theo
giang va b6 phan cua cay. Cac soi cellulose lien kat ngang vai nhau bang
rat nhiau cau n6i hydro tao thanh cac b6 soi c6 4)20nm ban rat kho thily
phan. Trong vo trai va vo m6t s6 loai hat, cac b6 soi cellulose con lien kat
vai cac chat nhu hemicellulose, pectin, lignin hay cutin tao thanh m6 v6 c6
cau true ran chat va it thoat midc de bao va cho trai va hat.
Cellulose IA thanh phan chinh cUa vach to bac) thuc vat. HAm luting
cellulose trong cac loai rau An la chiam khoang 0,2+2,8%; trong trai cay 16
0,5+2,7%.

CH2OH OH CH2OH
0— etc

OH H H
H OH CH2OH = H OH

CH2OH OH CH2OH
H H 0— etc

Hinh 2.53 Cciu tnic eau cellulose

b- Hemicellulose: la. polysaccharide di the do cac duttng pentose va hexos

kat hop tao thAnh. Hemicellulose khong tan trong nu c, tan trong dung dic
kiam. Phan tit hemicellulose co kh6i luong phan tit nho lion cellulose. Mac
phan tit hemicellulose &roc kat ho bai khcOng 150 g6c dating.
Cac loai dating tham gia tao mach hemicellulose gam glucose va c`
&tang khac nhu' galatose, mannose, xylose, va arabinose. Hai dang &tang ch
ygu tao nen hemicellulose là xylose hay arabinose nen hemicellulose con duct
biat cluai ten goi IA pentosan, xyloglucan hay arabinoglucan. Cac dang chin
cUa hemicellulose hay gap là xylan, glucuronoxylan, arabinoxyla:
glucomannan va xyloglucan. Trong thuc vat hat kin, hemicellulose chinh
xylan - la polymer cua 13(1-4)D-xylopyranose. Hemicellulose co cau tao ma(
nhanh, vi du arabirtoxylan co nhanh tai vi tri C2 va C3 bang lien k
a-L-arabinofuranose trong phan tit co chi la rat nhiau nham hao nydrc nen
aid but nuac, trurcrng na tao dang gel.
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 97
OH OH

HO .-- a D galactopyranosyl
OH
OH 0 OH
OH HO OH H
"- H-0
0 v. mk , Oa . • •Volk ---- H-0
, Oil/ • p VOA.
HO H-0
HO OH HO OH
OH —A0

Hinh 2.54 Cciu trac ctia hemicellulose

Cac loci hemicellulose c6 tinh chat khdc nhau 'thong chi do ducic tao
thAnh tit cac loai monomer kliac nhau ma con do cgu tao mach nhanh. S6
long nhanh va s6 monomer tren nhanh IA met trong cac ygu to anh twang
dgn kha nang but nu& caa hemicellulose. Cdc loai dotting xylose, mannose,
va galactose thuting nam trong mach chinh &la hemicellulose con cac loai
du'Ong nhu arabinose, glucuronic acid, va galactose thutng nam a mach
nhanh. Cdc loai dutng a mach nhanh se anh hu'ang tai tinh chat caa
hemicellulose. Vi du, ngu mach nhanh chda nhidu acid thi hemicellulose c6
thd tan du'qc met phgn trong nuctc. Cdc hemicellulose chda nhidu duerng
hexose va uronic acid se de bi tac deng bai enzym cua vi khudn horn cac loai
dating khdc.
Cung nhu cellulose, hemicellulose tap trung cha ygu ct vach to bAo thuc
vet. Hemicellulose g6p phan tao cau frac cua vach t6 bAo. Ciing vai pectin,
hemicellulose con gilt nhiem vu lAm chat kgt dinh cac to bac). Hemicellulose
chda nhidu trong vo hat, be ngO, ram, cam, trau...
c- Lignin: thuec nham chat xa nhung khong phai là carbonhydrate. Linign
là polymer theo khong gian ba chidu caa monomer- là cac phenol. Cac phenol
chinh eau tao nen lignin IA phenylpropane, trans-coniferyl, trans-sinapyl,
and trans-p-coumaryl.
Lignin là met chat vo dinh hinh va ding c6 tac dung kgt dinh cac t6 bAo
lai vai nhau. Lignin lien kgt vai cac polysaccharide 'thong phai IA cellulose
khac trong vach to bAo thkrc vat tao nen de ran chic cho t.6 ban. Lignin khong
tan trong nuac va IA met chat ky, nu'ac nen ding khong tao lien kgt hay hap
phu milk. He tieu h6a cua ngutri 'thong tieu hoa dacic lignin. Kha nang len men
lignin bai cac vi khugn doting rut ding rat kern. Lignin chda nhidu trong met
so loai re cu nhu ca rot, trong lila mi va trong cac loai trdi c6 hat an chfqc nhu
dau My.
Lignin là met hap chat kho bi phan hay. Tuy lignin thuting di kern yeti
cellulose nhung khong phai loai vi sinh vat nao co he enzym cellulase ding
c6 he enzym ligninase. Cac gigng vi sinh vat c6 thd tieu thy (lucre lignin khi
tong hap du'qc hai nh6m enzym là lignin peroxidase va manganese
98 CH(JONG 2

peroxidase. Tuy nhien, cdc vi sinh vat ding chi phan hay lignin khi khong
can mot ngu6n dinh duthig nao hgt. Chinh vi vay, trong thien nhien, lignin
bi phan hay 1-St cham.

OH OH
CH3O CH3O

CH=CH—CH2OH CH=CH—CH2OH CH=CH—CH2OH

p-coumaryl alcohol Coniferyl alcohol Sinapyl alcohol
OH
a) CH=CH—CH2OH
H2COOH

CH — CH — CH2 HC
0/ I o
I
‘CH2— CH —CH HC —0

b) OH

Hinh 2.55 Cdu trzic czia lignin

a) Mach chfnh caa lignin phenyl-propane
b) Ba clang phenyl-propane chfnh va ba clang lien kgt tao mach chfnh ctia lignin
1- Ong va mach nhanh; 2- Ong voi yang; 3- mach nhanh vol mach nhanh.
Ca mach lignin la lien ket theo khong gian ba chieu caa hang ngan g6c
phenyl-propane. (Ngu6n: Deacon - 1997)

d- Pectin: lA polysaccharide c6 nhieu a trdi, cu hoac than cay, tap trung

cha yiu a thAnh to bac) thkic vat. Pectin can t6n tai trong bac gian bao
tdc dung nhi.t IA xi luting Win cat t‘ bac, thtfc vat 14i vcti nhau. Pectin la mat
nh6m cdc polymer mach thang caa acid polygalacturonic (acid pectic) va cdc
ester methyl dm chting bang lien ke't a-D-1,4 glucoside. Mitt vbr, pectin la
polysaccharide di the g6m acid pectic va clan xudt methyl dm acid pectic
(a-D-1,4-polygalacturonic acid). Mdc d6 ester h6a se anh twang rat nhieu
tai chic tinh chat ctia pectin. De danh gid mite d6 ester h6a, to sit
dung chi s6 DE (Degree of Esterification).
Data vim chi s6 OE c6 the phtm loci pectin thtuah:
- HMP (High Methoxyl Pectin) c6 DE > 50%
- LMP (Low Methoxyl Pectin) c6 DE s 50%
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TAW CHAT 99

Theo kha nang hba tan trong nuac c6 thd phan loci pectin thanh:
- Pectin Ilea tan: la cac methoxyl polygalacturonic
- Pectin khOng hem tan: la protopectin. Vd ban chat protopectin la hap
chat ctia pectin vai araban.

H3C H3C

H H H
H H
OH OH
0
vv..0/ H H a H H a
,.rr-
-0

OH OH H

HO 110
H H

Hinh 2.56 Cdu tnic mach clia pectin

Trong rau trai pectin khOng c6 nhidu, khoang 1+1,5% (ca r8t, bi d6
khoang 2,5%). Tao, dau va cac trai thu6c nhem citrus la cac loci trai gittu_
pectin. Pectin tap trung nhidu trong vo trai (cam 4,7%, chanh 7%).
Ty lg giaa hai dang pectin khong Me tan va pectin hba tan se anh
twang ddn d6 mem cua trai. Khi trai con xanh, pectin chit ygu la protopectin,
khong hba tan trong nu& gitip cho trai c6 d6 cdng. Khi trai chin dan, chilli
tac dung enzym protopectinnase, protopectin se chuydn thanh pectin hba tan,
lam ygu lien ke't gilta cac t6 bao, trai tra nen lam han. Ngoai tac dung ctia
enzym, protopectin con c6 thd chuydn thanh pectin hba tan dttai tac dung dm
nhiet do va acid. Vi du, trong qua trinh chan a nhiet di) 60+85°C trai cling se
bi mem dan do chuydn hba teen.
Khi tan trong miac, dung dich pectin c6 d6 nhat cao. Trong san xugt
nude rau trai, ham Wang pectin tan trong nude cao se gay bat lai cho qud
trinh loc. Dd khac phuc hi'en Wang nay, ngtitti to sit dung enzym pectinase de
thily phan pectin, giamd6 nhdt.
TD: Nude ca chua chda 90+92% wick nhung vi ham Wang pectin cao
nen san pham c6 dang sdn sOt: Nguac lai, nude &la c6 ding ham lacing chat
khO nhung it pectin nen dg ep, dg loc han rat nhiau.
Pectin c6 kha nang tao &mg (tao gel) trong mei twang acid va c6 ham
htong du ing cao. Vi du, nhtt dung dich pectin 0,5+1,5% c6 thd tao gel khi
nang di) dating lan han 50% va pH trong khoang 3+3,4. Trong cong nghd
thifc phdm, pectin thutng duac sit dung lam chat phu gia nha kha nang tao
100 CHUONG

gel. Trong dung dich, u die'u kin thich hqp, cac phan tit pectin du6i mach
hinh thAnh lien ket giita cac dai phan tit tao thanh khung mang, c6
nang nudc, tao thAnh cdu true (lac bit cho san phdm. KM nang tao gel
cdu trait gel phu thuc vac) s6 lacing cac monomer tao nen pectin va mut d(
methoxyl h6a. Kh6i lacing phan tit nho qud se khong tao gel con kh6i luqnE
phan tit lan qud gel se ding. Trong moi truting trudng kie'm hoac co mai
enzym pectinase, pectin bi thay phan, giam mach va mat kha nang tao gel
Mtic do methoxyl h6a lai anh huang den cc; the tao gel. Vdi m6i loai pectic
(HMP hay LMP) cct the tao gel khdc nhau. HMP tao gel nhd tao lien ke-.
hydro vdi nhau va vii cac phan tit nudc. Gel pectin se hinh thanh khi troni
dung dich co mat &Ong va c6 pH thip. Dutng co kha nang gift nude, nen kh
ham lacing &Ong cao, dating se canh thanh nuoc lam giam do hydrat 1161
tren phan tai pectin. Mat khdc, khi pH giam, cac ion W se "trung hoa" caf
dien tich -000" tren mach nen cac sqi pectin de den gan nhau, tao lien ke
hydro gitta cac dai, phan tit pectin. S6 "cdu n6i" hydro tang nhigu thi gel cans
b6n. Kha nang tao lien ket hydro cua dich pectin phu thuc vao nhie'u yeu ti
nhu'ng ba ye-ti to chinh IA n6ng di) cua dating, acid va pectin. Th6ng thus ing
khi n6ng d6 dating lan han 60%, gid tri pH trong khoang 3+3,5 WI n6ng di
pectin trong khoang 0,5+1% thi dung dich HMP se tao gel. Con LMP tao ge
theo ca Chg tao lien ket ion vdi calci. Cdu tao gel phu thuc vao n6ng dO talc
ma khong phu thuOc vac) n6ng d6 cua dating va acid.
Trong ruOt gia cua nguti, hau nhur pectin se duqc cac vi khudn dudn;
mit RI dung het.
e- Gum: lA cac hqp eh& khong tan ,nhung phan tan trong nudc tao than;
mOt "dung dich" dAc hay tao hO gel. 0 thuc vat, cac chdt tao gel thutng dud
tao thanh tai cac vet thucrng de bao boc bao ye cay chthig lai sat xam nha
cut vi sinh vat. Ve mat h6a hoc, gum lA polymer phtic tap, tao nen tit ca
monomer IA &Ting va cac dAn xudt cua duting. Cdc monomer thutng gap 1
galactose va glucuronic acid, uronic acid, arabinose, rhamnose, va mannose.
Trong ruOt gia, gum co thd len men tot nhd h0 vi khudn ducting ruOt. Nhd kh
nang tao gel, gum ducat data vao cac san phdm thuc phdm nhu' mOt loai ph
gia tao cdu true. Mot s6 loai gum thong dung duqc sat dung trong cong ngh
thyc pham nhu gum arabic, gum tragacanth, guar gum va locust bean gum.
Gum arabic (acacia senegal hay acacia seyal) con goi lA acacia gun
arabic gum, turkey gum, indiana gum. Gum arabic lA nhua duqc ldy tit tha
va canh cua cay acacia senegal, acacia seyal, va cac cay thuOc ho Fan
Leguminosae trong ye'u tren viing ddt kilo can a Senegal. Gum arabic 1
loai gum c6 xu'a nhdt va duqc bidt den nhi6u nhdt trong s6 cac gum tut nhiei
Ngudi to sit dung gum arabic tit each day Ilan 5000 nam, vao th?ji Ai Cap c
dai. Vao thdi do, gum arabic duqc dung nhu chdt mang trong my phdm,
NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TIAIH CHAT 101

vik, IA mOt trong nhang chgt tham gia trong quy trinh Yap xac. Gum arabic
là hOn hip cua nhieu polysaccharide c6 ctiu true gi6ng nhau nhu L-arabinose,
L-ramnose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid. Chutii chinh cua n6 IA cac g6c 13-D-
galactose lien ket vai nhau va mach nhanh g6m cac clueing galactose,
arabinose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, va/hay methyl-glucuronic acid.
Gum tragacanth con co ten là gum dragon hay Syrian tragacanth IA
nhaa cay thubc gi6ng Astragalus (cay bui), ho Leguminosae ducic tr6ng d vbng
Trung Dong (Iran, Syria, Th6' Nhi Ky). Nhya cay gAn nhu khOng mAu hay
yang nhat, khong mui va gAn nhu khong vi. NO là mOt loai gum lau dili, cang
gi6ng nhu gum arabic, duvc sit dung tit each day 2000 nam. Gum tragacanth
co eau true phac tap, g6m D-galacturonic acid, L-fucose, D-
galctose, D-xylose, Nth L-arabinose. Gum tragacanth bao g6m hai thanh phAn:
phAn tan trong mfac, tragacanthic acid, chie'm 60+70% kh6i luvng cua gum,
va phan khong tan trong nuac, goi là bassorin, co khoi lacing phan t.it khoing
840.000d.v.c. Khi trOn vai nutc, phan tan goi là tragacanthin chie'm 60+70%
kh6i lacing cua gum N/A c6 kh6i lurctng phan tit khoang 840.000d.v.c. Khi hoa
vac) nuUc, tragacanthin tan tao thanh dung dich keo con bassorin khong tan,
tracing net, hinh thAnh khol gel.

4)-a-D-GaIA-(1— 4)-a-D-GaIA-(1— 4)-a-D-GaIA-(1 — 4)-a-D-GaIA-(1

3 3 3
t
1 1 1
p-D-Xylp p-D-Xylp p-D-Xylp
2 2

1 1
a-L-Fucp p-D-Galp

Hinh 2.57 Cths tao mOt doan cua tragacanthic acid

NgoAi ra, con c6 the kg Mil mot s6 clang gum thuc vat tan trong mtac
Ithac nhu guar gum va locust bean gum (carob) c6 ban chgt hoa hoc là
galactomannan. Galactomannan IA polymer c6 mach chinh tao nen W cac
lien ket cua dutng mannose va mach nhanh là dutng galactose.
Guar gum cbn goi IA gum cyamopsis, bOt guar co trong thanh phan not nhu
cua hat CyaMopsis tetragonolobus, thuOc ho Leguminosae, yeti lactng gAn 35% cay
guar thicic tr6ng chu ye-u et An D6, Pakistan va My (Texas). B6t guar gum chtla
10+15% a m, 5+6% protein; 2,5% xu; 0,5+0,8% tro. LA galactomannan g6m mOt
mach chinh do cac geic D-mannose k6t hcrp lai yeti nhau bhng lien ket 13-1,4 WI
cac g6c D-galactose not yeti D-mannose cua mach chinh bang lien ket a-1,6. Ty le
galactose: mannose là 2: 1.
102 CHLiaNG 2

Hinh 2.58 Cu true mach cila guar gum

Galactose 1 thin vi Mannose

• • •• • • • • • •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• • • • • • •
• •
•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• • • • • • • •
. • • • . • • • • •
•••••••••• •••••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••••••••
• • • • • •
• • •
•••••• •••••••• 1••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• • • . •
.. . . . .
• a • • • Now • • • • • • le a s N•s• • a • a • • • is • • is a a • • • • • a • a • • • • • • s •s•
. • .
• • • • •

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
• • • • • • • • •

Hinh 2.59 Day galactomannan có ty le mannose:galactose = 5:1

Locust bean gum lathanh phan cua not nhi:i hat 'cay carob (ceratoni
siliqua). Loai cay nay tr6ng ph6 bier d viing Dia Trung Hai, chat.' PI
(Algeria, Tunisia, MorOcco...). Locust bean gum gitip dot trot chgt dinh diking ch
hat va giit nu& khi khi h4u kho chn. Locust bean gum la mot galactomanna
gi6ng nhu. guar gum gO'm mach chinh do cac phan U.( 13-D-mannose lien ket v(
nhau bang lien 1(6t 1,4 va nhanh do cac phan ti't a-D-galactose lien ket v(
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA'11 TAO, TI-NH CHAT 103

mach chinh bang lien ket 1,6. TS, 10 mannose va galactose thating IA 3:1
d'61 6:1, cho thay thay vi cif 2 phan t>i mannose IA 1 phan di galactose, nhut
trong guar gum, 6 day galactose dkioc g.n voi g6c mannose tha 5 hoAc 6. Dieu
nay lam giam tinh mem deo cUa gum, nhking mAt khdc lai lAm tang ski gian dai
ctia phan tit. NhCing don vi galactose c6 the ngan can ski tkicmg tac giaa hai
chu8i, nhang nhiring don vi mannose & nhting khoang trong se tao lien ket yeti
nhau va hinh thanh gel.
Cdc gum khdc c6 the tim thay vizi mOt luvng khong 16n trong ygn
mach, dai mach, mOt s6 rau cu, d4u hat...

Being 2.25 Ham Nang % cac loci &tong cdu tao nen chdt xa hbaa tan
va xa khOng hem tan clia mOt vai loci rau. (Ngu'On Judith A.Marletl - 1993)
_
Phgn xd tan, (%). Phgn xd kh6ng tan, (%)
Nguyen lieu
Gic Xyl Gat/Rha Ara . Man Gtc Xyl Gal/Rha Ara Man
Gia d6 11 3 58 23 5 58 11 15 12 4
Dau Ha Lan
Xanh 10 6 44 32 8 55 8 20 10 7
yang 4 3 67 23 3 62 8 14 8 8
Cai thao 5 3 46 40 6 65 10 11 10 4
Bap cAi xanh 7 4 38 40 11 52 10 16 18 4
Bap cai tim 8 4 37 40 11 52 9 11 24 4
Ca rot -
Deng hOp 2 Vet 62 32 4 69 5 13 9 4
Luec tUoi 3 0 62 32 3 52 5 25 13 5
BO non nguyen et:1i 18 18 34 24 6 42 28 7 23 vet
Cu den 4 V6t 38 58 Vet 60 12 10 14 4
Cai xoan Wei 4 3 37 50 6 53 9 11 23 4
La Mil tat 4 3 40 48 5 63 12 7 14 4
Rau diet:,
La xanh 8 3 52 29 8 60 10 15 10 5
La de 12 2 49 27 10 65 11 13 7 4
Hanh tay
DO 11 4 62 15 8 45 5 42 5 3
Trang 5 2 76 12 5 49 5 40 4 2
Vang, CIA luOc 3 Vet 70 23 4 50 6 36 6 2
Kheai.taY
.LuOc 5 Vet 75 16 4 58 3 29 7 3
D6, ca ve 8 2 67 19 4 60 4 25 8 3
06, khong ve 6 2 72 16 4 ' , 56. 4 30 7 3
Rau spinach 13 7 41 34 5 57 10 17 13 3
Ca chua tuoi 11 9 53 19 . •8 66 10 6 3 15

Ghi chti: Gk: glucose; Xyl: xylose; glactose; Rha: rhamnose; Ara: arabinose;
Man: mannose; vet < 0,5%.
 104 CHUONG 2

f- Chat nhay: c6 cau true h6a hoc tutng tit nhu' gums va là cac hap chat c6
tinh u'a nutc. Chat nhay duac tao ra trong t6 bac, cua not nhu bao boc xung
quanh nh m bao v0 phoi hat, ch6ng lai hiOn Wang mat nutc.

g- Phan nhorn chat xd: chat xa c6 thd chia thanh hai nh6m:
- Chat xa tan trong miac
- Chat xa khong tan trong mioc.
CAc chat xa ma c6 the tan (lute trong nutc am hay nutc nong thi d6u
durcrc xep vacs nhOm chat xa hoa tan, con lai IA cac chat xa khong tan. Nhin
chung, nhom cac chat xa tan trong nutc bao g6m pectin, gum, mot s6 loai
hemicellulose va cac chat nhay. Cellulose, lignin, va melt s6 loai hemicellulose
mach dai dutc xep vao nhOm chat XO khong tan. Cac loai rau an IA va vo ngoai
ctia cac loai hat lacing thyc chi:fa nhi6u chat xa 'thong tan hail xa hba tan.
Ngutc lai, trong cac loai trAi chtla nhigu chat xa hoa tan Ilan.
Ming 2.26 Ham luang of cac loaf cldeing ctiu tao nen chat xa hoa tan
vet xo. khong hoa tan ctia mot vaf loci trcii cad),
(Ngu6n Judith A.Marletl - 1993)
Phgn xd tan, (%) Phgn xd khong tan, (%)
Nguyen lieu
Glc XyI Gal/Rha Ara Man Glc XyI Gal/Rha Ara Man
Tao
Giong Applesauce 11 8 32 49 0 51 12 15 22 0
Giong Macintosh 6 3 28 52 11 54 11 11 20 4
MO
Kho 8 3 34 48 7 56 11 11 17 5
TUOi 6 3 46 34 11 61 10 10 14 5
Dau thy 8 9 41 39 3 58 21 10 8 3
Nho den 7 4 54 27 8 64 8 11 11 6
Nho do 9 5 52 28 6 61 8 16 10 5
Cam
Giong Mandarin 2 0 61 37 0 39 6 28 24 3
Gi6ng Temple 7 5 40 43 5 50 10 16 19 5
Gi6ng Valencia 5 3 57 31 4 49 11 15 20 5
Dao
DOng hOp 8 8 39 45 0 56 10 11 20 3
Ttioi, khong vo 7 3 34 56 0 59 11 11 15 4
TuOi, co vo 4 5 40 51 0 58 11 12 15 4
Man
Bong hOp 8 0 65 21 6 52 7 23 12 6
MO kho 5 . -. b 60 31 4 42 7 30 18 3
MOn hid 6 3 51 32 8 40 6 29 21 4

Ghi chti: Gk: glucose; Xyl: xylose; Gal: galactose; Rha: rhamnose; Ara: arabinose;
Man: mannose
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - au TAO, 7-1.111H CHAT
105

2.4.3 Cac hdp chk cht?a nitd

Trong rau cu, lacing cdc hop chat chti'a niter chiein khoang 1+3%, trong
d6 35+80% IA protein, con lai IA cdc amino acid, peptide va cdc hcip chat
khdc. Trong trai, hAm lacing cdc hop chat niter it han, chi trong khoang
0,1+1,5%, trong do 35+75% IA protein. HAm lacing protein cila trai thay doi
thu'Oc \Tao gi6ng va dO chin.
a- Protein: hAm lacing protein trong cdc thttc An có nguOn g6c thuc vat
thating thap ham cdc thtic An CO liguiSn g6c &Ong vat ritiu thit, ca, tritng, siia.
Tuy nhien, cdc loai cay ho au (au xanh, au den...), ngii c6c (gao, bap, 11.1a
dau ph"Ong me... lai chda ham Itigng protein khd cao. Lacing protein
chaa trong 100g An dagc xep hang dau trong cdc loai rau IA cdc loai rau dau
iiha dau HA Lan (6,5%), au dila (6%), au cove (5%), gid dau xanh( 5,5%)...
tie-p de-n. IA nhang loai rau An Id nhu' rau sang chua Huang (6,5%), rau ngOt
(5,3%), rau mu6ng (3,2%), rau den (3,3%)... Con lai, cdc loai rau xanh thong
thadng chi chtia ham lacing protein khoang tit 142%, va co cac truting hop
nhO lion 1% nhu' bi dao (0,6%), bi rci (0,3%), ca chua (0,6%), mudp (0,9%)...
Ham lacing protein trong thit trai au thap, khoang 1%.

Being 2.27 Herm litang protein ctia mot s6 rau trai cua Viet Nair
(theo Vien dinh diking Vift Nam) tinh cho 100g phdn can dace
Ten rau Ten tieng Anh Ten khoa hoc Am Protein
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Bau Calabash, Bottlegourd Legenaria vulgaris,
95,1 0,6
L.siceraria
Bi xanh Ashgourd Waxgrourd; Winter melon Benincasa cerifera 95,5 0,6
Bi do Squash, pumpkin 92,0 0,9
Ca chua Tomato 94.0 0,6
Ca rot Carot 88,5 1,5
Ca tim Eggplant 92,5 1,0
Cai bap Cabbage 90,0 1,8
Cai clic
93$ 1,6
Cai thia Chinese cabbage Brassica spp. 93,2 1,4
Dau co ve Beans, kidney 80,0 5,0
Dau Ha Lan Green peas 81.0 6,5
Nu dim Cowpea, yard long 83,0 6,0
Nu rang Asparagus pea 89.5 1,9
Gia dau xanh Beansprouts 86,5 5,5
Muop Loopah, luffa 95,1 0,9
MtiOp clang Bittermelon, colocynth 94,4 0,9
Rau bi Pumpkin leaves 93,2
106 CHUONG 2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Rau den Amaranth sp.Red 87,8 3,3
M6ng toi Vinespinach, ceylon spinach 93,2 2,0
Rau mu6ng Water spinach, swamp cabbage 92,0 3,2
Rau ngot Sauropus,sp. Leaves 86,4 5,3
Rau sang (chua Perfume pagoda wild plant Meliantha suavis 82,4 6,5
Htiong)
Su Id Cauliflower 90,9 2,5
Su su Chayote, fruit raw Sechium edule 94,0 0,8
Trai bd Avocado 74,0 2,1
Bitesi Pomelo Citrus.maxima, 89,7 0,2
C.grandis
Cam Orange Citrus sinensis 87,5 0,9
Chanh Lemon Citrus lemon 87,7 0,9
Chu6i tieu Banana, drarf Musa cavendidhii 74,0 1,5
Dau tay Strawberry Fragaria vesca spp. 84,0 1,8
DUa hau Water melon Citrullus vulgaris 95,5 1,2
Dila Pineapple Ananas comosus 89,0 0,5
Du du chin Papaya ripe Canca papaya 90,0 1,0
Mit Jackfruit Artocarpus interifolia 85,4 0,6
Thanh long Dragon fruit Hylocereus 87,4 1,3

Xet ve mat gid tri dinh &ging, cdc protein thkfc vat có cha't hfcinf
khOng cao do tY 10 khOng can do'i ctia cdc acid amin khong thay th0.

Bang 2.28 Thanh phdn cac acid amin khong thay the tham gia tgo nen
protein ciia mOt s6 loci rau caa Viet Nam so vai trdng va thit heo
(Ngudn: Vien dinh &tang Viet Nam)
Phenyl alanin
Tryptophan
Methyonin

Izo leucin
Threonin

c .c
Leucin

c c "E :0
Ten thac an ;1. To IP tf;
_., > a x

Rau mu6ng 0,14 0,07 0,04 0,14 0,14 0,10 0,15 0,11 0,18 0,06

Rau ngOt 0,16 0,13 0,06 0,25 0,34 0,17 0,24 0,17 - -

Rau cai xanh 07 0,03 0,02 0,08 0,06 0,06 0,09 0,07 -

Rau den 0,11 0,04 - 0,12 0,10 0,12 0,17 0,10 0,10 0,04

Triing 1,07 0,61 0,22 0,94 0,73 1,08 1,36 1,18 0,95 0,31

Thit 1,44 0,40 0,23 0,69 0,74 0,91 1,19 0,94 1,01 0.51

Dau tudng 1,97 0,68 0,48 1,80 1,60 1,43 2,24 1,67 2,41 0,79

Gao to 0,29 0,11 0,08 0,39 0,27 0,47 0,62 0,38 0,55 0,11
 23
37
22
107
(0 col co ,- cr) Cv W ,_ Lt.) a)

0,4

26
co N ,-- ,-- — N
CV ,_
,ct ,-
I-

18

r
14

I
N ho ng ot

21
..- 0 .23, r•-•

24
ii 0

Ot
F .-- ■ d•
—• ,— c0 0) 0
(0 1—
LO
,—
0

1
20

20
Of 1. c\i c\j cy,
.031

20
*0
NI 1 LO cD 0)
O E vt .-- ,- ,--1 .1.

37
37

1
50
I
qy 0 CV 0)

20
co co CO N C)

Le
_J Tr Cr ',II ,z11
NI

13

1
14
29
40
29
I

96r
a)
C cv „.„
`O 1.0 cv N 0 N
38
0)
[1.

- co si.-' ,- cv In e- N

33
50

27
64

64
44

46

27
c0 a)
Dao

cO CA •4" hi Lr) d -Kr

co
CNA
N ,z1-
18

17
64

28

20
Dua hgu

CO O cp to c) in (0
cr) l'..- to NI c`i •rr uDi v- N
25

1
Dau thy

- Cv N 0
I, 33 c0 ,-
18

Co Cv
35

cr)
s-I a) CV N d N d 00
--
N N CO
14 —1

30r
32—I
I
Chu6i

1 52
190

•ct• N co c0
a)

.- a co
80
44

55
LZ

h- I N T:1- T •:I- CO CO CO
O
Chan h

1 N- 1"- CO 0) 10 I,- 0 cc) cr) CO ,- CV

88
74

N 1-• N in •ri" 0
,- ,- -4 ,- .7 N
1

qct 0) CO
Cam

1 0 N .r- N Co Cv N ,-0 I,-

43

46
51

Co T CO CV CV 10 ,- ,- T Q) CO
1
Glutam ic acid
Aspart ic acid
._

Acid am in (mg )

Tryptopha n
Met hyon in
Protein (g )

rsoleucin

E c c
._ - •c
- .-
Leucin

>,
Glycin
u !ueltt I

C c .c c 70 •- 0
• 0 _c •03 a) 0 17;
- • T>.,2 0 CD
-
>, _0 a. ci )
a F- > < I C.) F-
r

_l
108
CHUONG 2

Qua bang 2.28, chking to c6 the nhan xet rang da phan cac loai rau
xanh thing thie-u mot trong 10 loai acid amin can thidt nay kd ca nhang
loai rau c6 ham lacing protein khd cao nhtf rau cai xanh, rau ngot (thidu
arginin va histidin), rau den (thidu tryptophan)... Dac biet, xet vg mat chat
luvng protein caa cac loai rau xanh, rau mu6ng la loai rau c6 chda Tay du tgt
ca cac acid amin khong thay the (kd ca arginin va histidin) tuy nhien vdi
ham Idcfng khd thgp.
Vi vay, khong thd xern rau xanh la ngu6n cung cal:, protein cho co thd
dude. Tuy vay, d6i vdi nhang truting hdp nhu' ngu'di an chay hay ngutfi dan a
cac nu& dang phat trign (it c6 thdi quen hay dieu kien de sir' dung nhieu thit,
ca, trdng, seta... trong cac baa An hkig ngay), can phai c6 ski ph6i help hieu
trai nhieu loai protein thitc vat vdi nhau de tao ra difyc ngu6n protein c6 gid
tri sinh hoc cao.

b- Enzym: protein rau trai chu ye-u la a dang protein chitc nang tdc la cac
enzym. Cdc qua trinh trao d6i chat va bidn d6i hOa hoc xay ra trong cac mo
than vat du di tac dung xtic tac caa he th6ng cac enzym. Cdc enzym trong rau
trai con tie'p tuc host &Ong dale khi rau trai lia khoi cay. Ve ban chgt h6a
hoc, enzym cgu tao tit protein va cac coenzym c6 ban chat la vitamin. Cdc
enzym nay tham gia xtic tac cho hau het cac qud trinh sinh h6a, sinh ly ctia
thkfc vat nhut qud trinh ho hgp, trao d6i chgt, tao hulctng, lam ma mau, lam
mem trai...
Vi du, cac he enzym trong trai se tham gia vao cac chuygn hda cua
carbonhydrate (nhd enzym pectinolytic, cellulase, amylase, phosphorylase,
saccharase, cac enzym coa chu trinh pentose phosphate, aldolase); hay cda
qud trinh chuydn h6a lipid (nhtf lipases, lipoxygenase, cac enzym xtic tac
cho qua trinh sinh tong hqp chgt beo) va cac enzym xuc tac cho cac chu
trinh tao acid citric va glycoxylate... Cdc qua trinh nay ca thd c6 Idi va
cung cd thd cd hai cho qud trinh bao quan rau trai. Cdc enzym cd thd chia
thanh cac nhoin sau:
- Nhom enzym oxy hoa klzu (oxidoreductase): la cac enzym xkic tac cho
qud trinh oxy h6a kha trong that vat nhd lipoxygenase, phenoloxidase,
peroxidase...
- Nhom cac enzyrn thtly phan (hydrolase): IA cac enzym )(tic tac qua
trinh thily phan trong rau trai nha glycosidase, esterase, protease... Pectase
phan giai pectin tao thanh acid polygalacturonic to do va rddu methylic. Day
la phan drig dung dd lam trorig nu& trai cay.
- Nhonz ccic enzym chuye'n vi (transferases) la cac enzym xtic tac qua
trinh chuydn ch6 cac nhom chic (nhd nhom methyl, nhom phosphate...) tit
phan tit nay (donor) Mil phan tit khdc (aceptor), vi du methylase hay
protein kinase.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT 109

- Nhom cac enzym d6ng phan 116a (isomerase) la cac enzyme xdc tac
cho cac phan dng tao ra •cac dang d6ng phan khac nhau, vi du cis-trans
isomerase, phosphoglucomutase.
- Mom cac enzym lyase la cac enzyme xtic tac cho cac qua trinh 136 gay
cac lien kgt hda hoc va tao ra cac lien kgt Me hoc mai ddai dang n6i doi hay
mach Ong nhti glutamic acid decarboxylase, alliinase, hydroperoxide lyase.
- Nh6m cac enzym lygase la cac enzym xdc tac cho cac phan Ling n6i
hai phan tit tao ra mot lien kgt hoa hoc m6i nhd glutamine synthetase, DNA
ligase...
Cac enzym cling co tac dung dc chg ski tao thanh mot s6 chat khac, vi
du nha trong khoai tay chda mot loai protein dc chg hoat &Ong &la enzym
serine proteinase. M6t so loai protein khac c6 trong dau va dtia leo c6 tac
dung dc chg ski hoat dOng cua enzym pectolytic. Cac enzym va protein ctia rau
.cu c6 thg dttqc phan tach nh6 sac k3'r dien di. MOi mot loai enzym se c6 mot
nhiet d6 va pH t6i thich khac nhau. Ngay ca ding mot loai enzym co ngan
g6c tit cac loai thdc vat khac nhau cang se c6 cac gid tri pH va nhiet d6 t6i
thich khac nhau nhttng thay d6i khong 16n lAin.

Bang 2.30 Cac loaf enzym Hwang gOp trong trcii cay

Enzym Mc dung
_
Polyphenoloxydase Xuc tac qua trinh oxy h6a hop chit phenol, tao ra cac polymer
(phenolase) mau sim.
Mc tac cac phan Cing thily phan lien kgt glucoside giaa cac
Polygalacturonase acid polygalacturonic trong cac phan tit pectin, lam cho ma to
bad tro nen mem hdn.

Xuc tac qua trinh phan hely lien kgt ester dia cac g6c
Pectinesterase
galacturonic trong pectin, lam cho mo to bao tra nen chgc hdn.
Vic tac qua trinh oxy h6a lipid, tao ra cac san phdrn khong
L ypoxygenase
mau, khong mOi.
Xtic tac phan (mg phan Ung oxy h6a acid ascorbic, lam Om
Ascorbic acid oxydase
gia tri dinh (Wong.
Xuc tac qua trinh tach vong phyton ra khai chlorophyll, lam mgt
Chlorophyllase
mau xanh.

Trong qua trinh bao quan rau trai, gap di6u kien thuan lqi, enzym thdc
ddy cho cac qua trinh trao d6i chat din ra nhanh ham VI vay khi bao quan
rau trai tuai, can chon ch6 a bao quan tang xa dieu kien t6i thich cua cac
enzym tang tot.
110 CHUMS 2

Trong qua trinh chd bidn rau trai, khi cac mo bi phd vd, cac enzym
duqc giai phOng ra khai to bac) trot nen tai do vA hoat Ong manh. DAc biet IA
cac enzym thuec nhom oxy h6a khii se c6 khuynh huang oxy h6a cac hap chit
phenol thAnh quinon tao thAnh mat' sam gay giam gia tri cam quan cho san
phdm. Trong try ting hqp nay, can vo hoat cac enzym dd han chd qua trinh
oxy hoa
NH2 NH2
NH2
HO CH2CHCOOH CH2CHCOOH
CH2CHCOOH 0
2 + enzym 02 + enzym

Khoi diu rat cham nhung HO Nhanh

nhanh din khl cla xity ra

Tyrosin (Hydroxyl h6a) DOPA (oxy h6a) DOPA Quinone

+02 Nhanh

+ 02
Nhanh
COOH COOH
H H

Hallacchrome (d6) Hdp chat leuco

- CO2

HO COOH
H H

5,6-dihydroxyindole 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid

+ 03 1 Nhanh

+ 02
Melanin
TUdng dal chim
H
Indole 5,6-quinone

Hinh 2.60 Sci ció qua trinh oxy has tyrosine clued tax dOng ctia cdc enzyme
phonollase tao nen san phdm melanin cd matt xam

c- amin acid tit do: ngoAi cac acid amin tham gia cau tao nen cdc protein,
trong rau trai con chda cac acid amin phi protein. CO khoang han 250 acid
amin phi protein daqc tim thiy trong thuc vat (Swain, 1977). Met s6 cac hap
chit nay sinh ra trong, qua trinh deng hOa vA di hoa cac acid amin tao nen
protein (Lea and Norris, 1976). Phdn kin cdc acid amin phi protein (long vai
tro là chit bacive cho thuc vet. NgoAi ra, cac acid amin nay con Op plidn
trong tao huong cho rau trai, vi du Inking caa cu hAnh IA do S-alkylcystein
sulfoxide.
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - CACI TAO, TINH CHAT 111

Cac acid amin phi protein tinging la dang d6ng clang ctia cac acid amin
cb
trong protein nhii homoserine, homomethionine hay amino adipic acid,
sin h ra trong chu trinh Krebs do phan ang chuyen d6i oxalacetate thanh
ketoglutarate.
OH

R—CH — COON R —CO— COOH ■Ite.

R — CH —COON ••••••••■■II.

NH2 CH2 — COOH

R — CH — COOH R —CO— COON R—CH —COON --

II
CH — COOH HO —CO— COON CO — COOH

R — CH2 — COOH R —CH2 — CH — COOH

NH2

Hinh 2.61 Cdc Nen ddi de' sinh ra cac dang acid amin d6ng dcing
tit acid amin c6 trong protein

Dang acid amin phi protein dien hinh trong thqc Nidt ld L-canavanin
L-canaline (Rosenthal, 1982; 1990). Cac chgt nhu L-canavanin, 2-amino-4-
(guanidinooxy) butyric acid (c6 cgu true ging cua L-arginine), dtioc tim thgy
nhieu trong hat va nhieu dang rau &du (legume). Cac chgt nay vita gulp bao vg
hat vita là ngu6n nitcc dot trii, c6 the &roc sit dung d6 dang khi hat nay mini.
d- I-19p chat amin: trong rau trai con chua cac hop chit amin nhtt histamin,
N-acetyl-histamin va N,N-dimethylhistamin trong rau spinach, tryptamin,
setoronin va tyramin trong ca chua va ca phao (3-4mg/100g chit kho). Cdc
amine dtioc tao ra trong trai do qud trinh decarboxyl h6a clic acid amin (vi du
trong tao Lay) hay do con duZIng amin h6a va chuyen cho cira cac aldehyde.
NH2
R—CHO R —CH2 — NH2
2[W]

R— CHO + R'— CH — COOH R — CH2 — NH2 + R'— C — COOH

I II
NH2
Hinh 2.62 Ca the qua trinh tao ra cdc amin tic acid amin
va tic aldehyde trong trcii

Vi du, tyramin c6 the bi phan huy cho ra cac amin khac nhtt hordenin,
synephrin, octopamin, dopamin va noradrenalin.
Cgu true h6a hoc va phan b6 mOt s6 loai hop chgt amin trong rau trai
duoc trinh bay trong bang 2.31.
112 CHLIONG 2

Bang 2.31 Cdu triic ctia nut vai loci amin trong thiic phthn

Hdp chit Amin 1(}% hieu Cong thtic cgu to

(1) (2) (3)

Phenethylamin Pe
CH,CH,NH,

Tyramin Tyr
HO . CH,CH,NH

Methyltyramin Me - Tyr
HO 111 CH,.CH,NHCH,

Hordenin Hord CH
H n ®CH2CH2N / cH3,

Candicin Cand
HO IP CH,CH,N (C
CH
H,
CH,

Dihydroxyphenylethylamin Dop HO
(Dopamine)
HO li CH,CH2NH2

Dihydroxyphenylalanin DopA HO

HO * CH2CHNH2
I
COOH

Epinin Epin HO

HO .CH,CH,NHCH,
COOH

Noradrenalin Noradr HO OH
I
HO .CHCH,— NH,

Adrenalin HO
OH
I
HO . CH,CH,NHCH3

Octopamin Oct OH
I
HO . CHCH2NH2
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 113

(1) (2) (3)

Synephrin , Syn OH
I
HO IIP CHCH.,NHCH3

Methoxyoctopamin MeO-Oct OCH3

HO .CHCH2NH,

Methoxysynephrin MeO-Syn OCH3

I
HO .CHCH2NHC H3

Normetanephrin Normetaneph CH30

OH
I
HO .CHCH 2NH2

Metanephrin Metaneph CH 330 OH

I
HO 111 CHCH,NHCH,

Tryptamin Try CH,CH,NH,

NH

Serotonin Ser HO 0 CH,CH,NH,

NH

Methoxytryptamin Me0Try CH„O 0 CH2CH2NH2

NH

Methylserotonin Me-Ser HO 0 CH,CH,NHCH,

NH

Gramin Gra CH3

CH N /
C
j 2 \ H„
NH

Histamin Hist CH = C — CH2CH2NH,,

I I
NH N
\ CH //
114 CHUUNG 2

Bang 2.32 Ham lacing act phenethylamin, tryptamin va histamin trong rau trai'
IC)% hi?u trong eau ( ) la ham lacing tinh being 1g/ml
ml hay g
Ten khoa hoc Ten Phgn chUa Ham h.lOng amin
Ananas sativus Dila N tick 1.' Tyr (0.4)
thit/trai Ser (19-65)
Beta vulgaris Rau den Ld Dop, Hist (5.2)
Carica papaya Du du Trai . • Ser (1-2)
Citrullus vulgaris Dila hgu Trai Try
Citrus limon Chanh La Tyr (25), Me-Tyr
yang Ntidc ep Syn (2-20), Oct (4)
Citrus mitis Qugt Nudc ep Syn (9)
Citrus reliculata Oujit Ntidc ep Tyr (1), Me-Tyr (15-58)
Hord (7), Oct (1-2)
Syn (60-280)
Citrus sinensis Cam Trai Tyr (1-10), Me-Tyr (1), Oct, Syn
nil& ep (19-50), Noradr, Try, MeO-Oct,
Meo-Syr
Coffea arabica Ca phe Hat Ser conjugate
Ficus carica Va Tr* Ser (12)
Juglans regia 1-i6 ciao Phoi ser (550)
Lycopersicon Cd chua Trdi Tyr (4), Try (4)
Ser (12), Hist (0.3-1)
Musa sapientum Chu6i Thit trai Tyr, Dop, Noradr,
Ser (se Table 11)
Pe, Metaneph,
Normetaneph, Oct,
Try, MeO-Try, Hist
Passiflora foetida Chanh Trai Ser (1-4)
ddy
Persea americana Trai bo Trdi Tyr (23), Dop (4-5), Ser (10)
Phaseolus radiatus Dgu xanh Hat . Tyr
Phoenix dactylifera Cha la Trdi Ser (9)
portulaca oleracea Rau sam Toan cay Dop (2500), Noradr (2500), DopA
Prunus amygdalus Hat de [Mu Pe .
Prunus domestica Man Trai Tyr (6), Noradr,
Try (2), Ser (10) .
Solanum melongena Ca tim Trai Tyr (3), Try (0.5:3), Ser (2)
Solanum tuberosum Khoai tay Cu Tyr (1), Dop (0.2)
Noradr (2)
Spinacia oleracea /Rau La Tyr (1), Dop (100)
Hist (400),
N-dirnethylHist,
N-acetylHist
Zea mays BAp Hat Tyr (1), Hist (1), Pe (4)
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, CHAT 115

Bang 2.23 MO so" hap chat amin trong trdi cay

Trai Amin

Tao Methylamin, ethylamin, propylamin, butylamin, hexylamin, octylamin,

dimethylamin, spermin, spermidin

Mn Dopamin

Cam Feruloyputrescin, methyltyramin, synephrin

BLIai Feruloyputrescin

Chanh yang Tyramin, synephrin, octopamin

Dila Tyramin, serotonin

Bd Tyramin, dopamin
Chu6i Methylamin, ethylamin, isobutylamin, isoamylamin, dimethylamin,
putrescin, spermidin, ethanolamin, propanolamin, histamin,
2-phenylethylamin, tyramin, dopamin, noradrenalin, serotonin

Bang 2.34 Hap chdt amin có trong v6 vet thit trdi chudi
(pglg trong lacing titoi)

Hqp chit amin vd till Thit trai

Serotonin 50 ÷ 150 28
Tyramin 65 7
Dopanmin 700 8
Noradrenalin 122 2

2.4.4 Lipid
Rau trai chda rgt it chgt, beo, chi khoang tit 0,1+1,0%, ngoai trit trai ba
la c6 ham luvng chit beo cao nh‘t dat den 10+20%. Trong hat c6 lacing chat
beo cao hcrn, trong khoing 15+40%, vi vey hat chinh IA nguein nguyen lieu
chu yea de khai thdc deu beo. Ngoai ddu thgc vet, trong rau trai con c6 cdc
loai sap va sterid thuc vat.

Bang 2.35 Ham lacing chdt beo trong mot so" loai "hat" (% phdn taxi an chat

Hat Ten fling Anh Am Hqp chit Nitd Lipid Carbohyhdrat Tro Xd the
Dieu Cashew nut 16 45,5 21,5
D4u phOng Peanut '5,0 28,5 47,5 20 2,9 2,8
Phi Hazel nut 7,1 17,4 62,6 9,5 2,5 3,2
H6 tran Pistachio 21 53,5 16,5
Hanh nhan Almond 4,7 20,5 53,5 16,5 2,3 3,7
tic cho (ho dao) Walnut 3,3 15,0 64,4 15,6 1,7 2,1
116 CHUOVG 2

a- Thanh phdn ceic acid beo

Diu thin vat IA h6n hqp clic chit be() dun gian triglycerid vA cdc chit
beo phdc tap nha phospholipid, glucolipid. Trong thAnh phin ciu tao nen
lipid th/c vat co nhigu cdc acid beo khOng no (oleic, linoleic, linolenic...), dc
dO ma nhiet d4 binh thing cdc chit beo that vat a trang thdi long. Xet v4
mat dinh &tang, diu thkfc vat the ang co ham lutcing cdc acid beo khong nc
'thong thay the cao va ham luqng cdc cholesterol thip nen co ldi cho sift
khoe hdn so with chit beo tit ngu6n gOc dOng vat.

Bang 2.36 Ham lagng ccic acid beo c6 trong ddu via m6t s6
loci rau trai (% kit& lztyng acid beo Ming)
Ngudn USDA: Official Standards of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
Codex: Codex Alimentarius: Alinom 95117, A. Karleshind and J.P. Wolff
(Eds.). Manuel des Corps Gras, TEC-Lavoisier, Paris (1992)
Dgu Dgu trai Dgu hot Bd
Dgu cc. Dgu cal Dgu dila Dgu bgp
hot de bd dlgu cacao
C10:0 1,2-7,6 6,0
C12:0 40,0-55,0 44,6 0,0-0,3
C14:0 11,0-27,0 0,1 16,8 0,0-0,3
C16:1 n-7 0,6 4,6 0,2* 0,0-0,4'
C17:0
C17:1
C18:3 n-3 0,8 10,0 0,1 0,5-1,5*
C20:0 0,3-0,7
C20:1 n-9 0,2-0,4'
C20:2 n-6
C20:4 n-6
C22:0 < 0,5
C22:1 n-9 < 2,0 < 0,1*
C22:2 n-6
C24:0 < 0,4
C24:1 n-9
C6:0 0,6
C8:0 2,6-7,3 7,5
C16:0 6,5 17,2 5,2-11,0 4,0 4-6 25,4 8,2 9,6-16,5
C18:0 1,7 0,2 1,8-7,4 2,0 6-12 33,2 2,8 < 3,3
C18:1 n-9 69,6 64,0 9,0-20,0' 56,0 68-75 32,6 5,8 20,0-42,2
C18:2 n-6 17,4 )3,1 1,4-6,6' 26,0 7-22 2,8 1,8 39,4-65,E
Ngu6n USDA USDA Codex Codex Codex Codex Codex

(*) KhOng xac dinh claw phdn acid beo chda not dui
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - CA(1 TAO, T1NH CHAT 117

Dgu Dgu Dgu hat Dgu

Diu 61iu Diu c9 Dgu me
cam gao dau nanh ca chua H6 deo

C6:0
C8:0
C10:0
< 0,4 < 0,1
C12:0
0,0-0,1 0,5-2,0 0,7 < 0,1 < 0,2 0,2 0,3
C14:0
7,5-20,0 40,1-47,5 16,9 7,9-10,2 8,0-13,3 12,0-15,5 7,2
C16:0
C16:1 n-7 0,3-3,5 < 0,6* 0,2 0,1-0,2* < 0,2* < 0,3 0,3

C17:0 < 0,5 < 0,2 < 0,3

C17:1 < 0,6* < 0,1 < 0,6

C18:0 0,5-5,0 3,5-6,0 1,6 4,8-6,1 2,4-5,4 4,0-6,5 1,8

C18:1 n-9 56,0-83,0 36,0-44,0* 39,1 35,9-42,3* 17,7-26,1* 16,0-25,0 39,6

C18:2 n-6 3,5-20,0 6,5-12,0* 33,4 41,5-47,9* 49,8-57,1' 50,0-60,0 53,9

C18:3 n-3 0,0-1,5 < 0,5* 1,6 0,3-0,4* 5,5-9,5* 1,5-2,5 11,6

C20:0 < 0,8 < 1,0* 0,3-0,6 0,1-0,6 < 0,6

C20:1 n-9 < 0,3* < 0,3* 0,9

C20:2 n-6 < 0,1*

C20:4 n-6
C22:0 < 0,2 < 0,3 0,3-0,7 < 0,2
C22:1 n-9 < 0,3* < 0,2*
C22:2 n-6
C24:0 < 1,0 < 0,3 < 0,4
C24:1 n-9
Nguon Codex Codex Codex 7 USDA

(*) Khong xcic dinh claw phdn acid beo chda not doi

Ham Wang cdc acid beo thay d6i phu thu6c vao gi6ng cay, vao th6i gian
thu hai va vao thai gian bao quan. Bang 2.37 cho thay, d6i veri hai gi6ng ba
khac nhau va thai didm thu hai khdc nhau thi ham luctng chat kilo va ham
hang dia lipid ding khdc nhau. Vi du, gio/ng ba Hass thu hai vao thang 11
thi có ham lacing chat beo khoang han 10% nhttng thu hal vao thang 1 se cho
ham Wang chat beo cao den khoang gan 20%. Trong khi d6 gi6ng ba Fuerte
thi ham lacing chat beo tang nhanh khi thu hai vao thang 12 sau d6 se giam
ngu thu hai vao thdng 1 nam sau. Sau khi thu hai trong thai gian 8 ngay,
ham lacing chat 1(16 cling nhti ham lacing chat beo ctia gi6ng ba Fuerte giam
con gio-ng Hass ham lutang chgt kilo ming giam nhang ham Wang chat beo lai
tang cham.
118 CHUUNG 2

Bang 2.37 Ham lacing chcit kho va cheit beo trong trai ba gang Fuerte va Hass
(Ngu6n Feramuz Ozdemin - 2003)

Chit kh8 Chit beo

Fuerte Hass Fuerte Hass
Thang 11 23,62 ± 0,571 21,64 ± 0,196 14,36 ± 0,405 11,02 ± 0,283
Thang 12 28,89 ± 0,373 24,26 ± 0,223 20,21 ± 0,225 13,44 ± 0,365
Thang 1 29,55 ± 1,322 31,09 ± 0,389 17,77 ± 1,218 19,57 ± 0,343

6 giai doan chin

1 ngay 28,25 ± 0,980 25,46 ± 1,582 18,55 ± 0,741 14,20 ± 1,567

4 ngay 28,81 ± 1,243 25,08 ± 1,179 18,35 ± 0,980 14,40 ± 1,052

8 ngay 25,00 ± 1,137 26,45 ± 1,473 15,43 ± 1,257 15,42 ± 1,233

ThOi gian. thu hai va gi6ng loci cang anh huang d6n thAnh phAn ca,
acid Mo. Vi du trong trai bo, cac acid beo chinh IA palmitic, palmitoleic, olei
NIA linoleic. Acid arachidic cang t6n tai nhung vdi mot luIng nh6. DAc bi6t
n6u thu hoach trai bcr vao thang gieng thi trong thAnh phAn ch6t beo khoni
co mat cila acid stearic trong ca hai gi6ng bu. Tii thang 12 den thang gien
nAm sau, hAm lugng cila acid oleic se tang con ham lacing cua cac acid be
khac hau nhu giam.

Bang 2.38 Thay doi ham ling acid beo trong chat beo act ba khi
thu hoach a cac Mai diem khac nhau (Nguein Feramuz Ozdemin - 2003)
Thai didm thu hooch
Logi acid boo Gi6ng Thang1
Thang 11 Thang 12
Palimitic acid Fuerte 22,4 ± 0,693 17,7 ± 0,600 12,0 ± 0,740

Hass 23,3 ± 0,256 21,2 ± 0,245 16,8 ± 0,508

Palmitoleic acid Fuerte 6,17 ± 0,296 6,49 ± 0,298 4,22 ± 0,409

Hass 11,2 ± 0,102 10,6 ± 0,158 9,44 ± 0,207

Stearic acid Fuerte 0,32 ± 0,083 0,12 ± 0,058 nd

Hass 0,38 ± 0,053 0,09 ± 0,037 nd

Oleic acid Fuerte 59,3 ± 0,396 63,4 ± 0,926 73,0 ± 0,999

Hass 47,2 ± 0,181 52,1 ± 0,321 59,5 ± 0,313

Linoleic acid Fuerte 10,3 ± 0,761 11,5 ± 0,286 10,5 ± 0,390

Hass 16,1 ± 0,229 15,0 ± 0,167 13,9 ± 0,400

Linolenic acid Fuerte 0,17 ± 0,073 0,03 ± 0,014 0,02 ± 0,024

_Hass 0,44 ± 0,084 0,09 ± 0,042 nd

Arachidic acid ' Fuerte 0,33 ± 0,063 0,53 ± 0,059 0,24 ± 0,045

Hass 0,98 ± 0,042 0,81 ± 0,030 0,41 ± 0,027

nd: chtta phcit hOn ra

NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 119

Sau khi thu hai, trong qua trinh bao quan, ham luqng ciya mOt vai acid
beo ding se thay clOi, tuy nhien kitting nhieu.

Bang 2.39 Thay ham luang acid beo cda trai ba tai ba thai gian
bdo quem khcic nhau (Nguo'n: Ferainuz Ozdemin - 2003)
Thai glan boo quail
Loai acid beo GI6ng
1 ngay 4 ngay 8 ngay
Palimitic acid Fuerte 17,4 ± 1,76 18,7 ± 1,57 16,1 t 1,49
Hass 21,3 ± 0,926 20,3 ± 0,991 19,8 ± 1,05
Palmitoleic acid Fuerte 5,60 ± 0,548 6,00 ± 0,254 5,28 ± 0,568
Hass 1,02 ± 0,351 10,3 ± 0,304 10,7 ± 0,192
Stearic acid Fuerte 0,07 ± 0,052 0,22 ± 0,091 0,15 ± 0,066
Hass 0,23 ± 0,080 0,16 ± 0,055 0,08 ± 0,056
Oleic acid Fuerte 65,7 ± 2,54 65,1 ± 1,49 65,0 ± 2,35
Hass 52,8 ± 1,93 53,1 ± 1,71 53,0 ± 1,77
Linoleic acid Fuerte 10,7 ± 0,397 9,54 ± 0,484 12,13 ± 0,318
Hass 14,6 ± 0,539 14,9 ± 0,338 15,41 ± 0,356
Linolenic acid Fuerte 0,04b ± 0,023 0,03b ± 0,024 0,168 ± 0,075
Hass 0,12b ± 0,041 0,16b ± 0,078 0,25a ± 0,118
Arachidic acid Fuerte 0,35b ± 0,072 0,28b ± 0,079 0,47a ± 0,036
Hass 0,69a ± 0,098 0,738 ± 0,066 0,778 ± 0,103

b- Phospholipid vet glycolipid

Phospholipid hay con goi IA phosphatide la lipid trong thanh phan
chila hqp chat phospho. Trong thanh phan phospholipid c6 chda glycerol, acid
phosphoric, cac acid beo va the hop chat nhu choline, ethanolamine, serine,
hay inositol nhu phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE),
phosphatidylserine (PS), va phosphatidylinositol (PI). Trong cac hqp chat nay,
nhom phosphate luon lien ket v6ri nhom hydroxy tai vi tri sn-3 dm glycerol.
Trong d6 hqp chat lecithin va cephalin co nhieu trong dau thuc vat IA cac clang
dutqc sit dung nhi6u trong thuc ph&m.
Lecithin the): la 116n hqp cua cac loci phospholipid, chu 376u la phosphatidyl
cholin (50+60%), ngoai ra con c6 phosphatidyl ethanolamin (30+40%) va
phosphatidyl inositol (10+15%). Lecithin c6 nhieu trong dau dau nanh.
Cephalin la hOn hqp phosphatidyl serine va ethanolamine.
Phosphatidyl glycerol c6 nhieu trong luc lap cua cay xanh.
Glycolipid la clang chat beo co chila cludng trong cling thilc phan
120 CHUONG 2

CH2OCOR, CH2OCOR,
I I
CHOCOR2 0 CH, CHOCOR2 0
I II I I II
CH2O P — 0 — CH2 CH2 — N — CH, CH2O —
I I
OH CH, OH
Lectithin = phosphatidyl cholin Phosphatidyl inositol

CH2OCOR, CH2OCOR,
I I
CHOCOR2 0 CHOCOR2 0
I II I II
CH2O — P — 0 — CH2 — CH2 — NH2 CH2O — P — 0 — CH2 — CH — NH,
I I I
OH OH COON
Phosphatidyl ethanolamin Phosphatidyl serin

CH2OCOR, CH2OH CH2OH CH2OCOR,

I
CHOCOR2 0
I
CHOH
-c)>, 1
CHOCOR2
I II I 1o —CH2 1

CH20 — P — 0 — CH2 0 — CH2

0 1
OH

Phosphatidyl glycerol Digalactosine diacyl glycerol

CH2OCOR,
I H H H
• CHOCOR2 I I I
CH2OSO3 1
CH2(CH2)12C = C — C — C — CH2OH
? — CH2 I I I
H OH NH,

Sulfolipid Sphingosin

H H H H H H
I I I I I I
CH,(CH2)12CH2C — C — C — CH2OH CH2(CH2)12C = C —C— C — CH2OH
I I I I I I
OH OH NH3 H OH NH
I
Phytosphingosin C=0
1
(CH2)12

I
Ceramid CH3
HInh 2.63 Cdu tao h&c hoc cd a mot so loai phospho lipid va glycolipid
 ouyEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT 121

Trong dang hgp chit glyceroglycolipid, du'ang thay the vac) glycerol tai
vi tri C3, va c6 the la cac dating mono-; di- tri- hay tetra-saccharide, nhu
glycosykliacylglycerols, dien hinh la digalactosine diacyl glycerol (DGDG).
Ne'u nhom thing trong glyceroglycolipid lai chive lien ket tiep vai
H2SO4 ta c6 hgp chit sulfolipid tan rat tot trong nu'ac, c6 trong luc lap,
mo mach.

Neu chit beo c6 rociu khong phai la glycerol ma la rugu sphingosine thi
ltic nay hqp chit c6 ten goi la sphingolipid. Ruau sphingosine la rtigu khong
no, mach C dai, c6 nhorn amino. Neu nham OH a vi tri 1 bi ester hoa bhng
H3PO4 ta c6 hgp chit sphingophospholipid, con neu bang cac nhOin dutng thl
ta c6 sphingoglycolipid. Ltia mi c6 phytosphingosin.
Trong rau trai, dac biet la rau va cac loci hat giau beo, trong thanh
plAn chit beo c6 chqa mot lu'gng phospholipid va glycolipid. Ham lu'ang
cac chft nay cling thay d6i trong qua trinh chin ciing nhu trong thai gian
bao quan.

Bang 2.40 Thanh phcin phospholipid va glycolipid clict ca chua chin

(Nguon: Sushhil K Kalra - 1973

mg lipid/100g m6 tr i hid
Lopi Lipid
Xanh Chin tdi 6 ngay 6 chin tdi
Phosphatidyl serin 1,3 0,9 0,5
Phosphatidyl inositol 5,0 2,5 4,2
Phosphatidyl cholin 17,8 14,5 12,8
Phosphatidyl ethanolamin 10,2 8,5 6,1
Phosphatidyl glycerol 1,4 0,8 1,0
Phosphatidic acid 1,5 1,1 1,9
Disphosphatidyl glycerol 0,6 0,4 0,2
Icing phospholipid 37,8 28,7 26,7
Sulfolipid 0,8 1,3 1,0
Digalactosyl diglyceride 6,8 6,6 7,5
Cerebroside 3,6 1,9 2,8
Steryl glucoside 2,5 2,8 3,4
Monogalactosyi diglyceride 6,0 8,3 5,2
Tang glycolipid 19,7 20,9 19,9
122 CHUONG 2

c- Steroid va sterol
Steroid IA hop chat co chtla perhydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene.
Steroid có the doric tong hop boil ca (Ring va thtfc vat. Trong tcr nhien co hon
100.000 cdc hop ch‘t steroid &roc khdm pha long vai tro quan trong trong
sinh hoc nhti là hormone, progesteron, cholesterol, phytosterol, vitamin D.

16

Hinh 2.64 Cdu true cua perhydrocyclopentakdphenanthrene

Sterol là steroid di chtla nhom hydroxyl tai vi tri C3 va mach nhanh

ky nu'Oc tai C17.
Vai tro sinh hoa cila sterol quan trong. Cluing tham gia cdc qua trinh
lien ket nude, lien ke't yeti clOc to lAm &Am di5e tinh. MOt s6 sterol gay benh
ung thd nhang mot s6 khdc lai co tdc dung chira &toe benh ung thu'. Cdc
steroid cila thtic vat goi IA phytosterol, ngoAi ra co the clula mot phan nho
cholesterol.

Bang 2.41 Minh phdn sterol clia ddu thuc vOt• (mg I kg)

Hu'ong NO
Thanh phgn PhOng Nanh Bong Olive C9
diking c6c

Cholesterol 0,5 6,2 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

Brassicasterol 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Campesterol 242 278 563 276 2655 19 88
Stigmasterol 236 145 564 17 499 0,5 42
0-sitosterol 1961 1145 1317 3348 9187 732 252

A5-avenasterol 163 253 46 85 682 78 0,5

g-stigmasterol 298 0,5 92 0,5 96 0,5 51

g-avenasteroi 99 34 63 18 102 30 0,5

24-methylene 204 0,5 53 0,5 425 580 0,5

cycloartenol
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 123

HO
13-Sitosterol

HO HO
A7-Stigmasterol A5-Avenasterol

HO HO
07-Avenasterol Stigmasterol

HO HO
Campesterol Cholesterol

Hinh 2.65 Cdu tnic chung diet sterol va mOt vai loci sterol

d- Sap (waxe)
V6 mat ban chg h6a hoc sap IA ester cila acid beo bac cao va cdc rut lu
cao phan tit. Cdc acid beo thireing hay gap trong sap IA cdc acid beo no c6 s6
carbon tit C12 d6n C38 nhif acid palmitic, serotic, montanic, melisic... Cdc ripu
tham gia tao thAnh sap ding IA cdc rao'u mach thing, no va c6 s6 carbon iOn tit
C12 den C36 nhut cetyl alcohol (C16H330H), stearyl alcohol (C18H370H), oleyl
alcohol (C18H350H).
124 CHUUNG 2

Try nhien, trong tut nhien c6 mot s6 chgt c6 kha nang tao thanh mang
khong tram nt.(fc gi6ng nha sap cling dacic xem la sap nhu cac hydrocarbon
mach dai, sterol ester, aldehyde mach dai, nfcru, diol, ketone, triacylglycerol...

Hydrocarbon

CH2OH 1-alkanol

2-alkanol

OH
CH2OH 1,2-alkanol

OH
CHO Aldehyde

Ketone

p-ketone

0 0
Binh 2.66 Cdu trdc ctia WO so chdt hydrocacbon mach dai dttqc coi la sap

Bang 2.42 Thanh phdn clati you ctia sap Id cay

Cgu truc

CH3(CH2),CH3 21 ÷ 35C - s6 C le
n-Alkane
CH3(CH2),C00(CH2)yCH3 34 ÷ 62C - s6 C chgn
Alkyl ester
CH3(CH2),COOH 16 -1- 32C - so C chgn
Fatty acid
Fatty alcohol (primary) CH3(C H2)yCH2OH 22 ÷ 32C - s6 C chgn

CH3(CH2)yCHO 22 + 32C - s6 C chgn

Fatty aldehyde
CH3(CH2 ),CO(CH2)yCH3 23 .4- 33C - s6. C le
Ketone
Fatty alcohol (secondary) CH3(CH2),CHOH (CH2)yCH3 23 ÷ 33C - s6 C le

CH3(CH2),COCH2CO(CH2)yCH3 27 ÷ 33C - s6 C le
3-Diketone
Sterols, alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, uvaol, lupeol, erythrodiol
Triterpenol
Triterpenoid acid Ursolic acid, oleanolic acid...
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA11 TAO, TINH CHAT 125

Trong sap 4( nhien c6 khoang 50% cac ester va 50% ru'9'u cao phan
acid beo cao phan tif, carbuahydro, cac chat mau Sap that vat cd nhiem
vu bao ye trai, ld, than khoi tac dOng ctia vi sinh vat va moi twang, ch6ng
hien tucing mat nuttc.

Bang 2.43 Thanh phdn sap cua mot vai loaf rau trai

Rau tral Thanh phgn sap

La bap cai Fludu C12, C18 - C28; acid palmitic va cac acid khac
Ceryl va stearyl alcohol
Nonacozan C291-180; dan xuat nonacazol
CH3 - (CH2)13 - CH - (CH2)13 - CH3OH

Nho a. palmitic; ester palmitic vdi enocaprol; rudu cerilic; myristic,

cerolic...

Hoa Sap cd mau, ester dipalmitate vdi rudu 2 chilc xanthophyll,

zeaxanthin (carotenoid)

Hoa Wong diking Ceryl cerotate

Trong cac loai sap, cutin la loai thuang gap a vO va teen bd mat la cay.
Cac acid beo tham gia tao nen cutin la cac acid beo C16 va C18.
- Cac acid thu6c ho C16 chit ydu la 16-hydroxypalmitate va 9,16 hay
10,16-dihydroxypalmitate.

- Cdc acid thu6c ho C18 la 18-hydroxyoleate, 9,10-epoxy-18-

hydroxystearate va 9,10,18-trihydroxystearate.

Cain c6 vai tro bao ye cac lap bidu bi tht.tc vat, la mot polymer phdc
tap, kh6i ILA:mg phan tit lrn , lioa tan trong kidm.
126 CHUONG 2

OH
OH

9.16-dihydroxypalmitic acid
68% tong monomer
HOOC OH

OH
10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid

OH
HOOC COOH
9-hydroxy-hexadecan-1,16-dioic acid 11% tong monomer
HOOC COOH

OH
10-hydroxy-hexadecan-1,16-dioic acid

OH
0
HOOC
H
9-hydroxy-16-oxo-hexadecanoic acid 3% tong monomer
0
HOOC
■H
OH
10-hydroxy-16-oxo-hexadecanoic acid

OC

CO

Cac monomer chInh coa sap nho

Hinh 2.67 Ccic monomer chti ye.0 ctia cabin V.sativa

NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CALl TAO, TAW CHAT 127

2.4.5 Vitamin
Thyc vat cs5 kha nang tang harp daqc cac vitamin, vi the rau trai là liguan
cung cap vitamin cha yeu cho con ngtitti va dOng vat. Neu thdc an thieu
vitamin thi dan den mat can bAng qua trinh trao dai chat, lAm giam the lye va
kha nang lao Ong va dan den mac nhieu benh tram trong. Nhang vitamin
hung duvc tim thay trong rau trai IA Bl, B2, PP, C... va provitamin A. Tuy
ahien, ham ltiqng vitamin cila cac ph'an khac nhau &la thiic vat ding khac
nhau. Thuttng Mc vitamin hay tap trung a phan vo ngoai ciia hoa, la, trai...

Bang 2.44 Ham Wang vitamin c6 trong m6t so" loci rau an /à
(dan vi do mg/100g rau Ngu6n Sheetal Gupta 2005)
Loa' rau Ascorbic acid Thiamine T6ng carotene i 13-carotene
Rau sam 22 0,10 21,37 4,00
La hoa mao ga 26 0,09 25,05 4,42
Polygala erioptera 85 0,14 21,61 3,83
Boerhaavia ditfusa 16 0,09 32,02 6,73
Rau ma 11 0,04 25,93 3,90
Coleus aromaticus 3 0,08 10,38 1,50
Digera arvensis 49 0,10 17,93 3,36
Cocculus hirsutus 28 0,19 66,67 9,20
Rau trai 46 0,04 25,56 3,81
Rau den 39 0,07 35,17 5,41
Rau meo 42 0,16 21,86 5,38
Rau bi 37 0,20 22,37 2,27
Delonix elata 295 0,33 59,92 10,51

Bang 2.45 Ham Ittcmg vitamin c6 trong mOt so loci trai

(xet cho 100g phdn an claw) (Nguon: Vin dinh ditang Viet Nam)
D§ 6m Nang liking (3-carotene Riboflavin Vit C
Trai
g Kcal Mcg mg mg
Tao 84,6 59 0 - 1
Chuoi 70,1 116 78 0,08 70
Dao lOn hOt 86,3 51 23 0,05 180
61 81,7 51 0 • 0,03 212
Xoai chin 81,0 74 2743 0,09 16
Cam 87,6 48 0 0,08 30
Du du 90,8 32 1104 0,25 57
Dila 87,8 46 666 0,12 39
Hong xiem 73,7 98 97 0,03 6
128 CHUONG 2

1- Cox vitamin tan trong ddu

a- Tien vitamin A: vitamin A c6 vai tro quan trong de giii toan ven
lap to bao bidu mo bao phu be mat va cac khoang ben trong ca the.
Thieu vitamin A thiffing gay kho da, tang sung h6a a nang long, be mat
da thiffing n6i gai, kho gide mac anh hdang den thi Thieu vitamin A con
lam giam t6c dO sinh truing, giam sac de khong cua ca the d6i vcii benh tat
va tang tSr le tit vong o tre em.
•di thifc vat khong c6 vitamin A ma chi c6 tin vitamin A thifang gap
difai clang cac sac to carotenoid, khi vao ca the se chuydn thanh vitamin A.
Cac carotenoid thiffing gap IA a, 13, y caroten, lutein, lycopene, violaxanthin,
neoxanthin... Trong d6, 13-caroten IA c6 kha nang chuydn h6a thanh vitamin
A cao nhdt.
Ngoai ra, cac carotenoid c6 nhang dac tinh bao ve ca the t6t han
vitamin A nhu kha nang cheng oxy hoa, kha nang trung hbacac acid ty do...
va khong gay cac tic hai ndu sit dung qua lieu nhu vitamin A.
Do dO, sit dung carotenoid t6t han la vitamin A.

CH 3 CH3 H3C CH 3
CH3
Hinh 2.68 Cdu true cr.:2a ACarotene

Ngoai gia iri Binh &fang, carotenoid con tham gia tao nen mau to
yang, cam den do cho rau trai. Ngiffri to chthig minh rkig o thkfc vat xanh
giau chlorophyll thi (long tilt:6 ham lu'ang carotenoid cung cao. Do d6, CAC 104i
rau co mau xanh sam, cac loai trai co mau yang, da cam IA nhang thCc an c6
nhieu carotenoid.
Cac rau trai giau caroten nhu at, ca rot, bi do, gdc, ca chua, du du va
cac rau mau sam nhu rau ng6t, rau day, rau den, rau muting, hanh la...
Ham lacing cua cac carotenoid guy ra 1i-caroten cua inOt, s6 loai rau trai
Viet Nam chicle trinh bay trong bang 2.46. Tuy nhien, cac loai carotenoid thy(
chda trong rau trai khOng chi c6 13-caroten ma con co nhieu chdt khac.
Vi du, theo Patricia thi trong rau xanh thuOc nhOm rau diep( lettuce,
co chaa:
Lutein (7,7+56,1kg/g) (3-carotene (2,7+35,3mglg)
Violaxanthin (4,6+31,7ug/g) Neoxanthin (3,1+20,5pg/g)
Lactucaxanthin (6,71.kg/g)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TIAIH CHAT 129

Bang 2.46 Cac thvc phcim giau 13-caroten

(Ham luong fl-caroten trong 100g thvc phdm an duqc)
(Ngu6n: Vin dinh &tang VOt Nam)

13-caroten p-caroten
Ten thi/c phim Ten thi/c phdm
(dJong luong pg) (duong luohglIg)

Ggc 52520 Rau ng6 2325

Rau ngOt 6650 Rau mu6ng 2280

Ot yang to 5790 Du do chin 2100

Rau hung 5550 Can to 2045

Tia to 5520 Rau b( 1940

Rau den cdm 5300 Rau mot-1g tdi 1920

Ca rat 5040 Mu6m, queo 1905

Can tay 500 Hang do 1900

Rau day 4560 Cai xanh 1855

Rau kinh gidi 4360 Rau khoai lang 1830

DUa hgu 4200 Cal xoong 1820
Rau den do 4080 HQ la 1745
La lot 4050 Dua ba 1705
Rau MCA tau 3980 Rau tau bay 1700
Rau thdm 3560 Quyt 1625
Rau den trang 2855 Hong ngam 1615
Thi la 2850 Khoai lang ngh. 1470
Cai thia 2365

Ca rot chi yeu chtta a-carotene (35,01,tg/g) va 13-carotene (61,51-1,g/g),

ngoai ra con c6 lutein (5,1pg/g).

CA chua rat giau lycopene (35,414/g), có it lutein (1,0pg/g) va 13-carotene

(3,2pg/g)...
130
CHONG 2

Bang 2.47 Ham Itigng carotenoid vet hoat tinh vitamin A

caa mOt so loai rau va ndm
(Ngu6n: Vin dinh dttang ViN Nam)

Carotenoid, ag/100g (san phdm Idol)

Thi/c phgm
RE'
a-carotene f3-carotene 7-carotene Cryptoxanthin Lutein Lycopene

Khoai tay
3,2 13 — 0,5
MOi
7,7 nd 60 — 1,3
CO Vet

7600 nd 300 — 130(

Ca rot 530
72 Vet — 12
CO cal Vet

66 nd 150 — 11
Bap cal Vet

15 nd 26 — 2,5
Bap cal do vet

15 vet 40 — 2,5
cal thao Vet

11 33 — 1,c
Bong cai trang
1000 nd 24 1800 — 171
Bong cal xanh vet
4400 — 55
Rau 3300
1800 — 16
Rau dip vet 980

nd nd 7200 — 49
Can tay 2900

nd 1900 — 17
Toi tay 1000
nd 440 — 3
Dau 39 180
6700 — 7E
Thi la 4500
470 — 2
Dua leo vet 130

170 nd 100 3100 1:

Ca chua 660

Cat chuong
nd nd nd nd 4
DO nd 2900

150 770
yang 92
240 nd 700
Xanh vet

"Micrograms caa RE/100g = 0,167 (pg /3-carotene) +

.
+ 0,083 (mg a-carotene + pg }carotene + pg cryptoxanthi

b Lutein + zeaxanthin
nd: chua phcit hOn ra
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 131

Ming 2.48 Ham lam carotenoid va hoat tinh vitamin A

cua mot so loai trdi vet hat

Thisic Ham ILidng cac hqp chit carotenold, µg/100g phgn an di/0c
Phdm a-carotene a-carotene 7-carotene Cryptoxanthin Lutein° Lycopene RE'
Tao tay - 12 - - 48 - 1,9
Le - 17 - nd 110 - 2,8
Cam 19 38 nd nd 27 nd 7,9
QuYt 20 38 nd nd 20 nd 7,9
BUoi Vat 2,3 nd 3,3 9,5 - 0,7
Chanh - 3,4 - nd 12 - 0,6
Dao Vat 86 nd 51 14 nd 19
Chuai 12 14 3,3 3,4
BO 19 34 nd 38 320 nd 10
Kiwi - 43 - 3,7 180 - 7,4
Nho Vat 33 nd nd 72 - 5,4
Dila hau Vat 230 nd nd 14 4500 38
Man nd 430 nd nd 240 - - 71
Dau tay 8,9 - - 31 - 1,5

'Micrograms cda RE I 100g = 0,167 (pg )6-carotene)

+ 0,083 (pg a-carotene + pg y-carotene + ,ug cryptoxanthin)
bLutein + zeaxanthin

nd: chtia phcit hi?n ra.

Ham luang cac carotenoid trong thuc vat thay d6i theo tiing b6 phan,
thtri diem thu hoach va diet' kiln bao quan. Tuy nhien, ding nhu vitamin A,
cac carotenoid rat de bi oxy h6a nhSt la khi c6 anh sang nen rau trai phai
duac dat trong to kin, (Id ncli bang t6i va mat.

b- Vitamin E (tocopherol): c6 kha Ming ch6ng oxy hOa bang each ngAn
ngira hay lam gian doan cac phan ang day chuyen do cac g6c to do gay ra.
Vitamin E can ngan ngita su oxy h6a &la cac hap chgt de bi oxy h6a khac nhu
carotenoid, vitamin A, acid linoleic (chua bao hoa)... Vitamin E durgc coi la sinh
t6 cda su sinh san nha khd nang gitip ch6ng si y thai, ch6ng lao h6a, tang tinh
trimg, phat trien phoi. Ngoki ra, vitamin can c6 tac dung ch6ng d6c, ch6ng lao
hOa va kich thich cac phan Cing mien dich. M6t trong nhang bieu hiOn thieu
vitamin la teo ca.
132 CHliaNG 2

CH3

HInh 2.69 Cdu tao hda hoc ctia a- tocopherol (5,7,8- trimetyl- tocal)
Vitamin E c6 trong hat nay mem va phen xanh cilia thyc vet. Ngan
cung cap vitamin E chu ygu la (Ulu thyc vet, rau xa ldch, rau cai. Vitamin E c6
nhigu trong deu mem hat hba thao (mem lila mi, ngo), trong dau mat s6 hg c6
deu (lac, hu'ang duo ng...) ho4c mat s6 trai. Vi du, ca rot chaa 1,5mg%, xa ldch
3mg%... Deu httang clucmg chi a chu ygu a-tocopherol con &Au (14u nanh va clgu
bep lai chtla cac clang Ichac nhigu hcm va bao Nig duqc cdc vitamin hba tan trong
ma nhu vitamin A, vitamin D ding nha cdc acid beo chu'a no khai bi oxy hba.

Bang 2.49 Ham luting tocopherol trong cltiu thtfc v4t

Tocopherol chung Cac loel tocopherol, (%)

(Mu
(mg/100g) a P y 8

Hat Weing dong 50 ÷ 75 100 0 0 0

Hat bong 70 ÷ 100 55 4- 70 0 25 4- 40 0 ÷ 10

BO 90 ÷ 105 10 0 90 0

Dgu nanh 75 ÷ 170 10 0 60 30

Ogu phOng 20 4- 50 40 ÷ 50 0 30 ÷ 40 20

Mgm lua mi 200 4- 300 60 4- 70 30 ÷ 40 0 0

c- Vitamin K: gift vai tat, nhu' IA coenzym trong enzym, thkic hien t6ng
hqp protrombin, mat chgt quan trong trong qud trinh (long mdu. Vai tro sinh
lST chinh cila vitamin K IA lam cho mdu clang va vet tinging chong lanh.
Ngoai ra, vitamin K tham gia trong qud trinh chuye7n h6a mat vai acid amin
c6 dinh mu6i calci va phan anh tien trinh khoang hba 'coring, la mot clan
xugt &la naptoquinon.
0

0 CH3 CH3 CH3

Hinh 2.70 Cdiu trtic ctia vitamin K1 (phylloquinone, ben trod)

vet vitamin K2 (menaquinones, ben phcii)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 133

Vitamin K c6 trong thlic vat kh6ng nhieu bang trong dOng vat, tuy
nhien nhu cau ye vitamin K clia con ngutri cung khong nhieu (khodng
454-50ingingety) nen chi ngu6n thut vat cung c6 the cung cap dd. Vitamin K
c6. trong ca r6t, bAp cai, bi ngo, rau den (2÷6mg%), khoai tay, ca chua
(0,1÷0,5mg%)...

Bang 2.50 Ham lacing vitamin K trong mOt so" loai rau trcii

Thyt phgrn mg/100g Thi/c phgm mg/100g

Bdp cai, su su 200 ÷ 600 Dau nanh 200
NO tay (miii tay) 600 ÷ 900 Trai cay 5 ÷ 20
Cai bong (sup-10) 60 4- 300 Ca r6t 100
Xa lach 80 ÷ 200 Ca chua 400
Khoai tay 20 ÷ 80 Khoai lang 120
Dau Ha Lan 10 ÷ 50 NO 40

d - Vitamin D:

CH3

Lumisterol - vitamin D1

CH3

CH3 CH3

HO
Ergocalciferol - vitamin D2 Cholecalciferol - vitamin D3

Hinh 2.71 Cciu frac cac vitamin D

134 CHLICNG 2

Vitamin D gulp tang kha nang hgp thu calci a vach runt, tang lacing
calci trong man a xacing, tang kha nang hgp thy photpho or than. Vitamin D
kith thich tai hgp thu phosphate a eng than, duy trl can bang tSr re phospho
va calci, gitip dieu hoa viec h6a 'Wang. Cling giong nha vitamin A, vitamin D
khong c6 trong rau trai, ma chi c6 tien vitamin D la sterol (ergosterol). DM
tac dung caa tia cac tim sterol chuyen thanh vitamin D la dan xugt caa
sterol. Trong rau trai tien vitamin D cling khong nhieu, chit yeu c6 trong
ngm (48+136 UI cho 100g).
2- Cl c vitamin tan trong nu'efc
Cdc vitamin tan trong naac bao g6m HO
vitamin C, cac vitamin nhOm B, vitamin H,
vitamin P va s6 loai vitamin it thong dung khac HO
B13, cholin... Rau trai la ngu6n cung cap chinh H --
cac vitamin dang nay cho CC( the. Trong to bao
thuc vat, vitamin tan trong nofic has tan trong HO OH

dich bao &la khong bao.

Hinh 2.72 Cdu trzic
a- Vitamin C (acid ascorbic): la loai 116a hoc czia vitamin C
vitamin tan trong nadc, tham gia vao cac qud
trinh oxy h6a kha caa ca the, tham gia tong hap colagen, mo lien 1(6'1, xuang
rang. Vitamin C tang sac d6 khong cua ca the., tham gia vao chuyen h6a
glucid. Vitamin C c6 anh Inking tai host dong caa mot s6 enzym, caa gan va
tuy. Thieu vitamin C c6 the thgy cac vet xua huyet rai rat a da, than rang
chay mdu, vet thuang lau lien seo... Ngu6n thiic pha'm thien nhien cung cap
vitamin C rat phong pha, trong da rau trai taai la ngu6n thitc an quan trong
nhgt. C6 the ke den nha rau day (77mg%), m6ng tcli (72mg%), rau ng6t
(185mg%), khoai tay, khoai lang (23mg%), cac loai rau gia vi nha mui , kinh
giai, ram... c6 tit 41+140mg. Vitamin C c6 nhieu trong trai c6 mai, ca chua,
vai, nhan (20+60mg%), tao, chu6i, &au cove.., trong cac loai trai hach ham
lacing vitamin C chiem 5+10mg%. Trong m8i loai rau trai, ham lacing
vitamin C phan b6 khong (Mu, thating tap trung d va hoac lap gan va, c6 khi
3+4 Mn lain flan trong mau trung binh. Trong loi bap cai ham lacing vitamin
C ggp doi a ld be (100 va 50mg%).
Ham lacing vitamin C trong rau trai phu thuOc nhieu ygu to nha dat trong,
khi hau, loai, dO chin cua rau trai, cdch bao quan, van chuyen, phun thu6c trii
sau... Thai gian bao quan rau trai tuvi cang dai thi lacing vitamin C hao but cang
lam (sau hai ngay lacing vitamin C co the mat han 41%). Do vitamin C de hoa
tan trong nude, (16 bi pfian hay bai 'thong khi va nhiet do cao, do do phai biet
each raa va the 'Dien cac loai rau trai cho phu hcip. Vi du, xao rau se lam mgt
nhieu vitamin Chan luOc, lacing nu'ac luOc cang nhieu thi lacing vitamin tan ra
trong matt cang lam, nen luOc da matt de an ca cdi va
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA11 TAO, TINH CHAT 135

Vitamin C dive bao ye tot trong dung dich c6 neing dO dating cao. Cdc
inu6i sat va d6ng c6 kha nang phd hay vitamin C, d4c biet IA fling vi d6ng cdo
trong thAnh phan cua enzym ascorbatoxydase. VI vdy, d6 dung de nau rau
xanh phai du'qc the tao tii cac hqp kim "khong ri".

Bang 2.51 Thanh phdn vitamin C trong mOt sd loci trcii cay
(Nguon: I. 0. Akinyele - 1979)
Ham 'Mpg vitamin C, Khoang bign &Si,
Trai cay Ten khoa hoc
mg/100g phan An dudc mg/100g

Cam Citrus sinensis 56,0 41 ÷ 70

VO Oa Chrysophyllum delevoyi 48,0 38 ÷ 59
(formerly C, africanum)
Bali Citrus paradisi 47,0 24 ÷ 62
Chanh Citrus aurantifolia 46,5 39 ÷ 55
Du di, Caria papaya 43,2 33 4- 58
Chanh yang Citrus lemon 35,2 30 ÷ 40
Oda Ananas comosus 25,2 25 ÷ 26
Chu61 Musa paradisiaca 12,5 10 ÷ 15

b- Vitamin B1 (thiamine): thiamin dung vai tro quan trong trong

chuyen hoa glucid, d4c biet IA chuyen h6a acid piruvic va kich thich qua trinh
An ngon mieng. Nhu cau con ngatti va vitamin B1 khong cao
(0,5mg/1000Kca/) nhiing phai du'qc cung cap hang ngAy bai no (long vai tro
chu yeu doi vai host &Ong cila he than kinh va qua trinh chuydn 116a nang
Wong, nhgt la kha nang sit dung glucid caa ca the. Thigu vitamin B1 se clan
den rol loan trao d6i chSt va kem theo cac benh l5r tram trong nhu' giam tie-t
dich vi, to phi, benh beriberi... Ngoai ngu c6c va cac loci hat ho ddu (ngm
men, marn Ida mi, cam gao...), rau trdi cling IA ngu6n thut phdm thien nhien
quan trong de cung cap vitamin B1, có thd ke den nhu dau cove (0,34mg%),
ddu dua (0,29mg%), dau HA Lan (0,4mg%), rau diep (0,39mg%), rau mu6ng
(0,1mg%), toi to (0,4mg%), xA lach, rau tham (0,14mg%)...

OH
NO;
Me
0
a°
Thiamine mononitrate

Hinh 2.73 Cdu tnic has hoc clia vitamin B1

136 CHIANG

Vitamin B1 clang de bi phan hily, chi sau vitamin C do de hba tan trong
mterc, nhay cam vai nhiet dO, kitting khi va pH kiem, do d6 &ai hoi eho biir
rau trai phai nghien cdu thin trong va ti mi de duy tri duvc ngu6n vitamir.
B1 dam &to cho nhu du hang ngay.
c- Vitamin B2 cOn goi lel vitamin G
(riboflavin): la loai vitamin tan tit trong CH3
m11c va khong tan trong chit be°, gic CH3
vai tro chi yiu trong cdc phan ang oxy h6a 0
,•OH
a to bao trong tat ca cdc mo ctia ca the, tang
&it de khang &la ca the, tang tic do, tao ,.OH
HO
mdu va anh haang di sit phat tridn ctia bao
thai... thiiu vitamin B2 c6 the du'a din thiiu OH
B6 vb. B3, gay ra nining rol loan thin kinh,
thu'ang ton da, viem mieng, luai, niem mac Hinh 2.74 Cdu tao haa hoc
hoac nhang trieu chi ng vg mat nhti sa anh caa vitamin B2
sang, due gide mac...
Ngoai cdc nguen chinh nhu- nim men banh mi, nim men bia, ddu, thit
gan, saa, trdng... rau trai ding chi a nhieu vitamin B2 nhu dau coy
(0,19mg%), at yang (0,51mg%), rau ngot (0,39mg%), rau day (0,26mg%,
m6ng tai (0,17mg%), cai xanh (0,1mg%), ca rot (20mg%), bap cal, hanh, C.
chua (50mg%)... Vitamin B2 ben vai nhiet dO han vitamin B1.
d- Vitamin B3, con chicly goi la vitamin PP (niacin)
Niacin va cdc amid dm n6 clang vai tro cot yiu trong ca chi oxy hia d
giai phOng nang lacing ctia cac phan U.( glucid, lipid, protein. Trong ca the
niacin c6 the tao thanh tit tryptophan vai dieu kin c6 san acid amin na
trong protein cila ca the.

0
C*
I I
OH NH2

Nicotinic acid Nicotinamide

Hinh 2.75 Cilia tao h&c hoc cua vitamin B3

Khi thiiu niacin se xdy ra cdc trieu chtIng nhti sung mang nhay d
dAy, ruOt, sau d6 da bi san siai nhgt IA cdc vi tri tip nic nhi6u vdi an
sang mat
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA11 TAO, TINH CHAT 137

Vitamin PP c6 trong rau trdi khoang 0,1÷1,0mg%, c6 nhieu trong dau

cove (2,6mg%), ht yang (2,5mg%), rau ng6t (2,2mg%), rau den do (1,4mg%),
rau day (1,1mg%), khoai tay (0,9mg%), cai xanh (0,8mg%)...
Ham lacing vitamin PP trong rau xanh tdang d6i nhieu han cac vitamin
nh6m B khdc nhu'ng it daqc quan tam nhieu do ca the c6 kha nang tong hap
dttac vitamin nay tit tryptophan 6 cac m6 hoac nhtt cac vi khudn ding ru6t.
Tuy nhien, sit dung cac san phdm tit rau xanh van t6t han do it lieu ton nang
lacing va tan dung claqc cac gia tri khac cCia rau xanh.
e- Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) (H.2.76)
C6 trong cac loai trdi hach va trai nac, mang tay (0,005÷0,010mg%),
trong bdp cai, bi ngo, khoai tay (0,1÷0,3mg%), ca r6t, cu cai do, ca chua
(0,1+0,2mg%), that:mg di kern yeti B2 (riboflavin), IA yetu to can thidt cho qua
trinh trao d6i glucid trong ca the.
f- Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine and pyridoxamine) (11.2.77)
Tham gia cac nhom ngodi cac enzym chuyen h6a nhorn amin nhd d6 cct
the se tong hap cac acid amin khong thay the, nhOm ngodi cac enzym
decarboxyl hoa cac acid amin, tham gia vao chuySn hoa cac lipid, c6 tac dung
gam lacing cholesterol trong huyett thanh. Thigu vitamin B6 anh hu'ong ciu:5 trinh
tang hap protein, lipid... B6 c6 nhieu trong bi ngo (0,31mg%) va trong cu cai do.
H2C — OH

H3C — C — CH3
1
HO— C — H

C=0

NH

H2C
I II
H2C — C — OH

Hinh 2.76 Cciu trac Hinh 2.77 Mt trlic

ctia vitamin B6 cda vitamin B6

g- Vitamin B7, can goi là vitamin H hay vitamin B-w (biotin) (11.2.78)
C6 trong ca chua, ca r6t, dao... tit 400÷1000pg/g chdt kho, la acid c6
ni6t nhOm cacboxyl. Tham gia ti-ac tiep hay gidn tidp vao cac phan Ling
enzym: chuydn h0 acid aspactic, cac phan Ling khii cacboxin, Ong hap acid
oleic. Thi'du vitamin H &in tai viem da, met mai, dau cac ca, kern an bu6n
non, thidu
138 CHUOVG 2

HN

Hinh 2.78 Cdu &tic Hinh 2.79 Cali trtic

D- Biotin caa vitamin B9

• h- Vitamin B9, can goi la vitamin M hay vitamin B-c (folic acid) (H.2.79)
LA loai vitamin quan trong cho sinh san. Acid folic la ca set chinh ctia
nhidu coenzym tham gia va cdc phan ling tong hap va cdc qua trinh phan
chia td bao. Thidu acid folic din ddn thidu mdu h6ng cdu. Thidu acid folic
cung gay nen cdc bidu hidn vd than kinh, nhd dau day than kinh ngoai Wen
hay r6i loan tam than.
Acid folic chda nhidu trong ca thyc vat lin dOng vat nhu'ng de bi
phan hay ndu tidp xtic tryc tip vbri dnh sang mat trdi. Acid folic cling bi
phd hay nhanh bai nhidt do cao va chdt oxy h6a nen khi ndu nuang c6 thd
phan huy den 90% vitamin B9 thy thuOc loai thyc phdm va phYang phdp
ndu nuang. Trong rau trdi, acid folic c6 nhidu trong dau kho nhut dau xanh
(0,79mg%), dau nanh (0,359mg%), mang tay (0,11mg%).

2.4.6 Khoang
Chdt khodng la phdn con lai sau cdc qua trinh oxy hoa do nhidt (nung
a nhidt do cao) hay do phan Ling h6a hoc (acid HNO3 hay HCl), phdn khodng
con lai nay du'ac goi là tro. Trong rau trdi c6 khoang 50+60 loai nguyen to
khodng khdc nhau vai ham lu'ang 0,25+1,5%. Cdc nguyen to khodng ton tai
du'ai clang lien kdt vai hap chdt hdu cct cao phan td, mu6i dm acid him cv va
ca vo cct nhu' phosphoric, sulfuric, silic... nen cdc chdt khodng, dAc bidt la kim
loai de hdp thy. Rau trai la nguon cung cap chat khoang quan trong nhat cho
c6 the. Trong tro c6 chtia cdc oxyde cila kali, natri, calci, magie, sit, mangan,
nhom... Gan 50% chdt tro la kali oxyde, con lai IA cua photphor, calci, magie
va natri. Ngoai ra, trong tro cua rau trai con cd nhidu chdt khdc vo cling it
nini chi, d6ng, kern, mangan, asen, Lot, uran, radi, thori...
Vic hinh thanh c-dc loai mu6i khodng trong trdi phu thuOc thd nhutng,
loai ddt dai, nen trdi cling loai trong a nhdrig Hari khdc nhau se c6 thanh
phdn khodng khdc nhau.
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, 7-1111H CHAT 139

Bang 2.52 Ham lac:mg chat khocing da lacing c6 trong 100g rau xanh
an Id. (Sheetal Gupta 2005)

Tro Ca P K Na Mg
Lodi rau (g) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (mg)

Rau sam 2,29 52 22 317 16,0 153

La mao ga 2,65 188 35 476 240,6 233

Rau ma 2,06 174 17 345 107,8 87

Wing thorn 1,06 158 16 138 4,7 88

Rau trai 1,85 113 19 473 20,7 77

Rau den 2,51 239 33 433 84,0 253

Rau moo 1,80 151 38 360 15,7 77

Rau bi 3,04 302 34 368 12,0 150

St; liOu trong bang la trung binh cda bon Mn lai thi nghi0m.

Bang 2.53 Ham litang ccic chat khocing vi lacmg c6 trong 100g rau xanh
an Id. (Sheetal Gupta 2005)

Loai rau Fe Zn Cu Cr Mn

Rau sam 4,16 0,46 0,12 0,200 0,43

La mao ga 13,15 0,49 0,15 0,153 0,27

Rau ma 14,86 0,97 0,24 0,046 -

Hung thorn 2,62 0,33 0,12 0,022 -

Rau trai 7,11 0,63 0,09 0,115 0,08

Rau d4n 15,01 0,60 0,09 0,140 -

Rau meo 4,84 0,57 0,13 0,078 -

Rau bi 4,38 0,62 0,19 0,049 -

S6 lOu trong being la trung binh cua bon Mn lap lai thi nghi0m.
140
■
—■
o cc

14.0
0 0 0 0

8,0
Li. to N -,-- N-
N N N

1
-1-

0,4
0,5
I Se

mcg 1:5

0
Mc

CT
CO

150
80

100
150

40

200
140

320

20
120

100
140
O CD

00 1-
0
N
T In
,-
,-

1
co ..:1- co

0,4
N
0,4

o o (6
1...
CD 6 6 6

N- r cy) r-.. 0 0
o

CO 0 CO
0,22

N r 10 0)
r CO 'Ll' N LO
uz

CO r N r N N r N
O CD. 0 6 6 o © 6 6 6 csi 6 6 6
1

N N N- N- CO CO CO
0,03

N r N '4 LO LO r
Mn

0 LO CO ,--- CO r CD r r 0 CD 0 N
6 6 6 6 6 r 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
10

■
mg

33
Mg

CO N CO 0)
r N
L
I

102

N- 0 r r Nt
368

0
108

r
187

CO CO 1"-. 1— 'Cr
gg

LO N CID N CO r CD r
K

LO CO r LO
r N r N N N N r N r CO r
I
I

ct CO
17

'71' LI) CO N '1- •7t•

Z CO 'I' '1' N 0.1 r
Sau rienc
Nho c hua

:t...
.E$ D
Tao tay

4-, •,(11 0
0=
Nhan

Cr :5.
0
OD

Xoai
Cam

1::)
I9A8

OD 7 CO 03 C
Na

01

0 0 a CD i _J 2 a
I

I--
33

0 CO
29

N 'I' LO
14

N LO CO 0) -,-- r NNNN CO CO
CD
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA-U TAO, TINH CHAT 141

/. Sect: dit s6 luting khong nhieu nhung sat IA mot trong cdc thanh phan dinh
during quan trong nhgt, có tam quan trong cci ban deci with skf song. LA thAnh
phan cua huygt sac to, myoglobin, cytochrom va nhieu enzym, tham gia van
chuyen oxy vA giii vai tro quan trong trong ho hal) te' bac). Thiel.' sat, ccr the
se khOng hoat dOng tot, nhimg có nhieu sat qua cang rat nguy hiem do ski
hinh thAnh ctia cdc g6c tut do trong qua trinh oxy hoa gay ton hai den trung
tam nang lacrng va cac cct quan Ichac.

Bong 2.55 Ham lacing sat có trong mot so loci rau trai (trong 100g phdn can ditqc)
(Ngudn: Vi'On dinh ditang Vift Nam)

Rau Sit (mg) Rau SAt (mg)

Can tay 8,00 Rau ngOt 2,70
Rau day 7,70 Rau ram 2,20
Rau den trang 6,10 Rau bf 2,10
Rau den do 5,40 , Toi tay ( cal Id) 2,00
Rau himg 4,80 Cal xanh 1,90
Rau Mul 4,50 Cai xoong 1,60
Ot yang to 3,60 Dau dim 1,60
Can to 3,00 Rau mong tai 1,60
Cu cai 2,90 Hat sen ttiOi 1,40
Rau mifi tau 2,90 Rau mu6ng 1,40
Rau khoai lang 2,70
Trai SAt (mg) Till SAt (mg)
Du di, 2,6 Nho ngot 0,5
Tao tay 2,5 Trai thanh long 0,6
H6ng xiem 2,3 Bilai 0,5
Le 2,3 Chom chum 0,5
Mo 2,1 Chu& 0,5
Trai NI vo xanh • 1,6 Dau da 0,5
Nho chua 1,4 Dila 0,5
Tr* bo va tfm 1,4 Dar) 0,5
oi 1,3 Vai 0,5
Dua hail 1,0 Cam 0,4
Seu rieng 0,9 Man 0,4
Dau tay 0,7 Mft 0,4
Luu 0,7 Nhan 0,4
Mang ceu xiern 0,7 Quft 0,4
Chanh 0,6 VO sua 0,4
Mang cut 0,6 Xoai 0,4
Na 0,6 Hong 0,2
142 CHUONG

Ngoai cdc loaf th(rc an có ngu6n g6c dOng vat, cdc hat ho &au, rau trd:
et-mg la ngu6n sat quan trong trong bad an nhu' can tay (8mg%), rau da3
(7 ,7mg%), rau den do (5,4mg%), rau Illing (4,8mg%), cu cai (2,9mg%), du di
chin (2,6mg%), m6ng Uri (1,6rng%), rau mu6ng (1,4mmg%)... Tuy nhien, sat
trong ngCt clic hay rau trai du'oc hap thu kern hcm ngu6n sat tit Ong vat.
2- Calci la ye-u to quan trong ala mO xu'cmg NIA rang, d6ng th6i giii nhi0
vu hoat hoa nhik2 phan trng sinh h6a cho phep co co NIA clang mau.

Bang 2.56 Ham luting calci co trong mot so" loci rau trcii (trong 100g phetn ao dupe,
(Nguifsin: ViOn dinh clueing WO Nam)
Rau Calci (mg) Rau Calci (mg)
Rau den com 341,0 Thia la 200,0
Can tay 325,0 Tia to 190,0
Rau ram 316,0 Rau day 182,0
Can ta 310,0 Rau rut 180,0
Rau den do 288,0 Rau along tdi 176,0
Rau den Wing 288,0 Rau thOm 170,0
La 16t 260,0 Rau ng6t 169,0
Rau kinh gidi 246,0 Rau bf 100,0
DQC ctii cal (non) 220,0 Rau mu6ng 100,0
Rau hOng 202,0
Loal trai Calci (mg) Loai trai Calci (mg)
Sau 100 Dau tay 22
VO sCia 68 Mit 21
Trai bo vo xanh 60 Nhan 21
H6ng xiem 52 Dau da 20
Trai bo vo tim 49 Dao 20
Tao ta 44 Sdu rieng 20
Chanh 40 Le 19
Du du 40 Tao thy 19
Nho chua 40 Nho ngot 17
Mang cau xiem 38 Dila 15
Na 35 Lt,Iu 13
Quyt 35 Chu6i 12
Cam 34 Trai thanh long 11
Mang cut 32 Hong 10
Chum chum 28 6i 10
Man 28 Xoai 10
Mo 28 Dua hau 8
Biles' 23 Val 6
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, T1NH CHAT 143

Trong cct thd, calci chidm 1/3 lacing chit khoang va 98% calci nam a
xadng va rang. Vi vdy, calci rat can thidt d6i vdi tre em c6 b6 )(tong dang
phat trien, phu nii c6 thai va cho con bd.
Ngoai stra IA ngu6n cung cap chinh, rau xanh ding IA loai thut phdm c6
nhidu calci. Nhiing loaf rau c6 teen 100mg calci trong 100g phdn an ducic c6 thd
kd ddn rau muting, m6ng tcri, rau ddn, rau day, rau ng6t, can tay... Trong trai
cay, ham lac:mg calci khong cao bang trong rau.

3. Phosphor: tham gia vao qua trinh ciu tao xu'ung, ducic dimg dd san xuk
nang lacing va hog h6a nhidu hog dOng sinh hda. LA chit khoang c6 nhidu
this hai trong cd thd sau calci.

Bang 2.57 Ham lacing phosphor cd trong mOt so" loai rau trai
(Ngudn: Vin dinh &tang Viet Nam)
Rau trai Phosphor (mg%) Rau trail Phosphor (mg%)
Dau nanh 580 Hanh dao 470
Dau haricot trgng 400 Nam 100
BO v6 xanh 85 Nho ngdt 22
Bd v6 tfm 69 Nho chua 21
Sdu rieng 63 Man 20
Mang cgu 45 H6ng 19
Sgu 44 SU& 18
Dao 34 Dila 17
Val 34 Quft . 17
Du du 32 Le 16
VC, saa 32 61 16
Mit 28 Chorn ch6m 15
Mci 26 Mang du xiem 14
Chu6i 25 Dua hgu 13
Tao to 25 Tao tay 13
H6ng xiern ' 24 Xoai 13
Cam 23 Dau da 12
Dau tay 23 Nhasn 12
Ltju 23 Trai thanh long 11
Chanh 22 Mang cot 7

Phosphor cd nhidu trong nhang thitc phdm chits nhidu calci. M6t s6 loai
rau xanh c6 hAm lacing phosphor cao nha can tay (128mg%), =Kip (45mg%),
dau HA Lan (43mg%), ca rot (39mg%), ca tim (34mg%), cai be (89mg%)...
144 CHIIONG 2

4- Magie là nguyen to chi ding sau Ca va Fe v6 tam quan trong. Duac xem
IA tac nhan bao v0 tim mach, Op phan chgng lai hiOn tu'ang lao hoa. Ngoai
ra Mg con dacic xem lA chat chgng stress hi0u qua. Gign.g nha vitamin D. Mg
gill') Ca va P c6 dinh tren )(acing. Mg cling can thigt cho qua trinh phat trign
va hoat dOng binh tinging ca ca thg. Ham lacing magie c6 nhigu trong dau,
bAp cai...

Bang 2.58 Ham lacing Ca, Mg, P trong mot sd thvc phdm

Ham !Ong theo mg Tif le

Ten TP
Ca Mg P Ca: Mg Ca: P
Lila mi 30 87 186 1:2,6 1:6,2
Gao 29 37 102 1- 1,3 1:3,5
Dail 157 167 504 1: 1,0 1:3,2
Bap cai 38 12 25 1:0,3 1:0,7
Khoai tay 8 17 38 1:2,0 1:5,0
Ca rat 34 17 31 1:0,5 1: 1,0
Ca chua 10 9 22 1: 1,0 1:2,2
Cam 25 10 17 1:0,4 1:0,7
Chanh 20 5 11 1: 0,3 1: 0,5

2.4.7 Citc acid hau cd

Trong rau trai, acid hitt cu là san phgm phy &la cac qua trinh ho hap
nha chu trinh Crebs va cac qua trinh sinh h6a khdc caa to bAo. Luang acid
thiia dadc chtla trong khong bao. Acid hau cd tao cho rau trai cd vi chua, va
tham gia tao cac hdp chat sinh mid ddc .trang. Phan ldn cac loai trai c6 ham
lacing acid hal ca nha Ilan 1%, nhtrng c6 mQt sd trai chtia lacing acid cao hdn
nha chanh (6%), md, men, khg (1,5+2%). Trai se c6 vi chua khi pH trong
khoang 2,5+5,5 va khong chua khi pH trong Ichoang 5,5+6,5. Tuy nhien, cam
nhan vi chua con phu thuOc tST 10 giiia lagng du'eing va acid trong trai. Neu
lacing dating cao thi dit lacing acid cao trai cling khong c6 vi chua.
HAm lacing acid trong rau trai thay dOi phy thuOc theo gigng, lo4i, digu
kiln gieo trong va dO chin.
Cac loai acid h&u cU chinh thtking gap trong rau trai lA acid citric, acid
malic (cam, chanh, dtia), acid tartaric (nho), acid acetic (chugi)... Acid hint ca
trong rau trai t6n tai a dang tki do, clang mugi va trong qua trinh phat trier'
acid than gia tao este,,tdo thanh mai tham caa nhi0u loai rau trai.
Vi du: Chugi c6 30% acid acetic nen khi lust c6 mai chua b6c len, sau
khi luOc thi vi not hop vi mOt s6 acid bgc heti (cac loaf trai khong c6 acid
bay hai thi khOng c6 hfgn tacing nay).
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, PAIN CHAT 145

Can luu c6 mOt s6 loci acid hitu ca trong rau trai khong co lqi cho sic
ich6e nhd acid succinic, acid oxalic. Acid succinic thutrng ket hdp vs:1i acid
focmic gay dOc. Acid oxalic dong lai trong than & clang oxalat calci lA nguyen
nhan gay sai than.
Trong the Wen, acid him ca dung de cheIng hien tadng lai dating, tang
tOic de dong &la mat... Tuy nhien, neu hAm luvng acid cao se ddy nhanh to'c
do am cac phan ang they phan, phan ang caramen h6a va cac phan ang tao
mau khac.
MOt tac dung khac cila acid lA ac the su phat tridn cua vi sinh vat,
nhat IA cac vi khudn gay thol Kra va c6 tac dung Ilan the tac Ong &la enzym
gay hien matt khi cat thai rat! trai tam.

Bang 2.59 DO pH clia mit so loci trai

Loai rau trai pH Loai rau trail pH

Chanh 2,0 ÷ 2,5 Dila 3,5 4. 4,1

Quit 2,5 ÷ 3,5 Dao 3,5 + 4,3

Vai 2,5 ÷ 3,8 Ca chua 4,0 4- 4,6
Xoai 2,5 ÷ 3,5 Chu6i 4,5 4- 5,2
Min 2,7 ÷ 3,9 Bau 4,7 ÷ 5,3
Cam 3,0 -:- 4,0 Ca reit 4,7 ÷ 5,3
Nho 3,0 ÷ 3,6 Dtia chu6t 4,7 ÷ 5,3
Dau tay 3,0 ÷ 4,1 Khoai tay 5,5 ÷ 5,9
MO 3,5 ÷ 4,0 Nhan 5,5 ÷ 6,0

MOt so acid hau co' phd bien trong rau trai

Acid malic là loci acid 06 bien.nhgt trong rau trai. NO IA thAnh phan
pho bien trong tao nen con goi IA acid tao. NgoAi ra con co trong chuoi, ca
chua, ma, dim, hat ho dau. Acid malic dung trong the Wen ntrOc trai cay NIA
keo banh vi c6 vi chua de chiu, tan trong nude, khong dOc vai cat the.
Acid citric: co Ilan het trong cac loci trai ho c6 mai (Dual: 1,2%; cam:
1.4%; chanh: 6+8%), sit dung de dieu chinh dO chua ngot trong cac san phdm
the bien.
Acid tartaric: con goi IA acid nho vi co nhitu trong nho (0,3+0,7%). Trong
lo4i trai khac c6 rat it hodc 'thong co. Acid tartaric (lade sit dung trong san
xugt matt trai cay.
Acid oxalic: co trong mu, man a dang vet, de tan trong nude va ravu.
trong rau trai &Rh dang mu& calci. An qua 5g co the clan den tit vong.
146 CHUUNG 2

Bang 2.60 Ham lifting acid hau cc chinh czia mOt vai loci rau trcii

Ham Ittgng g/100g rau trai ttldi

L001 rau
Malic acid Citric acid Teing acid
Ca chua 0,05 0,32 0,37
0,00 + 0,16 0,13 + 0,57 0,15 + 0,68
Ca r6t 0,24 0,01 0,30
0,11 + 0,39 0,00 + 0,07 0,12 + 0,46
CO hanh 0,19 0,02 0,21
0,06 + 0,39 0,00=0,11 0,08 + 0,41
Rau dip 0,13 V6t * 0,14
0,00 + 0,42 V6t * 0,02 + 0,43
Cai thao 0,04 Vet* 0,04
0,00 + 0,11 V6t 0,00 + 0,11
Bap cai 0,14 0,07 0,21
0,08 + 0,21 0,00 + 0.25 0,13 + 0,42
Bong cal 0,21 0,02 0,23
0,10 + 0,36 0,00 4- 0,05 0,11 + 0,39

* Vet < 0,5%.

2.4.8 CEic chgt mau

Cdc chit matt to nhien trong nguyen lieu thuc vat c6 thd chia thanh
nhieu nhOm data tren cong thiic h6a hoc, thong finking cac chdt mau duo(
chia thanh b6n nhOm lon bao
- Phdin matt IA &An xudt ciia isoprene
Pham mau là clan xudt, cua tetrapyrrole
- Phdm mat" la clan xudt ctia benzopyran
- Phdm mau IA dan xudt cua cac hop chit khdc.
Tuy nhien, hien nay cac nha nghien cite, cac nha quan ly van chat
th6ng nhat trong viec ldp ra mot he thong phan loci phdm mau do tinh 010
tap va chOng cher) dm no. Trong thuc vat nOi chung, chat tao mau chu ygt
thuoc ba ho ldn là ho chlorophyll tao mat' xanh la cay, ho mau carotenoid ch(
mau yang de'n do tan trong ddu va ho flavonoid cho ph6 matt Ong tit yang di
den tim va tan tot trong nuac. Vi du, sit phan b6 cac chat mau trong mot si
loci thuc vat dive trinh bay trong bang 2.61.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TAW CHAT 147

Bang 2.61 Su phdn bo cdc hop chat too mau trong cay

VI trf Rau, trai Mau cd ban Nhom tao mau

Ri CA rot Cam, yang va dd Carotenoid
Cay cu cai DO, Wang hogc xanh la cay ben Anthocyanin, flavonoid
ngoai, mau trang ben trong
Cay ba la mon Mau nau ben ngoai, mau trang
ben trong
Cay CO cai yang Mau trang ben ngoai
Cay can tay Mau nau ben ngoai, mau trang
ben trong
Cay khoai lang ngot Mau tia, yang Carotenoid, anthocyanin
Than Cay mang tay Mau trang va mau xanh la cay Chlorophyll
CO khoai tay DO, yang, trang, xanh la cay, Chlorophyll, anthocyanin,
mau tia flavonoid
La Hanh Trang, dd Anthocyanin, flavonoid
Tdi Trgng - xanh Chlorophyll
NO tay Xanh la cay Chlorophyll
Cdy thi is Trgng - xanh Chlorophyll
Rau digp Xanh la cay Chlorophyll
Cgn tay Xanh la cay Chlorophyll
Rau digp xoan Xanh hogc trang Chlorophyll
Trai DU Ha Lan Xanh la cay Chlorophyll
Dau xanh Xanh la cay Chlorophyll
Trai bt no Trang, yang, cam, xanh la cay Carotenoid, chlorophyll
DUa leo Xanh la cay Chlorophyll
Trai triing ga Mau tia Anthocyanin, flavonoid
Bgp yang, cam Carotenoid, anthocyanin
Ca chug Dd Carotenoid
lieu yang, dd, xanh Carotenoid, chlorophyll

tim hidu ky hcin ve tinh chit cilia cac nhom chit mail
13Udi day to se
chti ydu trong thiic v4t.
a- Phdm mau la thin xuelt etia isoprene - carotenoid
NgoAi tac dung là tin vitamin A, carotenoid con IA nhom chit mau
lam cho trai vA rau cd mau da cam, mau yang va mau do. Nhom nay c6 tit 65
cldn 70 chit mau tit nhien, tieu bidu IA carotene, xanthophyll, lycopene,
capsanthin, cryptoxanthin.
148 CHUNIG 2

Carotenoid c6 trong da s6 cdc cay (trit met s6 nim) va hay nha trong
tat ca CC the &Ong vat. Ham Wong carotenoid c6 trong Id xanh chiem khoang
0,07+0,2% chit kho, doi khi con cao hon.
C6 hai cach phan loai carotenoid. Dya vac, cac nguyen to tao thanh
chia carotenoid thanh hai loai:
- Loai chi chi:fa hai nguyen to C va H nhu' a,13- carotene, lycopene...
- Loai c6 chtla nham chile CO mat 0 nhut lutein, xanthophyll...
Cbn neu dtta vao s6 \Tong 6 C ((3-ionon) a hai day phan tit to c6 cdc
nham carotenoid khong chtla Ong, chaa 1 \Tong va chtira 2 Ong.

Lycopen - acyclic hydrocacbon

Carotene - monocyclic hydrocacbon

Carotene - bicyclic hydrocacbon

OH

HO Lutein - bicyclicxanthophyll

Hinh 2.80 Phan loai caroteniod

Carotenoid la cdc hcip chgt khong phan cyc, tan trong chit !Deo, khong
tan trong nuac. Cdc carotenoid chaa nham hydroxyl nlyi xanthophyll lam cho
phan cite hon do de c6 kha nang tan trong ivory Oft hccn cac carotene khdc.
Carotenoid rat nhay doi vai, acid va chit oxy h6a, nhulig lai ben yang vai
kiem. Mau yang, cam, cle.cila carotenoid la do he thong not deli lien hop C = C.
Vii it rihit 7 not doi trong he thong c6 tac d'eng den kha nang hip thy buac
sang anh sang va tao ra mau dac Cueing de va mau sac phy thuOc vao
loai carotenoid, nang de va trang thai.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU 'AO, TINH CHAT 149

Phytoene (C40H64; khong mau; Xma„, 285nm)

Lycopene (C40H56; mau do; X„,,„, 476nm)

y-carotene (C40H56; orange; Xrnav 460nm)

a-carotene (C40H56; mau cam; Xmax, 456nm)

p-carotene (,C40H58; mau cam. 463nm)

OH

HO Lutein (xanthophyll)

HO Cryptoxanthin
OH

HO Zeaxanthin

Hinh 2.81 MOt so carotenoid thdang gap

150 CHUGING 2

Bang 2.62 Hoat tinh vitamin A vet bit& song hap thu
cyc dai ctia ccic 100 carotenoid
Provitamin A, X max (nm) trong
Carotenoid ether ddu hem
host tinn (%)
100 (425). 448, 475
3 -carotene
a -carotene 50 ÷ 54 422, 444, 473
c-carotenes Khong c6 378, 400, 425
3-zeacarotene 20 ÷ 40 406, 428.454
8-carotene Khong c6 431. 456, 489
y-carotene 42 ÷ 50 437. 462.494
Lycopene Khong c6 446, 472, 505
5,6-monoepoxy- p -carotene 21 (423). 444. 473
Mutatochrome 50 409. 428, 452
a-cryptoxanthin ChUa xac dinh 422. 444, 473
Zeinoxanthin Khong c6 422. 444.473
5,6-monoepoxy- (3-crypto- xanthin ChUa xac dinh (422). 444, 473

b- Phan mew la thin xuast cria tetrapyrrole: bao g6m m6t, s6 cdc
chgt mau nhu chlorophyll, porphyrin, heme va bilin.

Chlorophyll a, R = CH3
Chlorophyll b, R = CHO H2C-CH CH3

CH2CH2COOH
CH2CH2COOH

a) b)

Hinh 2.82 alit &tic ceta chlorophyll vci cdu trtic cila myoglobin

Mau xanh la cay d dux vat la do cs5 mat chlorophyll. Chlorophyll

khong nhCmg tao mau xanh ma con có kha nang the mit cdc chgt mau khdc.
Chlorophyll ton tai khgp- 'nth trong rau trai: r6, than, la, hoa, trai, hat va it
lion h ch6i. Trong tg bao thuc vg chlorophyll ton tai trong luc lap, cs5 chtlic
nang xtic tdc cho phAn ling quang hoa sinh tong hip glucose tit CO2 va H20.
Chgt mau nay (long vai tro cqc ky quan trong trong qua trinh quang hop (la
qua trinh chu ygu tao ra oxy tai do duy nhgt cho trai dg).
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA-U TAO, TINH CHAT 151

• Chlorophyll c6 hai dang la chlorophyll a va chlorophyll b. Chlorophyll

b co mau nhat hon chlorophyll a. Ty 10 chlorophyll a Ira chlorophyll b khoing
3:1, tuy nhien tY' 10 nay co the thay doi theo diau kien pilot trie'n caa cay va
die'u kin moi tratng. Chlorophyll a &A dang bi Wan d6i hon chlorophyll b,
nen se giam lien tuc khi la cay gia.
Chlorophyll tan tot trong dau, trong ta nhien chlorophyll lien kat vai
chat beo trong luc lap. Chlorophyll con lien kat \Teri protein tao thanh hip
chat hitt. cc1 phac tap. Trong qua trinh the Wan phac hop protein -
chlorophyll bi phan hay, giai phang chlorophyll. Sau do, chlorophyll tiap tuc
bi bian d6i lam maxi caa san phdm bi chuyen tur xanh la thanh xanh olive va
nau. Do:1i the dung caa nhiet dO va n6ng dO acid cao, protein bi dong tu, lien
kat gia chlorophyll with protein bi dat lam cho chlorophyll de dang tham gia
phin ang mat mau xanh la cay.
Chlorophyll + 2HX —> Pheophytin + MgX 2
Khi cho tdc dung vai cac chat kiem nhe nhe carbonat kiem hay kiem
th6 thi thong se trung hba acid va mai acid caa dich to bao va tao nen moi
trutng kiem lam cho chlorophyll bi xa phong h6a de cho phytol, methanol va
acid chlorophyl.
Chlorophyll a + kiem —> (C32H 30ON4Mg)(COONa)2 + CH3OH + ritou phytol
Chlorophyll a + kiem —> (C32H28ON4Mg)(COONa)2 + CH3OH + ru'Ou phytol
Cac acid (C32H30ON4Mg)(COOH)2 va (C32H28ON4Mg)(COOH)2 thu daoc
do xa phOng h6a chlorophyll a va b dutc goi la chlorophyllin hay
chlorophyllide. Cdc acid cling nhti mu6i caa chang cl6u cho san phdm mau
xanh dam.
Dual tdc dung caa Fe, Sn, Al, Cu thi Mg trong chlorophyll se bi thay
the va se cho cac mau khac nhau. Vi du, khi tac dung vai Fe se cho mau nau;
vfti Sn hay Al cho mau xam; vai Cu se cho mau xanh sang.

Trong san xuat that phdm, (lac biet la trong san xuat d6 hQp rau, de
bac) v0 du'oc mau xanh dip luc, ngati ta thutng dang cac Wen phdp nhut gra
nhi0t nhanh trong mot lutong nacic soi lan (3+4 lit/kg) hay trong dung dich
kie'm nhe. Vi du, de bao ve mau xanh caa clau dong hop, nguti ta cho vao hOp
mot it mu& natri glutamat. Ho4c de nhuOm mau xanh cho dau yang, ngati ta
dung chlorophyllin (chlorophyll + ki6m).

c- Pha'm mew la &in xuat ctia benzopyran: g6m cac chat mau thuOc
ho flavonoid. Cac chat mau nhOm flavonoid hba tan trong nutc va nain trong
cac khong bao. Trong rau, trai va hoa, s6 lu'ong cling nhii tSr 10 cac flavonoid
khac nhau, do dO lam cho chting c6 nhiau mau sac khac nhau: tit mau do clan
luau tim. Flavonoid cling ton tai trong mang ta bao, hiOn nay cac nhe khoa
152 CHIVNG 2

hoc da xac dinh cludc horn 4000 loai eau true Ichac nhau thuac nhom flavanoid.
Flavonoid chda nhieu trong tao, nho, va dAc biet la tra va cafe, cacao (hdp
chat quan trong IA tannin).
Flavonoid lA nhdng clan xuat cua chroman va chromon. Chroman va
chromon là nhitng phenylpropan vi cc!, chda ba khung carbon C6 — C3. Khi
chroman hoac chromon ngung to yeti mat Ong phenol nita thI dude dAn xugt
c6 ten là flavan là ba khung cd ban cila cac chat thuac nhom flavonoid.

4
Chroman Chroman 0 Flavan

Hirsh 2.83 Cdu &tic /Oa hoc ctia b0 khung berzopyran

Dila vao mitt da oxy h6a (hoac khd) cila di Ong, cc!, thd chia flavonoid ra
cac nhom nho horn c6 dang cau true chu ygu nhu bang 2.63.
Cac chat thuac nh6m flavonoid Ichang chi tao mau ma con c6 chile nang
bao ye thuc vat ch6ng lai vi sinh vat ding nhu ngan can con trong va cac
Bang vat an ca. Nguyen nhan la do flavonoid c6 ban chat phenolic nen phin
dng chtdc yeti protein gay ra mui kh6 chiu d6i vdi clang vat hay tao ra cac chat
c6 tinh dac hai d6i yeti vi sinh vat va clang vat.
D6i vdi con ngudi, flavonoid c6 vai tro quan trong trong viec ch6ng lai
cac phan Crag oxy hda gay lao hda va cac benh tim mach. Ngoai ra mat se
hdp chat thuac nh6m nay can c6 tdc dung tieu diet cac sinh vat gay benh.

Do kha nang tan tot trong nude, flavonoid c6 vai tro to mau trong cac
loai nuac trai coy hay dich trich rau trai. Gang do tinh chat tan trong nudI
nen clic hdp chat nay a bi mat trong qua trInh raft, ngu...
Cdc chat mau thuac nhom flavonoid dude nhac dgn nhi4u nhat là thugs
ho anthocyanin. Hien nay da phat hien dudc trong tit nhien hcm 600 chat mai
thuac ho anthocyanin. Anthocyanin c6 mat a hAu hgt cac loai thuc vat trii xtfcmi
r6ng, cu cai dutdng va cac thuc vat sang trong nude. Mau sAc &la anthocyanin ra
da dang nhu xanh, tim,.vangodo... trit mau xanh la. Anthocyanin c6 nhi6u ?:t
loai thuc vat c6 hoa hoAc thuc vat hat kin, tap trong chu ygu & hat WI trai. Ngu6J
anthocyanin thuc pheim chi* ygu cludc khai that tit nho va ho Rosaceae bao
anh dao, man., phdc b6n tit, dau toy, mom xoi, tao,
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, T1NH CHAT 153

Bang 2.63 Phan loci man thiic phdm thuOc nhom Flavonoid
Flavonold Clio trtic

Anthocyanidin

Aurone

Biflavonoid

Chalcons

Dihydrochalcone

Dihydroflavonol

Flavandlol
or leucoanthocyanidin

Flavanol

Ravanone

Flavone

Flavonol

Isoflavonold

Proanthocyanidin
or condensed tannin

Ngu6n: Bravo L.Polyphenole: chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, anc

nutritional significance. Nutrion Reviews 1,998:56(11)::; 7./-333
154 CHIJOVG 2

Cac chat mau anthocyanin la hap chat glycoside tit 16 loai

anthocyanidin (aglycone). Do do, khi thtly phan anthocyanin to thu dtiqc
anthocyanidin va Anthocyanidin la mu6i polyhydroxy va polymetoxy
cCia 2-phenylbenzopyrylyum (flavylium hinh 2.84). Ski khdc nhau ye cac loai
nhom ,the va vi tri nhom the tren bo khung cacon C:3C6C3 lam nen ski da
dang ve s6 Wang anthocyanidin.

Hinh 2.84 Cdu trtic ctla cation flavylium

Bang 2.64 Cdc anthocyanidin ton tai trong tzt nhien

Nhom th6 Mau

Ten
3 5 6 7 3' 4' 5'

Appigenidin (Ap) H OH H OH H OH H Cam

Aurantinidin (Au) OH OH OH OH H OH H Cam
Capensinidin (Cp) OH OMe H OH OMe OH H 06 anh xanh
Cyanidin (Cy) OH OH H OH OH OH H D6 cam
Delphinidin (Dp) OH OH H OH OH OH OH 06 anh xanh
Europinidin (Eu) OH OMe H OH OMe OH OH 06 anh xanh

Hirsutidin (Hs) OH OH H Ome Ome OH OMe 06 anh xanh

Luteolinidin (Lt) H OH H OH OH OH H Cam

Malvidin (Mv) OH OH H OH OMe H OMe 06 anh xanh

Pelargonidin (pg) OH OH H OH OMe OH OH Cam

Peonidin (Pn) OH OH H OH H OH H DO cam

Petunidin (Pt) OH OH H OH OMe OH H 06 anh xanh

Pulchellidin (P1) OH OMe H OH OH OH H 06 anh xanh

Rosinidin (Rs) OH OH H OMe OMe OH H D6

Tricitinidin (Tr) H OH H OH OH OH OH 06
6-Hydroxycyanidin (6-OHCy) OH OH OH OH OH H H D6

5-Metylcyanidin (5-Mcy) OH OMe H OH OH H H 06 cam

Moi loai anthocyanindin co the bi diking hoa va acid hoa bai cac loai
dating va acid khdc nhau a nhang vi tri khac nhau. Do do, s6 Luang
anthocyanin Lan han s6 lacing anthocyanidin rat nhieu (tit 15+20 tan).
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRA! - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 155

Cdc loai dutng lien ket vai cdc anthocyanidin thong thuang la glucose,
ramnose, galactose, xylose, arabinose, rutinose, sophorose... thong dung nhgt
la glucose. Dya tren vi tri va s6 laang duang gan vac) ma anthocyanin dugc
phan loai thanh 3-monoside; 3-bioside; 3,5-diglycoside va 3,7-diglycoside...

Bang 2.65 Mau anthocyanin trong mOt so loai thifc pheim

Ten khoa hoc Ten thong dung Mau anthocyanin

Allium cepa Cu hanh do Cy 3- glucoside, 3- galactoside, 3- diglucoside va

3- laminariobioside; Pn 3- glucoside

Fragaria spp. Trai dau tay Pg va Cy 3- glucoside

Malus pumila V6 trai tao Cy 3-glucoside, 3-xyloside, 3-galactoside, 3- va 7-

arabinoside, tki do hoac acyl h6a

Mangifera indica Trai xoai Pn 3- galactoside

Prunus domestica Trai man Cy va Pn 3-glucoside va 3-rutinoside

Punica granatum Trai It/u Cy, Dp va Pg 3-glucosideva 3,5-diglucoside

Rubus fruticosus Trai mam xoi Cy 3-glucoside va 3-rutinosid tu do va acyl h6a Mv

bioside

Vitis spp. Trai nho Cy, Pn, Dp, Pt va Mv mono va diglucoside tki do va
acyl h6a

Zea mays Bap Cy, Pg va Pn 3- glucoside; Cy 3- galactoside ttj do

va acyl h6a

Cy = Cyanidin; Pg = pelargonidin; Pn = peonidin

Dp = delphinidin; Pt = petunidin; My = ?nalvidin.

Sy acid h6a anthocyanin ding thaang xdy ra. Vi tri acid hoa thdang là
g6c dating a vi tri C-3, nhom (-OH) u vi tri C-6. Cdc anthocyanin c6 the c6
mOt hoAc nhieu g6c acid. Cdc acid thuang gAp IA phenolic, p-coumeric, caffeic,
ferulic, sinapic, p-hydroxybezoic, malonic, acetic.
Trong d2ti song thyc vat, anthocyanin c6 vai tro thu hat con triing giLlp
cho sit thu phgn cua cay dien ra tot hen. MAt khdc, anthocyanin là chit c6
Itha nang hgp thu tia UV nham bdo ye b6 gen cila thttc vat fru& cdc tia tit
ngoai. D6i vai con nguti, cdc nha khoa hoc &A chang minh difac rang
anthocyanin c6 tdc dung t6t trong viec phong cdc benh tim mach, ch6ng lao
h6a, ngan ngiia sit phat trien cdc kh6i u, btidu; han the nguy ca bi dOt qui,
ung tint_ Cdc nghien cite con cho thgy anthocyanin c6 tdc dung t6t trong
viec dieu hba luting &tang huyet ctia nhang benh nhan tidu doting. Mid nang
chila benh cua anthocyanin van dang ducat nghien cub de tim hieu ca the NIA
tang dung trong y hoc.
156 CHUaNG 2

d- Phdm mew la dart xudt clia the kip chat kheze: cdc chdt mau
thdc vat ma cdu true 'thong phai la clan xudt ctia ba nhOm lan tren dtiqc xep
chung vao nh6m 4, thuec nhOm nay c6 thg kg den met s6 ho mau nhu: iso-
alloxazine, phenalone, betalain va anthraquinone.
Trong s6 cdc chdt mau thuec nhom 4, betalain dunce nghien cdu kha
nhigu vdi muc dich lam chit mau bg sung cho thdc phdm. Betalain la chit
mau tan trong wick, chda nito. Trude day, ngt.tdi ta goi cdc sac to nay yeti ten
goi khong chinh thiic la "anthocyanin nitride". Cdu true hda hoc cita betalain
la met he thgng proton 1,7— diazaheptamethin. Data vao sU khac nhau v4
mail sac, ngutii ta chia betalain thanh hai nhom: betacyanin va betaxanthin.
C6u true betacyanin clac truing bai sit ket hqp caa he thgng 1,7—
diazaheptamethin do nhOm R va R' chda met \long thqm thay the
(cyclodopa). Cho den nay, 50 betacyanin da du'qc xac dinh deu bat nguan tit
cdc ggc betanidin hay isobetanidin (epimer C-15 cda betanidin). Betacyanin
thong dung nhdt ton tai dui dang 5-0 - - glucoside ctia betanidin va ductc
goi la betannin.

4
Chroman Chroman 0 Flavan

Hinh 2.85 Ceiu true betacyanin (trea) vet betaxanthin

Tit ca cac betacyanin deu dude diking hda (glycosyl h6a). Loai during
thtidng dole gan nhdt la glucose, doi khi la sophorose va rhamnose. Ngoai ra,
cluing cling cd thg bi acid hda. Khi d6, g6c acid chtqc n6i ket vdi g6c &Ring
qua met lien ket ester. Nhiing ggc acid thtiting gap nhatt bao Om acid
sulfuric, acid malic, acid citric, acid 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaric, acid p-
coumaric, acid ferulic, acid cafeic, acid cinapic. Ngutii ta cling da xac dinh
cltiqc 9 betacyanin khong bi acid hda NIA cdu true cila 40 clan xudt acid hda.
Betaxathin la nh6m .betalain cho mau yang. Trong cdc bet axanthin,
nhom cyclodopa ctia cfte- betacyanin daqc thay the bai met acid amin ho4c
amino acid. Nh ttng
- nh6m R' the vao betaxanthin la glutainin, methionin
sulphoxide, tyramin, DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) va 5-hydroxynorvaline.
Con nhom R cua cdc Betaxanthin luon luon la met hydro.
NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TAW CHAT 157

KhOng nhu cac anthocyanin duvc phan b6 rung raj, cac betalain da
d Lfde khao sat chi c6 trong nhung phan c6 mau do tim, cam Ira yang cua mot
s6 loai thyc vat gan vdi ho caryophyllate. M6t vai loai thu'c vat cO china ho
/flan betalain da &tee xdc dinh nine: azoaceae, amaranthaceae, basellaceae,
cactaceae, chenopodiaceae, didiereaceae, hylophytaceae, nyctaginaceae,
phytulacaceae (It'd ca stegnospermaceae) va portulacaceae. Trong nam cung c6
the chda chat mau betalain, cac nha khoa hoc da tach tit nam d6c
amanitamuscaria ra du'ec mot betacyanin tim, muscapurpurin va bay
betaxanthin yang (tie muscaaurin — I den muscaaurin — VII).
Cung nhur anthocyanin, mau betalain tich l ly trong cac kh6ng bac) &la
hoa, trai va la. Doi khi cac betalain cung chat tich luy trong than cay va ca
trong ell vdi n6ng d6 cao nhu a ca cai do,

2.4.9 Cac hdp chk de" bay hdi

Cdc hap chat de bay hei tao nen hiking them clac trung cho moi loai
rau trai. Cac chat tao hung them duec phan thanh hai nhom la tinh dau va
nhiia. that vat, tinh dau duvc sinh ra trong cac long tuyen va vdy con nhya
thi sinh ra trong cac "6ng nhya". Phan ldn tinh dau va nhya khong tan trong
nadc va c6 tinh sat trung.
Cdc loai hoa trai c6 ham lacing tinh dau thap, khong qud 0,001%. Ho
trai c6 mai c6 lueng tinh dau ldn hen nhung chti yeu tap trung a vO. Trong vO
quit c6 1,8+2,5% so vdi khoi lacing vo. Nhom rau china nhieu tinh dau thuOng
duac sir dung lam rau gia vi nhu cac loai rau them chtia 0,05+0,5% tinh dau,
khi tdi 1%. Trong toi co 0,01%, hanh co 0,05% tinh dau.

Bang 2.66 Cheit ncui chinh trong to hop miii trcii cay

Loai trai cay Chat thOm

Chu6i xanh 2-hexenal
Chu6i chin Eugenol
Chu6i qua chin Isopentano!
Chanh Citral
Cam Valencene

Ve mat h6a hoc tinh dau la h6n hap ctia nhieu hap chat aldehyde,
ceton, ester, rogru, phenol, cac acid hub ce va cac hap chat klidc vai ty le khac
nhau. Cac chat tao twang thteOng duvc gap nhat la terpen va cac can xuat
chtta oxy cua terpen nhu rueu., aldehyde, ceton... Terpen la hydrocarbon mach
thang c6 tong that den gian la (CloHio)„. Neu n = 1 ta c6 monoterpen; n =
1,5 ta co sesquiterpen; n = 2 ta c6 diterpen; n = 3 ta c6 triterpen... Ngoai ra,
cac hap chit &la liru huS/nh cung se tao ra mui hac cho rau trai, (lac biet la
158 CHUOVG 2

cac rau gia vi nha allicin C61-1100S2 trong toi va hanh. Cdc hap chit nay se
tao nen hu'ang tham chu dao cho rau trai. Bang 2.66 va 2.67 gidi thieu m6t s6
chat tao mui chinh cho trai N/A rau gia

Bang 2.67 Chat tao mui chinh trong to hap 'Luang cua gia vi

Thanh phfin
Tinh dau Nguyen lieu ling dung
chinh
Trdi kh6, le, Dung trong san xugt banh, kao va rudu,
H6i Trans - anetol
trai tUdi trong raidng lieu va dUdc phgm
Metylchaniol, Dung trong the bin thit, ca va chat
HOng que" La
linalool thdm cho gigm
Dung de san xuat d6 u6ng, mill cho ca
Rieng ne'p Than re 1,8-cineol
dOng hOp
Toi Cu Allicin Dung ch6 bign thit, rau trai, nuoc dung
Than, re, Dung cho cong nghigp banh kao, thVc
Ging Zingiberen
trai, cay pham d6ng gal, rau trai, nubc u6ng
Hanh CO, Id tUdi Alyl-propyl-
disunf it
Hydrocacbon
Hat tieu Hat tieu den
tecpen
2-metoxy-3-
Ot Trai chin
isobutylpyrazin
Nghe yang Than re Sesquiterpen DOng trong gia vi, nhu6m mau
Rau mUi Cay va trai Linalol
Dung cho xii Ijr thit, ca va cong nghiOp
Ngai cau Toan cay 1,8-xineol
nUOc u6ng, bci

Can hni y là mui them cua rau trai khong phai do mOt chat duy nhat
tao ra ma IA met t6 hap dia rat nhiau chat de bay heti khdc nhau. C6 nhiing
chat co mui tham, c6 nhung chat khong mui, them chi c6 mui kh6 chiu. Cdc
chat de bay hai goi IA chat "tao hu'ang", cac chat kh6 hay khong bay hai,
khong tao huting nhting c6 tdc dung "gift tham lau goi IA cac chat "cam
mui". TS/ le khac nhau giita cac chat nay lam cho hiiang tham cua tinh dau
khac nhau. Vi du, tinh (tau set chanh chila nhi6u citral nen c6 mui chanh,
nhung tinh dau set "hoa h6ng" chda nhieu geraniol se c6 mui cua hoa h6ng.
Ta c6 thd- phan tich cac t6 hap mill bang phuang phdp sac Ic.ST khi. Vi du theo
Lipparini va Cavana (1975) till mot t6 hap hu'ong cua trdi ma g6m han 32
chaft. (bang 2.68) trong d6chti yeu c6 0-04-0.10% diacetyl, 0.05-0-13% acetone
va 8-1-21% cua 2-3 dibutylene glycol. Trong t6 hap hiiang ctia trai xoai cung c6
han 30 hap chit (theo Tress] et 91(1983)).
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 159

Bang 2.68 Thanh phein a bay hoi trong mak ep trcii ma

(Ngui3n A. Sharaf - 1989)

STT . Vet < 0,5% ChM %

1 1,5 Amyl acetate 2,76
2 2,2 3-Methyl butanol 0,63
3 2,6 Pentanal 0,42
4 3,3 3-Hexanol 4,40
5 4,3 Ethyl butyrate 16,8
6 5,6 Hexanal 0,94
7 6,9 Heptanal 7,70
8 7,5 Linalyl acetate 11,5
9 8,0 2-Hexanol 6,45
10 9,1 Methyl hexanoate 2,38
11 10,0 Octanal 0,52
12 10,6 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 13,2
13 12,5 Linalool 0,40
14 13,6 Nonanal 1,05
15 15,0 1-Heptanol 0,88
16 16,3 Decanal 0,31
17 17,4 Methyl octanoate 0,79
18 19,0 Hendecanal 0,33
19 20,7 n-Octanol 0,25
20 21,6 Methyl benzoate 6,08
21 22,6 Benzyl acetate 1,27
22 23,4 0-Phenyl ethyl acetate 0,65
23 24,6 Dodecanal 0,55
24 26,3 (3-Phenyl ethylalcohol 0,58
25 28,1 a-Terpineol 0,88
26 28,1 Benzyl alcohol 2,28
27 30,6 0-lonone 3,16
28 31,7 Methyl cinnamate 3,60
29 34,5 3-Heptanone 0,64
30 36,4 3-Octanone t,75
31 40,4 Myristaldehyde 0,67
32 42,8 Khong dinh danh 2,69
160 CHLICNG 2

Bang 2.69 Thanh phdn a

bay hai trong nit& ep trcii xoai
(Nguon: tresse 1983)
STT Vit < 0,5'3/0 Chit %
1 - 2,9 Butanol 0,89
2 3,6 Myrcene 6,23
3 4,3 iso-butyl acetate 0,94
4 4,9 Butyl acetate -
5 5,6 Hexanal 1,38
6 6,0 Khong dinh danh 1,44
7 6,8 Isoamyl acetate 0,68
8 7,5 Heptanal 4,87
9 8,0 Limonene 1,82
10 9,0 Hexyl acetate 0,64
11 10,0 Linalool 2,18
12 11,0 cis-Ocimene 39,3
13 12,9 1-Hexanol 2,18
14 13,9 Nonanal 2,65
15 ...15,0 Methyl-hexanoate 0,52
..
16 16,0 Benzaldehyde 1,82 •
17 16,3 Unknown 2,05
18 17,0 Methyl octanoate -
19 18,5 2-Furfural 5,86
20 19,9 5-Methyl furfural 5,34
21 21,5 Ethyl octanoate -
22 22,5 2-Acetyl furan 5,86
23 23,3 Phenyl acetaldehyde 5,34
24 24,2 Phenyl ethyl acetate -
25 25,0 a-Terpineol 3,20
26 26,2 Phenyl ethyl alcohol 1,42
27 27,2 Unknown 0,68
28 28,7 Benzyl alcohol 0,50
29 30,2 3-Heptatanone 6,02
30 31,7 Ethyl decanoate -
31 - - -
32 - - -

Ham lotting cdc chat tao twang khdc nhau chu you phy thu6c vao gi6ng
cay. Vi du, Alexander J. ,IVracleod da phan tich ham lacing cdc chat tao hulang
caa ba giong xoai a Srilanka va mot gi6ng xoai tit Venezuela cho thay ham
litang cdc chat tao huang khdc nhau khd lan. Chang han, monoterpen có den
395,5µg/kg trong gi6ng xoai Parrot cila Sri Lanka, nhung chi có 33,6µg/kg
trong giting xoai tai Venezuela (bang 2.70).
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU THAI - GAU TAO, TINH CHAT 161

Bdng 2.70 Ham it/wig ccic chat tao hacmg trong ccic gidng xoai khdc nhau
Srilanka va Venezuela (Nguoin: Alexander J.Macleod)

G14:frig xoai, pg/kg

Hop chit
Jaffna Willard Parrot Venezuela
Hydrocarbon clang monoterpen 124,6 215,6 395,5 33,6
Hydrocarbon dang sesquiterpen 35,9 57,4 118,7 8,5
Cac chat phi terpenoid
1-Ong hydrocarbon 8,3 78,9 26,4 5,7 .
Alkan mach thang - 34,2 - -
Alcohol 20,4 24,1 47,7 -
Aldehyde 11,1 - - 10,3
Ketone 1,8 9,3 4,4 1,9
Ester tong 40,0 26,2 10,7 -
E. khOng no 30,7 18,6 9,4 -
Lactone - - 2,5
a-Pinene 1,8 27,9 10,0 5,0
13-Pinene 7,3 8,9 17,0 -
Myrcene 10,8 5,9 13,8 -
Car-3-ene 11,4 73,5 15,9
Limonene 6,5 16,0 19,5 3,7
Cis-p-Ocimene 95,1 4,2 11,9 1,6
a-Terpinolene V 135,5 219,8 -
y-Terpinene - - - 4,7
13-Selinene - 32,5 88,5 5,3
Germacrene D 2,0 - -
Dimethyl disulphide - 8,0 27,6 V
Benzothiazole - 0,4 V -
Hexadecan-1-ol 9,5 16,5 27,0 -
A dimethylstyrene - 3,4 2,5 3,8
V: ve't(< 0,1%)
2.4.10 Clic hdp chk phenolic
Cdc hop chat trong cau trtic phan tii c6 cluta nhom phenol hay dan xuat
ctia phenol trong rau trai c6 ham lacing khong cao nhang clang vai tro quan
trong d6i vai ban than rau trai va d6i vai ngaai tieu dung. Cdc hgp chat
phenolic tham gia vao qua trinh digu khidn trao d6i nang lagng va tai tao
protein trong rau trai. MOt s6 hgp chat phenol c6 hoat tinh vitamin. Mau va
trai cung phu thikic nhigu vao ham lu'gng va bidn d6i ctia hap chat
phenol. Hgp chat phenol cting c6 vai tro quan trong trong bao quan rau trai
vino digu chinh trang thai ngti va c6 khd nang khong khudn.
162 CHUCAIG 2

Cac nhorn hcfp chgt phenol chinh trong rau trai duvc trinh bay trong
bang 2.71.
Bang 2.71 Ccic phein nhom chinh cria hop chcit polyphenol
L001 chtit Khung C Cgu truc cd ban

Phenol ddn Ce OH

Benzoquinone Ce

Phenolic acid ceC1 COON

Acetophenone Cs-C.2 COCH3

Phenylacetic acid C6-C2 CH2 —COOH

Hydroxycinnamic acid CH=CH—COOH

Phenylpropene C6-C3 CH2 =CH —CH2

0
Coumarins, isocoumarin C6-C 3

Chromone C6-C3

Naftoquinone C5-C4

Xanthone C6-C,-C6

Stilbene C6-C2-C6

Anthraquinone C6-C2-C6

Flavonoid C6-C3-C6

Lignans, neolignan (C6-C3)2

Lignin (C6-C3)„
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TIAN CHAT 163

Tuy s6 lacing cac hqp chit phenolic rat nhieu va cd nhieu tac dung khac
nhau, nhung tit "hop chat phenolic" that ng dung de chi cac hqp chit clang
"polyphenol" ma tieu bieu IA tannin, con dtiqc goi IA "chat chat". Ham Dicing
chit chat trong rau trai khOng ldn (0,1+0,2%), trit mOt s6 trai c6 vi chat re,'
rOt thi ham lacing khoang 1%.

2.4.11 Citc nh6m hop chgt khEic

1- Glycoside
Glycoside IA chit tao bai &Ong va cac chit phi dutng (aglycon) nhu'
rutu, acid, aldehyde, phenol, tannin... Glycoside c6 the dtiqc phan loai dkia
tren nh6m glycone, aglycone, hay loai lien ket glycoside:
a- Dria vao ban chcit h6a hoc caa nh6m glycone
- Neu nhom glycone IA glucose ta c6 hqp chit glucoside
- Ngu nhom glycone là fructose ta c6 hqp chit fructoside
- Neu nh6m glycone là galactose ta c6 hqp chgt galactoside.
b- Dua vao ban chat lien ket glycoside: dip vao vi tri nhom —OH trong
phan tut dutng ma chia glycoside lam a - glycoside WI 3 - glycoside.

Vi du:
OH OH

+ CH3OH
OH OH OH OCH3
H OH H OH
a - glucose a - methylglucoside

OH OH

+ CH3OH
OH OH OH
H OH H OH
a - glucose - methylglucoside
Hinh 2.86 Phan loci glycoside theo ban chdt lien ket glycoside

c- Dy'a ago ban chat hea hpc mks nhom aglycon: c6 the phan chia
glycoside thanh cac nh6m chinh sat,:
164 CHLICNG 2

- Nh6m anthraquinone glycoside: c6 nhigu trong Id cay keo, ld cay 16

hOi (nha dam), Id cay dai hoang c6 ducic tinh lam nhuan trang. Cdc
anthraquinone con la cdc chit mau durgc sir dung trong ding nghO nhuQm,
dot c va thafc phdm.

OCH3
CH2OH
1 CH2OH
15
1' OH OR
HO 0 OH OHO O OH
10 4 HO
0 OH OH

3R=H
1 R = OH 4 R = p-D-xylose
2 R =H

HInh 2.87 Cdu frac ctia putorinoside B cho mezu do

trong cdy thien thdo (putoria calabrica)

Nh6m phenolic glycoside: vi du arbutin tim thd.y trong trdi cay

bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) la mot chit c6 tinh khang khugn cao
(H.2.88).

OH
HO

HO HO OH

Hinh 2.88 Cdu trtic cda arbutin HInh 2.89 Cdu trdc ctia salicin

CH2

HO 0 _ S— Glucose
OH 0 ll 0
'S'''.
u K+
HO
H2
4N—OSO;
0
OH OH
Sinigrin Sinalbin

Hinh 2.90 Cdu &tic ctia mOt s6 glycoside thuOc nh6m thioglycoside
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRA1 - CAU TAO, TiNH CHAT 165

CH,OH
OH CH3:
0 0

CO2H OH
0 OH

H3C
CH3 Limonin

HO 0
CH3

OH OH OH

Hesperidin

OH

OH
HO

OH

Rutin Quercerin

C H2OH

OC H3
OH

OH Silymarin

Hinh 2.91 Cdu trite hoa hoc clia mot so glycoside thwic nhom flavanoid glycoside
166 CHUONG 2

- Nhom alcoholic glycoside: mOt vi du cho cac glycoside thuOc nh6m nay
IA salicin tim thay trong cac cay thuOc ho dozing liAu (salix). Trong ccr the
ngutri, salicin bi bien doi tao thAnh salicylic acid, IA mOt chat rat an vcui
aspirin c6 tac dung giam dau, ha nhiOt va khang viem (H.2.89).
- Nh6m thioglycosides glycoside IA glycoside trong cong thdc phan tit c6
chda nh6m sulhde. Vi du, hqp chat sinigrin, tim thay trong mu tat den (black
mustard), va sinalbin, tim thay trong mu tat trAng (white mustard).
- Nh6nt flavonoid glycoside: c6 nhoni aglycone là mOt flavonoid. DAy là
mOt nh6m glycoside rat kin va chda nhiAu hqp chat; vi du apiin, hesperidin
(tim thay trong trai cay thuOc nham citrus), rutin, quercetin va silymarin.
Nh6m cac glycoside nay c6 tinh ch6ng oxy boa cao va ch6ng va mao mach,
tao ra vi clang cho rau
- Nhom steroidal glycoside hay cardiac glycoside là glycoside chda
aglycone là mOt steroidal. Cac glycoside cldqc tim thay trong cac thdc vat
thuOc gi6ng Mao dia hoAng (Digitalis), hAnh bin (Scilla) va Strophanthus.
Day IA cac chat c6 hoat tinh trq tim, ch6ng cac chdng bOnh loan nhip tim.

Hinh 2.92 Cdu &tic hem hoc ctia cardiac glycoside (digoxin)

- Nhom Saponins: saponin glycoside ddlc tao bcti dderng (glycone) va

sapogenin (aglycone). Dila vAo ban chat hoa hoc caa sapogenin, notti to chia
saponin thanh hai loaf IA saponin trung tinh va saponin acid. Saponin trung
tinh cluqc tao thAnh tit steroid va Saponin acid tao thanh tit triterpenoid. Cac
hcip chat saponin c6 tdc dung tao ra bot bgn khi lgc vdi nuac. Saponin
glycoside &Plc tim thay trong cam thao... Duqc tinh cua cac hqp chat nay là
khd nang long dtim.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CAU TAO, TINH CHAT 167

HO
HO
Spiroketal steroid nucleu Pertacyclic triterpenoid
(Diosgenin) ((3-Amyrin)

Hinh 2.93 Cdu tao cac saponin glycoside

- Nhom coumarin glycoside là glycoside chda aglycone la coumarin. Vi

du, apterin là mOt, chdt c6 tac dung lam gian na Ong mach vanh va pha vet
cac kh6i calci trong mach mau.
- Cyanogenic glycoside IA glycoside ma aglycone c6 china nhOm cyanide,
va co the giai pilot-1g hop chit dOc hydrogen cyanide ddai xtic tac &la mot vai
loai enzym. MOt vi du trong cac hop chdt nhom nay IA amygdalin tit hanh
nhan. Cyanogenic glycoside ding c6 the tim thdy trong trai cay ho hoa h6ng
nhd cherry, tao tay, man, mo, ciao, rasberry. Mang va khoai mi cOng c6 china
cac glucoside thuOc nhOm nay.

CH2OH

0
H2
HO O—C
OH 0

HO 0
OH c
" \ CN

Hinh 2.94 Cdu true h&c hoc act amygdalin

Glycoside tan trong nude, tao mid thorn dAc trung cho trai va tao vi
Bang. Doi khi glycoside con cO vai tro bao vi khi thtly phan tao mot s6
chdt khang khudn. Trong rau trai glucoside tap trung a va va hat, bi thuy
phan mOt phan khi gia nhi4t. Trong dik kik bao quan khOng tot, glycoside
co tho' chuyk vAo mo nac hay dich bac) gay dAng cho san phdm. MOt s6 loai
glycoside can chi] y detn trong tong ng1-0 che- bien rau trai bao Om:
168 CHUUNG 2

+ Naringin chila nhieu trong cui va thit trai ho co mai nha cam,
chanh, quit, btrai lam cho cdc loai trai nay co vi ding. Khi trai chin,
naringin trong thit trai dadi tic dung caa enzym naringinase se bi thay
phan tao thAnh du?ing (glucose, rhamnose) va naringinen khong co vi ding.
CO the phan hay nhan tao naringin bang each xii ly men, nha d6 lam giam
vi ding cho san phim.
+ Limonin (Limonin 17-(3-D-glucopyranoside) cha ygu c6 trong cdc loai
trai co mai Wang tit nha naringin, dac biet c6 trong cam va baai. Trong dieu
kien binh thaang, limonin khong c6 vi ding. Khi ciu true to bao bi pha hay
(lanh &Ong, chA ep) hay khi th6i rda, limonin va acid citric kgt hqp vii nhau
tao thanh hqp chit co vi ding.
+ Hespiridin phan b6 cha yefu trong cui cam, chanh, quit, baai.
Hespiridin là thanh phin tao ra vitamin P. Chit nay khong c6 vi ding NIA
khi thug phan n6 tao ra &long rhamnose, dung glucose va hesperiten.
+ Amygladin IA glycoside co trong hal ma, ciao (2+3%), hanh nhan
ding (2,5+3%), man (0,95%). Amygladin c6 vi ding. Trong car the ngaai,
amygdalin bi thay phan cho ra ion CN. co dOc tinh.
+ Solanin: c6 khoang 0,01% kh6i luromg cu khoai tay va phan b6 cha
ye'u a vo. Dac biet, khi nay mam, khoai tay có vi ding vi laqng solanin tang.
Ngoai ra cdc trai ho ca cling chda solanin nhu ca tim khi chin c6 khodng
0,3%, ca chua 0,004+0,008% solanin. Anh sang cure tim hay anh sang mat
trai là nhan to kith hoat su' hinh thanh solanin ct vo khoai tay. Neu khoai
tay da ciao len khoi mat dit de lau ngay, hay de chang tie-p 'ic trip ti6p (lath
anh sang mat trai, (lac biet khoai tay da nay marn hay khi ve khoai da
chuyen sang mail xanh thi ham luring gay dOc cUa khoai tay tang len rat cao
(khodng 10 lin). Dieu do c6 nghia la, ne'u ham lacing gay dOe cua solanin
trong khoai tay binh thaang IA 10mg/1kg the trong thi sau khi tie'p )(tic lau
ngay v61i anh sang ham lacing gay dOc co the chi là lmg/lkg the trong. Tdc
dOng cua anh sanh co the vac. dgn 3mm tirih tii be ngoai caa va. Solanin là
mot hqp chit rat ben nhiet, qua trinh nau van khong the pha hay dole lacing
solanin da hinh thanh tru'ac khi niu. Do do, bien phap Ott nhit de tranh ngt)
dQc solanin IA khong nen sa dung cac loai khoai tay da nay marn, khoai tay
c6 vo da chuyen sang inam xanh. Neu six dung, phai got ba hoar' toan nhQng
phin c6 mAu xanh.
Vi ding IA mOt vi rat nhay cam va tao ra net dac trong rieng cua 101
s6 loai rau trai. Vi du riha kith' qua là mOt loai trai ding lam rau dive sil
dung thong dung a Viet Nam. Tit ca moi phin caa trai kilo qua deu c6 vi
ding. CAc lisp chit gay ding (glycoside) trong kh6 qua g6m charantin
vicine, convince, zeatin riboside.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CA11 TAO, RAIN CHAT 169

H
CH

D-Galactose '''// C H3

D-Glucose CH2OH
OH
CH2OH

Solanidin
OH
OH

OH

OH OH
L-Rhamnose

Solatriose

Hinh 2.95 Cdu tao cda solanin

CH(CH3)2

beta
Glucose —0

H OH
OH
OH H HO
HOH2C 0H NH
b
lx
,N

C
H2N N H2 H Vicine

N
HOS
H OH
OH O
OH H
HOH2C 0H
b OH OH
OH' 'NH2 Convicine

Hinh 2.96 Cong thilc cdu tao caa cac glycoside c6 trong trdi khd qua
170

Charantin có kha nang h6 tra cho so chuy6n boa dating trong mdu caa
insulin nha vay ngan than so tich lOy qua cao ham luang &tang a trong mau.

2- Alkaloid

Alkaloid IA hap chat có chda N trong Ong thdc phan tit va có hoat tinh
&lac hoc d6i vari nguai va Ong vat. Ten goi alkaloid bat nguo'n tit alkaline,
mot tit d6 chi cac base nitcc - titc lA cac chat cc!, chda nhom amin. Alkaloid IA
cac hap chat trao d6i bac hai khong chi có trong that vat ma con có ca trong
dOng vat va vi sinh vat. Dang alkaloid thing gap nhat la clang clan xuat tit
cac amino acid. Dac biet cac hap chat alkaloid thuOc nhom pyrazoleS có chiia
2 nguyen dr hydro trong cau trite mach Ong khong tim thay trong thien
nhien ma IA hap chat tong hap.
D6i vai con nguai, nhieu hap chat alkaloid có do, c tinh (nho strychnine
hay coniine), nhong WA, s6 khdc, trong troang hap sit dung li6u lacing thich
hap thi lai c45 tac dung chi:fa benh nhu' giam dau, gay te, gay me, ca biet gay
nghien nhu' morphine va codeine. HALL h6t cac alkaloid có vi rat clang. Co th6
trich ly cac hap chat akaloid bang cac acid nho hydrochloric acid hay sulfuric
acid, dOi khi ca cac acid flu . ca nho maleic acid va citric acid.
Thitang nguOi ta phan loaf cac alkaloid doa tren cac tien chat hay con
du'Ong ohuyen boa tao ra chung. M6t each phan loai khac là data vao nguein
g6c loai d6ng thyc vat trich ly ra alkaloid.
Neu doa vao cac tien chat tao ra alkaloid, thi ta có th6 có cac nhom
alkaloid sau:
- Tit hap chat ban dau la pyridine tao ra cac alkaloid nho piperine,
coniine, trigonelline, arecaidine, guvacine, pilocarpine, cytisine, nicotine,
sparteine, pelletierine. Piperine co trong tieu den, trigonelline tim thay
trong ca ph6, la chat gitip nein ngita benh sau rang nha deli diet cac vi
khudn bacteria streptococcus rnutans .barn tren rang.

1 1
Piperine Coniine Trigonelline
Piridine
Hinh 2.97 Ulu. trzic ctia piridin mot so" alkaloid let dein xudt cua piridine

- Tit hap chat ban dau la pyrrolidine tao ra cac alkaloid nhu hygrine
cuscohygrine, nicotine. Hygrine chtta did yeu trong la cay coca, cuscohygrine c(
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CACI TAO, NH CHAT 171

trong cay coca vA cac thut vat ho Solariaceae nha cay ca dec du c, ca dam, loa
ken. Cuscohygrine Uniting xuat hien kern with cdc alkaloids c6 tac dung manh
kliac uhti atropine hay cocaine.
Nicotine là alkaloid c6 the thuec nhom pyrrolidine hay piridine, trong
W nhien thtkng chive tim tidy trong cdc thiic vat ho ca du is (Solanaceae)
alit/ thu6c là, ca chua; khoai tay, ca. tim, \TA tieu xanh IA thu6c là chda khoang
0,3+5% lacing cidt kilo IA nicotine. Day là met cidt dec kick thich than kinh
\fa c6 kha Jiang tieu diet con trimg. Nicotine cling c6 tdc dung lam &in dau.

0
.11./j(%

pyrrolidine Hygrine Cuscohygrine Nicotine

HInh 2.98 Cdu trac ctia pyrrolidine va mot sd alkaloid

la da'n xuat cda pyrrolidine

NC H3

OH

O
7
6/

N
8
Tropane Atropine Scopolamine

/ CH 3 0

ic
9tOH

OH
Ecgonine

HInh 2.99 Cciu trac cua tropane vet nOt so alkaloid

la dcin xucit cua tropane
172 CHLICNG 2

- Tit hqp chat ban dgu IA tropane tao ra cdc alkaloid nhu atropine,
cocaine, ecgonine, scopolamine. Atropine va scopolamine cfnia trong cay ho
ca du qc nhut k5r nham, ca dOc duqc, cocaine, ecgonine chtia nhigu trong Id
coca. Cdc chat nay cd tdc dung kich thich 110 than kinh trung Yang, tao cam
gidc hung phan.

- Tithqp chat ban dau IA quinoline tao ra cdc alkaloid nhu quinine,
quinidine, dihydroquinine, dihydroquinidine, strychnine, brucine, veratrine,
cevadine. Quinine du qc trich tit vo cay canh kina et Nam My vA có tdc dung
chiia sot rat.

H3C
C H30

Quinoline Quinine Quinidine

HO

OMe
OMe

N
Dihydroquinine Dihydroquinidine Strychnine

Hinh 2.100 Cdu tnic czia quinoline Va mot so alkaloid

la dan xudt ciia quinoline

Tit hqp chat ban clau lA isoquinoline tao ra cdc alkaloid nhu' Opium
alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, narcotine, sanguinarine
narceine, hydrastine, berberine). Cdc chat nay cl0u co5 kha nang gay nghi0n.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - CALI TAO, TINH CHAT 173

HO

2
-'CH3
HO'
lsoquinoline Morphine

NCH3

CH3
CH3O OCH3

Codeine Thebaine

HInh 2.101 Cdu true act isoquinoline vet m5t so" alkaloid
la dJn xudt cua isoquinoline

- Tit hqp chgt ban dau la phenethylamine tao ra cdc alkaloid rant
mescaline, ephedrine

NH2 OH
H
NH2
NCH3
CH3

Phenethylamine Mescaline Ephedrine

CH3
NH2 CH3
Amphetamine Methamphetamine

HInh 2.102 Cdu &tic ctla phenethylamine vet mOt s6 alkaloid

let xudt ciia phenethylamine

- Tit hqp chgt ban &du la indole tao ra cdc alkaloid chia thanh ba nhom
nho la:
174 CHLidNG 2

Hinh 2.103 Cdu true czia indole

Tryptamine: dimethyltryptamine (DMT), NMT, psilocybin, serotonin.

NH2
5

NH2 HO
a
N
H
Tryptamine Serotonin
OH
0=P - 0-
0

N+

H H

Psilocybin Dimethyltryptamine

Hinh 2.104 Cdu true cua tryptamine vdc mOt 36 alkaloid

let dein mat cda tryptamine

Ergolines la cc ergot alkaloid (ergine, ergotamine, lysergic acid, etc.)

0 NH2

Ergoline Ergine

Hinh 2.105 Cdu trtic act ergoline vet mOt s6 alkaloid

la ddn xudt czia ergoline
NGUYEN Lo RAU TRA i - CA.0 TAO, TINH CHAT 175

Beta-carbolines: harmine, yohimbine, reserpine, emetine.

R6

R7

Ten clUcic chit a b R1 R6 R7

D-Carboline x
x
Pinoline OCH3
Harman x x CH3
Harmine x x CH3 OCH3
Harmaline x CH3 OCH3
Tetrahydroharmine CH3 OCH3

Hinh 2.106 Cdu frac mkt beta-carboline vet niSt so' alkaloid
/à thin =ft cila beta-carboline
0

zN
KN
/
H3C
Xanthine 0
Caffeine

N
I
CH3
Theobromine Theophylline

Hinh 2.107 Cdu true cila purine viz mOt so alkaloid là dein xudt cila purine

- Tit hop chit ban diu la purine tat) ra cac alkaloid duvc goi la cac
xanthine nhu' caffeine, theobromine, theophylline la mot s6 chit c6 tic dung
gay nghi-en, kith thich thin kinh nhe, &toe con ngu'di sit dung nhiAu thOng
noon .., 4 .. ....:: -.. -.L?..... -L. .^:" 1. - ne — .1.:".. L-1 -1 -1- t• _-
176 CHIVNG 2

- Tit hqp chat ban dgu là terpenoid tao ra cdc alkaloid chia thanh hai
nhom nh6 là:
Aconite alkaloid: aconitine IA chat dec anh }Hieing Mil he than kinh
trung umg.
Steroids: solanine trong khoai thy ndy marn, samandarin.

CH3.,
OH I
0
H3C

113C
0 OH
. 0H
HO'.
CH3
"
,o CH3
H3C
Aconitine Amandarin

Hinh 2.108 Cdu frac cila mot so alkaloid /à dan xudt cila terpenoid

- Tii hqp chat ban dgu IA betaine (hqp chat ammonium bac b6n) tao ra
cdc alkaloid nhu muscarine c6 trong nam, choline c6 nhieu trong rau citi
iceberg, dau phOng va bong cai.

I
N+ COO" . /N OH1

Betaine Muscarine Choline

Hinh 2.109 Cdu trtic ctia betaine vet mot so alkaloid let ddn xudt cila betaine

3- Cac phytoncide
Cdc phytoncide hay con goi IA chat khdng sinh thuc vat, mang tinh sat
trung nham bao ye cho thuc vat khoi sit tan ding cua vi sinh vat va con
trung. W mat h6a hoc, cdc phytoncide c6 ban chat h6a hoc rat khdc nhau.
Chung tinging IA cdc glycoside, alkaloid, tinh dgu, nhua /46i cdch
khdc, cdc hqp chat h6a hoc trong rau trdi c6 tdc dung ch6ng khugn, diet
trung dgu duqc goi là phytoncide. Vi du trong khoai tay, phytoncide chinh IA
solanin, trong ea rot la tinh dau, trong t6i là alixin...
 Chu'ting 3

NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BIEN 061

Rau trai lA cac ca the s6ng vi vay trong rau trai luon din ra cdc
bien doi ve sinh ly. Cdc qud trinh nay se lam Wen d6i chdt hangctia rau
trai ca ve tinh chdt vat ly, thanh phAn h6a hoc, gia tri dinh ddang Mit
gid tri cam quan.
Qua trinh phcit trier' cua rau clitac chia thanh ba giai doan chinh:
- Taqng hinh
- MIR trien den kich thaac thu hoach
- Thoai haa.
Qua trinh phdt trier' cua trai phitc tap han claw chia thanh nhieu
giai doan. Giai doan tuang hinh, ngay sau khi hoa ducat thy phdn se bAt
au hinh thanh nen phAn An dticic cua trai. Giai doan phat trien kich
thttac, trai non lan len tliAnh trai xanh, trong giai doan nay trai se tich to
chAt dinh &fang va phat trien v6 mat kich thdac den kich thulic t6i da cua
trai. Giai doan chin, trai xanh thAnh trai chin. Rieng ve d6 chin ctia trai
c6 the phan bit thAnh ba d6 chin khdc nhau. D6 chin ky thuat IA khi trai
da tich to du ve mat dinh &tang, khoi cay me trai ding c6 the 64
tuc qua trinh chin. Trai dat d6 chin ky thuat con ming, silt dung An tu'ai se
c6 gid tri cam quan thdp nhung thich hap cho qua trinh van chuyen,
gift trai. Khi can sit dung, trai chin ky thuat se- qua qud trinh "chi" de
thanh trai chin. D6 chin sit dung IA d6 chin thich hap cho An Wait, neu trai
qua qua trinh chin sit dung tren cay thi &Lac goi IA trai chin cay. Chin
sinh ly hay chin muili lA d6 chin tit nhien cua trai, Itic nay trai thu'ang se
indm va giam gia tri cam quan. Cu6i giai doan chin mu6i IA giai doan
thodi h6a, trai se tai rung, phan thit trai bi tieu htly gidi pilot-1g hat de tiep
tuc mot chu trinh sinh twang mai ctia cay. Cdc giai doan phat trien nay
kitting the phan bit rO ma xen Ian nhau. MOt s6 loci trai khOng c6 qua
trinh chin muoi ma sau qua trinh chin sit dung se chuyen ngay qua giai
doan thoai hoa.
178 CHLIONG

Phat trien Ira! non

1 2
Ttiong hinh Trai non
Qua trinh chin
3 4 5
Qua trinl? chin
Trai chin Trai chin Trai chin
k.9 thuat su dung muoi 6
Trai ha hong

Thdi gian sau khi thu pha'n

Hinh 3.1 Ccic giai doan phdt trien cda trai

Chlorophyl

-----------1Th Duong khir

pH ph5n
thit trai
i
i

T6c d6 ,
hO hap ,
(
Acid
' Esters
Carctenoid
Ham !Ong nitd)
phan thit trai
phi protein
ph5n thit trai
Carotenoid ptlan vo

Phat trien Giai doan

, Twang phat trien
Ethanh Tru'Ong
as thank
-0
Thod ih6a

C •c
1E :F3 ‘c
0 o 0
r
1--

Hinh 3.2 Ccic bien doi sinh 1.)% sinh hOa ciia trai dda
trong gad trinh phcit trien
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BA DO'! 179
Rau trai trong su6t qud trinh chin se cc!, bien d6i rat nhidu ve mat sinh
is, sinh hOa. Cdc bidn d6i nay se anh hating den chat lacing hang hOa cUa rau
trai, dAc bit IA qud trinh chin. Qua trinh chin se bin d6i mot s6 cac thAnh
phan khong An dadc thAnh cac phan An duck, tao nen huong vi cho rau trai.
Cdc bidn d6i sinh hoa nay rat phac tap, chiing c6 thd din ra d6c lap, khOng
phu thudc vao cac bidn din khac, nhang ding cd thd có tac &Ong qua lai phu
thudc lan nhau. Nhang bidn doi chinh cUa trai trong qua trinh phat trign cO
the kd ddn bao g6m cac bidn dOi ve tS, 10 cac glucid, luong cac chat tan tang
len va lacing cac chat it tan nha tinh b6t, protopectin se giam xu6ng. MAu sac
cua trai se chuydn tit xanh sang mail dAc truing cua trai chin. HAm lacing cac
chat hail cd nha acid, cac chat mui se bidn d6i tang hay giam tuy thu6c vao
a
giai doan chin cila trai, ski phat tridn ldp sap vo trai... Vi du, bidn d6i cUa
data trong qua trinh phat trien dole trinh bAy trong hinh 3.2.
Vi dOi Wang nghien cub cUa mon hoc lA cac loci rau trai dude dung cho
bao quan tuoi va chd bidn, nen trong chuong nay cluing toi se tap trung trinh
bay ve cac bidn d6i cua rau, trai trong qud trinh chin.

3.1 QUA TR1NH HO HAP

Rau trai du da thu hai tach khoi cay me nhang van lA cac cd thd song,
do do van ho hap dd lay nang lacing phuc vu cho hoat d6ng song cua minh.
Qua trinh ho hap IA qud trinh quan trong nil& can do dac trong qud trinh
bao quan rau trai. VA mat ban chat hela hoc, qua trinh ho hap chinh là qud
trinh oxy hoa cac chat phac tap cd trong t.6 bAo thuc vat dd thanh cac phan
tit don gian hon, nhArn mac dich thu nang lacing va mit s6 chat can thidt cho
sinh tong hdp cua td bac) rau trai. Cac chat co thd bi oxy hda bao g6m tinh
b6t, dating, acid hau co va ca cac chat be°.
Pinking trinh con ban nil& cUa qua trinh ho hap xay ra trong didu
kin c1:5 du oxy va cc chat bi oxy hba lA dating glucose có dang

C6H1206 + 602 6CO2 + 6H20 + 677,2 Kcal

Qua trinh ho hap nha vay goi lA ho hap hidu khi va sinh ra mot lacing
nang lacing kha lan. Trong didu kin mai tracing thidu oxy, rau trai van ho
hap nhung san phdm qua trinh lai lh ruou va khi CO2, nang hiring sinh ra it
hon. Qua trinh nha vay dacic goi lA ho h‘p ye'm khi, cloi khi con goi la qua
trinh len men
C 6H1 206 2CO2 + 2C2H5OH + 28 Kcal

San phdm cUa qua trinh len men lam cho rau trai có mui ru'du lAm
giam gid tri cam quan.
180 CHLIONG 3

D6 xdc dinh NTA kha nAng ho hdp ctia rau trai, hai thong s6 dAc trung
cho qud trinh ho hdp cda rau trai dtioc do dac IA he s6 ho hdp vtt ctiOng dO
ho hdp.

3.1.1 HO so ho lap
De bidu thi clang ho hdp IA higu khi hay ygm khi, ta lfip tST s6 giaa s6
mol (hay the tich) khi CO2 sinh ra va khi 02 tieu thy. TS, s6 nay goi là 10 so
ho hdp.
Vcr ,
K= '
V02

- Ngu K = 1: qua trinh IA ho hdp higu khi yeti chdt bi oxy h6a IA &Ong
glucose
- Neu K < 1: qua trinh ho hdp higu khi trong s6 chat bi oxy hoa, ngoAi
dating con c6 lipid, vi du oxy h6a tripalmytin cho s6
K = 51/72,5 = 0,7.
- Ngu K > 1: qua trinh ho hdp bao g6m ca he, hdp higu khi vA ygm khi.
HO so ho hdp K cang Ian thi bigu thi Ito hdp ygm khi cang
manh. Trong truing hop nay, chit bi oxy h6a c6 the IA
&Ong glucose hay acid halt cc!.
Nhin chung, gid tri hO so" ho hdp cua rau trai thating thay d6i trong
khoang tit 0,7+1,3 (Kader, 1987). Dgi vai loci trai giAu duttng nhti dau tay, he
s6 ho hdp thuting bang 1,0 (Renault, Houal, Jacquemin, and Chambroy -
1994). D6i vai nhung trai chua nhu trai viOt qudt (blueberries), nhigu acid thi
trong di6u kin ho hdp higu khi binh thuTing, he s6 ho hdp khoang 1,3
(Beaudry, Cameron, Shirazi, and Dostal-Lange — 1992).

3.1.2 Cutting de) ho hip

Dg bigu thi cho kha nAng he, hdp cua rau trai theo thtti gian, ta xdc
dinh lacing khi 02 tieu thy hay lacing khi CO2 sinh ra (mililit hay miligram)
trong th?ii gian 1 giti ctia 1kg rau trai tticti. CLOng (10 ho hdp cang lctn thi ton
thdt chdt kho cang Ian, nhigt 10;:ing sinh ra nhigu \TA cdc qud trinh sinh ly
xay ra cang 16n.
Dy'a vao aging clki - ho h6p cua trai, ta c6 the xac dinh &roc cutrng d6
trao d6i eh& cua mo vA qua da )(de dinh du'oc kha nang bao quan rau trai.
Thong thuting, trai c6 cuing IA hdp cang manh thi thdi gian bao quan
ding ngan.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIA Doi 181

Cu?tng dO ho hdp co the do bang m5t cach:

Ccich 1: To ra mat he th6ng kin, xac dinh ham lacing khf va dp suit,
nhiet a ban dau trong binh chda trai. D6ng kin he, bao gain trai cay WI do
lacing kill CO2 sinh ra ding nhti lacmg khf 02 mit di (phltang trinh (3.1) va
(3.2) (Cameron, Boylan-Pett & Lee, 1989; Fishman, Rodov & Ben-Yehoshua,
1996; Gong & Corey, 1994; Haggar, Lee & Yam, 1992; Henig & Gilbert,
1975; Jacxsens, Devlieghhere & Debevere, 1999; Maneerat, Tongta,
Kanlayanarat & Wongs-Aree, 1997; Ratti, Raghavan & Garipy, 1996; Song,
Kim & Yam, 1992).
(yt6,2 -yti
o'2 )xV
Roe (3.1)
100 x M x (t1 - ti )

( yt1,02 _ yt&;•2 ) X V
(3.2)
RC°2 - 100 x M x (t -ti )
Catch 2: Trong mat he th6ng dung, rau trai ditqc bdo quan trong m.0
dung cu chita khong thim khf, ctRing du h8 hip ducic xac dinh bang cach do
n6ng khf tai dau vao va dau ra cua ding khf. Clidng du ho hip do bang
each nay chicle tinh theo phu'ang trinh (3.3) va (3.4) (Fidler & North, 1967;
Lee, Haggar, Lee & Yam, 1991; McLaughlin & O'Beirne, 1999; Smyth, Song
& Cameron, 1998; Talasila, Chau & Brecht, 1992).
(y16a: - yZ)x F
(3.3)
R02 = 100 xM
Ludo _ „, ra ix w
V' CO2 -7 CO2 (3.4)
RC°2 100 X M
Cdch 3: Rau trai d6 day trong dung cu chi a c6 Mid nang thim khf,
n6ng da khf carbonic sinh ra va n6ng d6 khf oxy mit di datic do lien tuc.
CLOng du ho hip duzic xac dinh theo (3.5) WI (3.6) (Beaudry, 1993; Beaudry et
al., 1992; Joles et al., 1994; Lakakul, Beaudry & Hernandez, 1999; Lee, Song
& Yam, 1996; Piergiovanni, Fava & Ceriani, 1999; Smyth et al., 1998;
Talasila, Cameron & Joles, 1994).
P0,2 xA e
R02 Y02) (3.5)
=100xLxMx
Pc02 xA x( _ y,02 ) (3.6)
RC°2 - 1c OxLxM °2
• 182 CHIANG 3

trong d6: A - dien tich bg Ink, m2

F - van t6c clang, m3.s-1
L - dO day, m; e - ben trong
M - kh6i lacing, kg
P - hO s6 tham, m2.s-1
R - t6c dO IA hap (oxy/carbonic),
t - thtii gian, s
V - the tich tut do, ml
y - n8ng dO thd tich, % v/v
veto - nhap vAo; ra - di ra
f - tai th?ti didm lcgt thtic
i - tai thin didm ban dau.
Qua trinh he, hap ctia rau trai lam ton thk thdt kho, (Mu tien là cac
glucid, r6i din cac chdt khdc nhu acid hau cd, cac hop chit nits, pectin,
tanin, eh& beo va glycoside... San phdm cu6i cua qud trinh ho hap higu khi
là khi CO2 , nu'ac va sinh ra mot lciorng nhiet kha lan dan den lam tang
nhiet cho rau trai. Ngatii to tinh toan rang, ca lg ding bi tieu thy chuydn
hoa thanh 1,467g khi CO2, 0,60g H2O va sinh ra nhiet biting IA 3,76Kcal.
Dieu (16 c6 nghia neu cutng do he hap ctia rau trai là lmg/kg/gia khi CO2 se
sinh ra Klee]. hay 2,6KcallanIgia. Trong bao quan rau trai, ne-u khong c6
cac Wen phap giai toa nhiet thi nhiet lucrng tich to se lam am cue bO yang
khong gian chaa rau trai. He qua cua tich to nhiet la lam gia tang ho hap,
thtic ddy qua trinh phan huy tit nhien. Ngoai ra, cac san phdm trung gian
ctia qua trinh ho hap nhu cac acid hau ccc cling tich to gay ra cac bie'n d6i
ve mai va vi. Lacing khi oxy bi tieu thy va hitting khi carbonic sinh ra lam
thay d6i thanh phan khong khi xung quanh rau trai can bao quan va lam
cho ho hdp ddn chuyen ve IA hap ye'm khi. Khi ho hip ye'm khi, san phdm
cu6i ding ctia ski phan htly dating glucose là carbonic va ruou ethylic. Nhiet
sinh ra tit mot phan tit cltRing glucose se it hcin 20 Mn khi ho hap higu khi.
Cho nen de co dti nhiet lacing duy tri qua trinh song, khi ho hap ye'm khi
rau trai se phai tieu hao mot lacing chat kho lctn hdn nhieu so vdri ho hap
higu khi.

3.1.3 Cac yeu to finh hu9nk tell qua trinh h8 hap ctia rau trai
Curing dO ho hap Cita rau trai tu'di chiu anh huOng &la nhieu ydu to nhtf
nhiet dO bao quan, thanh phan khong khi xung quanh rau trai, th6i didm thu
hai trai, cac enzym hay cac tac nhan xtic tac cho qua trinh chin...
NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - NHI7NG BIEN DO'! 183

1- Anh hu'ang caa giong, giai dogn phi trien va tinh trang vat ly caa
rau trai
M61 loai rau trai cau tao tit cac dang m6 khdc nhau nen c6 eating d6 ho
lap khac nhau. Cac loai rau an la, rau an dinh sinh truing (mang), trai non
thaing c6 eating d6 ho hgp manh; cac loai trai xanh c6 cubing d6 ho hgp trung
binh, con cac loai cu, trai gia thutng c6 eating d6 ho hgp thgp.

Bang 3.1 Phan logi rau trdi dila theo ho heip

Curing 0 he, hgp
NhOm Vi d4
mg CO2/kg/h tal 5°C
Ho hap rat thap <5 Hat, rau trai kho

Thap 5 -.- 10
Khoai toy, khoai lang, hanh, t6i, ca cai, du'a
hau, tao, nhOm citrus, nho
CA rot, bap cai, dua leo, bau, bi, ca chua,
Trung binh 10 4 20
men, md, chuoi, Ciao
Bong cal, CA phao, dau HA Lan, dau toy, trai
Cao 20 ÷ 40
bd, cac loai blackberry, blueberry...
Rat cao 40 4 60 Artichoke, rau an Id, hanh là_
Ckrc ky cao > 60 Nam, mang Fay, bong cai xanh, bap ngot

Dia vao aging dO ho hgp c6 the phan loai rau trai thanh cac nhom ho
hgp rat thgp, thgp, trung binh, cao, rat cao va cut ky cao (bang 3.1).
Tu6i ctia rau trai cling nhu tudi caa mo cling se dnh hung Uri cutng do
ho hap. Tu6i cang gia thi ho hgp cang giam. Nhin chung, mo rion c6 cutng dO
ho hgp lan horn mo gia tit 10+20 lan. Tit khi hinh thanh trai cho den khi trai
bi phan hay cuing d6 ho hap dm trai trai qua nhiL giai doan. Curing d6 ho
hip caa rau trai manh nhgt khi rau trai bat dau hinh thanh. Trong su6t qud
trinh trai tich to chgt dinh dang va lan len, cubing di) ho hap giam dan va
dat ctic tieu khi trai sap chin. Thti ky trai c6 ho hgp nho nhgt goi la thtti ky
nga tinh. Thai ky nga tinh dai hay ngan thy thui)c vao titng loai trai. Khi
trai bat dau qua trinh chin, cuing di) ho hgp tang va dat didm cite dai khi
trai chin hoan toan. Cubing d6 ho hgp trong qud trinh phan hay trai not
chung gidm, nhu'ng doi khi tang nhe truck khi phan hay hoan toan. Diem
citang do ho hdp &At clic dai goi la diem dOt Nen eve dai. Cdc loai rau trai ho
hip theo kidu nay goi la cac trai c6 dinh ho hgp. Tieu bidu cho cac loai trai
het hgp theo dang nay nhut ca chua, chu6i... Tuy nhien, "(hang phai moi loai
rau trai cl4u tuan theo quy luat nay, mot s6 loai rau trai nhu cam, dda...
curing dO ho hgp gidm lien tuc trong su6t qua trinh bdo qudn, nhang loai rau
trai nhu vay thu6c nh6m khong c6 dinh ho hgp (H.3.3). Cac loai trai thu6c
nhorn khong c6 dinh ho hgp thuting khong bdo quan dutc lau vi khong co
thtri gian
184 CHUOING

Bang 3.2 Phan nh6m ccic loci trdi dija then

CO hay khong co dinh ho /Lap

Tral kh6ng c6 dinh hes hgp Tral cd dinh h6 hgp

Dila Chu6i
Chanh Bo
Cam Kiwi
Dua chi* Xoai
Nho Du du
Buoi Thanh long
Dau tay Ca chua
Nhan Dua hau
Val of
Ch6m chum Tao
Mang cot Mang cau xiem
Dao lOn hOt Sat., rieng

100

Ski phat trign cua trai

50 KhOng cO dinh h6 hap

CO dinh h6 hap

0
Giai down chin Giai down
I
Giai thoai hoa
Lc:Joan 1 Giai down phat tridn Chin
tic:Mg hinh sit dung
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN DOI 185

Trai co dinh ho hgp d6t bin (vi du ca chua)

Trai sinh Dinh ho hap d6t bign

tong hdp
ethylene

Hong ft/di
I
Trang thai chin
Giai doan twang thanh (xanh)

9 ngay 17 ngay I Thdi gian

Trai khong CO dinh ho hgp, ddt bign (vi du trai cam)

T6c d6 h6hgp

Ngu thu hoach ♦

tai thdi digm nay

Dail 18 tugn Thdi gian

Hinh 3.3 Cac giai doan phat hien va bin crei citang d6 ho hdp
cay (Ngu6n Biale - 1964)

Dura vao cutting ho hgp có thg xac dinh durac thai digm thu hoach rau
trai. Nhthig loai rau trai c6 aging dO he, hgp lan, thai gian bao quan ngan (1 -
2 ngay trong dieu kiOn khi 14u nhiOt dai) thi can thu hdi a sam a giai doan
(Mu cua qud trinh chin (khi rau trai con xanh). Vi du nhuf cdc loai rau xanh,
hoa chuta... Nhung loai co eating dO he) hip nho, thai gian bao quan dai net),
han (vai twin) thi to c6 the thu hoach muon han, cu6i cua giai doan tich to
chgt dinh durang. Vi du cho cdc rau trai loai nay nhuf khoai tay, dua hgu...
186 CHLICNG 3

60

50

40

O
30
E

20

10

0
0 5 15 25 35

Hinh 3.4 Duang bieu dieia ve cueing do ho hdp ctia mot s6 load trcii ea y
trong 40 ngdy bdo qudn tai 15°C (Ngu6n Biale - 1950)

Tinh trang cua rau trai khi thu hai cOng anh hu'ang tai cuting do ho
ha-p. Rau trai bi dap, nat thi eating do ho hap tang, gitip rau trai sinh ra cac
phytoncide de tit ye ch6ng 141 qud trinh ha hong. Trai bi nam, sAn thi t6c di)
tha-m oxy giam nen tang he s6 ho hap va giam eating dO ho h6p.

2- Nhi"Ot cto
Ho hap IA cac phan ang sinh h6a. T6c dO phan itng thi phu thuOc vao
nhiet dO c6 the xac dinh theo phdang trinh thi.tc nghiem cua Van't Hoff
10 -
RT2 T2 -T1
Q10 =
1. 71

vai RT2 va RTI la ctitin-dO ha hap tai nhiet dO T2 va T1 (°C).

Gid tri Qlo cua rau trai duvc xac dinh bang thlic to va c6 the nam trong
khoang sau.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHCING BA DOI 187
Bang 3.3 Gici tri thvc nghiem Q10 clia mOt s6 loci rau trcii
Khoang nhit't dc) (°C) 010
0 + 10 2,5 + 4,0
10 + 20 2,0 + 2,5
20 + 30 1,5 + 2,0
30 + 40 1,0 + 1,5

Khi nhiet de en 40°C, gia tri Qio c6 the nho horn 1 va n'e-u nhiet di)
tang cao them thi gan vai nhiet do ha hong ctia met s6 loai rau trai
(50+55°C), khi c16 enzyin bi Wen tinh va qua trinh trao d6i chat bi dinh chi.
Khi tific de phan Ting tang thi cueing do ho hal) ding tang.
Anh haeing ctia nhiet do d'e'n caang de ho hap ding co the xac dinh theo
phaang trinh:
dR
= kR
dt
R - catmg do ho hap (mg CO2/kg/hr)
t - nhiet do bao quan (°C); k - he s6 nhiet de (°C-1).

500

400

300

200

100

0 10 20 30 40
NhiOt do °C

HInh 3.5 Anh huang cila nhiet do den ho hdp cda rau trdi
(Nguon R. B. Duckworth)
188 CHUONG 3

Giai phuong trinh vai R, IA cuang do, ho h‘p a 0°C, to co:

R = Ro.exp (t.k)
Turing tit, vi nhiet luong giai phong tSr ie thuAn viii cuang del ho h6p nen
nhiet lacing do rau trai toa ra do ho hAp ding duoc tinh theo phuong trinh:
Q = Q„.exp (t.k)
Cdc Lid tri Q0, R, va k duoc cho trong bang 3.4. Cuang di) ho hgp va
nhiet luring sinh ra khi bao quan rau trai a 0°C.
Cung co the sit dung phuong trinh cua Arrhenius (3.7) d6 xac dinh anh
tiding cua nhiet do den cuang di) ho h6p:
E (3.7:
R = xexp(

• Bang 3.4 Calmg d ho help uac nhift lacing sinh ra khi bar) qucin rail trai a 0°C
Gla tri trung binh
Logi rau trai k
00 Co

Chu6i xanh 65,3 6,75 0,0805

38,1 3,96 0,0733
Cam
40,2 4,14 0,0718
Chanh
26,8 2,77 0,0724
Buoi
85,0 8,79 0,1139
Dao
67,8 7,03 0,1149
Man
162,0 16,75 0,0942
Dau tay
52,3 15,4 0,0778
Bap cai
170,8 17,72 0,1004
Sup Id
36,0 3,74 0,0617
Khoai tay
39,8 4,12 0,0668
Hanh tay
3,74 0,1319
Ca rat 48,6
70,8 7,31 0,1187
DUa chuOt
13,68 0,0688
Ot 132,3
39,8 4,11 0,1144
Ca chua
291,8 30,13 0,1056
Nam

Phucrng trinh (3.7) ding ca th6 &Plc bi6u din dui clang (Nelson, 198,4.'
Van Boekel, 1996)
E (1 1 (3.E
R = 8„f _x exp[- -
Rc T T„f

Gia tri nang luong host hoa cua rau trai trong khong khi not chun
thay d6i trong khoang 29,04-92,9kJ.mo/ -1 (Exama et at, 1993). Gid tri nan
Wong host hoa cua mot s6 loci trai cay duoc cho trong bang 3.5.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN Ddl 189

Bang 3.5 Nang lacing host has cho cdeing dO ho heip caa mOt sb sin phdm
Khoing E02 Eco2
San phim M61 tnfong bao quail
nhi.t d¢, °C (kJ.mori) (kJ.mo1-1)
Viet quit Khi 0+25 59,4 -
Viet quit Coville Khf 5+25 45,3 50,3
ViOt quit Blueray Khf 5+25 48,7 48,0
Viet quit Jersey Khf 5+25 42,7 47,3
Bong cai xanh cat got Khf 0+24 43,0 43,1
Tao tay Khf - - 65,7
Meng tay Khf - - 51,3
Bd Khf - - 59,7
Chu6i Khi - - 67,0
Deu Kill - - 48,1
Cu den Khf - - 52,9
Bong cai xanh Khf - - 55,9
Ch6i Brussels Khf - - 56,2
Bap cai Khf - - 54,2
Chia tay Khf - - 72,0
Ca rot Khf - - 29,0
Bong cai trang Khf - - 57,3
Can tay Khf - - 53,1
SO ri Khf - - 75,3
Chia chuOt Khf - - 31,8
Nho Khf - - 69,6
BLiai Khi - - 55,7
Ot xanh Khf - 48,2
T6i tay Khi - 56,0
Chanh tay Khf - 63,6
Rau die') Khf - 51,1
Chanh Khi - 77,9
Dtia Khf - 50,5
Nim Khf - 65,5
Hanh cu Khi - 30,4
Cam Khf - 72,8
Dao Khf - 87,6
Le Khf - 73,5
Man Khf ' - 72,6
Khoai tay Khi - 41,6
Cu cai Khf - 71,4
Rau Bina Khf - 36,0
Dau tay Khf - 70,7
Bong cai xanh gi6ng Khf 0+20 105 105
Green valiant 1,5% 02 + 10% CO2 0+20 50,95 50,95
Bap cai giong Decema Khf 0+20 63,15 63,15
3% 02 0+20 59,8 59,8
Deu Ha Lan giong Khi 5+20 54,9 54,9
Blue Lake 3% 02 + 5% CO2 5+20 42,2 42,2
_Rau cu heir, hop - 3+100 74,8 84,2
190 CHUCNG 3

Bang 3.6 To/c do ho hdp clia ccic loci rau trcii, dign theo litowg CO2
chitic tao thanh (mglkg.h) h nhift d6 khcic nhau

Nhi.t dc:i
Lc* rau tral 0°C 4+5°C 10°C 15+16°C 20+21°C 25+27°C
(32°F) (40+41°F) (50°F) (59+60°F) (68+70°F) (77+80°F)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Tao mOa he 3+6 5+11 14+20 18+31 20+41 -
Tao rn0a thu 2+4 5+7 7+10 9+20 15+25 -
Mo 5+6 6+8 11+19 21+34 29+52 _
ActisO, hoa 15+45 26+60 55+98 76+145 135:233 145+300
Mang tay 27+80 55+136 90+304 160+327 275+500 500+600
Bo - 20+30 - 62+157 74+347 118+428
Chu6i xanh - - - 21+23 33+35 -
ChuOi chin - - 21+39 25+75 33+142 50+245
Dau lima 10+30 20+36 - 100+125 133+179 . -
Dau snap 20 35 58 93 130 193
Dau choi 21+25 42 93+99 - - -
Cu cai 5-:-7 9+10 12+14 17+23 - -
Cu cai con la 11 14 22 25 40 -
Trai along
Mam xoi 18+20 31+41 62 75 155 -
ViOt qual 2+10 9+12 23+35 34+62 52+87 78-124
Nam viat quit - 4+5 - - 11+18 -
L9 gai 5+7 8:16- 12+32 27+69 41+105 -
Mam xoi 18+25 31+39 28+55 82+101 - -
Dau 12+18 16+23 49+95 71+92 102+196 169+211
B6ng cal xanh 19+21 32+37 75+87 161+186 278-:-320 -
Cal brussels 10+30 22+48 63184 64+136 86+190 -
Bap cal 4-:-6 9+12 17+19 20+32 28+49 49+63
Ca rot 10+20 13+26 20+42 26+54 46+95 -
Ca rot ca than 18+35 25+51 32+62 55+106 87+121 -
Bong cal 16-19 19+22 32+36 43+49 75+86 84+140
Can tay 5+7 9+11 24 30+37 64 -
Can tay 7 15 25 39 50 -
Anh ciao, ngot 4+5 10+14 - 25+45 28+32 -
Anh dao, chua 6+13 13 - 27+40 39+50 53+71
Trai co mill
Bildi - 7+9 10+18 13+26 19
Chanh -- 11 10+23 19+25 20+28
Chanh la cam - - - 6+10 7+19 15+45
Cam 2+5 447 6+9 13+24 22+34 25+40_
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN DOI 191

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Dua chu6t - - 23+29 24+33 14+48 19+55
Rau digp quan 45 52 73 100 133 200
Trai sung, va - 11+13 22+23 49+63 57+95 85+106
Toi 4+14 9+33 9+10 14+29 13+25 -
Nho M9 3 5 8 16 33 39
Nho lam rUdu 1+2 3+6 8 10+12 - 25+30
Cai xoan 16+27 34+47 72+84 120+155 186-265 -
Su hao 10 16 31 49 - -
Kiwi 3 6 12 - 16+22 -
T61tay 10+20 20+29 50+70 75+117 110 107+119
Rau diap, ngon 6+17 13+20 21+40 32+45 51+60 73+91
Rau digp, la 19+27 24+35 32+46 51+74 824119 120+173
Vai - - - - - 75+128
Xoai - 10+22 - 45 75+151 120
Dira tay 5+6 9+10 14+16 34+39 45+65 62+71
Nam 28+44 71 100 - • 264+316 -
Cu hanh kho 3 3:4 7+8 10+11 14-:19 27+29
CO hanh tudi 10+32 17+39 36-:-62 66+115 794178 98:210
Mildp tay - 52+59 86+95 138+153 248+274 328:362
Trai oliu - - -- 27+66 40+105 56+128
Du du 4+6 - - 15+22 -- 39-:-88
MCA tay 30+40 53+76 85+164 144*184 196+225 291+324
CO cai yang 8+15 9+18 20+26 32+46 - -
Dao 4+6 6+9 16 33+42 59+102 81+122
Le giong Bartlett 3.7 5+10 8+21 15+60 30+70 -
Le giong Kieffer 2 - - 11+24 15-28 20+29
Dau Ha Lan 47+75 79+97 - - 3494556 --
Tieu - 10 14 23 44 55
H6ng - 6 - 12+14 20+24 29+40
Dila xanh - 2 4+7 10+16 19+29 28+43
Man 2+3 4+9 7+11 12 18+26 28+71
Khoai tay - 3+9 7+10 6+12 8+16 -
CO cai trang con la 14+17 194-21 31+36 70+78 124+136 158+193
Rau 19+22 35+38 82+138 134+223 172 :-287 -
Bi 12+13 14+19 34+36 75+90 85+97 -
Bap ngot 30+51 43+83 104+120 151+175 268+311 2824435
Khoai lang - - 14 20+24 - -
Ca chua xanh - 5+8 12+18 16+28 28+41 35+51
Ca chua chin - - 13+16 24+29 24+44 30+52
Cal xoong 15+26 44+49 91+121 136+205 302+348 348+438

Nguthz: Hardenburg, R. E., Watada, A. E., utt Wang, C. Y.

192 CHYING 3

Nhu vgy, nhiet d6 moi twang cang cao thi aging d6 ho hap cang manh,
d6ng thdi h6 hgp cang manh thi cang sinh nhiet lam tang nhiet d6. Do do,
dd Ice° dai thai gian bao quan rau trai, can dieu chinh giam nhiet d6 se han
chg tang caang d6 h6 hgp.
,-
Cu'ang d6 ho hap cila mot so loai rau trai theo nhiet d6 &lac bieu thi
trong bang 3.6.

3- DO dm
Khi d6 dm rau trai cang cao thi cang giau nude tit do nen qua trinh
trao doi chgt cang de dien ra, caang d6 ho hgp cang tang. D6 dm Wang d6i
dm mei traang se anh hung de'n d6 dm &la rau trai, nghia IA d6 dm Wang
d6i moi traang cilng anh huorng tdi aging d6 ho hgp. Tuy nhien khong the
giam am dd giam cu'ang dO ho hgp trong bao quan rau trai vi se din Mil bay
hai nude lam rau trai bi hes:).

4- Thanh phdn khi quyen xung quanh

Ham Wang khi oxy se anh htiang nhidu tdi hO s6 ho hgp va eating dO
ho hgp. Khi ham luang khi oxy giam va khi carbonic tang, ho hgp chuydn
qua ye'm khi va cadng d6 ho hgp ding co khuynh hudng giam. Trong moi
truing giam ham Wang oxy, he s6 ho hgp ctia trai se tang. Vi du, khi bao
quan trai ca rot trong didu kien bao goi kin. He s6 ho hgp CO thd tang len
den 6 (Carlin et al. - 1990). He s6 ho hgp con c6 thd tang ldn han 6 khi bao
quan ngm a nhiet dO 20°C va n6ng d6 khi 02 giam den mtic con 1,5+2%
(Beit-Halachmy and Mannheim - 1992).
Caang da ho halo phy thu6c vao n6ng d6 oxy c6 the dayc xac dinh bang
phuang trinh Michaelis—Menten (3.9).
a x yo2
R= (3.9)
+ .Y02
Day IA mot phuang trinh clan gian va cho Idt qua twang do/i chink xac.
Trong do gid tri a la gid tri t6i da cua oxy tieu thy hay carbonic sinh ra va
gia tri (1) la hang s6 phan ly cua phitc enzym-ca chgt hoar la "ban On t6c t6i
da" (half-maximal) cilia aging da 116 hgp. Thong thaang, gia tri tO/i da ctia
n6ng dO oxy trong bao quan IA 21% phan the tich.
Anh twang caa khi carbonic duac tinh toan gian tielp thong qua phuang
trinh Michaelis-Menten va c6 thd dole bidu din dudi b6n dang sau:
a x Yo2 (3.10)
R=
Yco2
Yo2
Yc
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI -liNG BIEN DOI 193

x yo2
R= (3.11)
Yc02
+ y02 ++
Yu )

ax y02
R= (3.12)
) + y02 )41+ YC°2 )
yn

x yo2
R= (3.13)
441 + —°2 yo2 x + Yc°2)
Yc Yu

Ngoai ra, trong mei trodng khong khi xung quanh rau trai bao gid
cung xua't hien met lacing khi hydrocacbon khong no, thuting nh‘t IA khi
ethylene. Luang khi nay sinh ra trong qua trinh chin dm trai. TA't ca rau
trai deu sinh ra met lacing nho ethylene trong qua trinh phdt tridn. Khi
ethylene do rau trai sinh ra goi IA ethylene nei sinh. Cdc loci trai c6 dinh
ho h‘p san sinh ra khi ethylene nhieu hcfn hAn nh6m khong cd dinh ho
hap. Dia vac) lacing khi ethlene sinh ra c6 the phan 100 rau trai thanh 5
nh6m nhit trong bang 3.7.

Bang 3.7 Phan loaf rau trai theo lacing khi ethylene sinh ra

!Aging C2H4 sinh ra a 20°C

Nhom VI du
mIC2H4/kg/glo

Rgt thgp < 0,1

Aktichoke, mang tay, b6ng cai trAng, dau
tay, rau an la, khoai tay

Dila chu6t, Ca phao, olive, bi do, dila, dila

Thep 0,1+1,0
hgu va cac loci berry

Trung binh 1,0+10,0 Chu6i, 61, xoei, Ca chua

Cao 10+100 Tao, men, bd du du, dila tay, deo

Rgt cao > 100,0 Lac ben, h6ng xiem

Trong bao quan, khi nOng de khi ethylene ngokii sinh tang se lam tang
offing de ho h‘p cua rau trai c6 dinh ho lap dAy nhanh qua trinh chin. D6i
v6i rau trgi 'thong CO dinh he likp, ethylene ding thdc ddy qua trinh chin
nhitng phai a niing de?' cao..
194 CHUONG 3

100

1000
80
LtJQ ng oxy trey thy

60 A

40

D6i chi/rig 0
20 I I
1 3 5 7 9
1 3 5 7
Ngay Ngay

Hinh 3.6 Anh hzthng cila ham lacing ethylene len cueing do he) hdp cua trai cay
A) Trcii khong có dlnh ho hap; B) Trdi có dlnh ho hdp
(NguOn: Biale - 1964)

5- Anh sang
Anh sang c6 tac dung kith thich ho hap, do d6 nen bao quan rau trai
trong nari ram mat hay bong WI.

Bang 3.8 Citang do ho 114 clies ca rdt tai cac dieu kien
chi& sang khdc nhau

Diu idOn chigu sang Cuting d6 h6 hdp mg CO2/kg.hr

BOng t6i 10,76

Anh sang ban ngay 23,76

Den dien manh 24,65

Khi bdo quail rau trai tuai, cac t6 bao se mat dan khd nang hap thu
oxy va clan chuygn sang ho hap yam khi, tich to cac hcrp chat trung gian ale
qua trinh ho hap khOng hoan town nhu cac ruuu, acetaldehyde, acid acetic:
acid lactic... c6 test dung" tieu diet to bao. Su gia cUa cac to bao rau trai cung
kern theo sti tich to cua cac san phdm cUa sit phan hay yam khi. vay, st;
gia tang qua trinh ho hap yem khi can coi nhu met hien trung benh
khong dac trung cho rau trai tucci.
 a
Nguen

z
z

.0
0
Z
.0*

co
c
No

.0
E
a.
Thiel bl bito quart

•C

I..
0
co

?....
a
Phuting trinh bleu din

C .0x
c 0
1

tai liOu

00

'a >.
..
U ° c
v ,13

0) c .c
03. ,a —
C 0 c
..
I.
..s.
at =
o

.-
....
(2)

r0
(4)

r-
co
(3)

(1.7
S...
.....
— ;:-.-

..
1 I

el
c

I
-0
0
(.3
a
.c
co
U

0
C
gt

.0
c
.03
0
Z..1-
+

AO
0

SI

4).
z,-,
e
s NI

0)
..,.
+

0,
a

°1

I
ccm
Khong CO2:

V
C ,. r. I.
03 a
0) X)
.2 -%
V ..y
0 :E
C .>.
...
40 •go
.c
c
.0
0)

R02 = due:mg thAng tang; ha so g6c = 2.00m1kg'1.hf1 %-1;

v■
..._to
"
—

......
4% < yo2 < 21%
-co m
..x.c 0, :co.

CO CO2:
R02 = clueing thong tang; he so g6c = 1,815m1 kg''.h'' %I;
< yo2 < 12,08%

R02 = 21,94m1kg'1.h''; 12,08% < yo2 < 21%

Rc02 = 18,52m1ke.h-1; 0% < Yco2 < 9%

Rco2 = 12,19ml ke.h-1; 9% < Yco2 < 21%

Yang and Ca chua H4 thong kin do bang sAc 5+20%

ca

Z;
a

0+20%
o

R02 = (mlkg-1.h') = 5,2 + 0,448 y02 (%) — 0,09080 Yco2 (%)

Chinnan ky khf
E e

— 0,172t (ngay) + 0,0049212 — 0,0157 yo2 x t

( 1988)
.c. 0 --=
c -c
r,

Rco2 = (ml kg4.111) = 5,96 + 0,767 yo2 (%) — 0, 165 Yco2 (%)

— 0,291 (ngay) — 78,9. 10 -4 g,2 + 0,006812 — 39,8. 10'4 y02 x

Yco2 1,89. 10-2 y02 + 0,37. 10

-2)1co2 t
195
196 .„ 0. C 0
El; Se
...- . 'Eca
I- I-
0 C '0

Pink: R02 (ml kg-1.h") = 15,7 x [1 — exp(-10,9 xP02

kg- 1.h-1) = 14,4 x [1 — exp(-13,8 x Poe

kg- 1.11) = 15,7 x [ 1 — exp(-15,6 x pot
".'
0
.--
r
CV'
--..
.......

Y
Y ..

= 3,55%, yu = 27,98%
177
E

kg-1.h.1), Yoe (%), Yco2 (%);

so
0
r?
az 0
-
0
N.

KhOng co phuong trinh

Kh6ng c6 phtiong trinh
ci
Breaker: R02 = (ml

I
Red: R02 (ml

'C
:O
(atm))1"631

a = 10,8m 1
..Y
(atm))]°.748
(atm)))°.959

R02 (ml
E
CV
0 80
CC 0

. 0
E 2 D
2
45

;7
4 in
N 0 0 O tn ci) in Lo o o
sr C\I c Ch CV r (ti C\I C\I cv cv r-
N c■I

as
.... . .42 11.
In 0
s... 0 x
O

,-
I

H. th6ng kin do bAng sac 1,94.28,4kPa

Ol:-'
,—
(4)

+
O
I

_ --- 0 c
0 -o -0 Z. D
141 -c
`-• m' 0 C C
0 0 C C C 0 C Ca
v -13 0 Ca
E 0) 03 _ .... C 2
os
.c ...t.. E:3.3 e,
0 ...... .-
C F,6 .,/ ‘••••
0 .......
r., 0) **""
.- til F.
ICC, ji' r C I's 0 6-:
'0 0 X2 0/ " (0 TD. p CD (L) 0) E Eri .c ...., = 00 .a (
0 ‘- 3
kS, khi

- 7 -) 0) ;is• .4"..s
t LL CI) 1 r CS 07 i'- CO -) °) a) 1
C
— .0- ...i .O
c co , - v.
....... CO
,-
..... --- 0 ch co cn cz 7,7_, --I
(3)

.= '0 Ca ,_ '" CY) (a CS t Z.,

as 1 C:/ ) ,.= .., CS
7) cr) .7 0 0 (p_ os .- ..i.-; = 0 0 ..= . 0 7, C.) ,0 .7 •
-.0 %Co a ea 6 3 0 7 =
.0 0 75 = .3 •
.0 C a a, (1)- .0.Z *00 0 (D-• .11)-• Y 3
•CD- .0 '0 47 .- '.0 ..C) '047) '43
I U) '43 U) U) '.0
U) C
cis ..0 (CA CO U) Cr)
CO
I

Ca Ca T ;CTS
Ca .411 4:1) T T T
Tao tay

7 0 X g iii = = V 0 ,
0 .c ..c 0
= 0) C7)
(2)

0 co .c 0 .0 0 0 0 0
C C C .a)
•CCI 40 0 la 0 `Ca -CCI •CCI 0 4;)
F- 0 0 i— 03
0 03 X /— 2
I

Andrich et al.

Ts .
To
(1991)

O Z; ;
(1)

, C
- a) o)
a)
CD r a) ..-...
- -J
0
...`
 0)

.......
in

....
......
...
io-.

i:i.
o

.1-

CD
C.)
N-

10
,-
Q
HO th6ng Ong do bang Khong co phuang it-41h

X
CO
X
C C
0

.-- 0; cc

;11, v)
.1.
git T ,,,--
ix)
+

CD
R02 (ml

e
0 N CV

ee
cn
sac k9 khi
Y

,-. ,,,,. .4.

0
...... m D
..,

C4
2
Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%);

a = 219,4m1 kg-1.11-1, ¢ = 1,4%, Yu = 114,7%

Rco2 (ml kg.1.h.1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%);

-
a = 191,1m141.11-1, 4= 1%, yu = 42,3%

.1.

in
+

C
e

'0
.-

'-
0

N
Haggar et al.

o
2
2

0
Z
<

H6 thong kin do bang sac

C71
R02 ( mg kg.i. h.1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%):

.07 1

C
x
CO
1)
0 X
( 1992) ky khi
a = 59,22mg = 2, 18%, Yu = 5,07%
Rco2 (mg Yoe (%), Yco2 ( %);

a = 46,32mg kg-1.11-1, 0= 1,51%, yu = 7,23%

N.
2
D
2
Z
<

Roe (mgk9-1-h.1). Yo2 (%). Yco2 (%);

a = 2 10,3mg kg'1.11-1, 4= 0,57%, Yu = 2,26%

Rco2 (mgk9-1.11.1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 ( %):

a = 235,2mg = 1,69%, Yu = 1,93%

co
,-
D
2
2
Z
<

Ro2 (rn9k9.111-1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%);

a = 380,54mg = 1,4%, Yu = 2,2%

RCO2 (rn9k9.111-1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%);

a = 474,79mg = 1,52%, Yu = 1,61%

CV
2

v.
D
2
Z
<

Roe (mgk9.1.11-1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%);

a = 676,52mg kg'1.h'1, 4= 3, 19%, yu = 3,96%

Rco2 (mgk9.1.h.1), yo2 Yco2 (%);

a = 772,3mg kg-'.h-1, 4= 0, 1%, yu = 2,92%

.1.
%0£÷0
e

.-
o
N
Talasila et al.
0
N

Dau tay HO th6ng d6ng do bang

If)
o

Ham Mil R02 (ml kg-1.W) = exp (0,081 x T(°C))x [2,4546 + 1,6994 Yo2
( 1992) sac ky khi va da (%)— 0,0305 42 + 0,0018yL2 —0,013yo2 xYco2 (%)]
thuc
197
 198
•
......

gt
in
.......

......

,_
....
.—.
R02 (mol kg''.s'') = 3,384.10'10 x [1— exp (-0,6004 yo2 (%)Ix

cr)

..--

cv
.-

cm
e

,—
o5

co
01

0.1

.as
•ILI
=

0
Hi thong kin do bing sic

>.
i
Talasila (1992)

-0E3 >
k9 khi (0,132 + 2.716.104T + 1,483.104T2)

as o
.co r
Rco2 (mol = 3,018.1040 x [1— exp (-0,695 Yoe (%)] x

(0,079 + 1,949.104T + 1,483.104T2)

R02 (ml kg''.h''), Yoe (%); a = 43,8mIkg''.h'', 4,= 3,37%

+
CO
e

•I.
e
co

CO
0

0
0;

01

ci

E
.45
Z
" Hi kin do bing

o.
o.
,
kg-1.h"),
R002 (ml R02 x 0,82 + 43,8/( 1,79 + yo2 )

.0 Ch
0 C, )

co
C o)

4, ....
a. 0
1.1) ,. . - . .

a) ......
sAc k9 khi
R02 (ml
kg''.h''), Yoe (%); a.= 121,7ml
kg;1.h'', 4= 0,6%

Rco2 (ml R02 x 0,86 + 12 1,7/(5,45 + yo2 )

X
c

.3
2

CL

v-
„...
0

a.
x
1-
T
0
R02 (molkg''.h-1) = [0,872 x 1,92T(°c110 x Poe (kPa)y(5,59

Ca
CC
.c)
03
SS permeable system

t•

o.
Joles et al.

2 co

co
CO
.,....
v-

.3 a..3
0-

v-
x
(electrochemical02

01
(1994)

T
+P02 )

c
=

o.
detection cell; infrared

.3
CL
..- c..1

T
0 0

co
.-

v-
x
fl.

T
N
.1
RQ = 1 + 1,43 x exp[0,053T(°C)]/p02 (kPa)
CO2 analyser)

R02 (nmol kg''.s''), yo2 (kPa); a = 147±3nmol

Ci_
ca
.x
CD

-—
6
SS permeable system

0
Talasila et al.
(1994) (electrochemical 02 = 0,26±0,025kPa
detection cell; infrared
CO2 analyser)
R02 (nmol kg''.h-1), yo2 (kPa); a = 306±29,6nmol kg''.s

as

+
x
CM
0
0

CCII
---
C.)
Flow system (02 elec-

co
.
ri

0
(13
= 2,2±0,82k Pa

a)
N ,,-
trode; infraredCO2

CL
o.

ri i 3

.0 ......
analyser)

n
I
Ro2 (m3 kg''.h'') = 0,918 x 104 yo2 (v/v)

1.
co

in
KhOng DiJong

X
0.1.

as
c
71,
Closed system (gas

E
u)
ii:
=
khi thing

a)
(7)
co
chromatog raph)

,-
—

•
19 LA R02 (mmol kg-1.h'1) = 0,278 x 0,59 x p02 (kPa)/( 1 + 0,278 T6t

.z

0
=
0

co
xPot

co
)

m a)
2 ;--

i
 /
co

,-
in
9,

F
......

...-.
.._.

;7
i-o-

..

--,
— 0
Roe (m l

cq0+
+
, zi,

cv

C
co

Ku
a

o
o

2
e
kg''.h''), yo2 (%); a = 43m 1 kg-'.11-1, 4= 1,22%,

41
Peppelenbos HO kin do bang

c%4
>.
D
0
and Leven sac ky khi 7c =5°/0
( 1996)
«75

R02
H

(m lkg -1.W ), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%), a = 44,9m1

= 1,57%, Yu = 135%

c
R02

cv+
+
.:::.;
H

C
a)

3
in
o

e
0

0
o

0
r---
(m lkg-1.11-1). Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%); a = 24,9m1

0:1).
a)

I
:2 ,c

;‘,'
411. .c
Jo x

la C
u)
13 _y
C 0
= 0, 19%, Yc = 0,71%
..75

0
R02 (m l kg-l.h-1), Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%);a = 28,4m 1

= 0,81%, yu = 13,1%
.7(5

Z
R02 (m lkg-'.h- 1). Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%); a = 28,1m1

= 0,67%, yn = 14,2%
...
,:o

0
D
R 02 (m l kg-1• 1-1-1), Yo2 ( %), Yco2 (°/0); a = 26,1m1ke.tf l

0,26%, Yc = 1,41%, Yu = 27,5%

o
xl

CC
R02 (m l kg''.h''),T(°C) Yo2 (mg r'); a = exp(45,08)
,...:5

O
co
E
o
a;
Bong cai HO kin do bang MM and

a)
.. CN
co

7) (8)
E a)
—

a3 .......
Ang sac kjihi
k Arrhen ius exp(- 1,189.104/T), 0= exp(25,78) x exp(-6,703.103/T)

'
•
R02

Cc5

co
co

C
Z

cil
=
o

2
o

Ws.
0
HO kin do bang (m l ke.t11),T(K) Yo2 (%), Yco2 ( %); a = 6,72.109 x l

+•

N
0 C7)
.
ca .E
c z

11). .---
2 :i

cl) v
.0 .

sac ky khi exp(-5697,541T), 4= 3,59.101° x exp(-6555,24/T)

Yu =3,73.10'0 x exp (-6598,78/T)
R02 (m lkg -'.h4 ),T(K) Yo2 (%), Yco2 (%); a = 5,77.108 x
.

exp(-496 1,34/T), 4= 1,08.109 x exp(-5488, 17/T).

Yu =1,09. 1013 x exp(-8274,66/T)
R02 (ml

cv
7
e
a

a
H

o
z

McLaughlin Hon hop 4)ng do bang Yo2 (%); a = 22,72m1 ke.h'1, 0= 1,083%
andO'Beirne rauu
c sac k9 khi
(1999)
+

N
-.15

cm
a

e
a
D

R 02 (m l kg-l.h'1),T(K) y02 (%), Yco2 (%);Yu =23, 16%

199
200 CHUUNG 3

3.2 CAC BIEN 061 VAT Li'

3.2.1 Sat giam khdi ltigng tut nhien
Sy giam kh6Pluang tit nhien ctia rau trai trong qua trinh bao quan do
bay hai nu's:3c va tieu -tan cdc chat hint ca trong khi ho hap. Sy giam kh6i
lacing tit nhien nay kh6ng the tranh khoi trong bat ca dieu kin nao nhang
c6 the giam t6i thidu khi tao dole dieu kin bao quan tai
Kh6i lacing giam trong bao quan phu thuac nhieu yea t6: loai va giong
trai, vimg khi hau trong, phaang phdp va dieu kin bao quan,th6i gian bao
quan, thOi han bao quan va mac da bi xay xat cua trai.

1- Sif bay hai nu'dc

Trong qua trinh bao quan rau trai, hien Wang mat raffle luon c6
khuynh Inking xay ra. Nguyen nhan chinh mkt qua trinh mat na6c la do
trong rau trai chaa ham lacing nuac cao. Nti6c trong rau trai chit yeti la 6
dang nack tai do, c6 the di dang va bay hai tao nen dp suat rieng phan ctia
nate tren be mat. Sy chenh loch dp suat giaa be mat rau trai va m6i trading
ben ngoai clan dgn qua trinh thoat hai flack. Khichaa thu hoach, lacing na6c
luon duac bit dap do re but tit dat, con trong bao quan, qua trinh ho hap dm
rau trai sinh nhiet va dm nen chenh lech nhiet dm gitip tang t6c qua trinh
b6c hai am. Sy mat na6c nay anh hoeing khOng tot toi qua trinh trao del
chat, anh hating den qua trinh twang co nguyen sinh, pha vu ski trao dOi
chat binh that:mg trong to bao. Mat na6c cung lam giam tinh tracing &la to
bao, lam mat da don, rau trai bi heo va giam khai lacing chung. Tuy nhien,
dai vai mat s6 loai rau, 6 mat da heo thich hap se lam giam thd tich gitip de
sap xep de' van chuydn va de dang bao quan han (khi do mat na6c nh6 hdn
5%). Han nits, khi natic bay hai se lam giam b6t nhiet da do qua trinh ho
hap t6a ra lam giam nhiet da rau trai. Luang am t6i da mat loai rau trai
data mat gia tri tinging pham dutac cho trong bang 3.10.
Bang 3.10 Giai han thocit hai nuot czia niSt so loai rau
Lu'Ing gm LtiOng dm Lticing dm
Rau trai mit tdi da Rau UM mat teci da Rau UM mit t6i da
(%) (%)
(%)
Mang tay 8 Bdp cai 7 CO cai khong Id 7
Bong cai 7 Dila chu6t 5 CO cal co Id 5
CA chua 7 .I-IAnh tay 10 CA reit khong Id 8
XA Idch 3 - Rau an Id 3 CA rat c6 Id 4
Rau bina 3 Bap cai 6 Nho 5
Rau didp 3÷5 Tao 7 Lb 6
Tidu xanh 8 DA° 11 _
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BA Dal 201

T6c de b6c hdi rat& tii nguyen lieu rau trdi (kw tinh twin thong qua he
so b6c hal miac, dan vi là mg hdi 11L6C b6c ra tii 1kg nguyen lieu trong 1 giay,
ang vai mac chenh Lech dp suit hal nuac bao boa giaa be mat nguyen lieu vet
moi truing xung quanh IA 1MPa [mglkg.s.MPa].

Bang 3.11 He s6 b6c taxi nithc ciia mOt yeti loci rau trcii, nzglkg.s.MPa

LOW rau trai HO sg b6c hdi nUac Khoang hO s6 li thuygt

Tao 42 16 + 100
Khoai tay 44 2 + 171
Hanh 60 13 + 123
Cam 117 25 + 227
Nho 123 • 21 + 254
CA chua 140 71 + 365
BO cai 223 40 + 667
DA° 572 142 + 2089
CA rgt 1207 106 + 3250
Rau diAp 7400 680 + 8750

Ap suit heti caa khong khi duac tinh theo ding thac:
H x Pa
Pv = (*)
0,622
trong do: Pv - dp suit hdi nut& trong khong khi (Pascal)
H - do gm rieng phgn caa nu& (kg nu'ac./kg khong khi kho)
Pa - dp suit khong khi (Pascal)
0,622 - tSr s6 giaa kh6i lacing phan tit nuac vet kh6i lacing phan tur
khong khi.
Vi du, tinh kh6i lu'ang hao but do b6c heti nurse d6i of i bgp cai, dude bao
quan a 0°C, trong moi twang cd khong khi c6 do, aim Wang d6i IA 90%. D6 dm
rieng phgn caa miac a 0°C va de gm Wong d6i 100% IA 0,00380kg am/kg
Wong khi kilo, do do, dp suit hdi bao has &la bgp cai, tinh theo cong thac
(*) se là:
0,00380 x 0,101
Pvthdp cal 0,000617 MPa
0,622
De am rieng phan caa nu'ac a 0°C vet dO gm Wang d6i 90% IA 0,00340kg
gm/kg khong Ulf kho, do d6, dp suit hdi bao hoa caa khong khi, tinh theo
Ong tilde (*) se là:
0,00340 x 0,101
Pv,KK = 0,000552 MPa
0,622
 •

202 CHUMG 3

He s6 b6c hdi nude ciia bap cai tit bang 3.11 IA 223mg/kg.s.MPa, nen
t6c dO b6c hdi nutc tit bdp cai se là:
V bh,bdp cdi = (0,000617 - 0,000552) x 223 = 0,0145 mg/kg.s
Nhit vgy t6c mdt niiac dia bap cai khi bao quan a 0°C, trong moi
tni6ng c6 clO dm tilting d6i IA 0,0145mg/kg.s, Wang thong vii lacing hao but
kh6i luting bdp cai trong 24 gift là 1,253kg/tan.
MOt m6 hinh khac de tinh town trao dOi dm durcic bidu dien bdi
phacing trinh
= kt(P, - Pa )
tit - van t6c thodt am tren mOt clan vi dien tich be mat rau trai
Pa, Ps - ap suit rieng phan ctia nude trong m6i trutng va tren be mat
raa trdi
- hg s6 thodt am phut thuOc vao hinh dang va cgu tao be mat cud
rau trai.
Focken s va Meffert (1972) da du'a ra ding thitc don gian dd tinh gid tri
nhu' sau
1
kt -
1 +. 1
ka ks
trong da ka là he s6 trao clOi chit qua lap mang khong khi bao xung quanh
trai N/A k3 là he s6 trao d6i chit qua vu trai.
Dd tinh he s6 ka, Sastry va Buffington nam 1982, Chau et al. (1987) cla
data ra phadng trinh khong thu. nguyen cho thgy m6i ttfcfng quan giita chudn
s6 Sherwood-Reynolds-Schmidt
Sh = 2,0 + 0,552 Re°:53 Sc°'33
trong do:
Chudn s6 Sherwood: Sh = kad18
Chudn s6 Reynold: Re = uo,dIv
Chudn s6 Schmidt: Sc = vld
- t6c dO &mg khi
✓ - nhat dQng cua khi
d - dating kinh bidu kien cua trai (dang On cau)
d - he s6 khudch tan cila hai nit& trong khong khi.
NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN DO! 203

Ho s6 truy6n kh6i qua v6 trai k3 bidu thi cho kha .nang chuydn am qua
ierp vo trai hay lop mang bao quanh trai (n6u cO). HO s6 nay phu thu6c nhigu
vao tang loai trai, d6 chin cita trod cung nhu the d6 bao goi nen can phai xac
dinh cho timg truting hop rieng biet. Gid tri k, cua mot s6 loci rau trai hinh
troll duOc cho trong bang 3.12.

Bang 3.12 Gid tri he s6 truAn khoi

H. s6 truygn kh6i qua v6 trai Fig s6 h6 hip
Product Trung VPL
Thap Cao I g
binh

Tao 0,111 0,167 0,227 0,98 5,687 x 10-4 2,598

Blueberry 0,955 2,19 3,39 0,98 7,252 x 10'5 3,258
Cai Brussel 9,64 13,3 18,6 0,99 0,002724 2,573
Bap cal 2,50 6,72 13,0 0,99 6,080 x 10-4 2,618
Ca r6t 31,8 156 361 0,99 0,05002 1,793
Bit& 1,09 1,68 2,22 0,99 0,003583 1,998
Nho - 0,4024 0,98 7,056 x 10'5 3,033
lieu xanh 0,545 2,159 4,36 0,99 3,510 x 104 2,741
Chanh 1,09 2,08 3,50 0,98 0,01119 1,774
Dau lima 3,27 4,33 5,72 0,99 9,105 x 104 2,848
Chanh la cam 1,04 2,22 3,48 0,98 2,983 x 10-8 4,733
Hanh tay - 0,8877 0,98 3,668 x 10'4 2,538
Cam 1,38 1,72 2,14 0,98 2,805 x 10'4 2,684
Dao 1,36 14,2 45,9 0,99 1,300 x 10'5 3,642
Le 0,523 0,686 1,20 0,98 6,361 x 10'5 3,204
Man - 1,378 - 0,98 8,608 x 10'5 2,972
Khoai tay - 0,6349 0,98 0,01709 1,769
Dau snap 3,46 5,64 10,0 0,99 0,003283 2,508
Cu cal &tong 9,09 33,6 87,3 0,96 8,591 x 10'3 1,888
Dau tay 3,95 13,6 • 26,5 0,99 3,664 x 104 3,033
CO cai Thyy Dign - 116,6 - 0,99 1,652 x 10'4 2,904
Ca chua 0,217 1,10 2,43 0,99 2,007 x 10'4 2,835

(Nguein: Chau et all (1987) tha Gan and Goods (1989))

2- Su thoitt khi carbonic

Khi carbonic sinh ra trong qua trinh ho hgp se chuye'n ra ngoai lam
giam lacing chgt kho trong rau trai khi bao quan. Ke't qua cila qud trinh mg
nodc va khi dan den lam giam kh6i 'Yong chung cua trai. Do khi carbonic
sinh ra do qua trinh ho hgp nen cdc ygu to anh tiding den ho hap cung se
anh twang t6ri t6c dO mat chgt kilo do bay khi CO2 (xem them phan ho hgp).
204 CHUONG 3

3- Cac yeu to anh hu'o-ng Glen toe d() giam khoi lung caa rau trcii khi
phat trien va bao quern
T6c dO bay heti nu'ac phu thuec vao cd/u true cua rau trai cung nhu tdc
dung cua mei trtkrng. Su' bay hcii nu& phu thuec vao mdc de hero nu& ctia he
keo trong to bao, catu tdo va trang thai cua td bao bidu bi (chieu day va de
chac cud vO, 16p phatn vo ngoai...). Do do cdc giong khdc nhau se co t6c de
thodt dm khdc nhau. Ngay ca trong met gieng, th6i vu thu hoach khdc nhau
cung anh haang tai tec do thodt dm. Vi du dei v6i trdi du du, 6 hai mita khdc
nhau sau 16 ngay bac) quart a 15°C, lacing dm co thd matt ddn 84%.

Bang 3.13 Anh !Luang cda nhiet dO bdo qucin den khdi lacing trdi du dd

Ma thu 1 Mba thd 2

Ngay
10°C 15°C 10°C 15°C

0 0 0 0 0
4 1,1 0,9 0,9 9,8
8 2,1 7,3 7,3 17,1
12 8,0 18,0 18,0 29,0
16 45,3 48,5 48,5 84,5

30 90
H am liging nitric °/0

25
H am lu'ong chatkh o

88

20
86

15
84
10
82
5

0 80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Thoi-gian tit khi cl4u qua (tugn)

Hinh 3.7 Thay ddi Tana ltiong nude va elicit kho cud trdi h6ng gi6ng "Fuyu"
trong thai gian phcit tri'en va chin sau thu hoach (mai ten chi Uteri diem
bcit ddit thu hooch) Theo Christopher J. Clark 2003
NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - NHI7NG BIA Dal 205

Sy mat nit& con phu thuec vao de chin cila rau tili do trong qua trinh
chin, cac Wen d6i h6a hoc lam mem, mong vo va bien d6i he keo trong trai.
Tgc de thoat Elm tit rau trai ding phu thy& va giai doan bdo quan. Trong giai
dodn dau (sau khi thu hai) lacing nit& tkr do nhieu nen mat nil& manh. Giai
doan giita, khi luqng nude tai do giam, t6c a mat wide cling giam. Cu6i ding
trong giai doan chin den chin mu6i va bat dau hu hong, trong rau trai xay ra
qua trinh "lao li6a" cua cac he keo, lam giam tinh hao nu'dc, nen logrng dm
thoat ra tang.
Cac thudng tat do sau chuet, va dap cd hoc va ngm &Oh lam tang ho
hap, bien d6i he keo dan den thoat am tang. Nhfmg vet thutang nho vai
centimet vuong teen met trai cam c6 the lam tang sit mat nil& len 3+4 ran.
Dien tich thucmg tat tang len gap (lei thi sit mat nude cd the tang len gap
han hai Lam

100

95
Ham Iticing mg:1c °/0

90

85

80

75
0 1 2 3 4
The i gian (ngay)

Hinh 3.8 Bien ddi ham lacing nit& tai nhttng vi tri bi d4p ()a tren vo cua
hai loaf chit& "Horn Thong" (9) va "Namwa" (o) khi bcio quern trong mOi
traang c6 dS dm Wang ddi khong khi cao. Thai gian &tot tinh sau khi trcii da
chuyen sang mem yang (SC; lieu let trung binh clia 4 /dn do kip lcii)
(Ngu6n: Wachiraya Imsabai - 2005)

Cac di.6u kiOn bao quan ding anh twang den ticc de thodt am. T6c do
bay hdi ntidc se tang khi chenh loch tip sual rieng phAn cua nit& teen be mat
rau trai va trong m6i triidng xung quanh tang. Vi vay, do dm giam, nhiet de
tang, t6c de chuyen Ong ctia khong khi trong kho bay, quan tang se tang
 206 CHUONG 3

cuang sit niSt nu'ac. Th6ng thuang mat tan cdc loai rau mat khoing 600+800g
nudc trong mot ngay dem, cac loai cu trai IA 300+600g. Hinh 3.9 cho thy
anh huang cua nhi'0 do NIA tired gian bao quan Uri to-c do thodt dm tit trai ca
chua trong qua trinh bao quan. NhiOt dO cang tang thi teic do bay hai nuac
cang ldn, trai cang mau heo.

4
_c
‘s *
-c 3 N / • #
\\‘
,\■:•-:,.....,„,.....,,,,,,...
■ 4
ve.
E 2 ‘X: ■`..."■`,.`-WVA
L # e #1
x\Vt...7:::.....Se. 0 0$ OV * 0.
■
.4 A
-J 4,,,4111:71)**!ol*$$*00tO a* 0.-O■
1- "MASO.:14%•• *V OTO 0
........1%.*Astototoo Asw
,...di.w dig
■•,-10111-1601■ Ow ■Ipmt
0- Imuswi••11,...-00...tow
Mas110
10 OW 11110 ,miat
Walvo 0° WO
illit*.3 0goal
30 1101011 **Os 100
•lawsoolloSorsooll 001111115
siS10010001101111001111111■
The 20
ViiirASSTI Mill I
(,) )/),6 , 10 20 25
s'o 0'0 10 15
9<, 5
c)' NhiOt de? C C)

Hinh 3.9 LItqng dm thocit ra khoi trai ca chua theo thai gian bcio qudn
phu thuOc veto nhi'Ot coo va thai gian bdo qucin
(Ngu6n: C. Van Dijk - 2004)

DO am cua mai twang cCmg anh huang tai tOc do thodt dm. DO am cang
cao cang gitip giam t6c d6 thodt dm. Vi du, doi viii trai sau rieng bao quan ct
30°C, ne/u dO dm mai trtking IA 93% thi Ich6i trai chi giam 13%, con ne'u
dm di?' la 75% thi trai giam den 19,2% sau 5 ngay bdo quan. Gid tri dO dm
thodt ra cua sau rieng trong gisai han con an durdc theo Sriyook (1990) IA 21%
&lac bao wan 9 ngay d 30°C va din moi triking 70%. Doi vdi sau rieng IA loai
trai co vo day, ton tha-t-Achoi lacing chU ye-u d vO trai con ham dm thit trai
hd'u nhu it biOn d'6i do m6i mid sau rieng co mat mAng mOng bao quanh
ch6ng 136c am.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRA! - NHCING DO'! 207

Bang 3.14 Anh hadng cua d6 dm m6i tritang de'n d6 gicim khdi Itto.ng trai
sdu rieng. (Ngu6n: Sri yook - 1990)

DO im mai tru6ng DO Om khOl Wong '% Ham !Ong gm trong Hilt

(%) Sau 3 ngay Sau 5 ngay till 6 ngay thuY 4

75 13,4 19,2 59,4

83 8,9 13,7 59,7
93 8,6 13,0 58,2

NOng do khi oxy va carbonic anh haling den ho hgp ctia trai nen ding.
anh twang den t6c do giam kh6i luting cua rau trai. Ming do khi oxy thgp
lam giam t6c d6 ho hgp. Anh sang lai c6 tac dung lam tang t6c d6 h6 hgp
va lam cho khi khong ma to Ilan, do da se lam tang t6c do cho qud trinh
giam am.

Bang 3.15 Anh haling cda d6 dm Wang ddi act khong khi toi d6 gidm ciia
at rau sau 15 ngdy bao qua h 8°C (3%CO2/3%02) va (0% CO2 /21% 02) vet
sau c16 tiep tuc bao quart tai 20°C, 70% dm trong 7 ngdy
(Ngu6n: J. J. Polderdijk - 1993)

DO Lim kh6ng khf Sau 15 ngay bac) quart Sau 15 ngay bao quart va 7 ngay
(%) Rep. 1 Rep. 2 Rep. 1 Rep. 2

80 4,43 11,55
82 3,45 10,65
88 5,33 13,55
92 3,03 10,85
95 4,15 13,05
97 3,55 11,55 ,

100 0,93 • 0,73 9,00 8,65

Trong thut te' bao quan, de lam giam sit mgt nuoc lam he() rau trai
tinging lip dung cdc bien phap: ha thgp nhiet d6, tang d6 am. va gigun t6c
chuygn dOng clia khong Ulf trong kho bao quan. Ming th6i-c6 the thing cac
bin phap xgp rau trai tuoi vac) trong ham chit, vui trong cat dm, hoac dung
trong cdc tui polyetylen hay g6i trong gigy. Doi khi ngatli to thgy khi bao
quail mot s6 loai cu va trai trong moi truting qud dm hay trong- cat dm thi d6
gm trong nguyen lieu tang len. DO la do rau trai khi ho hgp higu khi, luvng
nitac thodt ra ducfc tich lai ben trong rau trai, d6ng thtli chiing c6 khi con hgp
208 CHliONG 3

the them tit cat dm vAo. Tuy nhien, cac bign phap nay deu co the anh hu'ang
dgn he, 116.'1:4 cua rau trai. HO hgp ygm khi, dO am cao a mot mac dO nhgt dinh
se IA nhiing nguyen nhan gay her hong rau trai turUi, to bac) bi chgt va vi
khudn gay th6i mote de clang phat
Cho nen, khi bao quan mei loai rau trai, can nghien cau nhang dieu
kign thich hop va c6 them cac bign phap chgng th6i mgc.

3.2.2 St( sinh nhigt

Taft ca nhiet sinh ra trong rau trai tacci khi bao quan là do ho hgp.
Ltiong nhiet do ho hgp sinh ra the ygu t6a ra mOi tra6ng xung quanh, lam
tang nhiet trong kho. Do do trong qua trinh bao quan can lien tuc dieu chinh
dg duy tri cac thong s6 (nhigt dO, di) am) t6i au trong kho. Trong tra6ng hop
khong c6 thong thoang, nhigt di) va dO am tich ty. Qua trinh tang nhigt, am
den mot mac (10 thich hop thi vi khugn va ngm se phat trign lAm toe di) tang
nhanh lion (do ho hgp cua vi sinh vet), do là dieu kign d'an den her hong rau
trai nhanh ch6ng.

3.2.3 Cac bign d61 vg tinh chgt cd 1ST

Trong qua trinh chin caa rau trai do cac Men ded ye sinh h6a ma cac
tinh chit co VT &la trai cung thay dei. Trong su6t qua trinh chin, cac phan
ling they phan protopectin thAnh pectin lam dO cang cua trai giam. T6c
giam dO ming nhanh hay chem tuy thuOc vac) tgc dO cua phan Ling they phan.
Nha vey, tgc dO giam dO cling phu thuec vao gigng va diet' kien lam chin cult
trai. filnh 3.10 trinh bAy ve dO cang trai va t6c di) giam do cling cila mot s6
trai nhiet dai.
Gifing trai anh haling rat nhieu dgn dO cling cua mo trai va t6c d6 giam
di) cting. C6 nhiing gi6ng trai thay doi dO .cling rat nhanh nhang c6 nhiing
gigng trai thay doi viii t6c d6 cham hon. Khg vb. 6i Campuchia giam dO cling
rat ellen', th6i gian di) cang giam di met 'lira là trong khoang 20 dgn 24
ngAy, trong khi 6i vimg Beaumont thi th6i gian nay IA mot ngAy rad, c1
chua, chu6i WI du de la ba ngay, xoai là 4 nety
DO cling thay doi 'thong chi a v6 ma cac trong thit trai. Bang 3.16 clic
thgy tit khi theca chin dgn khi chin, do cling can vo chugi giam en 3 Fan On
thit trai giam den 9 Ian, xoAi giam 9 Ian NT?' dgi vai du (16, thit trai se giam
dgn 60 Ian. Sy thayfilii di) cing &la thit trai anh hurang dgn tinh chit dull
quan cua san phdm. Vi du, dgi yeti trai sau rieng di) cling thit trai cao
khong
cam giac "sitcmg", ngu'oc lai dO cling qua thgp tao cam gidc "nluio" deu
daoc era chuOng.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - WING BIEN Do/ 209

150
(A)

- 100
0)
C

•
O-
O 50
DO gam dO ciing °A,

I I I I

6 12 18 24
Thai gian kg tit khi dat (18 chin k9 thudt (ngdy)

Hinh 3.10 Thay cling (A) vet tdc do gidm dO cling (B) theo thai gian
chin cda yang Beaumont (o), ca chua (o), chu6i (6), du dd (N), xodi (A),
kite (A), vet bi dia Campuchia (0) (Theo Zainon Mohd Ali - 2004)

Bang 3.16 Su thay doi dO ceing czla trai theo cac dO chin khcic nhau
(Ngu6n: Yurena Herndnder - 2005)
Ch u6i Du du Xohl
Tinh chit Chita Ban Chin Chua Ban Chin Chua Bdn Chin
chin chin chin chin chin chin
Vo tral
D6 cling 40,8 ± 18,6 ± 14,7 ± > 49,1 22,2 ± 7,68 ± > 49,1 > 49,1 37,5 ±
(ND 3,5 1,4 1,3 6,3 1,57 5,8
Thit trai
DO cling 27,3 ± 4,54 ± 3,01 ± 46,5 ± 3,19 ± 0,74 ± 47,9 ± 12,6 ± 3,36 ±
(t1) 2,6 0,47 0,19 1,9 0,85 0,27 2,9 2,7 0,56

.(Gici tri thzlc hien trong n = 5-9 mdu thi nghiem).

210 CHLMNG

14 0 25

12 •_
20
.1 10
•0 0 15
.c 8 0
0)
cl) 0, 10
•to
4 rn
rn 5
. F- 2 0
0 0
2.13 1.82 1.52 1.21 0.91 0.61 0.3 2.13 1.82 1.52 1.21 0.91 0.61 0.3

DO ciing cua thit trai (Kg/cm2) cling cua thit trai (Kg/cm2)

12 0.25

Acid t6ng (% acid citric)

0.2

0.15

0.1
•"3

0.05

0 0
2.13 1.82 1.52 1.21 0.91 0.61 0.3 2.13 1.82 1.52 1.21 0.91 0.61 0.3

DO cling cua thit trai (Kg/cm2) DO ding cua thit trai (Kg/cm2 )

500 400
Hop chit phenol (mg/100g Mit trai tUdi)
l tUdi)

450 350
Protein t6ng (mg/100g thit til

400
300
350
250
300
200
250
200 150
150 100
100
50
50
0 0
2.13 1.82 1.52 1„2-10.91 0.61 0.3 2.13 1.82 1.52 1.21 0.91 0.61 0.3

DO cling cua thit trai (Kg/cm2) DO ding cua thit trai (Kg/cm2)

HInh 3.11 Bien (lei thanh phdn h6a hoc cua theo su bien cidi via do car
Ks, hi'eu thit trai (-), vo trai (....), bi trdng (.) vet di hejng (A)
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHI7NG B161 Dol
211

Gia tri (10 citing cung cd lien quan den thanh phan h6a hoc cila trai.
Qua trinh giam d6 cdng cda trai khong chi do thily phan cac chat pectin, ma
con do Only phan cellulose, hemicellulose va tinh b6t.
Tuy nhien, khong phai loai trai nao ciing tuan theo quy luat nay, mot
s6 loai trai hach trong qua trinh chin d6 ding tang va chi khi trai qua chin
thi d6 cang mai giam. Vi du nhii d6i vai trai sari tra, sau 8 ngay bao quan a
20°C ham luting lignin tang va dO cling cilng tang len den 33% trong digu
kin khong xur.ly hay xit l3'7 bang khi 100 pL/L ethylene trong 12 gib d binh
kin, 22% trong tritOng hop xii ly trai bang 1-MCP 5µL/L.
7

6
rn
F§,§
0 5
/§
2-1—
YL6 —
4
(A) LSID006=0,18

3
8 -0-. MAu d6ichung
444 3 _
-0- 1 -CMP _A....--A—6
0 -Ai- C2H, ...---- D.....-43
/A V

.-
c 2
c -
rn

c 1
(B) LSE:1006=0,19
E
0
0 48 96 144 192
S6 gi6 sau khi
Hinh 3.12 Thay ctdi de) cang (A) va ham lacing lignin (B) cua trcii sun trci
bcio qucin (3. nhOt dO 20°C sau thu hooch 8 ngay (theo Chong Cai, 2006)

3.3 CAC BIEN 061 VE HOA HOC

Rau trai IA mot cd thg song nen ngoai qua trinh h6 hap, trong rau trai
con xay ra cac bien d6i ve hoa hoc. Trong d6, chu ye-u nhat IA cac phan tirng
thtly phan cac chat phitc tap thanh cac chat clan gian han. Vi du, theo nghien
eau ciia V. A. Adisa va E. N. Okey 1987, tren trai chu6i cho thay ham lacing
protein va cellulose trong thit trai hat' nhit khong thay d6i, nIning ham lacing
tinh bOt giam ro iet tit 34% xu6ng con 10% sau 1 tuan bac quan a 28°C. Dong
thai of i hien tuang giam tinh b6t, n6ng (10 &tang tang manh tit 8,6 d'e'n 40%.
212 , ,o- to
o o 0 r- O 0 in
c5c5c5c ,-. a
r... +1 -H -H +I 4-' -H +1 4.1
N 0 Ln N 0 1- 0
.- c) Tr
N tri cri '

1 to co
0 o o co co 0. T-
O c; (5 d c5 ,-- c.1
CO -H -H +I -H ' -H +1 +I
Cf) o co c\I .,-. 0 0
a el
N to O

.- co co
0 o o co o 0. o
(5 c5 6 c5 ,.., , c\i"
co +I -H +I +1 .... +1 ' +1 +1
N 0) .- 1- 01 C\I d•
.1-- cb CN
N 6 to T-

I— v— CC)
0 0 0 1.1) •Zr CI 1-
Kh6i!Ong tUdi caa trai

Ci C5 C5 (5 .- 1- a
Tr +1 -H +1 +I .9-. 1-1 +1. 4-1
Nt. o CO 0 to CI) .-
-1.- 0.; cm
N CO NI 7
.c
U
‘,0
E• cv 5 .O Lo cil 0 co
cidc5 O .- T .- ...-
co U)
-1-1 +I -H +1 0 +I +1 -H
C\ .- (0.
11) 0 0 ° LO '0
1,— a) cm
N C4 Cti ci

'5 '6- 7:-.3 8 0 0 co CC)

ci c5 ci c5 a ,- (5
N -H -H +I -H 0 +1 +I +1
CO to CI CV CO Cf) LO go.
N .- a r.:- N a ,-
4(1).

cm :E
o 0 0 0 0 O., o
cc5c5c5 a
..- +I +I +I -H ° +1 +I -11
C') 11) CO to CY) LO 1-
.*: cf) CAi .--
•14
CV .--7 ..-:

X
C
C
,) C
r .-- , oi
0 0 0 0 In 0. 0. •0
6666 a ..- '-
. +1
O +1 +1 +1 4-I 0 +1 +I
.0 'f . CO
0 '1,
r co co
CV .. .. __.
Cr)
Cel OC C6 .0
(4 •I• qr..

.0
Cac thanh phin

Ch
cua thtic`pham

C
-.0
..Z
.0
a) o)
v) C
CD .... 0
1... W 1.).
C CI) .
tr; CO U
CD
) -6.
;O 8
*iii ti' 8 -5 o 13 -5 01

9- 2 -6 'E r1).
7 ,s
0_ U. (9 ci) 2 V= 0 1--
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN DOI 213

Nha vay, trong qua trinh phat trign va chin cila rau trai , ham higng
cac chit hoa tan tang. Chit has tan tich to cham trong qua trinh phat
trign nhi.tng tang nhanh trong giai doan chin. Trong qua trinh bdo quan,
nhin chung tong ham lacing chit tan ding tang, nhtmg sau do se giim nhe
vac) cu6i qua trinh. Vi du d6i of i trai xoai, giai doan Oak trign, n6ng c16
chit has tan tit 6,9 tang len 8,1°Bx trong 23 ngay, con tit ngay 23 den ngay
32 thi ham lacing chit tan tang tit 8,10-13°Bx (H.3.13a, b). Khi chin sau
bat) quan, n6ng d6 chit kilo trong trai tang den 19.73°Bx, sau giam nhe
de'n 15°Bx.
T6ng long chat kh6 hoa tan (°Bx)

7
5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111
1 1111
1 1 1
0 48 96 114 216 264 312 384 432 480 552 600 648 720 768
Thai diem thu hoach (h) (gia tri 0 a trai dat do chin k9 thuai)
T6ng long chat kh6hoa tan (°Bx)

20

15
o Dqt thi nghiOrn 1
10 thi nghiOrn 2

5
0
0 72 120 168 240 288

Thai gian bac guar) (h)

Ilinh 3.13 Tang ham him chat hda tan trong xodi titai tren cay va trong
theri gian bao quan [54b] theo S. N. Jha - 2006

3.3.1 Sti bign doi cua glucid

D6i vai trai tticri thi cac hgp chit thu6c nhOm glucid la thanh phan luon
c6 nhang bign d6i 'an va manh me nhgt trong qua trinh hinh thanh va bdo
quart. Trong qua trinh phat trign cua trai, a giai doan 1 va 2, khi trai dang
tugng hinh, ham lagng tinh b6t tang nhanh, nhang trong qua trinh trai chin,
214 CHliaNG 3

ham litong tinh 13"6t giam do qua trinh dating h6a tac dung ciia cac
enzym thily phan Co san trong to bac).

5000 30
4500
H am lacing t in h bO t ( mg/trai)

4000 25

3500
20
3000
2500 15
2000
10
1500
1000
5
500
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Thoi gian sau no hoa (ngay)

5000 30
4500
Ham lacing t in h bcit (mg/trai)

Tin h bOt (mg/g thit q ua ttiqi)

4000 25

3500
20
3000
2500
15
2000
1500 10
1000
500 5
0
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Thai gian sau no hoa (ngay)

Hinh 3.14 Ham lugng tinh bOt tich to trong tao "Royal Gala"
va tao "Fuji" theo then gian chin fret' cay ky hiNc (*): tong lagng tinh bey
.ed (A): n6ng d tinh bOt [15b]

Trong qua trinh chin dau tien, tong lacing dating tang len dat Uri clic
dai. Khi qua gia, biting doting bi phan hay nen giam xtiong.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NI-117NG BIEN D01 215

Thy theo loci trai, dO gia chin, thOi gian va nhang dieu kien bao quan
ma t6c dO bi6n d6i cac chit glucid co khdc nhau. Cac loci trai d thdi ky
clang chin va cu a theti kir chuin bi nay marn c6 nhiing bi6n d6i manh me
nhit. Ski tich to cac chit &Ong trong thdi kk chin khOng chi do dudng h6a
tinh 1301 ma con do sy thily phan cac chit khac flint saccharose, cellulose,
hemicellulose, pectin, lignin... Qua trinh thily phan nay lam trai mem, de
tieu h6a va co mui vi thcim ngon nhiing 14i sinh ra cac chit gay kilo khan
trong qua trinh bao quan va van chuyen rau trai. Sau khi dat tdi mOt cuc
dai nhit dinh, ham lacing dating 14i giam xu6ng. Do la ltic qua trinh len
men ding ben trong trai da bat dau xay ra, dating' se chuyen 11.6a thanh
ractu theo phaang trinh:

C6H1206 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

Qua trinh nay se lam cho trai bi of va hu.

Bang 3.18 Ham luang xo. thay trong qud trinh chin
cua rn6t s6 loai trai cay nhi'Ot (g/100g phdn can twat)

Lo'l Gial don Heml- Tang

Pectin Cellulose Lignin
tral cAy chin cellulose !Ong xd *

Xoei gieing S6ng 1,50 1,35 2,46 0,96 6,27

Zebda Hdi chin 1,10 0,73 1,28 0,43 3,54
Chin 0,66 0,30 0,64 0,20 1,80

Xoai gi6ng S6ng 1,33 1,16 2,32 0,87 5,68

Balali Hai chin 0,85 0,69 1,22 0,44 3,20
Chin 0,47 0,25 0,54 0,20 1,46
61 S6ng 1,20 4,20 2,70 3,36 11,46
Hai chin 0,66 1,76 1,32 0,92 4,66
Chin 0,26 0,60 0,75 0,20 1,81
CM là Xanh 1,58 5,25 3,40 3,50 13,73
06 0,96 2,66 1,98 1,25 6,85
Den 0,54 1,29 1,44 0,30 3,57
Mu tay Xanh 0,44 0,26 0,92. 0,13 1,75
H6ng 0,27 0,17 0,63 0,07 1,14
D6 0,14 0,10 0,22 0,02 0,48

Ting xd = pectin + hemicellulose + cei&ilose va lignin (theo M. EI-Zoghbi 1994)

216 LL
a i:::
. co CO co , Co co
0 N-.. CO CO 01 0 C7)
0
0
0
0
CV
CV
'1 0
CV •zr
CO
f"--
,--
CO
ctlk
,->. 0 0 c5 ci .-- c\i (-.1 ci- ci 6 ci. — ci ci
t-

7,78 (± 0, 13)
1,83 (± 0,08)

1,90 (± 0,07)
0,00 (± 0,00)

0,89 (± 0,02)

4,87 (± 0,65)

6,70 (± 1,21)
o — Tr a) CO
Saccharose

N- CO
0 0 (.0 CC 0)o CO
6 d d ci d 6 d
CD 1-1 +I +I +I +I +I +I
0 CO CO N N CO CO
0 CY) N- •ct CO TI- U)
ci d 1- ■- N-- COi (6

3,80 (± 0,56)

4,50 (± 0,65)
0,29 (± 0,09)

0,32 (± 0,08)

4,70 (± 0,04)
0,00 (± 0,00)

0,00 (± 0,00)
t•-• "-- CV
Glucose (G)

CD V- V-
0 0 0 CV 0 r--
c ci d ci d ,- o
to +I +I +I +I +I +I +I
0 CO 0 CO 0 0 0
0 Lf) (0 t•-• .- co 05
6 6 6 6 L6- c6
Fructose (F)

O ..-- CD 0 CO 0.1 U) 0 +- U) 'I' (0 •- CO

0 N LI) "Kt N N CO 0 0 0 +- CO 0 CO
6 6 6 6 6 c5 - c5 6 6 6 6 6 6
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
0 CO CV N CV •ct CO 0 CO CO '1' a) U) r--
O co r--- o to — o o CO cv Tr CD — CD
6 6 6 (.4 c.i CO cci c5 6 — .— (. u5 ts-:

cn 0 CO r--- CO CO T.- a) c) U) cv CO .1- co a)

c o C \I N U) N 0) 'I' 0 0 *-- 0 N T-- N
'40 6 6 6 6 -
. c\i c. 6 6 6 6 d 6 6
o +1 +1 +1 +1 +I +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
c
,r) o 0 U) 0 0 0) (0 0 0 0 0 CO CO N
Ca
0 N ONO N— 0 0 1"--- 'I' CD .---- 1"-- - o
6 6 CO .1 C) , co 6 , CO CO -
. — c.,
Thai gian sau CI4u
(ngay)

CD CO
c"I LI) c 2) To- P 28 2 'r) CO ,7.) 'r ''. E 2
tra l

7- II- 1

•■-
.Z.: "
V tl
C13
.0 .
Ch
- E .-
(f)

6 (i) O.
 217
co LI) cn c■J o co co o CO co Lo ..:1- CO 'Tr
CV 04 •.- CO Li") co (D 0 N 0 7-- N .- CO
6 6 O 6 6 6 6 •6 6 6 ci 6 6 6

N .ct- co co CO (D 'I' 0 CD 'I' .■- -,- CD 7-

N 7- 0000N 00000LI),-N
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
CD +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1
C) CO 0) CO 0 •ct 0 0 0 •ct -r- 0) CD 0
0) CO (.0 CT) CO (D CO 0 CD (D N 111 1"--. N
O 6 6 6 ,- ,- co 6 6 6 ,-- c.i •4- (c5

in -.1- —
O O C
(D
O
CO
O
7-
L
CO
CO
0 N 77 (D CO r-- CO
0000,-- o,-
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
+1
,...-.. +1
........ +1
........ +1
-...... +1
...-... +1
-....... -H
-..-... +1 .......
....... -H ---,
-H -......
+1 ......-
+1 i I .......-
....... +1
CO CO 0 (0 7-- 0 0 0 CO N- 7- o co o
CV N LI) •-• 0) CO CO 0 ,-- CV (C) CO CO CJ)
6 6 c5 ,-7 ...2 c6 4. 6 6 6 6 6 6 ,Z.

t■ C'D It) CO OD 10 'I' 0 CO 0 (0 0 N- 0)

N 0 0 7- 7- 7-- CV 0 0 CV 0) LO 7,--- CO
01. 6 6 6 c5 c5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +I
CO -,-- 0 0) 0 vt CO 0 N Co CD CO N. t7
CO 0) (D CD CO CO CV 0 1-0 N CO CO 0) (D
6 6 c. Co CO ,:i (15 6 6 Co Co Co ('5 u-i

,- .:1- u-) ,- o cr) o co co 0) w- CD ..--

O N CO V (1) LO 0 0 7-- N 0 CO N •4-
...., 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
01 +1 +; +t +1 +1 +t +1 +1 +I +1 -H +1 +1 +1
0 0 0) 0 0 0 0) 0 0 0 CO 0 CD N.
7- (D CO 0 CO 6 O CO 1-- 0 CO 10 6
CV CV Co Ili N- C) ,- o .- ,cr 10 up cl.) ,-
Ngu6n: Rashida E. ElBulk, 1997.

Loop—oco (Dc° co o CO CO (0
CO LO N. CO 0 N CO ' ()
-
N.- CO 0 CV
.v--- .1--.

liES -C)
....-... E
,- o.)
,z ct1
218 CHL1CNG 3

Ngityc lai, khi bac) quan cac loai khoai, b6p, Tau con xanh non lai c6 sy
chuydn h6a cac chat dating thanh tinh bet: Sy chuydn hOa nay c6 thd tang len
2+3 ran ngu hat &du tdch khoi ve trai. Rieng khoai Lay khi bao quan co ca qua
trinh bign d•Si durOng thanh tinh b6t Nth nguyc lai tinh b6t thanh doting.
Trong qud trinh chin, ngu ham luting dating trong rau trdi tang thi
ham lacing cac acid se giam (bang 3.20). Vi du, theo Porntip Chaimanee,
1994 thi sau 7 ngay bao quan xoai, ham luryng tinh b6t giam 180 lan, harm
layng dating tang gap doi trong khi ham litcrng acid giam hail 8 'Sin. N6u xet
tSr s6 gicia &Ong va acid thi tang hcin 17 ran, do do xoai chin ngot hun xoai
xanh rat nhi6u. Trong s6 cac loai duttng thi during saccharose se tang nhanh,
diking khit nhur glucose va fructose cimg tang nhtrng khong
100 —
—a-- Saccharose
—A— Fructose
80 --•-- Glucose
(mg/g trai hid)

60

40

20

I I I I I 1 1 I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Thai gian bao wan (ngay)
HInh 3.15 Bien ddi ham luting cac loai duang trong trcii xoai
trong thai gian chin. (Ngu&n: Porntip Chaimanee - 1994)

Bang 3.20 Thay ddi ham lilting chtit kh8 /tea tan cda trdi xoai gang
Nam-Dokmai trong theti gian chin. (Ngudn: Porntip Chaimanee - 1994)
Thai glan Tinh bat (mg/g , Outing kW Acid tang (mg
T6ng chit tan
sau thu chit khong tan (mg/g till during pH
(mg/g trai tuoi)
hooch (ngay) trong c6n) WOO IticIng/100g trai)
1 220,3 100 35,8 6,0 3,4
2 259,0 - 118 38,0 7,0 3,4
3 118,0 155 38,3 6,7 3,4
4 33,3 155 39,2 3,8 3,7
5 4,0 161 43,6 2,0 4,3
6 1,8 197 43,8 1,7 4,5
7 1,2 202 43,5 0,7 4,7
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN DO/ 219

0,400

E
300 rn
c
0
.0
.c a
E c
ro.) o.)
0,200 200 c c
c
O 7,3.
O —
c -c
•CCI -C
c
.g 0,100 100
6 E
E

6 0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Hlnh 3.16 Thay el& ham luting tinh bOt ua hoat tinh enzym amylase
trong quci trinh chin cila trcii xoai
(Ngu6n: Porntip Chaimanee - 1994)
Bang 3.21 Bien cloi ham lacing cellulose va hoat tinh enzym cellulose
trong qua trinh chin clia mOt vai loci trdi cay nhift clori
(Ngu6n: El - Zoghbi - 1994)

Hoot tinh enzym Ham IttOng cellulose

Trai Gial down
(don vi hoat tinh/100g m6 trai) (g/100g m6 trai)
Xoai gi6ng Zebda S6ng 20,5 1,50
Hoi chin 23,7 1,30
Chin 28,8 0,74
Xoai giong Baladi S6ng 9,1 1,30
Hoi chin 15,6 0,95
Chin 38,8 0,70
06i S6ng 37,9 2,00
Hoi chin 55,0 1,50
Chin 73,1 1,00
Cha la Xanh 5,3 2,40
D6 60,0 1,80
Den 115,3 1,20
Dau toy Xanh 10,0 0,55
Hong 20,3 • 0,40
.. D6 33,1 0,20
220 CHUONG 3

Xtic tdc cho cdc bign d6i h6a hoc trong rau trdi chu ygu IA do cdc he
enzym thily phan. Nguyen nhan lam giam tinh bet va tang lacing ding IA do
hoat h6a ctia he amylase trong trdi. Vi du, dei v6i xoai, Yoram Fuchs nam
1980 da chi ra mei Wong quan gift hoat tinh amylase va ham lacing tinh bet
trong trdi theo filth gian bao quan trdi sau thu hoach. Con nguyen nhan lam
giam cellulose cling do phan (nig thtly phan dudi tdc dung cua cellulase. Theo
thOi gian bao quan, hoat tinh cua enzym c6 khuynh hating tang va ham laong
cdc polymer giam, ham lacing cdc chg, hoa tan tang.

(0••••■•
@
Ham lUeng cellulose (g/kg)

2 ri3
A*4 A
41
' \A 111
LE

1 (11 Mau kigm chang

1-MCP
C 2H 4
(A) LSD0.05= 0,03
4

0
Hoat tfn h cellulose (den vi/kg)

120

90

I/1

60 El Mau kigm chang

0 1-MCP
c2 H4
30 (B)
LSD() 0 10,0

0 1

0 48 96 144 192

bao quan (gio) Thai gian

Myth 3.17 Thay ham lacmg cellulose (A) vet hogt tinh enzym cellulose (B)
cua trcii son tra khi bac) quart a 20°C. (Nguon: Chong Cai - 2006)
NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRA! - NHCtNG BIEN Doi 221

Sp' hien d6i ciict cac hip chat pectin:

Su thay dOi ham hiang cdc hap chgt pectin có tdc dung rat lam dgn dO
drug cUa trai bao quan. Khi trai chin cdc protopectin co xu bi thily
phan thanh cdc pectin hoa tan lam giam lien kgt giOa cdc to bao trong mo
thkfc vit din dgn lam trai mem din. Khi trai qud chin, protopectine bi thily
phan den acid pectic (acid poligalactorunic) va ru'au metylic lArn cho trai bi
nhOn va cgu trtic trai bi phd hay. D6i vdi met s6 loai trdi hach, có thg thgy
hiOn Wang ngtrac lai là trong qua trinh dang chin thi lacing protopectin lai
tang len (mAc du Ong phan tram cdc pectin giam), va chi khi trai qud chin
thi protopectin mai giam di. T6c do they phan protopectine tuy thuec vAo
hoat tinh cUa he enzym pectinase. Vi du, theo cdc nghien cdu cUa nhom M.
EI-Zoghbi 1994 tren mot s6 trai cay nhiet dai cho thay trong qua trinh chin
cua trai xoai, 6i va &du, hoat tinh cua pectinesteraSe giam con hoat tinh cua
polygalacturonase lai tang. Rieng trai cha la thi hoat tinh cua ca hai loai
enzym teen dgu tang. Ke't qua clan dgn IA ham lacing &la pectin (quy ra AGA
anhydro galacturonic acid) giam.

Bang 3.22 Hoat tinh ctia enzym pectinesterase va DE%, hoat tinh ctia enzym
polygalacturonase va ham luyng pectine quy ra AGA% clia mot vai loaf trai
cay-
nhi - t clai (N utin: El - Zoghbi - 1994)
Hoot tinh enzym Hoot tinh enzym
Giai pectinesterase polygalacturonase AGA%
Trai DE%
loon (ddn vi hoat (ddn vi hoat g/10 0g m6 trai
tinh/100g m6 trai) tinh/100g ma trai)

Xciai gi6ng S6ng 23,2 85,0 106 0,90

Zebda Hdi chin 19,3 80,0 205 0,80
Chin 15,0 72,0 347 0,71

Xoai giong S6ng 42,4 72,0 38,9 0,73

Baladi Hdi chin 33,9 68,0 42,0 0,65
Chin 28,0 64,0 50,7 0,58

61 S6ng 31,9 87,0 60,4 0,69

Hdi chin 28,0 79,0 68,7 0,58
Chin 26,3 73,0 73,1 0,53

Cha la Xanh 20,0 63,0 0,0 1,50

06 30,7 60,0 30,0 1,30
Den 60,8 48,0 100 1,00

Dau tay Xanh 12,0 35,0 18,3 0,20

Hong 8,0 25,0 23,5 0,18
D6 5,2 12,0 36,0 0,16
 222
CHUUNG

1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Thoi gian ke tit khi dau trai (ngay)
Ilinh 3.18 Bien ddi tong litcrng pectin (%) trong Mai gian
phdt trien va chin ciia 4 gang of
(Ngui3n: Rashida E. El Bulle - 1996)

Dutri tdc dung cia enzym protopectinase, protopectin se bi thiy phan

thanh pectin hoa tan trong qua trinh bao quan. Do d6, lacing protopectin
giam trong khi pectin hoa tan tang, lam cho kha nang lien ke't giaa to bao ve
mo yeu di, thanh to bac, mang dan, cac mo bi xo/p va trai bi mem dan. Pectin
de clang hoa tan trong nude c6 trong dich to bac, cua rau trai va cac canh thyc
vat. Khi cac chit giaa cac t‘ bac) hoa tan hoar' toan, cac to bac) nhu mo se
tach rari nhau, c16 là qua trinh lam nhiin trai. Sau khi trai chin, du'di tdc clung
cua kiem loang hoac enzym pectase, pectin se bi thily phan to thanh rurqu
metylic NIA cac chit keo (long (acid pectic hay acid poligalacturonic), d6 la ltic
ciu tric trai bi phan hay.

3.3.2 Sti bign doi ctia cac harp chat chi a nitd
1- Protein, acid amin va vac hop chgt cheta nits
Cdc hap chit chaa nitcr a day chi ygu IA cac protein. Trong qua trill!)
bao quan, lacing protein c6 thd bi giam do phan Crng thily phan va cac phan
ang oxy hoa khit ben trong to bac). Do protein clang vai tro quan trong trong
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN Ddl 223

viec duy tri host dOng song cua to bac), c6 kha nang gia dttqc mot lacing nit&
clang ke a trong cdc mo v6 tham gia vao thanh phAn cau tao ctia nguyen sinh
chk nen cdc bien d6i nay gay bgt lqi cho rau trai.

Bang 3.23 Ham litong cdc acid amin trong trdi ca chua
cdc giai docin chin khcic nhau
(Nguon: Ming-Ho Yu - 1967)

Gial don chin

Acid amin
4 6 7 8 9

Alanin 87,0 60,5 32,5 37,0 35,0

Arginin 22,5 9,0 27,5 22,5 10,0

Aspartic acid 204,5 202,5 252,5 375,0 259,5

Cystein 29,0 16,0 12,5 Tr Tr

Glutamic acid* 830,0 740,0 1500,0 1630,0 1680,0

Glycin 47,0 37,0 32,5 30,5 30,0

Histidin 19,5 20,5 22,5 21,0 20,0
Isoleucin 40,0 20,0 20,0 25,0 11,5

Leucin 24,5 18,5 17,5 22,5 14,5

Lysin 40,0 28,0 38,5 28,5 22,5

Methionin 13,5 6,5 7,5 11,0 6,0

Phenylalanin 51,0 23,0 40,0 43,5 23,5

Serin 54,5 95,5 79,0 54,0 36,5
Threon in 53,5 32,5 69,0 54,5 36,0

Tyrosin 19,5 6,0 10,0 21,0 3,0

Valin 71,0 22,5 22,5 16 10,0

NH3 935,0 1020,0 1075,0 550,0 525,0

T6ng 2552,0 2358,0 3259,0 2941,5 2723,0

* Gid tri ctia acid glutamic bao gem luon gid tri ctia prolin

Qua trinh alibi phan protein trong qua trinh bao quern lam tang lacing
acid amin tis do trong trai. Cac acid amin ty do bi chuyen h6a thanh cdc hqp
chgt chiia niter va nhang hqp chk nay bi thodi h6a a nhiOt do, cao giai phong
ra NH3 lam giam nhanh luvng acid amin. Cac qua trinh hinh thanh cdc hqp
224 CHLIONG 3

chat chita nita tit protein va acid amin &lac dieu khign bai cac enzym. Trong
d6 can lulu y qud trinh chuydn h6a nitrit thanh nitrat thl gay df)c hai do skt
tich luy nitrat trong trai.
Trong qud trinh chin ctia trai, ham ltigng cua cac protein cung thay del
T6ng protein nhin chung giam, tk 10 gala phan tan va killing tan trong nucic
ciia cac loci protein thay chii thy loci trai.
Vi du, doi vai trai xoai trong su6t qua trinh chin tur nhien tsr 10 nay
tang nhe, con d6i vai trai ma thl tit xanh chuyen qua chin, cac protein tan
trong nurdc bi Wen d6i nhanh han cac protein khong tan.

Bang 3.24 Bien ddi giaa cac phdn protein cria trai ma
va trai xoai trong qua trinh chin

Phgn protein (%)

Gial doan chin
Tan Kh8ng tan Tting Tif s6 giaa tan/khong tan

Trai and

Xanh 0,99 0,62 1,61 1,59

Chin 0,73 0,52 1,25 1,40

Chin rvc 0,66 0,26 0,92 2,54

Trai xoai

Xanh 0,82 0,75 1,57 1,09

Chin 0,87 0,53 1,40 1,64

Chin rvc 0,94 0,32 1,26 2,94

(Ngu6n A. Sharaf - 1989)

Qua trinh chin cting lam bign d6i tS7 10 giaa cac acid amin, rn'Ot s6 loci
acid amin se tang ham lucmg, nhung mOt s6 khdc lai giam.
Vi du trai xoai, trong qud trinh chin ham luvng tyrosin tang tut
10,9+16,4 trong khi cac acid amin khac co xu hurting tang len trong giai
doan tit xanh den chin va sau d6 lai giam trong qud trinh chuy0n tit chin
den chin mu6i.
Trong qud trinh chin cua trai, cac bien d6i hcip chat chita nito ming
sinh ra mot s6 hcrp chat c6 tdc dOng kich thich than kinh con nguti.
Vi du khi chin, ham lacing serotonin trong chu6i tang.
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHCING B/EN D61 225

Bang 3.25 Ham litang ccic acid amin trong ma vet xodi
trong gad trinh chin (mg1100g)
(NgueJn: A. Sharaf - 1989)

Md Xoal
Acid amin
Xanh Chin Chin Ric Xanh Chin Chin ryc
Glycin 12,7 18,2 14,1 7,65 5,45 7,88
Alanin 6,01. 8,45 60,2 16,8 10,8 13,6
Valin 1,02 1,96 2,35 - -
Aspartic 25,1 19,6 20,2 4,12 8,55 6,84
Glutamic 16,6 15,2 14,0 3,52 8,66 10,8
Arginin 3,64 2,18 0,68 0,67 8,16 4,22
Lysin 3,55 7,22 4,22 3,42 7,86 4,35
Leucin 5,62 5,08 5,42 - - -
Threonin 2,86 3,84 2,75 7,52 11,4 9,64
Serin 10,8 3,22 10,9 1,66 1,20 2,08
Cystein 0,78 0,94 0,82 - - -
Tyrisin 6,45 5,22 4,65 10,9 11,3 16,4
Phenylalanin - - - 4,65 3,80 2,55
Methionin 0,45 0,64 2,65 1,32 2,60 1,22
Histidin 1,08 1,60 0,90 4,65 3,88 2,46
Icing 96,6 93,5 90,1 75,9 83,6 82,0

Bang 3.26 Ham lacing serotonin trong trdi cludi

(Nguijn: Sidney Udenfrend - 1959)

Ham lu'Ong serotonin, lig/g

1D6 chin tral
V6 ngoal V6 trong Thft trail
Chita chin 74 13 24
Chin 96 38 36
Chin ryc 161 170 35

2- Enzym

Trong qud trinh bao quan, catalase, pectinesterase, cellulase va

amylase du'yc boat hasa can enzym oxidase lai bi gidm hoat. Hoat dOng cda
enzym
phu thuOc vao nhiet di) bao quan va d4 tradng thanh ctia trdi. 0 trod
twang thanh, enzym catalase, pectinesterase thuVng có tinh hoat hoja cao
han va oxidase thi th6p hcm so vdi trdi non. Mat khdc, a trdi non boat tinh
cda enzym amylase cao han so veil trai chin.
 • -

226
CHUONG 3

Bang 3.27 Hoat tinh cit'a enzynt catalase and peroxidase trong quci trinh
chin clia trcii chudi (theo Manoj K Srivastava, 2000)

Hoot Witt (UI/mL)

Thai glan Oh n (ngay tha)
Ngay tha 2 Ngay thtY 4 Ngay tha 6 • Ngay thi( 8
0,091 ± 0,015 0,047 ± 0,011 0,027 ± 0,006 0,129 ± 0,006
0,091 ± 0,015 0,037 ± 0,007 0,015 ± 0,006 0,075 ± 0,012
0,091 ± 0,015 0,029 ± 0,011 0,012 ± 0,004 0,067 ± 0,010

7
250
A B
a) a_ -6 a)
u) •
c 200 L
a) a5
2O 17) O
es Os 150 0
Tri E C
-4 a_ 43
-6 S w• F..)
. r 100-
W -3 sc
o
70- ai
50- o
-2 E
0 -o
E
0 1
2 4 0 2 4 6
0
Ngay Ngay

2500
25
C D
a.
CD
c
•
T 2000 a)
ca — 20 cn
,
6 2
o a.
t). cr) 1500
15 - 0
E w
RS
c:0)
LI.
0 _c
1000
a 10-
0 0
C k-
I
C
cb ctsi 500
O 5
-a
E
7.7 1
0_
4 6 0 2 4 6
0
Ngay Ngay

Hinh 3.19 Thay dal hoat tinh ceta enzym (A) polygalacturonase;
(B) pectinesterase; (C) P-galactosidase va (D) cellulase trong qua trinh
chin ceta sdu rieng gi6ng Chanee thu hoach a 102 ngay (A)
va 109 ngay (.) sau khi d4u trcli
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BItAl Dol 227

Hoat tinh enzyme ( U/mg p rotein)

1 2 3 4 5
Thdi gian sau thu hoach (ngay)

(A) Xylanase (.) (B) PME (0)

Laminarinase (a) a-manosidase (*)
PG-polygalactoronase (•) (3-galactosidase (0)
Amylase (0) Hemicellulase (A)
Marinase (#) Cellulase (•)
Galactanase (0)

Hinh 3.20 Hoat tinh rieng oda erizym thily phan carbohydrate trich chi&
. to chidi tai nhang do chin kh,c c nhau (s6 lieu la gid tri trung binh
duce do tit 3 trcii khdc nhau). (Alguon: T. N. Brabha 1998)
228 CHLIONG 3

3.3.3 Bien deSi ciut lipid

Lipid có trong rau trai khong nhieu, chi ye"u tap trung a lap vo duai
dang cutin va trong hat (hied dang giot lipid. Trong qua trinh chin va bao
quan, ham- lacing va chdt lacing cua cac chdt beo cling bi Wen d6i theo xu
hating they phan va oxy haa. Cac bien dei ctia chdt beo Wang d6i phdc tap va
cho ra cac san phdm ca mai oi, khet lam gig= chdt lacing san phdm.
Vi du, trai ba khi bao wan a nhiet do 20°C trong 8 ngay, giong Fuerte
có ham lacing lipid va t6ng luctng chat kho giam con gi6ng Hass thi ngLicic lai,
ca ham lacing chdt kho va ham lu'ong chdt beo lai tang. Thuc chdt, ham lu'ong
chdt kho va chdt beo tang la gia tri Wang d6i do trai bi thdt thoat dm.

Bang 3.28 Bien cai ham lacing lipid trong hai gang b6 theo
theri gian chin ctia trcii (Ngudn: Fera muz Ozdemin - 2003)

Ham !Ong lipid (%)

Thal gian Pao quan
Ging Fucrte GI6ng Hass

Sau 1 ngay 18,55a ± 0,741 14,20b ± 1,567

Sau 4 ngay 18,35a ± 0,980 14,40b ± 1,052
Sau 6 ngay 15,43b ± 1,257 15,42a ± 1,233

(cac chit s6 khdc nhau the hien sit khdc nhau coy nghia voi p = 0,05)

Khong nhiTng chi t6ng lacing chdt beo dei ma tSr le gifts cac loai acid
beo ding thay dei. MOt s6 loai acid beo ham lacing thay dei khOng clang ke
(p < 0,05), nhung mot s6 khac thay d6i la ca y nghia (p > 0,05). Thong
thaang, trong bac quan thi cac acid beo no tang, cac acid beo khong no nht
linoleic va oleic bi chuyen hda nhanh trong su6t giai doan &Au tea qui
trinh bao quan.
Vi du, nghien can ctia Margarita Gutirrez 2004 tren trai mang cau chc
thSy sau 6 ngay bao quan t6ng lacing acid beo no tang tit 38 len 42% con acic
beo khong no giam tit 61 xu6ng 57%.
Trong qua trinh chin c6a trai, hip cutin bao boc rau trai se bign do'i. V
du a v6 tao, lutong sap a hip cutin tang clang ke. Phan tich hip sap thdy rhni
tS, le ddu tang nhanh han acid ursolic. Cac ester khong bay hal. &roc tao r.
with t6c dO nhanh trong giai doan dau bdo Tian, trong khi cac ester bay ho
thi khong nhieu. Thai gian bao quan tang lau thi tang tang ham lacing cá
chdt khong bao hoa trong hip sap.
Theo Jos J. Benitez 2004 cho tidy trong qua trinh chin ctia trai
chua, lap cutin teen be mat vo trai tang day hcrn va tang có nhieu m6i lie
kgt ngang han so of i trai xanh.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BItAl D61 229

Bang 3.29 Ham lacing acid beo tit do cud phospholipid

trong trai mang cdu sau 6 ngay bero quern (%)
(Ngudsn: Margarita Gutierrez - 2004)

Acid beo Ngay 0 Ngay 3 Ngay 6

16:0 28,80 ± 2,10 36,22 ± 8,91 29,80 ± 2,41

16:1 1,26 ± 0,33 0,99 ± 0,30 1,54 ± 0,54
17:0 1,50 ± 0,31 1,33 ± 0,34 2,31 ± 0,36
17:1 2,67 ± 0,63 0,30 ± 0,24** 3,27 ± 0,67*
18:0 5,21 ± 0,68 261 ± 0,11** 7,52 ± 0,67*
18:1 9,33 ± 1,04 3,31 ± 0,49* 11,76 ± 0,79
18:2n - 6 24,18 ± 1,87 29,29 ± 4,51 15,91 ± 1,27**
18:3n - 6 2,10 ± 0,72 0,28 ± 0,21* 2,35 ± 0,38
18:3n - 3 15,35 ± 1,24 23,37 ± 2,54* 15,44 ± 1,36
18:4n - 3 0,71 ± 0,30 0,01 ± 0,01* 0,28 ± 0,07
20:0 1,35 ± 0,29 0,18 ± 0,03** 1,10 ± 0,23
20:1 0,13 ± 0,06 0,02 ± 0,02 0,06 ± 0,02
20:3n - 6 0,18 ± 0,05 0,04 ± 0,02* 0,14 ± 0,03
20:4n - 6 0,54 ± 0,09 0,03 ± 0,02*** 0,61 ± 0,12
20:5n - 3 0,12 ± 0,02 0,03 ± 0,02** 0,33 ± 0,11
22:0 1,58 ± 0,17 1,02 ± 0,40 1,85 ± 0,29
22:3n - 6 0,60 ± 0,10 0,23 ± 0,12* 0,62 ± 0,08
22:4 - 6 0,87 ± 0,17 0,07 ± 0,04*** 0,73 ± 0,01
22:6n - 3 1,24 ± 0,17 0,54 ± 0,17* 1,41 ±0,17
24:1 2,26 ± 0,52 0,11 ±0,11" 2,95 ± 0,47

Ngay 0 Ngay 3 Ngay 6

E Acid beo no 38,4 ± 2,2 41,4 ± 8,9 42,6 ± 2,5

E Acid beo chUa no 61,5 ± 2,7 58,6 ± 5,2 57,4 ± 2,4
E Monoenes 15,6 ± 1,4 4,7 ± 0,6** 19,6 ± 1,3
E Polyenes 45,9 ± 2,4 53,9 ± 5,2 37,8 ± 1,9*
UI 135 ± 4 139 ± 8 124 ± 3*
UIC18 113 ± 4 133 ± 8* 98 ± 3**
• USI 3,5 ± 0,2 3,4 ± 0,8 2,9 ± 0,2*
USIC18 21,7 ± 2,9 51,0 ± 3,7*** 13,0 ± 1,2*

UI (chi sd chua no) = mi la sd cac ndi doi va ri la ham hiong phdn

tram caa mo'i acid beo. USI (t9 4 acid beo Mita nol no) = beo no. UIC18 vet
USIC18 la se do cda acid beo có C18 tren UI vet USI.

Cac bie'n d6i trong xoai va mo ding tacmg tit nhtt yeti 'mang du.
230 CHUUNG 3

Bang 3.30 Thay do'i ham lam acid beo trong nuOc ep trai ma
vet xodi theo thai gian chin (NguOn: A. Sharaf - 1989)

Mcf Xoal
Acid bdo
Xanh Chin Chin 'x Xanh Chfn Chin ryc

Acid beo no
C8 1,49 0,74 0,83 - - -
C10 3,22 0,86 1,06 1,24 1,08 0,82

C12 3,17 0,92 0,64 3,30 0,92 1,72

C14 43,2 48,6 46,3 0,82 0,88 0,78

C16 10,0 14,6 15,0 49,3 55,0 57,0

C18 3,78 2,25 3,48 2,20 2,88 2,70

T6ng 64,9 68,7 67,3 56,9 60,8 63,7

Acid beo chifa no

C181 20,8 15,7 20,0 26,2 21,3 22,9

C18.2 10,3 10,6 7,52 11,6 10,9 8,18

0183 4,07 4,91 4,81 5,39 7,06 5,82

TOng 35,2 31,3 32,3 43,1 39,2 36,9

T6ng acid beo no /

t6ng acid beo 1,84 2,20 2,10 1,32 1,55 1,71
chua no

A
20nm

O.00nm

0.51.tm

Hinh 3.21 Hinh chup AFM (Atomic force microscopy - contact mode) ctia lop
vó ngodi trdi ca chua xanh (A) va chin (B) (Theo Jog J. Benitez 2004)
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BA Dol 231

3.3.4 Sr! bie'n doi cua cac vitamin

Trong qud trinh chin va bao quail rau trai, ham lkictng vitamin c6
Ichuynh hating giam NM lam earn gid tri dinh diiang dm trai. Vi 90% lticing
vitamin C cung cap cho con ngtiOi hang ngay là thong qua rau trai nen ham
luvng vitamin C chinh IA met trong nhang thong s6 de" dal-1h gid chgt
Trong da chi L-ascorbic acid (AA) mai thkic ski c6 hoat tinh vitamin con L-
dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) thi Ithong. Tuy nhien, vitamin C lai là met chgt
rat nhay cam, no de bi phan hay dtiai tac dung dal nhiet de cao, Am thgp,
dttai sit c6 mat cua oxy hay cdc ion kim loai nAng nhti Cu2+, Ag+, va Fe3+, dtlic
bit là trong moi triiOng kiem va nhiet di) cao. Enzym ascorbate oxidase IA
chgt )(tic tac sinh hoc c6 sAn trong rau trai va c6 tac dung xkic Lac cho qua
trinh chuyen h6a AA thanh DHA. Vai n6ng d6 cua &Ong tit 3+5mg trong 1kg
san phAm da c6 khd nang lam phan hay vitamin C, dAc biet a mOi trating
kiem thi tac dung dm citing se rat Ian.
Trong qud trinh chin vitamin C &la trai c6 thd tang hay giam thy loai.
Nining trong qua trinh bdo quail sau thu hai ham lkicing vitamin C giam di
nhanh do killing khi tham nhgp va do cdc phial king oxy h6a kha.

Bang 3.31 Anh hming cda trong thcii chin len ham lacing acid ascorbic
(mg1100g thit trcii tttai) tren m¢t s6 loczi trdi cay

Till (gi6ng) Xanh Hdi chin Chin

Md 11,7 12,9 14,3

Dao 7,8 10,2 12,2

Du del 72,0 95,0 102,2

Tao tay • 18,7 18,5 12,4

Xoai 60,0 50,0 14,0

(Nguon: Zubeckis, 1962 and Wenkam)

Digu kien bdo guar' rau trai Anh twang nhieu tai biAn d6i vitamin C,
nh'dt IA nhiet di). Dao &Ong nhiet do trong khi bdo quan c6 anh Intarig Ian
dAn sct thay deti ham lacing acid ascorbic. Ct dieu kien bdo quail tot, cdc loai
rau trai trong khoing 150+200 ngay van bac) ye ducfc tit 50+70% acid
ascorbic. Cdc nghien citu cua Zepplin va'Elvehjein (1944) cho thgy rang khi
bao quan loai rau an id a 6°C sau 6 ngay ham lacing AA chi gidm 10%
nhiing neu bao quail a nhiet di) phong thi sau 2 ngay ham lacing vitamin C
(Id Om 20%. Ticc de gidm vitamin C trong rau cai xoan clucic trinh bay trong
bang 3.32.
232 CHUOVG 3

Bang 3.32 Anh huang cda nhOt do den tj/' le ten that vitamin C
trong rau cdi xodn

TiSri thgt vitamin C (%)

Van t6c heo
- 0°C 10°C 20°C
Chdm 2,4 15,3 60,9
Vila 3,8 15,8 69,6
Nhanh 5,3 33,1 8,88

(Nguon: Ezell - 1959)

Cdc nghien cal tren cdc loai rau an Id khdc nil"( Up cai, &au rau, rau
spinach, cung cho kgt qua Wong tit (Ezell va Wilcox, 1959). Thong thu'Ong,
cdc trai cay chua se it bi bign doi ve ham 10:Ing vitamin C hon do vitamin
nay ben trong moi tracing acid. Vi du, tat ca cdc trai cay thuOc nhom citrus
nhd cam, chanh, btiai... t6c c10 giam vitamin C rat chgm. (Nagy, 1980).
Ngoai vitamin C, the vitamin khdc cung c6 the bi bign del trong qud
trinh bac* quan va chg bign. Mdc nhay cam clia mot s6 loai vitamin duccc cho
trong bang 3.33.

Bang 3.33 DO nhay cam clia ccic loai vitamin d'oi vai ccic tdc dOng khcic nhau

Him Oxy Anh Bdc

Vitamin Khel Nhiet Acid Kiem
tan hcia sang xe 1
A 0 * 0 • • 0 • •
D 0 • 0 0 0 0 •
E 0 ' 0 0 0 0 • •
C * * 0 • 0 * V •
B1 * • 0 * 0 * 0 •
11 • •
B2 0 • 0 • *

66 * 0 0 • • • •
B12 • 0 • • 0 * • •
PP • 0 • • 0 0 0 0
A. folique • 0 • • 0 V
A. pentothenique • ." 0 0 • * • 0

t6n thgt nhi6u 0: khong tdc dung V: lac dung gidn tip
•: kin that kh6ng clang kg •: higu qua 66 Iqi
▪
•

NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BIEN DO/ 233

33.5 bie'n doi cita cac sac to

Cdc chdt mau thay d6i ro ret nhdt trong qud trinh chin. Chlorophyll
(matt xanh 1d) giam, d6ng th6i carotenoid (mau yang, do bao g6m caroten,
licopen, xantophyll) va flavonoid (mau yang den tim) tang. Do IA do khi chin
chlorophyll bi oxy hoa tao ra hcfp chdt khong matt, trong khi do carotenoid
hoac flavonoid 14i &Jive tong hyp nen tao mau sac clac trimg cua rau trai.
Theo mitt do chin ctia trai lacing khi ethylene se tang theo, co khd nang lam
tang t6c c10 chin ctia trai vA lAm tich to nhieu sac to. Ngu'O'i to cung thdy
rang, khi phan gidi chlorophyll se cho met lacing nhO phytol - met san phdm
trung gian de tao cac sac to thu6c nhom carotenoid. Qua trinh tang ho
carotenoid c6 lien quan chat the vcii sit trao d6i glucid. Ham lacing cua cac
chdt mau khdc nhu' carotenoid hay flavonoid co thd tang hay khong (161,
nlurng do ham lacing chlorophyll gidm nhieu lAm mat mau xanh nen cac mau
Ithdc hien ro. Trong qud trinh chin, ham biting carotenoid trong chu6i tieu
Wing doi, nhu'ng tang trong cam khi tren va het mau xanh, con nhieu cac
trai khdc carotenoid tang theo si giam ctia chlorophyll.

sz rn
• E 100
0 ,ct9 50
• ;7
(z s
0 0 5
c
o.)

cr) 1D•
,z 1
0 —
-J
Xanh Hong DO nhat DO

Hinh 3.22 Bien ddi ham 1&tang cac chdt mau trong quci truth chin
cua ca chug
234 N
C
+4 +4 +4 44 +4
N. CO
0
(0
N

CO CO
41 44 -H 11 +4 41
O
0 CQ Cc) cc It)
0 1-- 0)
N
N
0
(0
10 N a)
4-1 41 41 +I 41
0) co CO
N. 0 O
0 CO (0
N
N
N •I• N CO N N
41 -H ii 11 44 4-1
(0 O 0) 0
(0 co c.10 (C) 0)

0
C CD CO N
to U 11 -H +I 4-1 +I
C O O 0 N CO O)
0 ‘03 (0 O LC) (0 (0

CO O
C
N C'") N C')
4-1 +1 +1 41 +1
fp (0
N. N N 0)
(0
0)
N
O
N CO
C 44
44 44 +1
co N
0) C) 0)

N
(Nguein : Yurena Hernández

-H +I +4 +1 +4 -H
CD 0) 0 CO
(0 O C)

O
N
+1 -1-1 +4 +4
N 1.r)
1.0 N Cr)
co
CUOng dO m au
along dq m au

_J
-

NGUYEN LI EU RAU TRAI - NI-ICING BIEN Do! 235

CI mot s6 loai rau, sac t6 carotenoid có 'chit nang hinh thAnh sau khi
thu hoach. Vi du, a bi ham lacing caroten sau 3 thang bdo quan tang len 2
Ian. NVlc 14i, a mot s6 rau trai khac, trong thdi gian bdo quan ham lugng
cac sac to bi giam. CA rot bdo quan tic 3+7 thang, ham lacing caroten giam
xu6ng mot cach ro ret. Bao quan a nhiet a 4°C ham lacing caroten gitim
xu6ng nhigu hun a 0°C.

100 •
90
80 -4- 25°C, 'anti sang, b
:g 70
0 -•- 25°C, bOng t6i, b
c 60
- 4°C, lanh dong, a
0 50 -
2
c.) 40°C, lb Wong, b
40 -
-41
30 -
"13 20 -
10 A
0 10 20 30 40 50
Thai gian (ngay)

100
90
80 -

0 70-
▪ -- 25°C, anh sang, b
t 60 -a- 25°C, bOng t6i, b
l
a 50 -
- 4°C. Ianh deng, a
- 40 -
‘03
-x- 40°C, 16 nt.tOng, b
.•C• 30 -
c
'bii) 20 -
10-
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Thai gian (ngay)

Hinh 3.23 Ten that chat mau trong bdo qudn thtiang (A) va bdo quan bang
&Ong khO (B) ctia cet r6t voi nhiest dO bdo quein khdc nhau

Su' tong kip mau nay se lam tang gia tri dinh clueing cua rau trai, vi
nhu to da bie't carotenoid là tin vitamin A, cl4c biet IA 13-caroten co host tinh
vitamin rat manh. Flanoid co khd nang loc anh sang mAt trai bao ye cho lap
thit trai o phia ducli kb:oi bi cuang do anh sang qua manh pha hong, ngoai ra
236 CHUONG 3

no con lAm nhiem vu ch6ng dci cac loai vi sinh vat, da'y dtiqc cac loai dOc t6
ra ngoai.
Sy tong hcip cac chat mAu nay phy thuOc cha yeu vac) loai trai. Trong
chu6i tieu, carotenoid khong dal trongqud trinh chin. Trong cam, carotenoid
bat dau tang &an len khi tren vo het mAu xanh, nhieu loai trai thi carotenoid
tang theo sit giam caa chlorophyll. Cdc loai vo mOng nhki nho thi flavonoid
dtiqc tich to clan clan. C1 rau an ld theo mac dO phdt trien hAm lacing
chlorophyll va carotenoid tang len. Cdc loai trai 1119C a phia mat traci chieu co
nhieu carotenoid him so vOi trai a bong ram. Do d6, khong nen tach rOi sit
tic dung ctia anh sang v6i cac yeu t6 khac nhti nhiet, sit tich to ethylene
trong qua trinh t6ng hip cac sac to. Mat khac ding can chd Sr den thanh
phan cac chat khodng c6 a trong fiat. Vi du, neu bon phan t6ng hip NPK v6i
Bo thi cay se tich to nhieu chlorophyll va carotenoid, neu bon phan K va Mg
qua trinh hinh thAnh chlorophyll se tang len. Trutmg hip chi bon c6 K hoac
P thi se pha hay bur6c phdt tri6n binh finking dm lap the.
Theo Aben thi de) dm dm dat et-mg anh hdang den hAm lacing caroten.
Khi dO dm dm dal la 40% thi ham lacing caroten tao dtiqc trong ca r6t là
98mg%, khi dO dm 80% thi ham luting caroten ce IA 74mg%. Neu bao quan ca
r6t trong & dat c6 dO dm 80% thi caroten bi phan hay nhieu hqn so v6i ca r6t
trong a dat co dO dm 40%.

3.3.6 Sii bign d6i cult cac acid ht u cd

Ciftc acid him cd bi phan hay trong qua trinh ho hap va qua trinh
decarboxyl h6a. TOng acid him CC trong trai khi bao quan giam di, nhung
rieng Urn acid c6 the tang len do nhang nguyen nhan khdc nhau. Sit thay doi
&la acid phu thuOc vAo sit trding thAnh caa trai va nhiet dO bao quan. Trai
non thi thing c6 luting acid cao hcin so v6i trai giA. Nhiet dO cang th6p thi
acid tang cang nhieu. Sy thay doi hAm luqng acid trong trai khi dang chin
thtiOng d'an d6n tang chi s6 pH va chi s6 &Ring/acid. Do d6, trai khi chin thi
se giam dO chua va not hon. Tuy nhien, khi trai tr.& nen of nhOn thi ham
lurcing acid lai tang len, tinging IA acid acetic do cac qua trinh tit phan giai.

Bang 3.35 pH vet ham ltiqng acid ctia trdi theo do chin
(Ngu6n: Yurena Hernández - 2006)
Chuil Du du Xoal
Tinh chit
Chtta chin Hdi chin„ ' Chin Chita chin Hdi chin Chin Chita chin Hdi chin Chin

pH 5.36±0,03 4,56*0,05 4,69*0.10 5,62±0,08 5,41±0,06 5,79±0.07 3,33±0,06 3,31±0,11 3,69±0,20

Wong acid
304±49 573*48 453*82 63±8 66±11 72±8 453±88 453±35 369±77
mgac1c1/100g
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHITING B/EN DO! 237

3.3.7 Ski bie-n doi cua cac phenolic

Qua trinh chin cUa rau trai se lam ham laqng cac chi), gay vi chat
giam di va giam ngay cang nhanh.6i tac dung dm acid hay enzym
tannase, cac tannin se bi phan giai tao ra him hqp clic ester cila glucose va
cac acid hydrocacboxylic thccm (acid galic, acid metadigalic va cac acid khac).
Do d6, khi chin rau trai se thay d6i vi va c6 mui thorn dac trt.tng cua tiing
loai rau trai. Con cac liqp chit chat ngung to (dai diOn IA catechin) tac dung
of i sat (III) tao hqp chit c6 mau xanh sam la cay.
D6ng thcii, khi chat chat tie-p xtic vcti oxy khong khi se bi oxy h6a
tac dung ctia enzym oxydase. Day chinh IA nguyen nhan lam den rau trai khi
bi tray xu'Oc hay trong ch6 bign.

0,4

• shambati
Ham Wong polyphenol (%)

0,3-
o pakis tani
• shendi
• gamit

0,2-

0,1-

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Thai gian tit khi d4u trai (ngay)

Hinh 3.24 Bien ddi ham ltiong polyphenol (%) trong qua trinh
phdt trien va chda enzym cac gidng di
(Ngudn: Rashida E. El Bulk - 1996)

3.3.8 Ski bign deii ciia cac glycoside

Khi rau trai chin, difai tac dung &la acid hay enzym, glycoside se bi
phan giai thanh &king va aglycon. Dti6i tac dung ctia cac enzym khac nhau
san pha'm phan giai dm glycoside se khac nhau.
238 CHIVNG 3

Xet ski phan giai cua mot s6 glycoside c6 trong rau trai:
Amidalin C20H27N011: khi thily phan duai tac dung ctia enzym emunxin
se tao nen acid cyanhydric HCN raft dOc.
Qua trinh phan ang xay ra nhu' sau:

C20H27N011 + 2H20 -+ C6H5OH + HCN

Antidalin Benzoandehyt Cyanhydric

Tuy nhien, du ai tac dung ctia vi sinh vat nhu nam mac till se khong tao
ra benzoandehyd va cyanhydric.
Hecperidin C50H60027: c6 a cam, chanh, khi thily phan tao nen
dating glucose, ramnose va hecperitin theo pinicrng trinh:

C50H60027 2H20 -+ 2 C6H1206 C6H12 05 2C16H1406

Hesperidin Glucose Ramnose Hesperitin

Solanin C45H71N015, C31H51N012: thuOng gap u khoai tay, ca chua va ca

tim dai. Solanin a khoai tay c6 cong thut C45H71N015 khi thdy phan se cho
galactose, glucose, ramnose (metylpentose) va aglycon solanidin.
Solanin a ca tim dai c6 cong thdc C31H51N012 khi thtiy phan se cho
galactose, ramnose va soladdin.

3.3.9 Sut bign dolt ciia clic chgt thcOrn

Qua trinh chin se tang ham lacing clic loci chit thcrm (that:mg la clic
loci tinh (lit!) trong trai. Ham lugng tinh dgu nhigu nhit la giai doan trai
chin hoan toan. Tinh dau dac truing cho tiing loci trai tao ra mai thum dac
trltYlg vai clic ham lacing khdc nhau. Ham luvng tinh dtiu con phu thuOc vao
thOi tigt trong thOi gian trai chin, vi du trai nho chin trong hic thOi tiit khO
rdo am lip se c6 mai tham ngon han nhirng trai chin vao luc mu'a, khi hiu
lanh. Clic biin d6i vg clic hcip chit tao mai them trong trai 6i theo clic giai
doan chin ducfc cho trong bang 3.36.

3.4 CAC Yai T6 ANH HUNG DEN THOI GIAN BAC, QUAN RAU TRAI
3.4.1 Nhi4t cl()
T6c dO caa clic phan dng sinh h6a xay ra ben trong that phdm va nhie- t
dO c6 mai lien hg chat the v6i nhau. Nhigt dO tang (trong mot pham vi nao
d6) thi t6c dO phan tIng tang dgng thOi kha nang hoat Ong cua clic vi sinh
vat, enzym c6 trong thuc phim ding tang.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BIEN Ddl 239

Bcing 3.36 Ham lityng ccic chdt bay hai co trong trcii of theo then gian chin

ChLia
K1 Ban chin Chin MW
chin

Hdp chit carbonyl .

(E)-2-hexenal 854* 16,81 15,23 1,13 98

(Z)-3-hexenal 857* 7,96 1,11 0,86 98

•
Hop chit esters
Ethyl hexanoate 996 2,8 0,34 Y 1,75 144

trans-3-Hexenyl acetate 1003 nd 0,66 17,8 142

cis-3-Hexenyl acetate 1005 nd nd 21,78 142

Methyl benzoate 1092 nd 2,08 136

Methyl octanoate 1123 2,6 0,54 1,35 158

3-Phenylpropyl-acetate 1368 nd nd 2,74 178

Monoterpenes
Limonene 1027 tr nd 3,99 136

cis-Ocimene 1036 nd nd 3,81 136

m-Cymenene 1083 nd nd 1,04 132

Sesquiterpenes
Caryophylene 1419 nd tr 12,96 204

a-Humulene 1453 tr tr 7,85 204

13-Acoradiene 1464 nd nd • 0,87 204

p-Bisabollene 1509 nd 0,30 5,46 204

8-Urcumene 1480 nd nd 0,69 202

cis-p-Bisabollene 1495 nd nd 0,78 204

trans-p-Bisabollene 1517 nd 0,87 204

KI: Kovats index, Chyaui et al. (1992); MW: phan tet lutcing
nd: khong nh4n biet dugc; tr: vet: < 0,05.

Theo cdc nghien ciiu cua cdc nha khoa hoc thi to da chtlng minh
rang khi nhiet do tang len 10°C thi t6c dq phan ang sinh h6a tang len 2 Ian,
sq ho hap tang len 2,5 lan (d6i vdi rau, trdi). Noi chung,„uhiet dO bdo quan
cang thap thi su' ton that, sy gidm phdm chat san phdm cang thap do cdc
phin ging sinh h6a gay hu hang san phdm bi tic ch6 khong xay ra du'ac hay
t6c dO xdy ra rat thdp. Them vao do khi nhiet dO thdp thi t6c dO phdt trign
cua vi sinh vat giim, cac loai sau bo se bi ch6t (hau heft cdc loai sau bo se bi
ch6t khi a nhiet dO thap han 4°C), enzym va cdc vi sinh vat se bi tic ch6... Do
240 CHUriNG 3

vay, bao quan nhiet do thdp là se lam tang tutii tho cho san phdm va han
chg t6i da su' giam chdt lacing thdc phdm. Tuy nhien, dieu nay chi dting hoAn
toAn khi bao quan trong die'u kien nhiet dO thich hap vdi titng loai san pha2m.
Khi nhiet do bao quan thdp hail 0°C, cdc loai that phdm c6 chda nu& se bi
dong lai (nhiet dO &Ong dac con phy thuOc vao tinh chdt cua riddc tit do co
trong san phdm). Sau khi lam &rig va tan gid mot s6 loai san phdm se mat
di tinh tuai, vi du nhd vdi rau NIA trdi va se gay mot s6 anh hud'ng bdt lai nhu
giam ham lacing chdt kilo, ham luang vitamin co trong san phdm...

Bang 3.37 NhOt do bdo quoin thich hop voi m6t so loci trcii nhOt clori
San Phirn Nh101 CI§ bao quan
Dtia chu6t, chanh la yang 5
Du du 6
Chanh 11
Chu6i 13

Trong bao quan thdc phdm nhitng han the dia nhiet dO bao quan se
&lac khac phut bang cdch kel hap cdc phdang phdp khdc nhd bao quan bang
chdt hay bang khi quyen diAu khign d6i vdi san phdm. NgoAi ra, van de
tao ra nhang gi6ng co kha nAng ch6ng chiu t6t ding co vai tro quan trong.
Nhdac digm chinh cua phdang phdp bao quan nhiet dO thdp IA chi phi
bao quan cao, lam tang gid thanh san phdm. Nhiet dO bdo quan cang cao, chi
phi bao quan tang tang.

3.4.2 DO am cua moi trtiang bao quan

DO gm tu'ang d6i ctia khong khi trong mai twang bao quail quydt dinh
t6c dO bay hai nude cua rau trdi. DO dm moi truttng cang thdp, eating dO ho
hdp N/A t6c dO bay hai nude cang cao, lam cho khol ptgng W nhien ctia rau
trdi cang giam, tham chi rau trdi co thg bi heo. Si k flat ndac qua nhieu se
gay ra hien Wong co nguyen sinh chdt lam cho host &Ong ctia to bao bi r6i
loan, lam giam kha nang tit de khdng benh ly va tii dO rau trdi se ch6ng Int
hong. Mat lai ctia d6 dm Wong d6i that") IA a ch6 to mai trutng khong
thuan lai cho vi sinh vat phat tridn, do do han che" clang kg ski xudt hiOn
ctic loai benh.
VI vay, dg khgc phut sd phu thuOc giita t6c dO bay hai nddc va (10 dm
thi nen hudng tdi viep - bao quan rau trai trong moi trtiting co d6 cang

thdp cang t6t.

Do do, mu6n bao quan mot loai rau trdi nao do, to can chon dO dm
thich hap de trdnh anh hdang xdu den chdt lacing san phdrn, tirc là chon dO
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BA DO! 241

am t6i cho loci rau trai d6. Thong thuang, d6i voi lo4f rau thi gian bao
quart ngan, dO ern khong khi duy tri a 90+95% de ch6ng mat hai nude, lam
he°. D6i vai cac lo4i trai, kha nang ch6ng b6c hai nu& tot han va thtli gian
bao quan lau han thi can giam dO gm den 80+90%.

3.4.3 Thanh phan khi quyen

MiSi loci khi c6 trong moi tnfing bao quart deu c6 tdc Ong rieng den
thai han bdo quan rau trai Wai. Thai:1h phan khi trong khi quyen bao quan c6
anh huang quan trong den (lac diem N/A curbing dO ho hap, ding c6 nghia IA
anh hoeing den qud trinh trao doi chat.
Khi 02 nhu là mot thAnh phan chit yeu tham gia qua trinh ho hap hieu
khi. HAm 'Yang khi 02 cAng cao thi cu'ang dO he, hap cAng tang vA ngtrac 14i.
VI vay, de duy tri sit ging a mac t6i thieu du de keo dAi thai han bao quan
rau trai thi phai ddm bac, hAm lu'ang 02 can thiet t6i thieu de duy tri qua
trinh hO hap hieu khi.
Khi CO2 anh hurting nhi6u den thOi han bao quart rau trai, nghia IA
ham lacing CO2 cang tang thi thai han bat) quail clang c6 the tang. Khi CO2
chti yeu tdc dung len qud trinh ho hap ctia rau trai va cita vi sinh vat. D6i vCii
rau trai tthii CO2 de the cuang dO ho hap, tit da han the &lac cac qua trinh
phan giai h6a hoc - sinh hoc. Con d6i vtii vi sinh vat, khi CO2 lam cham cho
qud trinh hoat dOng, phdt trign ctila chung, vi vay c6 the trdnh mot phan nAo
nguy ca gay banh cua vi sinh vat.
Tang hAm lurang CO2 va giam 02 trong Ulf quydn c6 tdc dung han cite
he, hap ctia rau trai, anh hating den cuing do ho hap &la rau trai. Khi hAm
'Yang CO2 tang len 3+5% va. Wang 02 giam di Wang Ling (chi can 16+18%) thi
thdi gian bao quail c6 the tang gap 3+4 Ian so vai bao quan a khi quyen
thuOng (0,03%CO2, 21%02, 79%N2 ). Nhueng net' n6ng dO CO2 tang len qud
nhieu (>10%) se sinh ra qud trinh ho hap yem khi, lAm mat sit can 13ng
trong cac qua trinh sinh ly, rau trai mat kha nang tit de khdng tit nhien clan
den sit tham den vA th6i hang.
Anh hating cua sit thay dei thAnh phan khi quygn den qua trinh trao
&di chat trong rau trai khd pink tap, trade het IA sit giam cutng dO ho hap NTA
lam cham qud trinh chin 64. Lacing dueing giam nhu'ng giam cham han so
vdi binh thu'ang. Chlorofyll nhin chung 611 dinh.

3.4.4 St thong gib va thoting khi

Sy thong gi6 va lam thodng khi c6 anh hurting nhieu den chat lacing cila
rau trai trong qud trinh bdo quan, c6 the xem IA mot giai phdp quan trong
nharn on dinh cac thong s6 cci ban trong Icy thuat bao quan rau trai Wai.
242 CHUONG 3

ThOng gi6 IA thay ddi khong khi trong phOng bang kill tit ben ngoai
vac). Con lam thodng khi dude hidu IA tao su chuydn Ong caa khong khi
trong phong xung quanh lop rau trai bao quan.
Sy thong gi6 citn-thigt dd thay ddi nhidt dO, dO am va. thanh phan khi
trong khi bao guar', vi trong qua trinh bao quan c6 thd sinh ra du nhidt va
dm. Nhidt va am nay mot mat do ho hap cua rau trai sinh ra, mat khac IA do
sU bidn Ong cua nhidt do NIA dO am ngoai trdi.
C6 thd thong giO ty nhien hay thong gi6 Wang bac. Thong gi6 tU nhien
là ldi dung su chuydn &Ong hay su d6i 1 tU nhien caa khi giaa cac lop trong
kho, hoac giaa khi trong kho vOi khong khi ngoai trdi. De thyc hidn thong
gi6 ctid'ng bac thadng dung cac quat but va quat ddy.

3.5 CAC CHAT oltu HOA SINH TRI(ONG THIJC VAT

Hormone IA nhang hdp chgt c6 thd c6 anh hudng reit ldn vai lieu ludng
nh6. DOng vat va thyc vat ddu c6 hormone. Hormone cilia Ong vat va thyc
vat c6 nhidu didm rat khdc nhau nhung do nhidm vu va each host dOng khd
Wang Tang nen chung dtidc goi chung cai ten hormone, dadc sinh tong hcrp
voi ludng nha, tham gia didu hoa cac hoat dOng sinh ly, qud trinh sinh
twang phdt trik dia cct th'd sinh vat.
• Hormone thyc vat (phytohormone) con durcic goi IA chat digt, hoa sinh
twang thyc vat. Mac du chua xdc dinh dudc chinh xdc vi tri sinh tong hdp
hormone thyc vat, nhung theo cac kdt qua nghien cab trong thdi gian tali&
day thi hormone thuc vat dude sinh tong hdp cha ydu a r'e' va Id cay. Co
nhidu cd ch'd van chuydn hormone thyc vat ddn cac cc( quan. Thy thuc vao
nhidm vu phai thyc hidn ma chting se lya chon each van chuydn. Dong van
chuydn a mach dan trung tam, van chuydn dating va cac chgt dinh &fang
khdc, la dung van chuy6n nhanh nhat cac hormone thuc vat di khdp cac 131)
phan cua cay.
Phan loai theo ban chgt hba hoc thi cac hormone thUc vat dudc phan
thanh 5 nhom chinh, da IA auxine, gibberellen, cytoquinine, abscising acid va
ethylene. DAy la nhung nhom hap chit rat clang chu y, co nhiOm vu di4u hoa
(kich thich hay etc chd) su phdt tri6n caa cay.
Tgt ca cac loai hormone thyc vat &du c6 vai chile nang sinh hoc khdc
nhau. Khong thd ma to mot loai hormone thiic vat chi vai mot nhidm vu duy
nhgt. Tgt ca cac loai hormone thyc vat ddu c6 anh huang tan nhau. Loai nay
se thdc ddy hay lam charn host dOng caa cac loai khdc. Do do, vai nhang tc
hdp cac loai hormone thyc vat khdc nhau va vai nhang ham ling rat Mid(
nhau caa chung, hormone thyc vat c6 thd thyc hidn dude nhang chat nanf
phac tap va dac trong dm chung. Hoot Ong ca'a cac loai hormone phi,' thug(
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BA Ddl 243

rat lan \Tao n6ng d6 &la thong. C1 nong d6 thap thuting IA tac dOng kich thich,
a n6ng d6 cao thing lA hoat dOng tic chg. Tuy nhien, dua vac) nth va thdi
digin ma cac hormone da dole sinh tang hqp, ma lai c6 hai nham hormone, de
la hormone kich thich sinh truang va hormone tic chg sinh truang.
Cac hormone kich thich sinh twang IA auxine; gibberf,11,.m, cytoquinine,
ducic tao ra a cac b6 phan con non nhtt ch6i, la, trai can non. vao dau giai doan
pita trim cua cay, c6 tac dung kich thich cac qua trinh sinh trtiang cua cay.
Cac hormone tic chg sinh trwang lA abscising acid va ethylene, c6 tac
dung tic chg qua trinh sinh tru'ang cay. Cac chgt nay dtrac hinh thAnh va tich
luy trong cac car quan da truang thAnh, cci quan sinh san nhtt hat, cu gigng.
Trong qua trinh phat trim ctia cay trong, can bang gitia hai loai
hormone kich thich va tic chg sinh tru'ang din ra theo gian d6 bidu din tren
hinh 3.25. D6 thi nay cho thy rang cac anh twang kich thich giam dan va
cac anh hu'ang tic chg tang dan. Ltic ma hAm litorng cac nhom hormone theft
vat dat bang nhau chinh là ltic cay bat dau ra hoa.
Mt cti mot bidu hien sinh twang phat trim nao cua cay trong tong chiu
anh htiang cua cac hormone thuc vat vai nhiing ty 10 khac nhau. Vi du sit nay
mam hat, ca ducic dieu chinh bai gibberellen va abscissing acid, sit chin ctia
trai dUcc diet' chinh bdi tS710 auxine va ethylene, 1u thg ngon cua cay lai dtiqc
diet' chinh bai auxine va cytoquinine. Thuc vat trong qua trinh pita trim da
tit sinh tang hqp Ara ty digu chinh cac loai hormone thtic vat de c6 the phat
trien binh thutng. Tim hik N/A nam giit nhiing quy luat nay, con ngudi c6 the
xen vim qua trinh phat trim ty nhien cua thuc vat va dieu khidn chting phat
trier' theo nhitng twang dinh sin, bang nhting loai hormone nhan tao.

Ham ltiong hormone TV

tic the sinh tnidng

Kich thich sinh twang

Ra hoa
Hinh 3.25 Gidn ció bieu din can bang giaa hai loci hormone
thtic vat trong cay chi ra hoa lee't trdi mat ldn
244 CHUONG ,`J

Nhdn ra anh hung v6 ding to lin dm cac hormone di6u hba sinh
twang that vet, con ngudi da lai dung cluing de dat chicle nhang muc dich
khdc nhau trong qud trinh tr6ng trot. Vi du, khi mu6n thu duac nang suit
cay tr6ng cao, cox chat kich thich sinh trdang dutac sit dung va c6 the tang
nang suit cung nhu kich did& san phim rau trai len han 50%. Ndu mu6n dti
chin trai cay hay lam cho hoa nu deu thi 14i phai sit dung cac chat tic the
sinh trtfang.
Bang nhiing kgt qua nghien cdu dinh danh cac loci hap chat digu hoa
sinh twang va bang con dating tong hap h6a hoc cac hap chat tren va nhUng
clan xuat ctia chting, cac loai thu6c kich thich va tic the sinh truing clang
thuang mai dun chat hay h6n hap da va dang duac san xuat ngay tang nhi6u.
Nhu cau v6 cac san phim nay cung ngay tang tang, ddn mdc clang bdo dOng
a m61.: s6 nai ma hidu bie't cua ngutri tr6ng trot ve nhiing chat nay con hall
Ho chi thay cai lai truac mit vi da dem 14i lai nhudn cho ho, nhi.tng
khong thay dtiac nhiing hdu qua sau nay, ma c6 the ngdOi tieu dung se phai
ganh chiu, bai vi nhin chung ndu sit dung yai ham luting cao thi h6a chat nac
cung tra thanh d6c to.
Chuang 2 da c6 trinh bay danh sach day da cac loai thu6c hao ye thyc
vdt duac nha nu& cho phep sic dung tai Viet Nam. Duai day, thong toi s?
didm qua mOt s6 d4c didm caa cac nhom hormone thyc vet. Ngoai ra, mot st
h6a chat clang thuang mai, la nhang hap chat Wang to hormone duac tong
hap nhan tao hay nhcfng hap chat c6 anh twang den sit hinh thanh va hoal
Ong caa cac hormone thu'c vat, qud trinh sinh twang caa cay tr6ng se cung
duac nhdc cletn.

3.5.1 Cac chit kich thich sinh trurang

1- Auxine
Auxine ttt nhien c6 ten khoa hoc IA beta-indol acetic acid (B-IAA), c6
cong tit& hoa hoc IA:
CH2 COOH

H
Beta-indol acetic acid (B-IAA)

Phat hien dau tien bai Darwin (1880), auxine duac biet den nhu IA int
chat kich thich mot ,14. Nam 1934, gido su ngutii Ha Lan da xdc dinh ddcg
ban chat h6a hoc va dat ten cho no IA "auxine". Cal ten auxine c6 ngu6n got
tit' Hy L4p la "auxerin" c6 nghia la "ph& hien". Cac hap chat duqc xefp vac
nh6m auxine neu chung c6 kha nang thtic day cac t6 bao tren than cay va cá(
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHCING BIEN Dol 245

cd quan khdc keo dai ra. M4t khdc, chung phai c6 vai tit) chile nang sinh ly
tong tit vai indole acetic acid, IA loai auxine duck phat hien dau tien.
Dtioc tao thanh tit Id, auxine di chuyen bang cash truyen tryc tie-p tit to
bao nay xuyen sang td bao khdc, httUng ve phia re, ma khong di theo cac
mach clan caa cay. Sit sinh tong hop auxine 6 la phy thuOc vao qud trinh
quang hap, ne-u thieu auxine, re se khong tigp tuc moc va hat chdt be nuoi
cay, cay co the che't. Tien chdt sinh tong hop auxine la tryptophan.
Chic ruing sinh ly cua auxine c6 the torn tdt nhu sau:
- Kich thich sit phat trien, keo dai va phan chia to bao
- Kich thich moc re tren cac canh cay ghep va sy phat trien re phy
trong qua trinh nuoi cay mo
- Kich thich moc chi nach (nei, be sung auxine a ch6i ngon), na hoa,
ddu trai va phat trien trai.
- Lam la ldu gia, lam chdm qud trinh chin tali, ac the sy rung IA va
trai
- Kich thich sy chuyen giai tinh cad cac loai hoa phan tinh
Cdc ch6 phdm auxine nhan tao tong hop bang phaong phdp hoa hoc co
kha nang hoat Ong trong cay tutong tit auxine to nhien nhung lai co ban
chdt h6a hoc khac han nhu alpha-naphthyl acetic acid (A-NAA); Indol butyric
acid (IBA); 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D)... Mdc di, van kith thich
moc re cho cay, nhang cay khong the nhdn bie't va plain hay auxine nhan tao
giong nhu dd. lam d6i \raj auxine ty nhien. Do do, auxine nhan tao ton tai lau
ban trong cay, va hoat dOng rat manh liet di, chi vai ham luting rat nho.
Auxine nhan tao c6 the tr6 thanh da Wong gay ngt, dOc cho ngticli sit dung
san phdm thu hoach ne-u dung cluing de xa ly tren nhang cay da tru&ng
thanh va ddu trai.
0 — CH2COOH CH2COOH

(CH2)3-COOH

CI
Indol butyric acid (IBA) 2,4-dichlorophenoxy Alpha-naphthyl
acetic acid (2,4-D) acetic acid (A-NAA)

Auxine nhan tao con c6 the dude sit dung lam thu6c diet cO, bao ye hat
gieo trong. Cac IA co hdp thu thu6c nhi'du hdn, phat trien nhanh va sam tan
10. Hat clang hdp thu auxine nhung it hon nhieu. Wong auxine nay c6 the se
co mat trong san phdm rau trai sau nay. H6a chgt mau da cam, lam trui id
cac bui ram tren dgt nude to cang IA nhung loai auxine tong hop. DA dai
nhi4m hop chdt nay dg khong cho cay trong ddu trdi trong nhieu nam va tS7
246 CHI/ONG

10 Ian cac tre em di dang van dock sinh ra teen vUng slit nay. Vi du, cluing ti
rang vi0c sit dung qud lieu auxines se dAn den nhang kgt qua trai ngooc s(
yeti khi sii dung ch.ing vai lieu luring nho.
Trong nhung Ong dung ve bao quan rau trai, cac hop chit thu6c nhan
auxine nhan tao nho beta-naphthyloxy acetic acid (NOA), chlorophenox:
acetic acid (CIPA) thoting du'oc dung vai lieu luring 25ppm nham keo (Jai alb
gian chin, giam rung va yang la, giam hao but khol lacing san phim. V6
nhang lieu lacing khac nhau, ta 100ppm din 1000ppm, cac hop chit 2,4-I
(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid), 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid
hay 2,4,5-TP (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy propionic acid) khi twang hop nay Wei
tS,' 10 cac loai h6a chit, loai rau trai) se c6 tdc dung ac ch6 qud trinl
chin, khi twang hop khac lai se thtic day qud trinh chin. Cdc loai auxine t
nhien nho IAA (Indol acetic acid) va NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) cung
nhang hiOu qua trai ngogrc nho tren khi Ong dung tren rau trai a ham lucm
thap hOn 1ppm. Ctin phai chit 3-r khi sit dung cac loai hop chit nay de tran
thu nhan halt qua trai vai mong mu6n.

2- Gibberellen
Vao nam 1926, nha nghien cthi Nhat Kurosawa khi nghien eau bOn
"cay lila. ph& dien" tren cay lila a chat' A, cay lila rat 6m va 'thong chic the
fle bi d6 vi moa gi6, da phat hiOn rang loai ram m6c Gibbella fujikusoi ti)
thiy teen than cay bOnh da san sinh ra mat chat c6 tdc dung day manh F.
phat tridn cua cay lila.
San do, vao nam 1938, hop chit ca hoat tinh keo dai to bao, da do(
trich chit tit loai nam tren va dooc dat ten la Gibberellen (GA-Gibberell
Acid). Gi6ng Gibbella fujikusoi doge xe-p vao nhom Fusarium moniliform
Cdc chung nam ban thd tit loai nam nay khong chi t6n tai d Nhat, ma con
a nhang not co dia thg thip so vai mat nuac bidn.
Cdc hormone nhom gibberellen c6 anh hoeing din so phat tri6'n ci
cay, niu qud trinh sinh tong hop hormone thu6c nham gibberellen bi Oc cl
thi cay se bi cai coc, cham Ian, trai nha. Khi b6 sung gibberellen vao nhai
cay bi col coc, cay se dat dooc kich thuOc binh thoOng.
Gibberellen can ca tdc dung keo dan t6 bao lam cho than cay
nhang co quan bi keo dai ra, kich thich sit nay main dm hat, sit phan chia
bao, anh hoang din so lan len cUa trai va tao trai khOng hat, ngan can q'
trinh rung cila Id, hoa; trai, lam cham qud trinh chin cUa trai.
Gibberellen tit nhien dircrc tao thanh a cac b0 phan dang phat trig
nhanh cua cay nhu• mam, la non, re vai ham lacing tit pg den mg/kg pi
d6n ppm) va van chuy'en theo mach dan chit dinh duang (phloem) Mn cac
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN D61 247

quan. Ngoai ra, gibberellen con durqc tao ra tai re cay, sau de theo mach dan
nu& vb. khoang (xylem) ddn cac cct quan. Di chuyen theo dating nao, phloem
hay xylem, IA thy theo ch6c nang ma chting dam nhiem.
Tac dung dm gibberellen bidn deli thy thuOc ham lacing ton tai a cac ca
quan, co thd gay tic chd hoac kith thich sinh truang. Khi sit dung qua lieu,.
chting ta se thdy hien tutting giong nhu benh "cay ltia phat dien". Cay phat
trien qua nhanh, cac te' bao bi dan dai ra lam cay vita dai vita 6m, killing
yang chat, de trek gec, nang sudt kern.
Ngay nay, nguti ta da tim ra va san xudt daqc Ilan 110 loai GA Ithetc
nhau. 30% trong so/ de IA clang tit nhien, phdn con lai IA dang tong Inn) nhan
tao. GA3 c6 hoat tinh cao nhgt va hay ducat sit dung nhdt. San phdm GA3 thu
dole bh.ng each trich ly tit canh truang ndm Gibberella fujikuroi. Ngoai ra
GA4 va GA7 ciing thaang du'qc sit dung nhu'ng host tinh 'thong bang GA3.
GA3 c6 ding tilde phan tit IA C191-12206, kho'i Wong phan tit M = 346,38, tong
thtic cdu tao IA:

HO

CH3 COOH
Gibberellic acid GA3

C6 nhieu dang thu'ang phdm dm GA3, dang vien (tan trong nuac) dang
bet (tan trong cac loai rtiqu), dang dung dich 20% trong nuac, dang dung dich
90% trong con hay dang hOn hqp cac loai hqp chdt khac, thi du rant xich mai
to, 1glgoi, la h6n hqp dm GA3, beta-naphtoxy acetic acid, ANA va NAA hay
vimogreen IA chd phdm chtla hOn hap GA, ZnSO4, MnSO4, NPK, FeSO4 va
borax. Mac dit duoc xdp vao nhom IV, khong c6 tinh dee, nhung ciing can
phai chti y de cac chd phdm GA ngoai tam viii cua tre em, chda clang trong
bao bi kin, tranh tip xtic true tidp khi xit lSrtren cay tremg.
Trong that te, cac chd phdm GA, clac biet IA GA3 da durqc sit dung rat
nhieu trong tong viec tremg trot. Lieu lacing va thOi didm sit dung GA thy loai
rau trai va thy muc dich muOn dat daqc. Vi du nha del of i trai c6 mtli, luqng
xich mai to IA 200ppm/ha, phun len trai khi con nho, nang sudt trai se tang
60%; rau xanh thi chi can 10+20ppm/ha, phun len rau truck thu hoach 5+10
ngay, nang aidt se tang 50% tang ca ve s6 luting Fan ve kith thudc. GA &toe
dung dd:
- Phuc h6i trang thai binh thing cho hat sau giai loan ngu, th6c ddy
nay main nhanh, dam chi sam.
248 CHLIONG 3

- Kich thich ski ra hoa s6m. Neu cay phdt trien binh that:mg thi qua
trinh ra hoa sam c6 the thkrc hien bang each phun trkic tiep GA len cay con.
Can phai lap lai vai lan, vi anh htiang dm GA khong ben. Ham luvng khac
nhau dm GA con c6 tac dung kich thich thay dei tj't lg ra hoa dkic hay hoa cai.
- Tang tST le dau trai. Khi gap kh6 khan trong viec dau trai do thu
phgn khong hoan toan, GA c6 the tang lacing dau trai. Ket qua thu durqc IA
trai chi c6 it hay khong c6 hat.
- Doi khi, trong qua trinh lai gioeng, su thu phgn giaa nhang dong vo
tinh va giaa nhang loci c6 quan he gen rat an cling ducic kich thich bang
GA va cytoquinine theo pinking phap thu phgn bang tay.
- Tang eating ski phat trien ctia cay va trai. Che phdm clang paste 1%
trong lanoline duvc boi xung quanh ch6i cay, lap 14i it nhat 3 Ian trong su6t
qua trinh phat trien se c6 the lam cho dO cao ctia cay tang 6 Mn so with
binh thating.
- Ngttqc 14i vdti auxine, GA lai tic the qua trinh tao re cho canh cat ghep.
- Khi rau trai sau thu hoach bang GA, thtti gian bao quail se tang
len nhtt tac dung lam cham qua trinh chin vi giam tac do he, hap, lam keo
dai thtti gian dat den dinh ho hap cqc dai, tic dig qua trInh d6i mau rau trai
dm GA. GA to ra c6 hieu qua trong king dung lam cham th6i gian chin ctia
cac 100 trai cay nIut ca chua, chu6i, le, kiwi, trai c6 Dac biet la trai c6
GA c6 the lam chain thdi diem thu hoach (khi xa lei GA teen cay), cham
mat mau xanh cua va, tang dO ding vo. Ngotti ra, cac loci trai c6 xit Is, GA thi
c6 ham lacing P tich lay, hiqng chat kilo has tan va luting vitamin C tang.

Being 3.38 Wu lacing d nghi khi clang cite phdm GA3

trong viec ktch thich sinh truang cay trong

N6ng do ski dyng GA3, ppm Mkicdich, each thip hian

2 DAm ch6i than

15 +30 , Tang nang sugt
100 + 125 Kich thfch nay mdm
50 Kich thich ra hoa sdm
10 + 200 Tao hoa diic
200 + 300 Tao hoa cal
600 1:1c cha qua trinh ra hoa
800' Tang tij la dau tral
10.000 (=1%)/5mL lanolin Kfch thich ski phat trien
ouyEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHI7NG BIEN 1961 249

3. Cytoquinine
Khi thoc hien viec chi& canh, sau khi &roc cat rdi khoi cay me, canh
chi& se dooc nuoi &tang bang nu& va chat dinh &fang. N6 chi bat dau phat
trik khi c6 re moc ra. Trong r c6 nhirng hop chit kich thich qua trinh tao
protein va Id non. N0u chting to ngam canh chi& vita cat va da xit ly bang
cytoquinine \Tao nu'oc thi canh cay co the phat tridn ma khong can alt.( den
khi moc
Cytoquinine &roc sinh tong hop tai va clooc doa di khap ncci nhtf
mach clan trung tgm dd lam nhiOm vu kich thich so phat trign. Cytoquinine
di ng ttukng du'oc tim thay a nhang b6 phan non nho hat, trai, Id va cac nut
sinh truang caa
Cytoquinine duroc goi IA hormon tr6 h6a vi thong gift vai tro kich thich
phan chia to bao, tre h6a cac be phan cua cay, kim ham qua trinh lao hOa
cac Ca quan. Gi6ng nhu cac hormone kich thich sinh twang thoc vat khac,
cytoquinine con c6 tdc dung kich thich so nay mam va c6 anh hoeing den qua
trinh trao d6i chat trong cay.
Cytoquinine c6 m6t tac dung khong dac trong nhung kha thu vi, d6 IA
kha nang quy dinh gi6i tinh cho cay. B6 sung cytoquinine va mot cay doe, c6
thd chuyen cay d6 thanh cay cai. Khi ph6i hop vai. gibberellen (co u'u the tao
thAnh cay cai) hay auxine (c6 ou the tao thAnh cay doc), cytoquinine c6 the
dieu khien &roc giai tinh cua cay. Ngoai ra, con can phai ke't hop them cac
you to khac nho anh sang, nhiet d6, khi quydn, dO dm hat, tong lacing
khoang, pH caa thoc hien muc dich tang nang suat cay trong thi cac
yen to tren phdi dole ph6i hop sao cho ty 10 hat gi6ng cay cal tao thanh phai
dat t6i da.
Cytoquinine con gidp cho Id tich lay nhieu acid amin horn, vi a dau c6
cytoquinine thi a da se &roc kich thich phat trien, We IA se can nhigu nang
o• va chat dinh &Ong, cho nen se co so tap trung &rang N/A acid amin
lng
Mil d6.

Cytoquinine Zeatine KInettne Benzyl adenin (BA)

Cac cytoquinine chti y0u khac nhau IA do g6c R, vi du nho kinetine a

city thu6c Id hay zeatine a hat bap. Trong ding nghi0p, cytoquinine cling ducfc
250 CHLICNG 3

tong hdp nhan tao, vi du nint Benzyl Adenin (BA), tic dung va Anh hutting
cua cac hdp chit nay cung Wang ttt cdc loai auxine, gibberellen t6ng hdp. Ben
canh tic dung kith thich sinh truang, BA con dude sit dung de lAm chdm qua
trinh chin cila rau trait.
D6i of i linh yip nay, BA to ra co hieu quA khi dude dp dung de bat)
quail cdc loai rau, cu lion IA cdc loai trdi cay. Lieu hieing sit dung thuting
trong khoing 5+20ppm. CO the nhting rau trdi da thu hii vac, dung dich BA
hodc phun BA vao rau trod con teen cay vao ngAy thu hoach. Can lun y la
hien qua sill' dung BA len rau trdi con trot' cay init di rat nhanh, do dO, neu
phun BA len till. 3+4 ngay truck thu hoach thi tic dung bac) quan cua BA
khong con naa.
Cd chg lam chdm qui trinh chin, gin') cho ran trai gia dude mau xanh,
gift' dude di) tucci Ian lit do BA c6 the itc the qud trinh phan hay chlorophyll,
tic the qud trinh ho hip, giam piing CO2 tao thanh va hieing 02 hip thu, dc
d6 &in tST 10 hao but kh6i lying san pha7m.
Met tic dung khdc dm BA IA ngan can qua trinh rung Id. 14 do là BA
cas the lam giant qui trinh phan hay protein. Sau khi hai, qud trinh t6ng hop
protein trong rau trai se chdm lai vi co ski phan hay cila RNA tit clan chaa g&
adenin. BA, benzyl adenin, se cung cal) luring adenin can thiet de duy tri va
phut h6i RNA, qud trinh tong hip protein se tiep dien binh thutng, trai se
tudi Ian hcrn, IA khong bi rung.
Neu ket hdp xu< Ur BA Nth bao quan lanh (4°C), di) dm ttidng d6i khoni
khi 85%, ket qua bac) gnarl se tang khi quan hon. Kinetin cho hi0u qua d
hcin BA. Khi sit dung ket hdp BA va 2,4-D bong cai de giitin tS, 10 hoa van!
cila bap dd., ket quA ghi nhdn nhtt sau. Sau 28 ngtty IDA° quAn a nhiet
3,3°C, tS7 10 phan con xanh tren mau d6i thing, khong sit dung hoa chit,0
11%, teen man xit Ur BA la 40%, teen mau )(it 15/ bang 2,4-D IA 46% va trel
man xit ly ket hdp BA va 2,4-D IA 74%.

3.5.2 Cfic chgt tTc the sinh tritang

1- Abscising acid
Nhang nguii clan tier' Oat hien ra abscissing acid IA Liu va
(1961), Ohkuma va Eddicott, Wareing (1963). Ten cila loai hormone ac al,
sinh trttemg nay bat ngu6n tit "abscission" co nghia là "sv cdt be vi vai
sinh 15r chti yen cua chting la kiem soft ski rung dui cdc cd quan nhur la, co!
hoa, trdi.
Abscissing acid dude sinh tong hdp tit cdc hdp chit carotene va tichlt
cdc cd quan gia, cd quan dkr trU, cd quan sinh san, cd quan sap rung nen a
goi lA hormone tress hay lA hormone giA.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHcING BA Dol 251

Abscissing acid ding duac goi IA hormone ngu, vi no co nhi6m vu keo

dpi cdc giai doan phat trien cOa cay bang each diAu chinh trang thdi ngti
(mien trang) cda cdc b6 phan. Ch6i ngti su6t rnua (long chit rnua xuan, hat
ngu den khi can nay mam.

Abscissing acid

2- Ethylene
Ethylene là loai hormone duy nhat a dang khi. Cling thiic Me hoc cUa
ethylene IA C2H4, kh6i lacing phan tit IA 28,05. Chat khi khong mat', khong
rto mui, cO nhiOt d6 soi c1 760mmHg IA -163,7°C; a 300mmHg là -118°C va a
lOmmHg là -153°C. Ethylene khOng bi phan hely nhang lai cb the,bie-n mat
trong khOng khi.
Won hqp ethylene - khong khi vdi n6ng d6 ethylene lam han 3,1% the
tich co the gay chay n6, nhitng khi n6ng d6 ethylene tang len qua 32 % the
tich thi khong con gay chay no naa. Tuy vay, do ethylene là chat khi gay me
va gay ngat nen a n6ng d6 cao no cO the gay ngk, hon me vA co the dan dgn
tit vong cho ngatii vA sac vat. Ethylene dang Ring co the gay ton thaang cho
da vA mat.
METHIONIN

IPolyamin (Spermidin, Spermin)

SAM synthase

S-adenosylmethionin (SAM)
ACC synthase (CoE la pyridoxal phosphate)
Inhibitor
5-methylthioadenosyl
AVG (amino ethyoxyvinyl glycine)
AOA (aminooxyacetic acid)
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)

0,—s— ACC oxydase MACC transferase

I
ETHYLEN MACC hydrolase

Malonyl-ACC (MACC)

Hinh 3.26 Ca cite sink tong hop ethylene trt nhien tit thitc oft
252 CHLICNG 3

Ethylene dole sinh t6ng hop trong cac m6 chet cua cay. DO la nhitng
canh IA gia, hoa va trai twang thanh c6 tac dung thdc ddy qua trinh chin cila
rau trai. Tien chat tao ethylene la methionin, mat loai acid amin. Qua trinh
tao ethylene doi hai stit c6 mat cua oxy va bi tic the bai mat s6 chit nha
Amino ethyoxyVinyl Glycine (AVG) hay Amino oxy Acetic acid (AOA).
Ethylene (bloc san sinh ra trong suot qua trinh phat tridn va chin caa rau
trai. Teic (10 tong hop ethylene dat cute dai tai dinh ho hgp d'Ot bien.
noi san xugt, ethylene di chuyen bhng cach truygn doc then cac to
Tit
bao va xuyen qua cac mang membrane de dang khong gap trot ngai. Cdc hcip
chat tao thanh do hoat dung caa ethylene ding dttqc cay van chuyen di den
cac cd quan mat cach chit Ong. Khi sir dung ethylene ham lacing cao, c6 the
the sat van chuyen cua auxine. C1 n6ng do, rat cao, lai c6 the bat dau sinh
t6ng hop gibberellen.

Bang 3.39 Phan loai rau trdi dua vdo the dO tao ethylene
Lo41 ml C2H2/kg.h San phiim

Rat them < 0,1 Artichaud, mang, b6ng cai, cherry, dau, rau la, khoai tay

Chem 0,1 ÷ 1,0 DUa chubt, ca, mu6p, olive, fiat', h6ng, dita, bf ngo, mem x6i
Trung binh 1,0 ÷ 10,0 Chu6i, sung, 6i, dua, xoai, ma de, ca chua
Cao 10,0 -:- 100,0 Tao, md, bd, dua d6, kiwi, xuan dao, du d6, dao, le, man

Rat cao > 100,0 Sapoche, chanh day

Ethylene tit nhien ducic sinh t6ng hop tai cac mo thcfc vat vao ltic trai
da phat trien hoan chinh (Id th4c hien nhiem vu kich thich skr chin ciia trai
vi ethylene co lien quan den qua trinh sinh t6ng hop cac load enzym fink ddy
qua trinh chin nhtt enzym thity phan protopectin thanh pectin lam cho trai
mem din, enzym oxy h6a chlorophyll, lam trai mat mau xanh, chuyen qua
mau caa chinh no (anthoxyanne, carotenoid...). Day la mat ttic dung tich curt
dm ethylene. Tuy nhien, nett & nhiing th6i diem, tinh hung hay n6ng do
ethylene khac nhau, thi nhiing tinh che't tren lai c6 the tao nen nhang ket
qua bat lqi. Vi du nhui khi can bao quan rau trai tudi, ethylene se thdc dgy
trai chin nhanh hurt, do d6 se htt hang nhanh hdn.
Khi de trai chin chung yeti cac loai trai xanh, lacing ethylene tit trai
chin se lam thay d6i quAtrinh chin caa trai xanh, va tut chimg bit dau sinh
tong hop ethylene. DO -la V/ do khong nen cam hoa tucti gen dia trai cay chin
hay can phai lay ba het nh€ing canh hoa heo ra khai b6 hoa vi nhang cd the
d6 co t6c dO sinh t6ng hop ethylene rat cao.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHCING BIEN Ddl 253

De' trong cay trong met khong gian kin, cung phai chi' Sr den cac la
rung va la gia, chting cung san sinh ra ethylene va phan tan di khdp nod
trong cay, anh hitting dgn sit phat tridn cua cay, lam cho cay bi uc chd, khong
16n len ditoc.
Do co anh hitting den viec to thanh cac enzym t6ng hop cac hop chat
polyphenol, hop chat glucoside, isocoumarine, ethylene c6 thd lain la h6a nau,
lam tang de clang cho cac loai trai, ca... Mang, cac loai rau an than ding
nhanh chOng tich lay nhieu xo do tac dung kich thich qua trinh h6a go cua
ethylene.
Ethylene con IA chat don du con trimg. CO thd de clang nhan ra dieu
nay qua hien turfing ru6i due trai hay nhung ce trimg khac thutng tan tong
trai chin bon IA trai xanh. Sit c6 mat cua ethylene lam cho nu hoa khong nä
ditoc. Neu là hoa da hinh thanh thi chung se thdc day hoa phat trign nhanh
va rung, khong the dau trai.
We lam giam anh tiding bat lai cua ethylene, bien phap dau lien IA itc
che qua trinh sinh t6ng hop ethylene tai cac me boo bang cach giam litong
oxy trong mei trattng hoot sit dung cac chat tit chg enzym tao ethylene nha
AVG, AOA. Bien phap thit hai IA sit dung met s6 h6a chat co thd hap thu, 6c
che va chuydn h6a ethylene nilit ethanol, KMnO4...
D6i vai qua trinh sau thu hoach, ethylene thutng duoc dung dd chi chin
rau trai. Trong dieu kien c6 du oxy, cac loai rau trai co dinh ho hap se tit
sinh tang hop met lu'ong ethylene du lam chin trai. De day nhanh qua trinh
chin, có thd lam tang n6ng de ethylene bang each to mei tru?1ng nhan to
giau khi ethylene hay di6u khidn nhiet de nham tang t6c do sinh t6ng hop
ethylene trong ban than rau trai.
Do co tac dung kich thich sit tao thanh enzym oxy hoa chlorophyll, nen
ethylene con duvc dung dd xit ly mau vo xanh cua trai, lam trai c6 mau dep
d6ng deu hon. Chain clitt trang thdi ngu, kich thich nay mom khoai toy
cung IA nhCtng (mg dung thutng thay cua ethylene.
Ethephone IA che pham thu'ong mai co tac dung cua ethylene, con dtiqc
goi bang nhieu ten goi khac flint ethrel, florel, bromeflor, cerone...
Cong thitc phan tit cua ethephone la C2H6C103P, 2-chloroethyl
phosphonic acid, kh6i Wong phan tit la 144,5. Dang nguyen chat 6 thd ran,
sap mail trong. Nhi6t de nOng chay trong khoang 74÷75°C. Ma tan tot trong
nu6c, con, propylenglycol, tan it trong dung moi thom.
Ethephone thtiong mai co nhieu loai nhit dang nhu dam (lac, dang dung
dich dam dac hay clang lOng pha san. Khi nIning rau trai vao dung dich
ethephone, chung se xam nhap vao t6 bao, giai ph6ng ra ethylene va th6c
day qua trinh chin.
254 CHUONG 3

Lieu luong sit dung chung la khoang 90+2.300g/ha. Khi tang ham luting
ethephone thi luong dutng kha tang nhung Wong vitamin C lai giam ro ret.
DOc tinh caa .ethephone thuOc nham III, mut dO gay ng0 dOc cap tinh
qua dating an u6ng la 16,6g/kg chuOt, qua da la 5g/kg th6. Ethephone c6 thd
gay ton thdong cho mat. lid hiqng ethephone trong san phdm rau trai c6 thd
gay no) dOc. Nen chudn bi thu6c vier' atropine 0,6mg, dd giai dOc.
De darn bao an toan, sit dung thu6c can phai mang d6 bao 110 lao
&Ong khi tign hanh phun thu6c, trdnh khong quay tra lai khu vut phun thu6c
qud scam. Bao quan ethephone trong binh chtla chuyen dung va day nap kin,
bao quan a nai mat, thodng khi tot, khong phai qud lau dufti dnh nang mat
trai, nen cat thu6c trong to c6 khoa va trenh xa tam vai cua tre em, gia sac,
thkfc phdm, thitc an gia sac, h4 gi6ng va phan ban. Ethrel gay ri set cho cac
binh phun thu6c kim loaf, chi nen pha thu6c vita da de" phun. len rau trai, va
khong chaa trong binh xit qud 2 giq. Sau khi sit dung xong can phai ri a sach
binh xit truck khi cat.

3.5.3 Cac hoop chgt khac c6 tac dung di6u him sinh trtaing thlic vat

1- Calcium
Ca gill vai tro quan trong trong viec dieu hba sinh twang caa nhain
hormone thu'c vet. Ca anh huOng dgn su sinh truOng, phan chia to bao va s't
tie't dich. Cdc nghien citu cho thdy Ca hoat citing gi6ng nllit mot may tinh
trung tam, c6 nhiem vu thut hien nhilng hanh dOng ph6i hqp cua cac nhOm
hormone thitc vet dd thut hien nhang nhiem vu phut tap.

2- Cow chili lam cham qua trinh qua trinh chin cria rau trai
a- Cele hop chat phenol: phenol la san phdm trao d6i chdt tit nhien
trong cay, c6 ban chdt hoa hoc la nhfitng glucoside. Co khoang 2000 hop chdt
phenol tit nhien tan tai a cac mo bao. Ben canh tdc dung khdng khudn thitc
vet, cac hop chdt nay con c6 tdc dung Lk chg sinh twang va itc chg qud trinh
trao d6i clidt. Chang hoat hoa enzym phan hay auxine (IAA-oxydase), kim
ham sq dan dai caa to bao tham gia vao qud trinh sinh tong hop lignin, lam
thanh te' bao hO.a go nhanh. Cdc hqp chdt nay can c6 lien quan dgn qud trinh
ngu nghi caa cay, nhung khong ro ret lam.
b- MH (Malein hydraside) con goi la chdt khdng auxine vi no hoat
hoa enzym auxinoxydase. MH duoc dung dd bao quan cac loci rau ca nhd
hanh, ca cai dicing, c.a--6ai, ca rot, khoai tay. Ngu dung thu6c trade thu hoach
thi nen phun thu6c 10+14 ngay truac ngay thu hoach. Co thd nhang hanh
sau khi thu hoach \Tao dung dich MH, dee biet a nhfing ch8 bi cat, tSr 14' Int
hang se giam va thOi gian bao quan se tang len.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN D01 255

Vai clang tuong tai nhu MH la p-quinon, semi-carbazide, 2-thiouracil,

phenylhydrazin, isonicotinic acid hydrzide, cang co tac dung lam cham qua
trinh chin cila trai cay. Co ale chung la giam sinh t6ng hop protein, giam ho
hgp va giam chuyen h6a cdc chgt. Ham lacing sit dung MA khoang
1000÷5000ppm. MA ngan ngita qua trinh chin rat hieu qua d6i vdi hanh,
khoai tay, xoai, ca chua. Nhung ngitoc lai, MA lai c6 tac dung tilde ddy qua
trinh chin Oa trai sapota.
c- ALAR (sly"' = succinic acid dimethyl hydraside): net] xii ly
mar track thu hoach,. no se lam tang dO chac cho trai, mau sac dep va d6ng
au. Alar khong c6 tac dung ne-u xit 157 sau thu lioach. Alar thiterng du'oc sir
sung de tang tu6i tho va keo dai the:1i gian hit h6ng cho nam. Alar it c6 tac
dung dea yeti mang tay va broccoli.
Khi sit dung chung alar va ethrel, qua 1,rinh tao dijc to solanin trong
khoai tay nay main se hi tic che. Co che la do alar etc the qua trinh chuyen
116a mevalonic acid thanh m6t loai isoprene tham gia vao cat, tao cua
solanin. Den nam 1989, to chitc FDA dm My chinh thilc ban l'enh cam sit
dung Mar vi thi nghiem tren chuOt cho thgy alar c6 the gay ung thu.
d- CCC (Chlor Cholin Chloride - Cycocel) la chgt khong gibberelen,
kim ham sit sinh t6ng hop gibberelen trong cay, lam thgp cay, tang t6ng hop
chlorophyll... CCC la chat lam cham qua trinh chin cCia cac loai rau la bang
each ngam rau vao dung dich Chita CCC. CCC khong c6 tac dung tot d6i yeti
va ding khong ngan can &roc qua trinh tao solanin a khoai tay.
e- CIPC (Isopropyl-N-chlorophyl carbamate): hoi CICP phun vao
kho bao quan c6 the lam chain qud trinh nay main coa khoai tay, co the bao
quan khoai tay trong 1 rain' et 10°C. Loai h6a chat kern hie'u qua 4 lan so voi
CICP la methyl ester D-naphthalene acetic acid (MENA). Isopropyl-N-phenyl
carbamate (IPC) c6 the tang thOi gian bao quan cho trai sapote (h6ng xiem)
Ichiphun vao la 100ppm IPC.
f- Coe chat 1k Me ch tea kim Logi
Cycloheximide: c6 tac dung lam cham ho hap, ngan chdn chuyen hea
cdc chat, cycloheximide c6 kha nang lam cham chin trai le n6u xit 1St truck
giai loan ho hap ale dai (trai chua chin). Neu tali da chin, nghia la da qua
dinh ho hgp, thl cycloheximide khong con tac dung nita. Actinomycin-D la
h6a chgt c6 tac dung Wang tut cycloheximide.
Vitamin K: vitamin Kl, 2-methyl-3-phyty1-1,4-naphthoquinone, va
vitamin K3, 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, c6 kha nang lam chain qua trinh
chin &la chidi a digu kien nhiet do cao (nho han 60°C). Co chg tac dung ciia
vitamin K la Lk chg su' van chuyen e, do d6 lam cham di qua trinh sinh t6ng
hap ethylene, giam t6c do chin cho trai. Vitamin K5, 2-methyl-4-amino-1-
256 CHIVNG 3

naphthol hydrochloride, co tinh khang m6t vai loai vi sinh vat bao g6m ca
ngm men bia va vi sinh vat gram (-) va gram (+). Khi sit dung vitamin K5
vai lieu lacing 0,005+ 0,05%, se keo dai da6c thai gian bdo quail va b6 sung
chgt dinh dung cho nhidu loai rau trai.
Vitamin K dacrc coi IA loai hoa chgt co khd nang keo dai th6i gian ban
quilt cho tong ngh0 san xugt na6c trai cay.
Maleic acid: MA hoa tan trong amyl acetate, phun len trai chu6i, daa,
trai co mai co thd lam trai cham chin, it bi rung. Tuy vay, amyl acetate lai
lam cho vo trai de bi nhiem ngm, nen can phdi cha y khi sir dung. Khong
nen phun len trai con tren cay (16 tranh nhigin
Ethylene oxide - EO (CH2(0)CH2): khi xa lSr xoai vai EO, xoai se en
mat, va rat dep, thai gian bdo (pan keo (Rai, cgu trac thit trai chat. Ham
ltigng EO trong khi quygn bgto quan ca chua xanh IA 0,75%, thai gian chin se
cham di khodng 20 nety so vai khong xii Ur. Ngu trai dor chin, EO khong can
tort dung niia. Co thd coi EC, la chgt d6i khang n6i sinh cora ethylene, va tic
Ong Wang h6 caa chting se quye't dinh tinh trong chin caa trai.
Sodium dehydro acetic acid (Na-DHA): day IA m6t trong nhiming has
chgt ph6 Lail mai duvc ang dung trong nhang nAm gan day chu ye-u là di
khang khugn, tuy vay vai ham Wong 0,5% Na-DHA, cdc loai enzym ho hgp,
chuyk boa se bi tic che", qua trinh chin bi cham
Carbon monoxide (CO) co thd giap cho na'm keo dai thai gian bao gain
len ggp 4 Fin so vai khi khong co CO trong moi twang bao Tian CA a 3,3°C.
g- Cac chat hap thu ethylene: qua trinh chin cila trai se daqc thtic diy
do ethylene sinh tong hcrp trai. De ngan than qud trinh chin, mOt bi0
phdp thtiOng dagc sit dung IA dung cdc chgt hgp thu ethylene, hay chuydn hoa
ethylene.
Tia czic tim: long khong khi chaa oxy va ethylene khi cho di qua thig
bi phat tia bac xa tim UV, ethylene se bi pita hay bai [0] tao thanh trong
bung phan ang.

B Uc xa UV
1
03 0, --0- KK+C 02+ H20+02

Quat
Bu6ng phan ang
Hinh 3.27 He thong torch ethylene bang oxy nguyen ttl clang tia UV
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - NHI7NG BIEN Do! 257

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) IA h6a chat thutng dude sit dung de

lap thu ethylene. KMnO4 thudng dole sit dung (Id hap thu ethylene khi bito
quail chu6i. Thy vtto dieu kien bao quart ma cac hinh tilde sit dung KMnO4 cd
khac nhau. Trong cac kho bdo qudn, nguti ta tarn KMnO4 trong nhang chat
mang dang bet hay dang tam, roi d4t u nhang vi tri thich hup. Khi dung ky
thug MAP de bao gdi thi cac loci bao bi c6 b6 sung KMnO4 trong thAnh
phan cau tao c6 th4 kho dtti thdi gian bao quart len 3 bin so with khi dimg bao
bi binh thadng. di Viet Nam, khi sit' dung KMnO4 de bdo quart trai cay, ngttti
ta dung dung dich bao hba KMnO4 tham vAo cac vien phfin red cho vao bao bi
chda trai cay. Can ltiu y la neu de KMnO4 dinh len v6 trai se tao thAnh
ahang vet den chay, gidm gia tri cam quan.

Hinh 3.28 cho thay tac dung cita KMnO4 trong viec bao gain trai cay.

37,5 -

30 -

0 20 40 60
Thai gian bao quan (ngay)

Hinh 3.28 The dung &la bao bi len thai gian bdo qudn trcii cay

Cdc logi haa chdt thing de xong hay phun ado trai: methyl formate vA
methyl bromide IA nhCtng hda chat 'tong cid diet nam va con trimg. Tuy
nhien, thong cung cd tac dung lAm cham qua trinh chin ctia met vai loaf trai
cay. Tren xoAi, methyl formate vita tieu diet nam benh, vita itc chg qua trinh
chin, gidm sit Int hong. Xotti xur ly bang methyl formate cd th6 bdo quan
diau kien thutng trong 20 nety. So vdi methyl formate Chi .ac dung tic che'
258 CHIVNG 3

qua trinh chin trai dm methyl bromide khong cao lam, tuy nhien su khac
biet gifia trai c6 15, bang methyl bromide van to ra tot han h&n trai dea
khong c6

3- Cac chat that citify qua trinh chin ciia rau trai
a- Acetylene vet calcium carbide: khi da, calcium carbide (CaC2) khi
cluac phun nu& se tao thanh khi acetylene (C2H2). Acetylene cung c6 tac
dung thtic day qua trinh chin. HiOu qua lam chin ctla acethylene thg hi0n kha
tat khi du chugi, trai c6 mui, nhung dgi %Teri ca chua thi lai Wong tot lam.
Can phai sit dung mat hang khi da 16n han nhi6u m6i du chin dtiac ca chua.
Kh6i thu &lac tit la cay, canh cay hay ram ra bi dgt chkrn cung c6 tac dung
lam chin trai cay.
Thanh phan chit ygu cua kh6i la
- 116n hap kill ethylene
- Acethylene.
Khi so sanh tac dung lam chin dm ethylene Nth acethylene, to th6y
rang d6i of chu6i, tac dung ciia ethylene ggp 100 lan so v6i ding mat lacing
acethylene, dgi v6i trai c6 mui, tY 10 nay IA 10 Ian.
3OH)
b- Ethanol vet methanol: cac loai matt nhU methanol (CH
ethanol (C2H5OH) cung c6 tac dung thtic dgy qua trinh chin. Tuy nhien, luang
ct
sit dung cang nho thi hieu qua cang cao. Ngu lacing ethanol tang cao se lai
tac dung tic chg qua trinh sinh tang hap ethylene.

c- Acid beo: m4c du ca chg tac dung cila acid be° trong vi0c thtic dg3
qua trinh chin &la trai cay van chua dale giai thich day dO, nhurng viec si
dung dau chaa clic acid bet) khong no a lam chin trai cay thi da dole big
dgn vao thg kY thtl 3 TCN. 1+2 ngay sau khi trai &lac phun dau teen cay
cluing se tang kith thu6c, mau sac chuyen dep, &Ong deu. Nhang trai khon;
xi thi van cling va xanh. Dau clang vat c6 hieu qua kern han dau thuc v01
dau khottiag thi can kern han naa. Dau cang c6 nhi0u not doi thi tac dun
cang cao, vi se cling d bi oxy h6a. Cac san phgm oxy h6a ctia &sat chinh 1
tac nhan xtic tin qua trinh chin, tang ho hgp, tang hang ethylen(
Acetaldehyd, ethylene tao thanh do su oxy h6a dau be° va phan hay &ging s
lam cho cac enzyme tai to bac) tang didng haat Ong xtic tac cho qua trin
chin cila trai.
 Ten host chit ng uyen lieu TTen thticing phi'm 06i tticing phang trig Nha shn xuit hoic nha
(comcon name) ( trade name) (crop/pest) (appicant) iry q uven
Acid Gibberellic + Zn SO4 +
Kich th fch sin h twang

,—
Mn SO4 + NPK + Cu SO4 + Vimogr een 1.34 DD Cty TST Viet Nam
rau an l a, cai xan h, n ho
FeSO4 + Borax
Alpha - Naphthyl acetic Co:, so ND sin h n ong,

N
HO - 301 Fructon ic 1 % DD Kich thich sin h twang n ho
acid Ti . HCM
ANA, 1 - NAA + b Kich th fch sinh twang: vai,
Kfch phat t6 hOa traiThien

cn
Naphthoxy acetic acid + n han, deu, ca chua, dtt , du'a, Cty hoa phdrn Thien Nang Cty h6a ph drn Thien NOng
NOng
Gibberellic acid - GA3 bau bi, cay coMui
Sammichem 147 Bk. 15 L
Namdong ndustriol is7one 713,

CD
Cytokin in 3GGia gi6n g ion 1.5 W P Kich thich sin h twang g ia Cong ty TNHH Lam
Gozan - dong. Namdong - Ku
Incheon, Korea
Kfch th ich sin h twang Cali - Pa r imex Inc Las
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by cai Vegas, Nevada. USA

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Kich ch at tola , hat Thien

a)
G ibberel lic acid atiso, rau g ia v i, n ho, lam Cty h6a ph drn Thien NOng Cty h oa ph am Thien Nang
NOng GA-3
gi a clau
20 tablets: k ich t hich sin h Nufa rm Ltd103 - 105Pipe Nufar m Ltd 103 - 105Pip.e
G ibgro 20T, 1 0SP trLcOng rau cai, bgp cai R. Laverton NorthVictor ia, R. Lave rton North Victoria,
Austra lia 3026 Austra lia 3026 _
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san n Ong

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chief can h cay an tra i dtiOc D HCan Th0
difoc D HCan T hd

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tr ubrig bap cai V ien nghien c ifu ha t n han,
20W P: k ichth ich sin h V ie n nghien c iliu hat n han DaLa t

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sgu rieng Phat Ltd, Thailand
Super Guitar Mix 10 WPrKich thich ra hoa xoai Tan Quy Co., TPHCM Agrodragon Co., Ltd, China
Zhangjiang N° Pesticide
Kich thich sinh truang Factory, N°1 Guangxi Rd (N)
Toba - Jum 20 WP Cty TNHH TM - SXT6 Ba
sgu r ieng Nansha, Zhangjianggang,
Jiangsu, China
1.8 DD: kich thich sinh
twang 10a, rau ho thap tu, Asahi chemical MFG Co.,
Asahi chemical MFG Co.,
Atonik1.8DD, 5G cay co mui Ltd, Ikoma-gun Nara- Pref,
Sodium - 5 - Ltd
5G: kichthich sinh Japan
Nitroguaiacolate + Sodium truing rau, nhan

CV
O
- 0 - Nitrophenolate +
Forward (Beihai) Pesticide
Sodium - P - , Kich thich sinh twang cay
Ausin 1.8EC Forward IntLtd Preparation Co., Ltd,
Nitrophenolate an trai
Guangxi, China
Cty TNHH TM - DVThanh AdvancedLaboratories Inc
Canik 1.8DD Kich thich sinhtruang xoai
Scln Floa. Nong Santa Ana, Ca. USA
Te - LiCompositi Industrial
Kich thich sinhtruang Cty TNHHNong Thinh, TP
Sodium - 5 - Nitroguaiacolate Aron 1.95long Enterprise and Chemical
dua hgu HCM
+ Sodium - - Factory, Taiwan ROC

CV
,--
Nitrophenolate + Sodium - P Forward (Beihai) Pesticide
Kich thich sinh truang
- Nitrophenolate + 2.4D Litosen 1.95 EC, 0.59G ForwardInt Ltd Preparation Co., Ltd,
ca chua , dua hgu
Guangxi, China
Sodium - 5 - nitroguaiacolate
0.3% + Sodium ortho - Kich thich sinh truong 10a, Guilin Gukai
Pesticide Co.,

CN
CV
Kithita 1.4DD Cty TNHHBach Long
nitrophenolate 0.4% + cay có mui, rau ho thgp to Ltd, China
Sodium para -nitrophenolate
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950.05L phun deu cho 1 ha
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NgUng phun thu6c Khong sil dy ng
Proger Gibberellic Pha thu6c vdi 400-500lit
truOc kh i thu hoach thy& khi trdi rang

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Cay lila 10-20 ppm
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3 ngay_ hodc rnda
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHI7NG BItAl Ddl 263

3.6 VI SINH VAT, CON TRONG VA CAC TAC HAI LEN RAU TRAI
Hoat Ong con trong phd hai cay tr6ng, va cdc loai vi sinh vat lay
nhiAm tit con trong vao than cay, rA, la, hoa, trai da gay nen nhigu bOnh hai
/wing lai nhang hdu qua nghiem trong cho nganh tr6ng trot. Sau bOnh gay
tac hai len hdu h6t cdc loai rau trai, lam thi0t, hai thing kg vg mat kinh tg.
Con trong trong qua trinh s6ng cid sit dung rau trai lam thdc an, lam
rau trai khong con nguyen ven, tSr 10 hao but cao. Mat khdc, khi sinh san
cluing can duc to tren trai, de trimg N/A truygn vi sinh vat vao trai, au triung
sau se duc khoet thit trai, lam trai hur hong, th6i nhiin. MOt s6 bOnh hai do vi
sinh vat lai lam cho trai phat trign khong binh thWing, !thong can d6i,
Wong dat dO lern, rnau sac khong tutti... lam giam gid tri thuttng mai caa san
Odin. Nhidu loai sau bOnh hai can IA d6i Wong kidm dich nghiem ngat tren
the giai, gay tra ngai rat nhigu cho vi0c xurit khdu rau trai tit nude to di cdc
nit& khac. De phong trit va tieu diet cdc loai con trong va bOnh hai, mot
phdn kinh phi khOng nho phai ddoc sit dung do d6 chi phi san xudt lai tang
va gia thAnh san phdm cling tang theo.
Sau bOnh hai cay rau va cay an trai lA mot linh vote nghien cdu rat
rung, trong tai lieu nay chang toi chi gioi thiOu mot s6 sau bOnh hai thdang
gap c6 anh hutting dgn ding doan sau thu hoach.

3.6.1 Vi sinh %Id

Vi sinh vat gay but hai tren rau trai duoc xem IA loai vi sinh vat hoai
sinh (sit dung chdt him cct bi phd hay dang lam ngu6n thik An va d6ng thth
pha hoai nhang ca the co sac s6ng thap va tinh ch6ng chiu ygu).
Tracde thu hoach, vi sinh vat se xam nhdp trite tietp va ngoai caa trai
can dang phdt trien ngay tren cac trai non NIA nb xuyen qua c,dc ndi thoat heti
nuac•tren trai nhur khi khong, cdc vet nut sinh twang... DO lA bidu hiOn but
hai ban dgu, sau d6 mdm gay nhigni nay se ngung lai va tidm an cho den
giai doan sau thu hoach khi ma sac dg khang caa trai yetu clan va didu kin
tra nen thich hop cho stt tang trdang, thi du nhd khi trai chin hay to bac) bat
dgu lao hoa N/A cdc ton thuttng gay ra trong qud trinh thu hoach. Ski tiem an
cua vi sinh vat nhiern vac) trai /Att quan trong trong ski thdt thu sau thu
hoach caa cdc loai rau trai trong yang nhiOt ddi va can nhiOt ddi do digu kin
nhi'et dO va d6 dm tdang d6i cao rat thudn lai cho sit tai sinh hoat d6ng lay
nhiem va gay but hai, ton thdt Ian.
Sau thu hoach, trong qua trinh du tra, san phdm duc xetp do-ng lam ho
hap gia tang, nhiOt d6 tang, Trong laic d6, san phdm rau trai chda rat nhi0u
nu'dc, qud trinh chin tao nen nhigu chdt dinh &tang de chuydn h6a. Sdc dd
khang cua nguyen liOu ding giam thigu vi da bi cat lia Ichai cay. Tdt ca
nhang ye-u to teen se tao digu kin tot cho vi sinh vat tit nhang ndi tigm
264 CHUUNG 3

mgm gay nhiem se phat tridn va tan cong phd hoai va lay lan gay but hai cho
toan 17:6 khea san phdm.
Trong qua trinh dot tiff bao quan va chg bign ngu kho bai va cdc dung
cu thigt bi chCia dung khong bao dam ve sinh an toan hoac do dg lan 16n cdc
san phgm lanh manh va san phgm c6 marn gay nhiem'se lam tich to them vi
sinh vat tren cdc san phgm.
Vi sinh vat khi da phdt tridn trong san phgm du chi gay hai ben ngoai
hay qua lap v6 vAo ben trong dgu lam cho phdm chat cua san pligm bi giam
doi khi c6 thd hu' hang hoan toan. Dau hieu &Au tien clac trimg cho ski lay
nhig-m vi sinh vat là ski thay d6i mau sac ctia trai, tit nhilng mak' binh thtiting
trC‘ thanh mau xam, hay xugt hien nhiing chgm den, xanh, yang... do mak'
sac cua cdc loai vi sinh vat tao nen.
Trong s6 cdc loai vi sinh vat gay but hai tren rau trai, cdc lotti nam moc
thuting chidm da s6: Phycoinycetes (mucor, rhizopus), Asconycetes (penicillium,
aspergillus), Deuteromyces (fusarium, alternaria), ben canh c16 van c6 mot s6 loai
nam men (Saccharomyces, Candida), vi khugn (bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
mesentericus) va xa khugn. Cdc loai xa khugn chi thgy nhig - m teen hat ng0 c6c,
it thgy xugt hien teen rau trait.
Nguyen nhan chinh tao digu kien cho vi sinh vat phdt trign va gay hit
hai cho trai IA dO dm cao, hoat do nuac aw cao hail 0,75 rat thich hyp cho vi
sinh vat phat tridn. DO am gi6i han a vi sinh vat phdt trign not. chung
khoang 15÷16%, d6 gm Wang &al khong khi va ban chat timg loai san
phgm cOng c6 anh hu'ang den ski phat trign cua vi sinh vat. Vi du, d6i v6i c16
gm Wang d6i cua khong kill la 75% thi cdc chung Aspergillus, Penicillium se
phat trign tot teen khoai tay c6 d6 gm 10%, carrot c6 dO gm 26%... Chang
Aspergillus phat tridn cham hdn Penicillium khi d6 am gia tang.
M6i loai vi sinh vat chi phdt tridn manh trong khoang nhiOt dO gi6i
han thich hyp, a ngoai khoang nhiet (10 d6 thi hoat &Ong song cua chung
giam hay cham dirt hoar' than. C1 didu kien mi6c ta, nhiet do moi trurOng rat
thich hyp cho sti phat tridn cua vi sinh vat nhgt la loai nam m6c phdt tridn
manh teen rau trai a 20+40°C.
M6i loai vi sinh vat co nhftng nhu cisiu dinh dung rat khdc nhau, do c16
tren moi cd chgt nhgt dinh chi se gap nhCing loai phat tridn phu h6p yeti cd
chgt do. Nhii vay, c6 sit Wang quan gifia cac loai trai vet nhang loai nam m6c
gay nhigm hoai sinh tren trai d6. Vi du nhur Penicillium digitatum chi gap a
trai chanh, Penicillium,-ixpansum chi gap tren tao, le.
130 pH moi trtiting ziing anh hiking ski phat tridn cua vi sinh vat. Trai
cay c6 pH nho hero 4,5 se de bi nam m6c phd hoai gay th6i rita. D6i v6i cox
loai rau c6 pH 16n han 4,5 se bi th6i raa do vi khugn nhigu hcrn.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHIING B/EN Ddl 265

Ngoai ra, Si! phdt trien va phd hai rau trai ctia vi sinh vat con có the
phy thuec \Tao lutng 02 trong moi trutng vi phan 16n vi sinh vat tren rau trai
d6u higu khi, cdc loai thuOc Mucor va Trichoderma la nhang loai can nhieu
02 nhat nen that:mg phat trien a ngoai vo hay On vo.

nam m6c thiang gay ha hai tren rau trai

Do t6c de phat trien va kha nang thich ang vii nhieu moi trueing da
Bang cua nam m6c, nen nam m6c la loai vi sinh vat chi' ygu gay hu hong cho
cdc san pham rau trai not rieng va cdc san phdm nong san n6i chung. Nhu
tren da neu, tren timg he cc chdt kink nhau thi se co nhang chung loai nam
in& khac nhau, nen thy loai rau trai se co nhang he nam m6c khac nhau.
Ngoai ra, tit dac diem ctia nu& to la- c6 nhieu vimg khi hau nen cdc loai nam
mOc xudt hien tren trai &la yi-1g on dai khdc voi cdc loai nam m6c xuat hien
tren trai cua Ong nhiet dai va can nhfet
Ben canh su gay nhi'em benh tren trai, cdc loai nam m6c con tao nguy
ca nhiAm dec do nhang doe to co san trong nam m6c hoac do chting tao ra
trong qud trinh phat trien. Cdc dee to nay se lam r6i loan sit trao d6i chdt
ctia ngutii bi nhi6m dec khi An phai thiic pha'm bi nhiern m6c hoac da chiu
tdc deng cua nam 'yak (bang 3.42).

Bang 3.42 Cdc m6c gay nhi e- m len cdc loci trdi cay khac nhau

Trai Logi ngm m6c Tral Logii nam m6c

Tao, le Phlyctaena vagabunda Desm Dila Rhizopus stolonifer Her. Ex. Fr.
Chu6i Penicillium expansum (LX.) Thom Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade)
Collectotrichum musae (Berk. & Curt.) Arx Moreau

Fusarium roseum Link amend. Snyd & Hans Dao Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey
Verticillium theobromae (Turc.) Hughes Rhizopus stolonifer Her. Ex. Fr.

Tr* co Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) Moreau Du Collectotrichum gloeosporiedes

mini du , (Pent.) Sacc.
Collectotricchm musae (Berk. & Curt.) Arx
xoai
Phomopsis citri Faw.
Nho, Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ex. Fr.
Diplodia natalensis P. Evans
dau
Alternaria citri Ell. & Pierce
Penicillium digitatum Sacc.
Penicillium italicum Wehmer
Geotrichum candidum Lk. Ex. Pers.

Ngutin: Post-harvest - Introduction to the Physiology and Handling of fruits and

vegetables (R.B.H. Wills, W.P.MC Glasson, D,Graharn, T.H. Lee, & E.G. Hall)
266 ' CHliONG 3

Bang 3.43 MOt s6 toed ndm m6c gay nhi&rt tren trdi cay WO Nam
Lc4i trai Loaf nim m6c

Xoai Alternaria tenuis C.G. Nees; Aspergillus awamarii (Naka.); Asp. foetidus
(Naka.); Asp. ficuum (Reich.) Hennings; Asp. flavus Link; Asp. niger var.
ficuum; Asp. Oryzea; Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon; Haplariopsis fagicola
Oudermans; Mucor inaequisporus; M. mucedo (Fres. & Bref.); Mycelia
sterilia; Penicillium citrinum (Thom); Pen. Purpurogenum (Stoll);
Stemphyliomma terricolata
Thanh long Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Kerssler; A. cheiranthi (Lib.) Bolle; Aspergillus
falvus Link; Asp. Niger; Cladosporium oxysporum (Brek.); Corynespora
obclvata; Curvularia oryzae; Fusarium lateritium Nees; F. semitectum
(Berk. & Ray.); Haplariopsis fagicola Oudermans; Mycelia sterilia
Nhan Aspergillus flavus Link; Asp. funiculosum (Thom); Asp. niger vaar.
Ficuum; Asp. Ochraceus; Asp. parasiticus (Speare); Corynespora
obclavata; Haplariopsis fagicola Oudermans; Mycelia sterilia;
Paecilomyces varioti; Penicillium albicans; Pen. Crustosum; Pen.
frequentans; Pen. waksmani Zaleski
Vai Aspergillus flavus; Asp. foetidus (Naka.)
Chu6i ' Asp. Flavus; Asp. Niger; Fusarium sp.
Tao Asp.flavus; Asp. Glaucus; Asp. Niger;
Mang cau Asp. Flavus; Asp. Glaucus; Asp. niger; Penicillium sp.

Nguein: cdc thong vi sink vdt tren ditqc phan ldp tai BO mon Vi nthn - PHTI.

Bang 3.44 Mot s6 loai ndm m6c va d6c to clia cluing

Lobi nam m6c DOc t6
Aspergillus clavatus Patulin, Cytochalasin E, Tryptoquivaline
Asp. flavus Aflatoxins, Aflatrem
Asp. fumigatus Viriditoxin, Gliotoxin, Fumigaillin, Verruculogen
Asp. niger Maiformins, Oxalic acid •
Asp. ochraceus Ochratoxin, Penicillic acid, Destruxin B
Asp. Parasiticus Aflatoxins
Fusarium moniliforme Zearalenone, Moniliformin, Fusarin
Fus. oxysporum Zearalenone, Moniliformin
Fus. equiseti Trichothecenes, Zearalenone, Moniliformin
Fus. solani Trichothecenes
Penicillium citrinum Citrinin, Aflatoxins
Pen. expansium • Patulin, Citrinin, Clavaxin
Pen. purpurogenum -Aubratoxins, Glucanic acid
Pen. viridicaturn Ochratoxins, Citrinin, Viridicatin, Xanthomegnin, Viomellein
Pen. cyclopium Penitrem A, Penicillic acid, Ochratoxin A,
Pen. rubrum Phenixin. Rubratoxin
NGUYEN LIEU RAU THAI - NHONG BIEN Dot 267

3.6.2 Con trung

1. Rudi due trai (fruit flies) tan tong hau het cac loai cay trong (chom
chain, nhan, man, kh6 qua, bat' bi, ca chua...), nguy ca rat ldn tren pharn vi
the gioi. Ru6i duc trai phat sinh va lay lan chu yeu a cac nu& vi mg nhiet
dai, quan trong nhdt la cac ntiac Dong Nam A. Chung la d6i Wang kidm dich
nghiem ngat cua cac nu'ac, lam cho trai cay cua nu'dc to khong the xuat ra cac
ntiac chat' Au, My, Nhat Ban.
Khi trai bi iv& due trai tan tong, bidu hien chi la met vai 16 thUng
nh6, do con cdi duc dd de trdng, thinh thoang ce met s6 to bao htt xung
quanh vet chich, au trimg sau non duc 16 di sau vao trai, lam th6i ru6ng het
ruet trai ma del khi ben ngoai khong tidy cd bidu hien hu' hong.
Ru6i duc trai da s6 thuOc ho Tephritidae,N Diptera, bao g6m khoang
4000 loai. Au trong cua hau het clic loai nay phat tridn ben trong 130 phan
mang hat &la cay, Nth khoang 35% cac loai gay hai phan thit trai [Ian M.
White, Marlene M. Elson-Harris, Fruit flies of economic significance: their
identification and biononzies, 19921. Tai cac miac Dong Nam A ;36 den 31 loai
ru6i Bactrocera, trong de Thai Lan ce 8 loai, Malaysia ce 7 loai, Indonesia ce
8 loai, Philippine ce 5 loai [B.R. Champ, E.Heighley, G.I. Jhonson, trong
Postharvest Handling of tropical fruits, CIAR Proceeding, No. 50, 1993]
Tdc gia Dang Dang Duang (1997), bang each bdy pheromon dat trong
cac wan cay tai khu vitt phia Nam, ldy mau trai cay lgy tit ngoai chef va
xu'emg the Wen trai xudt khdu da phdt hien &fere cac loai ru6i thuOc ho
Tephritidae (Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera correeta, Bactrocera zonata,
Bactrocera trerbeculata, Bactrocera latifrons, Bactrocera cucurbitae,
Bactrocera tau, Bactrocera dorcalis) va ho Muxcidae (Acritochacta spp.) tren
cac loai trai chOm chem, 6i, tao, xoai, nhan, cam, quit, baai, man, kh6 qua,
Mu, bi, mang cut, data leo, ca chua...
Ru6i cai truang thanh thuec ho Bactrocera dorsalis cif) the de
1200+1500 trong trong.thai gian tit 1-20 ngay, du triing ce the song tit 9-35
ngay, nheng tit 10-30 ngay, truang thanh 1-3 ngay [Ian M. White, Marlene
M. Elson-Harris]. Phan Ian ru6i de tiling vao trai hic con xanh, trai bi ru6i
hai thuting rung rat son', tren b6 mat có dthn th6i troll mau nau, trai bi ru6i
due mau th6i, chay
Ru6i Bactrocera dorsalis la d6i tticing kidm dich rat gAt gao cua cac
name Chau Au, My, Nhat. Ru6i Bactrocera correcta tuy khong phai la d6i
Wong kidm dich ctia cac nttuc tren nhung au trill-1g rat gieng vdi Bactrocera
dorsalis nen tang rat kho xac dinh.
268 CHLIUNG 3

Hinh 3.29 Rudi duc trdi Batrocera dorsalis

C6 the xiir 15, ru6i duc trai bang phuang phap )(ling hai methyl bromide,
nhu'ng mot s6 rank nhap khau 14i cam xong hai trai bang chgt dec. Met vai
bien phap diet ru6i khdc nha xt1 13'r bang nhiet a 45-47°C trong met gia hay
dung 'Along x4 de bat ru6i tren dien tich rang. Tuy nhien chi c6 cac tien
tien mai co the thvc hien dole cdc ky thuat phiic tap va ton kem nay. 0 Viet
Nam, da c6 cong trinh thu bat ru6i Bactrocera bang by pheromon, nhang
ding chi lam giam dtiqc mot s6 chit khong the c6 hieu qua triet de.

2- San due trai

Sau due trai thu6c ha Pyralidae, bi) Lepidoptera. Sau tan cong tren
nhieu loai cay nha nhan, chum churn, sau rieng, oi, xoai... Chang gay hai tii
khi trai con non cho den khi tan. Sau twang thanh va hoat dOng vao ban
dem, cluing de tiling tren trai, la non hay hoa da na.

Hinh 3.30 Sdu duc trdi xoai - sdu rieng - nhan - ddu
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN Dol 269

Sau due trdi nhan c6 ten khoa hoc IA Conogethes punctiferadis. Sau due
vAo trai An phan thit trdi va ca hat, tren mieng 16 duc co the thgy mOt it
chgt thai &la sau. Vgt due thdting IA ncli gidp gifia hai trdi, vi du nhan tieu da
bb, do trdi (long khit thuttng bi hai nang.
Sau duc trdi xoai co ten khoa hoc IA Noorda albizonalis, au trimg sau
nit ra bat dau An phd tit chop trdi va An vac, trong thit trdi ke ca hat.

3- Ngai dye trai (deandis albizonalis) là nhang loai bu'dm thuttng hoat Ong
vAo 16c chieu toi. Ch6ng co kha nang gay tdc hai rat lan d6i vdi nhung vutn
rau trdi tit nho den lan. NgAi due trdi thuOc ho Pyralidae, bq Lepidoptera.
Giong ngAi Deanlis albizonalis thtriing gap nhgt tai cdc vuidn rau trdi caa Viet
Nam. XoAi a d6ng bang song Cdu Long bi ngal due trdi Deanlis albizonalis
pha hai rat Ong, co vd6n bi hai den 90% trdi.
Nhang con ngai se due 16 qua cu6ng trdi va de trong. Sau Wain non tit
(16 se due 16 vAo An thit trai, sau vAo hat tao thAnh dating ham mau den. Co
tai lieu goi dd6ng sau due lA "red band" vi W nhfing vet due, nhu'a se chay ra,
sau kho lai chuyen thAnh mau do.
Ned due trdi Deanlis albizonalis lA d6i tdong kiem dich ctia Uc va My.

Hinh 3.31 Ngai duc trdi nhan Othreis sp. •

4- Rely hpi bong: thutng di thAnh tirng clan. D6i Wong tan cong ctia chting
la cu6ng trdi non va hoa. Hau qua là hoa chita dau trdi va trdi xanh bi rung
sam. Thd6ng gap IA ray hai bong xoai, thuOc ho Cicadellidae, b0 Homoptera,
gi6ng Ideocerus spp. C1 mien Tay, da co luc xoai bi hai 100% trdi va bong.
Theo ding loai ray nay IA nam bb hong den lam hoa trai rung, mau sac trdi
xoai sau thu hoach bi ban va gig= chat lacing hang hoa.

5- Bp earth cieng dye hgt xoai: thuOc ho Curculionidae, b0 Coleoptera,

gi6ng Sternochetus mangifera. Bo Sternochetus mangifera co voi, An phd hoai
hat xoai va IA d6i tacing kidm dich cua Trung Qu6c. Vita qua Trung Qu6c
khong nhan xoai cua Viet Nam xugt khdu sang ding vi 15, do nay.
 270 CHUONG 3

Hinh 3.32 Raj, hai bong xoai

6- ROp sap: day IA loai con triing da chii, loai nay duloc ghi nhan tren
nhigu loai cay an ft-di a cac tinh phia Nam. Tren da s6 cac loai trai cay, loai
rep sap nay khong gay anh hang nhigu dgn nang suit trai, tuy nhien khi c6
rgp sap gay hai, trai se phat tri'en kern, anh Intang dgn gid tri thircrng pham
cua trai. Ngoai ra, rgp sap con tit ra chat mat ding tao digu kin cho n‘m
b6 hong phat tridn lam anh twang dgn ye dep cua trai.
Rgp sap tren cay nhan c6 ten khoa hoc lA Pseudococcus sp., thuOc ho
Pseudococcidae, bo Hemiptera. Bien phdp xit ly khi cay bi rgp sap tail ding lA
thu hai nhQng trai bi ndng dem tieu huy vA dung cac loaf thu6c dg phun trit
supracide, lannate, pyrinex, fenbis, vidithoate... Sau khi thu hoach phai
rota trai ngay. NgoAi ra, nen tao digu kin cho ong ky sinh phat tridn dg han
chg mat dO rgp sap.

Hinh 3.33 Rep sap tren cay nhan

3.6.3 Benh hai trai

D6 là nhang clang benh ly cua cay trai ma nguyen nhan lA do cac loai
con trUng khi tigp xtic vai trai TA' lay truygn mot so loai vi sinh vat song 10
sinh tren cay trai. Hoat dOng song cua cac loai vi sinh vat nay se gay nen
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BIEN Del 271

cac benh hai teen trai. Su phat trien cua nhang benh tren cay trai cd nhigu
trtt1ng hqp lay lan Ira phd hoai gan nhu hoan loan vudn cay rau trai.
Nhang benh hai thuting gAp va c6 tdc hai sau r6ng nheit là benh yang
greening tren cay c6 mai, benh than tint, benh su'ang mai, thol trai...

1- Bfnh yang hi (greening): thuong thgy u cay cd muii nhu cam, quit. D6 lA
met benh hai dang hily diet nghiem trong cac vudn cay cam, quit, lam anh
Wang rgt ldn dgn kinh to xd h6i cua nhigu nudc Wing chat.' Phi va chau A.
Benh c6 ten goi IA Greening IA vi khi trai chin khOng CO mau yang hay
cam nhu binh thudng ma lai CO mail xanh 6a. Benh gay ra do vi khudn
Liberobacter asiaticum (dOng chat' A) hay vi khudn Liberobacter africanum
((long chau Phi). Vi khudn nay c6 grAm am va kh6ng nuoi cay duqc trong moi
trudng nhan tao.
Vi khudn Liberobacter asiaticum va. Liberobacter africanum duqc Ian
truygn bang ray chOng canh Diaphorina citri CO a %rung chau A nhu Trung
Qu6c, Viet Nam, Thai Lan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bruvey, India... Can ray
trioza erytrea thi lay lan bOnh cho cac vutm trai u chau Phi nhu Nam Phi,
Sudan, Madagascar...

Hinh 3.34 Ray clang canh Diaphorina citri lay truyen berth
Greening dang barn tren cay chanh

Thanh trimg va gu Wang dm ray ch6ng canh tan cong cay bang cach
chich huit dich to btio a cac dot non ch6i ngon, tigt ra chgt sap trAng tren dot
non, lam la cong queo vu trai rung. Tuy nhien thiet hai quan trong là khd
Jiang ray truyk benh yang la greening cho cay. Vi khudn gay benh c6 thg
phat trien vA sinh sin tang s6 luqng trong CC thg cua ray vA lay truygn sang
cay qua tuygn nuac bot khi hilt nhita cay. Khong nhirng thAnh trung ma ca 6u
trimg sap na cling cd thg truygn benh thong qua viec chich but teen cay.
272 CHLICNG 3

Hinh 3.35 Cc c giai down plat triin cd a hai logi ray lay Onh Greening,
Oiaphorina citri (tren) ua Trioza erytreae (cludi)

Ngoai cach lay truy6n thong qua ray ch6ng canh Diaphorina citri, vi
Ichugn gay bOnh Liberobacter con co the lay truygn qua dating chigt, ghep.
BOnh Ichting lan truyAn qua dal, nu-6c, khong khi va hat gi6ng.

Hinh 3.36 Vi khucin gay tienh Greening Liberobacter

tren loizi ray Trioza erytreae
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHCING B/EN Dal 273

BOnh yang la Greening khong anh hu'ang dgn ma go va mo mem nining

anh hitting d0n mo libe (mo mach) clan chat dinh dudng di nuoi cay. Su' van
chuydn glucid (diking) tit die') lye va nhu mo den cac phan tren cua cay bi can
trei lam la thigu dinh dttOng va thiou cac nguyen to vi lurgng, Zn, Mn, Bo,
Mg... vi vdy teen la co trieu thing thiou vi lacing. Sy phdn chia to bao trong
mei mach xay ra manh hctn va lOn xOn lam gan la sing phOng len. La cay
bOnh bi yang, heo, mau che't. Mach dan chat dinh &tang xu6ng nuoi re". (mach
phloem) cung khong host dOng tot nen re cung bi hay hoai, nhreu nhat.la re
td. Cdy se bi eh& sau 2-5 nam tuy mac dO nhiem.

HInh 3.36 Vi khucin Candidatus liberibacter

tren lodi rdy Diaphorina citri

Cay bi benh ra hoa nhieu dart, co the troll mOt nhanh cay vita mang
trai, vita co hoa. Vi khugn co nhi0u h cu6ng trai se lam tdc nghen mo mach
du'a chat dinh dating vao trai, lam trai nho hctn binh tinging, me° mo, khi 136
doe trai ra thi tam trai bi lOch han sang mot ben, trai chin ngitqc. Trai benh
hinh thanh hat khong binh thiking, hat bi thui, lep mau nau den. Mau sac
trai xdu, tY' 10 acid tang, lacing chat hoa tan giam, co vi thing. Trai caa cay bi
bOnh yang la Greening mat han gia tri thtiong phdm.

Hinh 3.38 Trdi :4{) mui bi benh greening,

vO bi xanh da, tam trdi bi l?ch
274 CHUMS 3

Hinh 3.39 So sdnh giaa la bi kenh Greening do Liberobacter spp.

va la khong b'enh

Hinh 3.40 Cay cam, chanh bi 4'nh yang ld

D6n nay chita co giotng cam quit nao khong &lac bOh Greening, cac
loci cay c6 mui ca dO chua lan nhu chanh, bit& it bi bOnh han cam, quSrt.
Cung chita c6 thu6c tri ditac khi cay da bi bOnh. ViOe dung thu6c h6a
hoc de trit ray ch6ng canh la moi giai truygn bOnh ciing phai han chg, va
hiOu qua khong cao. •
Co the phong tra kenh Greening bang nhi7ng bin phdp nha sau:
- Tao cay sach bOnh tit Vitan utim.
- To viing sack bOnh rOng lan dd tranh sit lay nhiem tra lai sau khi
tr6ng cay sach b3nh vi mac du bOnh khong truyAn qua khong
nude, d'A, hat gisfing nhang con trung truygn bOnh c6 thd di chuyen xa
do gib.
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHUNG BIEN D0I 275

- Xay dung vanh dai kiem dich that nghiem ngat, cam khong dua vao
Wing sach benh nhfing ngu6n benh mai theo cay giong, canh ghep
chi& tit vimg co benh vao vimg sach.
Benh Greening do vi khudn Liberobacter asiaticum ((long Chau A), lan
truyAn bang rnoi giai thy ch6ng canh Diaphorina citri lA benh hai nghiem
trong nhgt clang clan claniy diet nghe trong cam quit a nu& ta. Chi c6 the
/bong benh bang cAch tao Wing rung lin sach benh va trong mai bang cay
sach benh. Nhung de lam &lac viec nay, can phdi pha hily hang boat Wan
cam quit clang nhiem benh o d6ng bang song Ulu Long; day là viec lam het
sift ton kern va mang tinh chat xd hoi, khong c6 tinh khd thi trong thai diem
hien nay.

2- BOnh than thur (Anthracnose)

BOnh do nam m6c collectotrichum goleosporioides Penz. gay ra. Benh
nay du'ac phAt hien teen nhieu loai cay An trai, nhung tren cay xoai, benh
nay gay hai nghiem trong nhgt. Nam benh tan cong cac phan canh, id, hoa
va trai cda cay. id, benh xuat hien tren IA non, d6m benh c6 g6c canh, tam
xam, vier' yang xanh, gay chdy lá va &in quang hap, nhgt IA trong mua
num. Tren trai, lac dgu d6m benh chi IA nhung chgm nau nhe, sau d6 den
clan va born xu6ng, v6 trai c6 the bi th6i. Neu mac benh sam, trai se rung
hoac chin heo. Neu mac benh muen, chat lacing trai kern, vo trai bi tham kim
va c6 the bi th6i khi bdo quan. Thai tigt aim va may mu là digu kign tot cho
nam bOnh lay lan va gay tac hai.

Hinh 3.41 BOh than that tren trai xoai - cam. - ca chua

Phang tri benh bang cAch ye sinh chat b6 sach cac canh bi nhfem benh,
tao thong thodng tan IA. Phun mot trong cac loai thu6c Benomyl (Benlate
50WP 0,1%), Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb, Manzate 3%o) ho4c Flusilazol (Nustar
40EC 0,2+0,3%0) ket hap cac chat dinh, phun tit ltic cay c6 main hoa den khi
trai lun, nhgt là sau cac dcst meta. Ta ding c6 the chon trong mOt s6 giffing xoai
it bi nhi6m bOnh than that nInt cac gi6ng xoai g6c Ma Lai.
276 * CHLVNG 3

Sau khi thu hoach, mdm benh U san tren trai van c6 thd tidp tuc phat
tridn va lay Ian, lam hti hang san phdm. Xit 13'7 diet td bac) n'am bang each
nhting trai cay trong ntidc gm (52+53°C) ce• pha benlate 50WP 0,541%
trong 3+5 phut se gitip trai chin dep va ton tiff daqc lau han, ask han (Lim
& Khoo, 1995).

3- 13fnh thoi tr4i

Nguyen nhan ding do ndm m6c. Tren trai xotti, ndm gay benh th6i trai
IA Botriodiplodia theobromae Pat. Nam benh xam nhap vao trai da trtiang
thanh nai cueing trai hoc nai va trai bi xay xat, va gay th6i trod trong Inc
van chuygn va ton trti, tS, 10 ha hang trai 130nh nay khoang 3+5%.
Thuang benh xud hien tit cueng. Trai cay hai khong chaa cu6ng se
gitip nam b0nh de" xam nhAp phd hai han. Phong benh bang each phun
Benomyl (Benlate 50WP 0,170o) vai lieu lacing 10 lit/cay vao hai tuan trtidc
khi hdi. Trai sau khi thu hai c6 thd xit 13'T tip bang each nhung vao dung
dich 50WP 0,6+1%0 ca 52÷53°C) dd ng-ita ca benh th6i trai va than thi
(Dubouzet, 1981).

Hinh 3.42 B'enh thoi treti tren xoeti vet tdo

4- BOnh theci mgch

130nh nay cO thd gap a cay con nh6 hoc cay truang thanh, a nhik
phan khdc nhau tren cay rau trai. cay con, bOnh )(tat hiOn scam chi mot vt+
tun sau khi trong, la marn ho4c mOt hai la ben dtkii bi nhi'em benh chive;
sang matt yang va rung tru‘fic khi cay ion. 0 cay lon, vet benh có mat.' valli
hinh chit V, xugt hien ben ria Nhang vet benh nay Ian rOng vao giga h
didn tich bi nhi'em benh chuyen sang ink) nau, cdc mo cay bi chdt. Cann la.
cdc Wing nhiem beiih chuydn mau den. Benh lam cho cay coi coc, cdcd be
&Ai bi rung. Thing gAp benh nay tren bdp cai, hanh tay, ca
i
Werth th6i mach clan tren bap cai do vi khudn Xanthomonas catnpestr
gay ra. Pham vi nhi0t d6 thich hcfp dd vi khudn phat tridn IA 20+301
NGUYEN Lieu RAU TRAI - NHONG BIEN DOI 277

Vi khudn gay benh se t6n tai trong hat gieng nhi6m benh, trong ddt, tren
ctic tan du cay benh khi chung chura bi phan hay. Thdi gian t6n tai c6 the len
dgn hai nam. Khi hat giong nhiem benh nay mdm, tif v6 hat gieng, vi khudn
se tan cong vao la rnArn va Id non.

Hinh 3.43 Berth theii mach din tren &sip cdi

Hinh 3.44 Benh thdi mach clan tren cd rdt va hanh tay

Vi khudn gay benh con lay lan nhti con trUng (sau hai bap cai), do tuai
phun, =la kern theo gib, cac manh vun cCia Id bay theo gi6, qua trinh canh
tic va cay gi6ng bi nhiem.
La nhiem benh qua cac 16 khi, vet nut tit nhien u ria mep Id va qua vet
thuong xay sat a re va la. Khi xam nhap vao cay, vi khudn di chuye'n 6 cac
gan la va khi cay bi nhiem benh la vi khudn da c6 mat & toan cay, thin chi
ca nhiing phan khong xuaft hien trieu chung, vi vay cat )36 nhilng la benh
nlihm giam benh la khong hieu qua.
Co the phong trif benh thei mach clan bhng cach khi trimg hat gieng
truck khi trong bang nur6c n6ng 52°C trong 30 phat de diet vi khudn con barn
tren hat gieng, dung cac bien phdp tuff i tieu khdc thay cho phun, nen
tu'Oi vao bu6i sang de cac Id cay kho nhanh, trdnh sii dung clung ntrOc chay tif
ruOng nhiem benh.
278 CHL/CiNG 3

5- B nh bet (citrus canker)

Wenh loet pha hai trai c6 min a nhidu !nick tren the gidi va durctc xem
IA d6i tuccng kidm dich trong vi6c nhap gi6ng cay va trai thu'crng phdm. BOnh
da titng phat tridn thAnh dich khap vimg nhi6t ddi An D6, Thai Binh During,
Philippine, Indonesia, Srilanca, Trung Qu6c, Nhat Ban.
BOnh do vi khudn Xanthomonas campestris gdy ra. BOnh loft cam quyt
là bOnh nhi'6t ddi, vi khudn gay bOnh thich hcip trong didu ki6n nhi6t d6 cao,
dm Wt. Vi khudn lan truy6n do mita gib, con trong va bang cac con dating
khac nhtt cac b6 phan non, qua vet thumg. Thai gian bOnh tidm tin dAi hay
ngan thy thu6c \Tao gi6ng cam bttai, not chung thtiting tit 6+14 ngAy. Situ ye
bira lAm moi gidi truydn besnh tao nen vet thttang dd benh xam nhigm de
Bang va lam cho bOnh n4ng nhat là trong vadn tram cay gi6ng.
Burch thding chiu tac hai Ong nhat, ke den IA cam met, chanh vo mktg.
Cdc gieing qu3'rt cd MIA nang ch6ng b'enh loet cao han. Cdc gieing Int& B6 Trach,
cam chua Thanh HA, cam sanh thing chi bi bOrth nhe nhung cam, Xa DoAi, BO
Ha lai nhie'm b6nh nay rat nAng. Cay tang non tang de nhigm
BOnh loet cd the gay hai tren tat ca cac b6 phan cay, lAm rung trai,
Cay benh can c8i, chong tan, cay con bi loet Ong rat a chit, trai bi bOnh c6
phdm chat kern, khong xuat khdu N/A bao quan datic. Vet bOnh tren v6 xu xi,
cuing, mau nau hod lom, mei) ngoai c6 gd n6i len, giita vet 136nh cd mo chit
ran mit, quang yang nhat quanh vet bOnh kh6ng rO, luc trai chin thi vi6n
yang mat di va vet benh loin xu6ng. Vet bOnh thadng not lien nhau thanh
tit/1g darn c6 the sinh ra nhtia, tohn b6 chiu dal dm v6 trai cd the bi 100
nhung kh6ng bao gift vet loet an situ vAo runt ,trai. B'enh Ong lam trai bien
dang it nhidu, trai it nttdc khO sdm de rung.

Hl,h 3.45 Mnh loet tren trcii co mtii

loan
Ngoai biOn phdp chon gi6ng chiu bOnh tot, con c6 the dimg cac
thu6c nhtt Champion 77WP, Kasuran 80WP, Sulox 80WP, Bavistin 50EC
giai down khi cay ra chi non dole khoang 20 ngAy, sau d6 khi 2/3 hoa di
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - MING BIEN D(51 279

rung canh va tip tuc phun dinh ky 2 tuan/lan cho dgn khi tral chin. Thu6c
khdrig sinh nhti Kusumin 2L, Streptomycin, Ampicilline... cung rat c6 hieu
qua dg trii vi khugn.

7- .13fnh sgo (ghe nham - scab)

Bgnh seo do nam Elsinoe fawcetti gay ra. Nani ton tai trong me bao
thkrc vet, gap nhiet dO thich hap bat dau hinh thanh bao tit phan sinh theo
giO, mita lan truygn di gay benh. Nam xam nhap qua vat thuctng, th?ii Id
bgnh tigm an tit 3-10 ngay la c6 thg hinh thanh vet benh.
Tren ld, trdi non chu'a truang thanh, va co du di) gm va nhiet di) thich
hap, mba ming, mu'a, 204-23°C, thi bgnh phat trign va lay lan rat manh. Mba
khO hanh, benh it han hoac ngitng 14i.
Benh seo chi xam nhigm vao cac mO non, trdi non, Id non. WI& dO
nhigm bgnh ctia cay co lien quan dgn ti le nu ac trong mo. Mac dO nhigm
bgnh va hit hai con thy thuOc vao loci cay flitting thiet hai nang nhat IA cdc
loci chanh.
chau A, bgnh seo gay hai phO bign a Trung Qu6c, NhetBan, An DO,
Thai Lan, Philippine va nhigu dao thuiic Thai Binh Dozing vb. An DO Duang.
Cl chau MY, bgnh nay cung thgy a my, cdc nuac Trung My, Nam My... (i nude
ta, benh pha hai hgt cdc vung tr6ng cam, bgnh hai lam cong va rung ld, chi
phat trign kern. Benh hai trdi tit khi trdi bat dau hinh thanh. Vgt benh nho
hay to thy theo kich thuac trdi, vet benh n6i gY nhti len hinh chap nhon mau
nau yang, phan tan hoac n6i lign nhau thanh ddm. Trdi bi nhiern bgnh seo
thuang di hinh, nho, va day, kho, it 'nick, dg rung. Gi6ng nhu bgnh loet,
benh seo chi hai ngoai va.
Phbng ngita bang each phun thuik Bendazol 50WP, Champion 77WP,
Bavistin 50EC dinh ky 15 ngay mOt lAn a cu6i mba kho tru'ac khi ra la laqt
mai, khi hoa vita rung canh truck khi trai hinh thanh. Viec luta chon gi6ng
tot, lam ye sinh khu vile tr6ng cay van duac uu tign luta chon khi can giai
quygt van dg nay.

Hinh 3.46 BOh seo tren trcii co mai

280 CHUCNG 3

Bang 3.45 Si! khdc nhau ye tri:eu cluing giaa

Onh bat (xanthomonas axonopodis) vac b?nh sp.() (elsinoe fawcettii)

Bgnh locit Benh Iwo

Kfch thildc vat benh 'Wng dal to: 2,5 4- 4,5mm. Nha: 0,3 ÷ lmm.
Hinh tran 16i hoac lam, net ran, Hlnh chap tron, I6i nhieu,
Hlnh dang vat bOnh khang nut, mau nau.
c6 go n6i xung quanh, mau xam.
Ta bac, vo trai phinh to, va bi T6 bao va trai tang nhanh, vo
Giai phau t6 bao va bet. kh6ng bi va nift, vet benh
. chap nhon n6ixil xi.

7- B'enh nzik tren trai

Cdc loai benh nay deu do nam motc gay ra va vet benh mak hien thanh
Bing d6m lan Ong tren va trai va có mau sac khdc nhau thy theo loai nam
gay benh. Tit trai bi benh, nam benh có the sinh san nhieu bac) ta, nher
khong khi, gib, num, Ian truyen va xam nhap qua vet tInicrng xay xat, qua
tip 'ale, qua cac 16 khi va gay benh cho cay chtia bi benh. Dieu kien thuan
lei cho ski phat trien caa nam gay benh lA nhiet de cao, 25427°C. Benh phat
sinh pha hoai nang khi trai bi giap, có nhieu vet xay xat, thu hoach \Tao thdi
gian mtia host nhieu sating, tren be mat trai dong nhieu nuac. Trai cang chin
cang de nhiem benh.
- Benh mec xanh do nam Penicillium italicum gay ra, bac) to phan sinh
killing mkt, khi tap hop lei thi cb mau xanh lam. Benh nay chi phd hoai
trai, vet benh thtiOng xuk hien tii nhang vet thticmg xay mit, ban dau chi lA
met diem troll nha, mong nate, mau yang nau, ye sau \fgt benh to clan va lom
xueng, cdc mO benh bi tilt:a Ling. Khi trai bi benh moc xanh, be mat ma benh
Wong difii cling, khong nhan nheo. Tren be mat IA benh thoting phi' met lap
ta
nam in& tiling, a giiia vet benh chuyen sang dang bet, do la cAnh va bac)
phan sinh cua nam gay benh. Vgt benh phdt trien rat nhanh, sau \raj ngay
trai da bi thei hong.
gay ra,
- Benh nam xam do nam Uncinula necator hay Oidium tucckeri
benh con dttoc goi IA benh nam trai hay bet xam. Benh gay hai tren cac
phan xanh caa cay nhu canh xanh, la gia, la benh to va trai. Teen trai benh
co cac vet mau trong hcii xam pha day tren trai, do lA cdc lap bac, tii nam gay
benh. Khi chili lap phgn pha ben ngoai se thgy re, vet benh mau trang phis
trong. Cueng trai, chhm-trai giOn de gay. Benh gay hai cho trai tii lac con
non cho dgn khi trai chin, lam bleu bi trai bi chgt, trai bi mit va bi thei
hi
chin do bi nam Botrytis cinerea tan ding tiep theo. Nhfing trai cay bi benh
nhang khong bi nut, khi chin se mgt mau hay khOng dt.tqc sang, hacrng vi va
pham chat kem.
NGUYEN LI EU RALI TRAI - NHONG BIEN D01 281

- 138nh m6c suang do ngm Plasmopara viticola thuOc b0 Peronosporales

gay nen. Vet b8nh ban dati la mSt diem nho mau )(dm nhat khong rO rang
sau chuyen qua mau nau, ca dang hinh troll hodc bgt dinh. Khi gdp digu kin
ink Lira, tren trdi xugt hiOn lap ram m6c trAng, x6p nho sutang muoi. Nhi8t
thich hap cho vi0c hinh thanh boo tit la 18+24°C, dO gm toring d6i cua
khong khi tit 97+100%. VA° mita mica bOnh lay lan rat nhanh. Giong nho
Vitis venifera rat dg nhigm bOnh nay. Nho Ninh Thuan thuing bi 138nh rn6c
sung ndng nhgt vao mita mura, thdng 10, 11, 12 va thong 1.

Hinh 3.47 Benh in& xanh tren trdi c6 mai

Mai 2.48 Bi:!nh. tidnt yam tren chum nho vet /à nho

Hlnh 2.49 Berth mdc sitang tren trdi nho

282 CHIJJNG
8- Binh ghe (scab)
Benh ghe tren tao do nam Venturia inaequalis gay ra, thuac ho ndn
ttii Ascomycotina. Loai n'din nay c6 hai giai doan phat tries, giai doan vi
tinh k3'r sinh tren ld va trai, hal tinh sinh tren IA rung. Khudn ty sau kh
xam nhap vacs la,- qua khi khOng se hinh thanh trai nang chaa nang bac) ti
ben trong. Khi gap dieu kien dm, nhgt IA khi thdi tiel co lac dm lac kilo
nang bao tit se chive phong thich vao khong khi va lay lan theo gi6. Tit d6 si
xam nhap vao ld va phat tries gay benh. Tru6c - khi vet benh hinh thanh ri
ret thi bao tit da du'cic tao ra, pining thich va lay Ian r6i. Trai bi nhiem bent
thing do nguon benh nhiem a Id dai. Benh ghe thtiOng phAt tridn nang
nhiing thang am u'6t, nh'at là khi c6 mu'a keo dai.
V6t benh trbn, ro net, mau xanh xam, c6 tcc nam phat tridn tren do. Vd
benh sam mail clan, n6i thanh ghe va mitt. Trai nhiem nang se bi meo me vi
rung sam. Neu trai nhiem tre vao mai vu, thi sau khi thu hoach benh c6 thi
Oak tries tren trai, tao thanh nhang vet benh nho bang dau kim mail den.
Benh ghe sao tren trai 6i do ram Gloeosporium psidii hay Glomerellc
psidii gay ra. BA° tit c6 xnau hang, lay lan theo giO, mita. Benh phat trier
thich hop trong khoang nhiet do tit 30i-35°C, Nam gay maw. benh c6 thd tie
ra enzym thily phan pectin lam trai bi mem. Benh c6 the gay hien tifoni
chel dot va th6i trai. Tren trai, benh phat tridn nang vao mita mua, man
benh c6 the tiem an tren 3 thang tren trai non, hien Wong thoi trai xay r.
khi trai bAt dau gia chin. Teen trai xanh, d6m benh nhO nhtt dau kim, sai
phAt tridn thanh dam trim, mat.] nau Om hay den va lam vao. Tam dein
benh c6 cac doin nho mau den, cac do-m nay lien kel thanh cleim I6n, vim!
benh tra nen ming, xu xi. Tren till non cling co thd c6 trieu chthig ghe. Tra
benh ce thd bi bign dang va rung di.
Cj tat ca cac \rung trong khoai tay, benh ghe sao IA benh thuOc d6
tuccng kim dich. Ghe sao a khoai tay con du: c goi là ghe bat, la mat troni
nhimg benh co tam pith hoai kha nghiem trong, lam giam nang suat va sin/
trdang c1 cay do 130 re bi hai va &in gid tri thu6ng phdm caa ca.
Benh ghe sao tren re va ca khoai tay do nam Spongospora subterranean
b0 Plasmodiophorales, 16p Plasnzodiophoromycetes gay ra. Bac) tit tinh tan to
trong dal va tan tai trong nhieu nam. Qua trinh xam nhiem nam benh chi xi!,
ra nth c6 nhiet do dal thdp va am dO dal cao. Pham vi nhiet do de hinh than'
benh IA 12+15°C. Ndu nhiet do 16n hcrn 10°C hay lan Ilan 22°C thi benh khan!
mat hien.
Vet benh a re" -g6m nIning vet dai nho mau xam den nam rai rac trel
re va khong tap trung thanh kh6i, re cay bi benh de dirt doan, khi bent
Ong cay se ngitng sinh tru'ang do b0 re bi htly hoai.
 NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NFI(%NG BA DOI 283

, Teen vet benh c6 dang hinh sao hoAc hinh troll mail den, tren mei)
vet benh not gti mem va xung quanh vet benh c6 mau xam, vet benh thuing
xu& hien (tau tien a Ink cu. Benh ghe sao tren cu là do moi giai truyen benh
virus, tren be mAt cu là quang nhan map u dinh cu a giCia vet benh ghe sao,
nhang during van xung quanh khong deu, nhan nheo co top mau xam nhat.
Vet benh ghe sao tao dieu kien cho nem Phytophthora infestans xam nhiem
\Tao cd.

Hinh 3.50 Benh ghe tren trcii tao

Hinh 3.51 Benh ghe sao tren khoai try

9- B'enh &Cm den (black spot)

Benh dOm den xugt hien tren la, trai va chi non. Wu tien, nhang
don benh c6 mat.' nau den nha )(tat hien tren la, trai, sao chi cluing lan den
len, cac vet benh c6 thg not lien lai va tra thanh nhiing vet boa lan c6 hinh
Bang bat dinh va cuoi ding tao thanh mqt vimg triing xu6r4 so vai be mAt la.
Nhung vet benh tren nhang chi non va trai thutrng IA nhang vet mit doc, c6
mat' nau den. Doi khi c6 nhya they ra tii vet nut d6. Neu benh xay ra teen
cay con trong vutin storm, kha nang lay lan dm benh rat n -ianh chang va lam
284 CH1.17NG 3

cho che't cay. Nguyen nhan gay benh d6m den cho trai xoai IA ndm
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferaindicae. Benh nay phan b6 rOng rai a
cdc viing trong xoai tren the gicli dac bi0t IA a viing Dong Nam A.
Benh thutng xay ra trong mina nang, cac cay cd sdc sinh tru'ang kern
ding dg bi benh han vi vay dd phorig ngiia benh cho cay can cham sec cho
cay sinh trudng va phat tridn tot nhii bon phan can d6i, am d'6 thich hdp cho
cay sinh truang NIA phat tridn. Dac bidt can dui trong vi0c bOn phan hitu cd
hoai muc trong vutn cay.
130nh d6m den Op tren rat nhidu loai rau trai, mdc dQ pha hai kha
ldn vi b0nh tan cong ca ch$i, la va trai, c6 thd nang cao t5r 10 thdt thu khi
thu hai.

Hinh 3.52 Benlz dei'm den tren trdi xoai - tao

Hinh 3.53 Benh darn den tren rd cu ca ret

Hinh 3.54 Benh dom den tren trai nho. 7-reit cd chum trdi (trdi)
treri tang trai
NGUYEN LIEU RAU TRAI - NHU'NG BIEN DOI 285

Hinh 3.55 Benh dorn den tren la nho. Nhin xa (trdi) - nhin gem (phdi)

10- B'Onh plain trcing (oidium sp.)

Do ram Phyllostista hoc Pestalotia sp. gay ra. Benh gay hdi Ong tren
chOm chom, t61 cong tren hoa, trdi. Hoa, trdi bi benh c6 d6m pha'n mau
trAng xam lam cho kho, den rung. Trai non va ca trdi da 16n bi benh se c6
101 lap plan trAng bao phu sau do chop gai trdi bi d6i mau den, lan &an vao
lam ca trdi bi kilo den. Trdi bi benh kem phdt tridn, cum nh6 hoc lop.

Hinh 3.56 Benh phdn trdng tren trdi claim chore

11- Benh deim vi khuein

Hinh 3.57 Benh &in vi khucin tren•trai ca chua (trdi) vet Id bdp cdi (plied)
286 CHLICNG 3

1- Binh su'cing mai

Hinh 3.58 Benh swing rnai tren ca chua - khoai tay - tao

12- .130'nh bei hong ,tren trai xoai

Ngm Capnodium mangifera phat trien tren yo xoai thanh nhang ming
den. Ngrn. Meliola mangifera thi lai tao thanh nhUng do-m nh6 barn tren be
mAt la, than, hoa va trai. Ngm benh lam IA giam kha nang quang hap, gay
rung trai non va lam trai giam gia tri finking phdm.
Rau trai. IA loci thtic an tacri va là thtic an cao cap, nhang yth tap quail
trong rau trai ctia nguari trong trot nude to hien nay là dimg nhieu thu6c bao
ye thkic vat de phong trii cdc loci sau benh, se clan de'n h'au qua là du lung
thu6c trong rau trai sau thu hoach rat cao, ytiot quA quy dinh cho phep, lam
anh Infang den slit khoe cho ngutri tieu dung va rat tra ngai cho xudt khdu.
Vi du nhu khi trong hanh tay, nho nguti trong trot a Ninh Thuan phai
phun thu6c tit 60 den 90 Mn trong m.Qt vu. Khi trong ca chua, khoai tay
ngutri trong trot q Da Lat phai phun thuo-c tit 30 dgn 40 Fan... W pi-11=g dien
an town, viec, lam tren là khong the chgp nhAn ductc. Chuang trinh nghien
cdu phong trii sau benh hai tren rau trai theo quan IY dich hai tong hqp
(IPM) da duac tign hanh nham lam giam di s6 ran dung thuo-c hoa hoc, tang
gia tri hang h6a ctia rau trai, bao ye moi trtelng va stIc khoe cho con ngtted.
 Chu'cing 4

THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUtil

4.1 CAC YEU TO TRU THU HOACH ANN HUNG DEN CHAT WONG RAU TRAI
SAU THU HOACH
Nang suat thu hoach, gia tri dinh &fang va chat Wang dia rau trai tuai
sau thu hoach phu thu6c nhieu vao nhang dieu kien tac d6ng trong su6t qua
trinh sink truang va phat trien track thu hoach. Sau khi thu hoach rau trai
tad, to chi c6 the tim cach bao ye chat Wong da c6 khi thu hoach va tim
cach giit nguyen chat lacing d6 ding lau cang tot.
De dap thig nhu can khach hang ngay cang cao ve chat lacing rau trai
va thu duct lai nhuan t6i da tit nhQng san phSm d6 nguti sin xuat can
phai chu trong den khau trong trot (track thu hoach). DO la nhang yeu to vd
di truy6n, thai 661,, hoa hoc, th6 nhuang, nhang yeu to khac naa va sit ket
lictp tac &Ong qua lai giaa nhang ydu to d6. M6t cach tong quat, co the chia
cac yeu to tren thanh hai nhOm:
- Cac yeu to thai tiet nhir nhiOt da, anh sang, dO dm khong khi, t6c
dO gi6
- Cac yeti to trong trot nhu titai tieu, da mau mar dm cidt, gi6ng cay
cac loaf h6a chat sit dung cho cay...

4.1.1 re/u to thdi tiet

Th?ii tiet khac nghiet da giai han su* phat trien cua nganh nong
nghiep tai nhieu qu6c gia. Tat ca cac qua trinh gieo trong, thu hoach, bao
quan trai sau thu hoach, tham chi den ca vi0c to chile tiep thi, plan ph6i
san phdm, cung deu chiu anh hung trip tie-p hoc gidn tie"p cad nhUng bi6n
1dOng thai tiet. Thai tiet da gay nen nhung ton that nang nd cho san xuat
nong san n6i chung va rau trai not rieng. Khong the nao dieu khidn &roc
r cac trdn mua da , nhitng trdn gio xody, mua bao, nhang dat gia lanh ice° dai.
t HiOn turgng x6i mon dat trong, con trung, benh hai tren cay cung chiu anh
Ihttang bai thai tiet.
288 CHLICAIG 4

1- Nhi e
- t d()

M6i loci \Tung khi hAu khac nhau co nhUng loai cay rau trai khac nhau.
Rau trai diiqc phan loai claa vac) v.Ang khi hau, on dai, a nhi0t dai, nhidt &h.
NOi_dung nay da ducic trinh bay a chdang 2. Do do, nhi0t dO du'qc coi lA cac
hay thip cang thy thuOc loai cay. 25°C là nhi0t dO cao d6i vai rau trai on dai
nhung lai IA nhi0t di) thip d6i vdi cay rau trai nhi0t dai.
Nhi0t dO t6i thich cho cay phat trign nhanh vd kith thu'ac, hinh clang
thing khong trong vai didu kin nhidt dO tgi thich de cay sinh tong hqp
tich luy chit dinh &fang. Hcin nila, nhi0t dO dd tich luy mot loai chit din!:
dung nay cling khong giong nhi0t do de tich luy chit crnh dating khac, vi
vay, tity vac) nhu can chit lacing, to co thd didu khien nhi0t dO trong.
Nhi0t dO Ian Ilan 25°C se lAm giam lycopene cda ca chua lAm ca chuf
kern do ma c6 mat' cam hay do cam. Ngaqc 14i, hAm lacing chit kilo has tan
acid ascorbic, cac acid hilu ca khdc lai tang vi nhi0t dO se thtic cid?), cac phar
ang sinh h6a. Tren 12°C, vo va naac cam valentica khong c6 matt cam turcri v
qua trinh sinh tong hqp beta-carotene bi (lc ch6.
Nhi0t do cao c6 thd lam cho cac loai rau than cu giam tich luy tinh bO
do qua trinh quang hqp bi giam va qua trinh ho hip 14i tang len. Nhi0t di
qua cao ding co the tao nen nhang vet nam nau hay den tren trai ca chua
tieu, du'a chuOt, hanh, toi, khoai tay...

Bang 4.1 Cox loai cay tic/ nhzZng ton thitang do nhit do

Loai rau trai Ten thtldng do nhi0t (10

Bap cal Co hat seirn, Ia cO d6m den, ngon chay nam

Rau dip Ngon chay nam, gan Ia mat mau, cO dom nau
Mang tay Than x6p, r-Ong
Toi Ldp sap bi t6n that
Khoai tay RuOt bi den, de bi nhie- m Penh
CO cal CO nail

Dgi vai nhi0t dO thgp, chanh, xoai co kha nang chiu dung tot vc
nhang t6n thuang do lanh. HAm lacing protein va tinh bOt cua khoai Ian
tang. HAm lacing thiamin WI riboflavin cila bong cai xanh va 136p cai can
tang. Khoai tay trdng.,6- nhidt dO du'cli 10°C se c6 v6 mau sAm c6 le IA do qn
trinh chuydn h6a of tinh bOt thanh dieing bi giam xu6ng. CA chua, daa 14
khoai tay va trai c6 mai gia tang t.'y 10 ha hOng vat ly. Dila c6 nhidu doh
nau trong thit trai.
 THU HOACH RAU TRAI 289

2- Caerng cl() anh sang

Anh sang IA dung lu'c cho qua trinh quang hcsp, IA nguyen nhan dgy
manh qua trinh ho hgp. Anh sang cung la tac nhan xuc tac cho phan tang oxy
haa khii sinh hoc trong rau trai.
Cutting do anh sang cao (yang nhidt clai, ban nhiet MO se lam tang
cutting phan iing hoa sinh, gitip trai tang ham lacing chgt, kho has tan, giam
lu'dng acid hat cd (chit ydu d6i vai trai c6 mui, xoAi). Tuy nhien, ndu eating c10
anh sang qua cao, dac bidt là anh sang trkic tidp se lam cho cu khoai tay c6
matt xanh, giam kh6i lacing va di) day vo ctia trai co mai. Ngtioc lai, cutting di)
anh sang ydu se tao nen mAti do sAm cho CA chua.
MOt s6 loai cay trong khong chiu clacic anh sang qua gAt, phai du'oc
tremg trong nhA, hay co the day nhu ngm hay nhiing loai rau trai c6 nhigu
hoat chgt khong no, de bi oxy hoe.
CA chua trong ngotti trtii nang chila nhigu dating va chgt kho ITha tan
hart là trong trong bong ram. Cu cai yang thu hoach buOi sang se chaa nhi6u
riboflavin ho'n cu cai thu hoach a cac thtri didm khdc trong nety. Thiamin tong
hop trong cay lA do tac (Ring )(tic tac cua anh sang, tinging tap trung ct la.
Cay trong cidoi anh sang manh se c6 nhu cau sat cao hcm cac loai cay
khac. Nhin chung thi tac Ong caa anh sang len cac loai cay thy thutic vao loai
gi6ng cay, thOi gian chidu sang, nhidt dO vh ca cac loai khoang trong dgt trong.
Bang 4.2 Anh haang cda bong ram den ham latcmg chat kho ciia trai
ca chua va ham lacing da&ng trong dish ep
G16ng ch chua Dal Wong Kh6ng bong ram Bong ram
Potentate Ham kicing chit kho, % 6,4 5,7
Wang, g/100mL 3,8 3,0
Ailsa Craig Ham *Mg chit kh6, % 7,0 5,6
Dion., •/100mL 3,7 2,7

3- DO dm tacing dal khong khi

D6 aim kh6ng khi cao trong qua trinh phat trien se gitip cho trai tang
loch thltdc, tang do chAc, tang ham hiong chgt kho haa tan, giam do day vo.
Tuy va:Y, mui vi cua mot so loci trai (xotti) se bi kern di.
4- Tik c10 gib
T6c c10 gi6 cao trong qua trinh phai tridn se lam cho trai xoai, chu6i c6
nhidu vet seo tren vo. Giong chu6i Musa, con bi giam kich tholc vi giO manh.
Gib can lam tang qua trinh b6c hdi woe, lam cho la heo, tang tST le ha hong
%It ly cho cac loai rau
290 CHUUNG 4

4.1.2 Cac yeit to gieo trong

1- Ti hi tieu
Noffc la ygu to tai can thigt cho sit song rau tali. Mu6n cay phat tridn
t6t phai cung cap du nu'dc theo nhu cau cila tong loai cay va mOi loai cay cung
can dgn nhting each Wed tieu khac nhau. Mica nhigu thi Uteri it, co bi0n phap
tranh ngdp Ling, the ddy. Mtia it, thigu ntidc thl phai Wed cho du. Co loai cay
phai tudi hang ngay, co loai chi tudi hang tuan, hang tilting, hay hang nem.
Nhin chung, cay dive cung cap du miac trong thdi gian phat trier se
tao nen san pham co chgt lacing cao. Trai có mtii se co nhigu rnk, it chua do
giam thanh phan acid.

Bang 4.3 Anh hdang cua c14 ci'6 hien tieu cheit lacing cda giong dem) Elberta

Chi d6 ail ly DO chic' Chit kh6 him tan, % pH Acldb Mau thit trar

12,70 3,55 3,61 0,234

TUdi trong ca mua vu 6,36
6,64 12,83 3,53 3,24 0,256
ChT tUoi di cu6i Vt,1
6,46 13,75 3,57 3,16 0,223
Khong tUdi
a- Do bang may do d6 chgc Asco, lkg kh6i Mpg tac dOng trong 30 giay
b- S6 ml NaOH 0,1N trung h6a 5g mau deo
c- May do dO sai bi0t mau Hunter, tit 10 a/b.

Cay thigu flack thl trai se kilo heo, kern phat trier va kith thtidc, giam
dd ngot. Du dti thigu miac tali se co goc canh, teo top, chu6i se giam kith
tint& va giam nang suet thu hoach. 'Nang tit nhit vdy, ltigng nide dti trong
dgt trong se lam tang tS, 10 trai bd vd, giam ham lacing chgt Mid, tang pH
dich trai dgi vdi ca chua. Khoai lang co thd giam ham hang chgt khO,
protein, dd chat va mau nhat hon. Dgt bi ngdp Ling to mdt den hai tuan trade
khi thu hoach se tang tST' 10 hit hong, thgt thoat, giam thdi gian bao quan sou
thu hoach d6i vdi nhiing loai cu re.

2- DO mew ma clic; chit

Thitc an cho cay ngoai ntioc con co cac loai chgt khoang da lacing nhd
nita, phosphor, kali... ChM, Icholing vi lacing nhur calci, boron...). Stt can thigt
ctia cac loai khoang d6i vdi chit lacing rau trai Tit rd rang. Cay doge 1)6 sung
tb
day dit khoang ding se cho trai c6 chgt ltigng cao. Ciing gigng nhtt cac ygu
khdc, nhu cau cua rau-trai vg khoang ding khOng gigng nhau, chi hay thib
d'eu khong t6t.
D6i vdi bap ngot, cung cap du N va P se lam tang ham lacing dadng:
D6i vdi cam, dti N se lam giam kith Ulu& trai, tang dd day va, va keo
THU HOACH RAU TRAI Tun 291

ti ii gian chuygn mau vo cam, Du P se gay nen ha hong clang soc nhu cay
vier chi tren than cay rau can tay. Trong s6 cac loai khoang vi lacing, Ca la
thanh phan quan trong nhat va ngu thi6u Ca se gay nhitng r6i loan sinh 1Sr
nhu th6i cu6ng hoa o cay ca chua, hoac nhang vet clang trong thit trai tao.
Boron, dung ding la nhang khodng vi lacing can thigt cho cdc loai cay trai.
Thieu B trai du del se c6 nhigu cue bolu chai can, thigu Cu trai c6 mai ding
bi nhang r6i loan va tao thanh nhang man cdng ngoai va.
Thanh phan khoang nita lam tang Jiang suat thu hoach, nhung it c6
anh haang den thanh phan dinh dtrcmg. The dung ciia Ca tuy thu6c vao pH dm
dat trong. Kim se lam tang thanh pilaf" Ca trong cu cai, cai xoan va tao.
Bang 4.4 Anh /Jiang cda kali len ham luong tinh b5t cda khoai tdy

Ham lu'Ong tinh bdt, % ring vdi ILIOng khosing kali bon vho dgt
Gigng khoai tay
Khong bon K 56kg/ha 112kg/ha 168kg/ha

Up to date 15,7 17,5 17,4 19,3

Craig'g Defiance 18,1 18,6 19,3 19,1
Hybrid 0.N.1360 18,6 18,4 19,5 18,6
Kufri Safed 19,6 20,1 21,3 21,0
Kufri Red 19,7 19,2 18,5 20,1
Kufri Kuber 20,0 23,2 21,4 21,7

Bang 4.5 Ham luting carotenoid diet ca rat tuang ring obi nhzZng the dO
bon phdn khac nhau, (mg/kg cu tztai)

Thanh phgn phan bon Beta-carotene Alpha-carotene Xanthophyll

0 105,7 44,0 10,1
NPKMg 134,3 51,9 17,2
-PKMg 143,5 47,8 14,1
N-KMg 122,7 55,2 11,9
NP-Mg 149,9 59,4 14.7
NPK- 137,3 59,4 12,7

0: khong b6n phan; NPKMg: bOn phan day -PKMg: thigu N;

N-KMg: thigu P; NP-Mg: thigu K; NPK-: thigu Mg.

Khi mu6n trong rnOt loai cay nao, ta can phai tim higu yeu cau Ar6 dat
dai va khodng ctia n6. Neu digu kien dat triing chua cl4t, yeu cat.' ta phdi tien
hanh b6n phan, xdri dat. Sau mOt thdi gian trong cay, dgt c6 thg bi bac mau
do thi6u but khoang lac da phai tign hanh cai tao (Mt (bon phan chu6ng,
than, la trai, xac thing vat).
 CHLEING 4
292

Bang 4.4 va 4.5 thd hien nhiing anh Intang cda cac loaf khoang len
thanh phan dinh &tang &la cac loci cay trai.

3- Giong cay tong,

Trong tong viec tr6ng trot, chon ditac gi6ng cay tot va bao ye duoc
gi6ng cay do khOng bi thodi h6a la ydu t6 quydt dinh sit thanh cong. Gi6ng
cay guy dinh hinh dang, kith thuac, chat luang cho rau trai.
CO nhidu phuang phap tuydn chon gi6ng cay trong. Cach truyd'n thong
nhat la chon giong, tuydn luta nhiing bidn di phd hop yeti yeu cau va di
truydn, nhan gi6ng qua nhidu thd he. Cung c6 thd tao gi6ng lai phi" hop yen
cau bang each ghep canh, lai tao. Gan day nhgt, nha sit phat tridn cua Ong
nghe sinh hoc, bien phdp chuygn d6i gene dang la cong cu hi'eu qua cho
nhfing muc dich khac nhau &la nha di truyen hoc.
Chuydn d6i gene là mang nhiing tinh trang tat vao gi6ng cay ma bang
pinking phdp chon gi6ng truyAn th6ng khong lam duoc, thong qua viec nuoi
cay tdi phiin va sit dung 1(57 thug tai t6 hop DNA. Cay trong chuygn dgi gene
da dat dtiac nhidu thanh Wu to lan trong nhiing nam On day. Tuy nhien,
viec thig dung Ong rai cac gi6ng cay tr6ng chuygn dgi gene cling con nhidu
dieu phai can nhac do nguy co tao nen nhang chgt gay di ling hay gay ung
that vao thuic phgm va nguy ect tieu diet ca nhC - ing sinh vat khong can diet
trong tti nhien. Mdc du vay, t6c dO phat tridn cUa ksr thuat nay dien To
nhanh ddri dO ch6ng mat.
Hien nay, da co khoang 45 nit& da tidn hanh cac thi nghiem chuyb
dgi gene tren cay tr6ng. Ddn nam 1997, da co 48 sari phgm tit 12 gi6ng cay
trong chuygn d6i gen da thuong mai hoa nhu' bap, cai dau, ca chua, bong..
Dien tich tr6ng cay chuygn d6i gen ding tang theo cap s6 nhari. Nam 2000,
dien tich tr6ng cay chuydn dgi gene da tang 10 Lan so vai nam 1997. Nhiea.
nhgt la a my, 30 trieu hecta, hay a Argentina, 10 trieu hecta. Cdc tinh trang.
gene thuang duccc chuydn la ch6ng chiu thu6c trii co (36%), cai tign chgt 101
cay tr6ng (19%), khang sau hai (15%), cac tinh trang khac (20%).
Tniac day cac nha di truydn hoc cang nha nhiing chon va n1101
gi6ng cay trong thuOng chi quan tam tao nen nhiing gi6ng cay cho
nmo
suat cao, co kha nang ch6ng chiu benh, thich ling yeti nhiing dieu kien
o
truang ddc biet, doi khi` con chi $r them ye hgp clan ben ngoais
phgm. Trong qua triiih nhan gi6ng va chon gio'ng thanh phan dinh den
chi la ydu to bidn d6i Wong ling, chi thu nhan &roc sau khi da chon Ong
mot giong mai.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLICI 293

Vi du nhu gi6ng dua lieu Happy Sweet, khong hat, dO ngot cao, vo
mang, thai gian sinh true ng ngan 58+60 ngay, nen ham 7+10 ngay so vai
cay có hat, nang suet 25t6n/ha, tang 5+7tdraha. Hai gi6ng khO qua lai tao Fl
Big49 N/A Big14 lai co:5 Icha nAng thich nghi rOng hcrn d6i vai di6u kien trong
trot, Idia nang ch6ng chiu sau benh t6t, nAng suet cao 40+30an/ha.
NgAy nay, do yeu cau ngay cang cao cua nguai tieu dung v6 tinh nang
dinh duang hoc do yeu cau v6 an toan ye sinh thuc pham, cdc y6u to nhu
ham lacing protein cao u lua ml, tang lucrng vitamin C va carotene a ca chua,
tang lacing lysine, tryptophan a bap, giam ham lucrng solanin a khoai tay...
da va dang tra thanh m6i quan tam &la ngatii lAm tong tdc .chon va nhan
gi6ng cay trong.
Cdc gi6ng ca chua nhot lai Fl Thri3; Hang 1657, Ti6u Met va Kim Chau
khdng ducrc benh heo ru, chiu aim va chiu nhiet Ichd t6t, dang trdi hinh
ellipse dAi mAu do tuai (They H6ng, Kim Chau) hay yang cam (Tieu Met)
Ong khoang 13g/trcii, thit dai, cl0 &fang 8,5+9 va 9,5°Bx (Thiry Hang, Kim
Chau, Tie2u Met), trdi cuing, d6 van chuy6n, thai gian bao quan lau.
Cdc nhA khoa hoc Anh da tign Minh cai bi6n gene tren mOt gi6ng
rau Wang tur 136p cai Arabidopsis, dua hai loai gene tit tao bin va mOt loai
gene tit nem vao cay rau. Cdc loai gene nay se phdt trien thanh cdc acid
beo can thigt cho con ngudi IA omega 3, omega 6, ca tdc dung t6t cho benh
tim mach.

Bang 4.6 Chit luring can trcii dao Freestc.ne

Chit kh8 him Acid tong,

Gi6ng dad DO chic° DO kh6, % Mau thit traib
tan, % %citric

Collings 41,3 11,2 12,5 0,614 4,7

Red Cap 55,0 9,7 10,7 0,395 4,8

Sunhaven 56,3 9,6 10,4 0 ,5e 7 5,1

Dixired 55,9 11,3 12,0 0,456 6,7

Redhaven 56,1 10,6 11,6 0,440 6,7

Keystone 56,9 9,8 10,4 0,453 6,3
Sunhigh 54,7 11,3 11,6 0,494 6,5
Blake 55,6 13,0 14,0 0,600 7,2
Elberta 58,3 12,9 13,5 0,5(.3 7,3

a- Do bang may do d6 chac Asco, 1 kg kh6i lUdng tdc Ong trong 30 gidy
b- DAM gid bang h6i clOng cam quan Om 6 thanh vien voi thang di6m tit 0 diem
(x6u nhat) d6n 10 diem (tuy6t voi nh6t).
294 CHUONG 4

Bang 4.7 MO so" gio'ng rau trai dang claw trong 0 VOt Nam

Gi6ng rau trai Nguon g'c Nang suit liu diim

(1) (2) (3) (4)
Gi6ng vai thik Nhan gi6ng tU cay vai 20,7.g/trai Trai hinh cgu, chin c6 mau do
Thanh Ha to Than Thuy Lam, xa 8+10 tan/ha tudi, gai thUa, ngan. Tjt la
Thanh Son, huyen phan an dUdc 75%,
(cay 8+10 nam)
Thanh Ha, tinh Hai 184-21°Bx, thit trai chac, vi
DUOng ngot dam, thdm.
Gi6ng vai Wing D6t bien ti,! nhien, 23,5 g/trai Trai hinh tron, hdi dai, khi
Long Vian NC rau trai )(a 10+15 tan/ha chin co mau do sam, gai
Hung Long, huyen thua, no'i. Ty le phan an &roc
(cay 8+10 nam)
Doan Hung, tinh Phu 72%, 17+20°Bx, vi ngot, hdi
Tho. chua nhe.
Gi6ng vai !al Lai tU nhien,- 33,5 g/trai Trai to, hinh trUng, khi chin c6
Binh Khe xa Binh Khe, huyen 124.-15 tan/ha mau do tharn, mong y6, gai
Dong Trieu, tinh Quang thifa, ngan.
(cay 30 nam)
Ninh. Tjt la phan an dudc 71,5%,
17+20°Bx, vi ngot thanh.
Gi6ng vai lai Lai tu nhien, 30 g/trai Thai hinh tim, khi chin co mau
Hting Yen xa Dong Mai, huyen 12+16 tan/ha d6 yang rat dep.
Yen Hung, tinh Quang (cay 20 nam) Ty la phan an duoc 73,2%,
Ninh. 18:-.20°Bx, vi ngot, hdi chua
Gi6ng nho Til M9, Thai Lan, Y TT 5+8 tan/ha/vu ChOm to, trai IOn. kha nang
Black Queen, Gi6ng va KT cay trot-1g khang banh t6t... thich hop
NH01 -48, (SO NN&PTNT Phi.) vdi dal cat.
Catinal Yen)
BuOi long c6 co Thai gian: 7-7,5 thang 9504-1050 g/trai Ch6ng chiu t6t banh yang la
Thu hoach: thang 8-12 >100 trai/nam th6i re. Trai hinh trai le, vo
(cay 7 nam) xanh den xanh yang khi chin,
tap mat. yang, vi ngot chua
nhe, 9,5+10,5°Bx.
Tit la thit trai 454-50%, mui
thdm, it hat (0+30 hat trai).

Gi6ng bUai Chon giong tu nhien 1+1,2 kg/trai Ngon, nang suat cao va on
Nam Roi Doanh nghiap tU nhan dinh. Trai c6 hinh trai le, khi
Hoang Gia (Huyen Binh chin co mau yang nhat, v6
Minh, Vinh Long) mOng, r iiii buoi mdng nudc,
vi ngot thanh va khong the. .,

Gi6ng tniai Btioi during la cam 1+1,5 kg/trai Hinh dang nhu trai le, to vim.
Tan Trik Dong Nai ,-• Vo mau xanh sang, runt mau
(Bien Floa) tring hdi yang.
Thdm ngon, nhieu nuoc, ngot
hdi chua.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUOI 295

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Gi6ng bUdi da Ong Ba R6 (xa Thanh 1+1,5 kg/trai Trai dartg cau, khi chin v6 h0i
xanh (Bitai Tan, MO Cay, Ben Tre) seri, mau xanh dam, ru6t trai
BR99) du0c cong nhan quyen mau h6ng do. Vi ngot thanh,
so huu tit thang 6/2005 gion, it hoac khong h6t, rao
nu6c, hau ngQt kh6ng nhin.

Vu saa Lo Ren Thai gian: 9 thang 300+350 g/traiIra' khi to, dang trai tr6n, khi
chin mau xanh yang (CO iing
Thu hoach: thang 2-3 350+450
tim 6 day trai), va mong, bong
kacav
/ /nam (cay
Xill9 ra hoa sdm: thang - , Ian° 10i trai nho. Chit Iiiond
12 den thang 1 nam
20 narn) - ' ,., -
trai rat ngon, thit dai, mem,
sou nhieu nitoc, 15+18°Bx, mOi
thorn va ty 10 phan an duoc
60+70%.

Xoai Khieu sa ThOi gian: 30 thang 250+300 g/trai Trai xoai khOng Idn, dang
vcii thug dai, vo xanh dam, trai
Thu hooch: thang 3-4 50 kg/cay/nam,
gia co 166 phan pha ben
V.119 ra hoa sawn: thang cay 5 nam ngoai vo. Thit mau yang nhat,
1-2 min, ngot, gift, khong XCJ, hat
nho dai va tit le phan an dil6c
78+80°/o.

Gi6ng dila xiem Nhan gi6ng bang cay 12 trai/bu6ng Trai c6 dang gi6ng nhu trai
la dila ph6i gi6ng to Thai Lan, dila xiem xanh, nudc ngQt,
xa Hung Phong, huy0n corn rat mong thorn mili la
Giong Tram, Ben Tre dila.

Gi6ng ca rot lai C6ng ty Seminis, USA 1,5+1,6 tan/sao Tr6ng tren dot ru6ng va dal
PS 3496 bai, cu dang chop dai
Thai gian: 95+100 ngay
18+20cm, mau yang cam
dam. L6i nhO, do tuoi, it x6.

GI6ng ca chua Lai Fl tU g6c An D6 100÷120 g/trai Khang benh heo do n *am,
Avinash 2 bOnh d6m la va bOrth virus
(HN512) yang xoan la, Tau trai tot, trai
tron vuong thich hop nhiet d6
15+25°C.

Gi6ng dua leo COng ty Gi6ng cay 200+300 g/trai Trai dai 18+22cm, runt nho,
lai F1 DV-178 tr6ng Dal Viet, nhap not thit day, gi6n, khOng clang,
tit cong ty Seminis, chiu &roc benh yang la,
USA arcing mai, phan tra'ng.
296 ,0 cn
c
,
.6 EE
0) ,co. t)
cc7) .,
b • c-) -0
E ,0" ',6
-c -0-
U 'o Z '0 -c '= '0 .c I- }-

•„c 0) 1..,
-ea c 9 .-... = .c
c ,a3
,... co- ,r0 c
Y c (...)
45 0 •,--
....... i• u)
cCO.

3., c --..;,' CO CI)

•-• ci -ca
-,... 0 ,- c
-,- .--• t7) .- ,
1- to c: (.0 •R!
_C
•..-- ',- ..--.

.-
IL, -„„
-
'l.
C) 0
0) •-•
c 'qzD 1:
tO
(.0 N- -
-.__
>MI c-= 0) 0)
to 0 0 0
Z 0 .113 to (0 CD CO
`. .r._ CNJ

(.0 co co co (L)
>. 0) C CI) 0)
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THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUO'l 301

4- Cele loci hoa chat sti dyng

a- Thudc bdo ve thifc vat (TBVTV)
Dich hai là nhang load sinh vat NIA vi sinh vat gay hai cho cay trong,
chang là nguyen nhan chit yeu gay that thodt hay giam phdm chat ctia san
phdm rau trai. Cdc loai dich hai thating gap IA sau hai, benh hai, c6 dai,
chuOt, nhen do, tuyen Th6ng ke cho thay thiet hai do sau chiem
khoang 13,8%, do benh 11,6%, do co dai 9,5%, phan con lai là do nhiing
nguyen nhan khdc.
TBVTV là nhang nhom h6a chat c6 thanh phdn khdc nhau, &lac dung
de phong nem sau berth gay hai trong san xuat nong nghiep. Neu khOng sit
dung TBCTV thi 50% mita mang N/A nang ski& bi phd hai. Cj VN hien m6i
nam tieu thu tren 30.000 tan TBCTV. Diem c6 lai caa TBCTV IA diet dich
hai nhanh, c6 kha nang than clang duct ski tan phd caa sau benh hai, cho ket
trai triet de ro ret, g6p phan nang cao phdm chat va nang sudt cho san
phdm. Diem c6 hai IA de gay dOc cho ngatii dp dung thu6c, de lai der lacing
trong Ming san, gay 6 nhiem m6i tratmg song, gay nen hien Wang khong
thu6c d6i yeti dich hai. Gia tri LD50, lieu gay chet 50% ca the dung thi
nghiem (mg hoat chat/kg vat thi nghiam), duac dimg de Neu thi tinh dOc caa
tang loai TBVTV. Gid tri nay tang nho, dO dOc tang cao.
C6 nhieu each phan loai TBVTV data vao cau tao hoa hoc hay mac dich
sit dung, diet sau, diet nam, diet co dai, diet chuOt, diet 6c burciu yang... M6t
san phdm TBVTV mu6n duac lora hAnh sit dung thi phai tuan thu nhang yeu
cdu sau:
- Co tinh dOc cao doi sinh vat gay hai
- An toan d6i vai cay trong, hat giong, khong anh twang den phdm
chat tieing san
- An toan yeti ngadi sit dung, vat nuoi, khong tich lay trong cct the sinh
vat. Khong gay ung that, quai thai hoac cac benh hiem ngheo khdc •
- Thu6c phai c6 tinh chon loc cao, it dOc yeti thien dich
- Phan giai nhanh khong gay 6 nhiem moi tracing song
- each sit dung de clang, de bao trai va chuyen chef
- Khong qua (lat tiAn, phai dem lai hieu trai kinh to cao
- Phai dacic hOi d6ng khoa hoc nha nu' ac chap nhan va phai c6 giay
phep caa cct quan chart nang trai 1Yr.
Logi TBVTV mai dang chive dp dung khd r6ng rai IA thu6c tra sau sinh
hoc (TTSSH). Day IA nhO'ng hap chat (Iliac chit xuat tit ca the sau hai hoac
IA nhiing chat clutac the !Dien W nhang vi sinh vat gay hai cho chung. TTSSH
c6 kha nang lam thay d6i qud trInh phat trier' sinh hoc binh thaang cua sau
302 CHUMG 4

hai theo chieu Int6ng bk, loi. Cac hop chgt cid duoc nghien cub thanh ding va
bay ban tren thi trutng là:
- Hoc mon ch6ng let xac a sau non
- Chgt dAn du sinh duc, thu htit cac ca the khac giai tinh ding loai
- Thu6c trit sau vi sinh, trich tii dOc to vi khudn Bacillus thuringiensis,
gay hu hang he thong ruet, & cac loai sau non.
TBVTV có the a dang long hay bet, thutng cluoc vo chai, &rig goi co
dAc nen khi phun can phai pha logng vdi dung moi IA mite. Thu6c dang hat
hoAc dang c6m thing dutc chg Men cho tien sit' dung nen chi can rai hoc
rat theo hang tryc tiep tren citing rueng.

b- Thuoc dieu hem sinh tracing (DHST)

Chuang 1 da giUi thieu va cac chat nay va tac dung cim cluing trong
qua trinh phat tridn cua cay. Cdc chk nay da duoc nghien ct u trich chie't
hay tong hop de tao thanh cac loai thu6c didu hoa sinh truang, sit dung theo
muc dich cua ngurtri trOng trot.
Thu& DHST dutc chia thanh hai loai:
- Thu6c kich thich sinh tru'ang
- Thu6c etc the sinh tru'Ong.
Thu& kich thich sinh tracing (KTST): gitip cho qua trinh chuydn
hOa nhanh, &du, tang nang sugt thu hoach, tang chk luong vg kich tint&
san phdm.
Giberellic Acid (GA): Om 1926, nha nghien cdu Nhat, Kurosawa da
phat hien loai nazi Gibbella fujikusoi san sinh ra rnOt chat có tac dung ay
manh sit phat trign cua rau trai theo Int6ng tang s6 lacing va tang kich thu6c.
Nam 1938, chk, kich thich sinh truang Gibberellin da &roc tach ra tit loai
'lam nay, den nam 1983 da co 60 loai GA dd 'throe thttcrng mai hoa voi ic)%
hiOu tit GA1 den GA60, trong do GA3 c6 hoat tinh cao nhgt.
Thy loai rau trai ma cluing loai, tST be va thOi diem sit dung thu6c kich
thich sinh tracing se khac nhau. Nang sugt thu hoach trai co min se tang
60% nen phun 200ppm/ha thu6c KTST len trai km con nho. Neu phun
10+20ppm thu6c KTST len rau xanh track thu hoach 5+10 ngay thi nang
suk se tang 50% tang ca vg-s6 hivng 'An va kich thu6c.
Thu& che, sinh tracing (UCST): ddy nhanh qua trinh chin va lao
h6a, giam ra hoa sam, trai deu. Thu6c UCST thutng gAp là ethephon, mot
dang hop chdt Wang tur ethylen.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TIXJI 303

Bang 4.9 Danh inuc thu6c BVTV chew phep su clung a Vip't Narn

Stt I Ten hoot chit Ten thttdng msl

Thu6c trif sau

1 Abamectin Abatimex L8EC; Abatin; Alfatin; Binhtox; Brightin;

Nockout; Tgp ky; Vertimec; Vibamex

2 Abamectin 0,2% + dgu Song Ma 24.5EC

khoang, dgu hoa tieu 24,3%

3 Acephate (min 97%) Anitox 50SC; Appenphate 75SP; Asataf 75SP; Lancer
40EC, 50SP, 75SP, 4G; Mace 75SP; MO-annong
40EC; Monster 40EC, 75WP; Mytox 75SP, 40EC, 5H;
Orthene 97Pellet; Pace 75SP; Viaphate 75BHN

4 Acetamiprid (99,57%) Mospilan 3EC, 20SP

5 Acrinathrin (99,0%) Rufast 3EC

6 Alanycarb (95%) On ic 30 EC

7 Alpha-Cypermethrin (min 90%) Ace 5EC; Alfathrin 5EC; Alpha 5EC, 10EC; Alphacide
5EC, 10EC; Alphan 5EC; Anphatox 5EC; Antaphos
50EC; Bestox 5EC; Cyper-Alpha 5ND; Dantox 5EC;
Fastac 5EC; Fastocid 5EC; Fentac 2EC; Fastac 5EC;
Motox 5EC, 2.5EC; Pertox 5EC; Sapen - Alpha 5EC;
Supertox 5EC; Tiper - Alpha 5EC; Unitox 5EC; Vifast
5ND, 10SC; Visca 5EC

8 Alpha-Cypermethrin 1% + Hopfa 41EC

Fenobucarb 40%

9 Amitraz (min 97%) Mitac 20EC

10 Artemisinin Visit 5EC

11 Azadirachtin Aza 0.15EC; Jasper 0.3EC; Neem Bond - A EC

(1000ppm); Nimbecidine 0.03EC; Vineem 1500EC

12 Bacillus thuringiensis Bacterin 18.T WP; Biobit 16K WP, 32B FC; Biocin
(var.Kurstaki) • 16WP, 8000SC; Crymax 35WP; Delfin WG (32BIU);
Dipel 3.2WP, 6.4DF; Firibiotex - C3.109 bao tit/ml dich
co dgc; Forwabit 16WP, 32B FC; Kuang Hwa Bao WP
16000IU/mg; MVP 10FS; Thuricide HP, OF36BIU; Vi -
BT 16000WP, 32000WP; V.K 16WP, 32WP
13 Bacillus thuringiensis var.T 36 TP - thgn t6c 16.000IU

14 Bacillus thuringiensis Aztron 7000 DBMU; Bathurin S 3.109 — 5.109 bt/ml;

(var.aizawai) Xentari 35 WDG, 15FC
304 CHIIONG 4

Stt Ten hoat chgt Ten thtking n*

15 Bacillus thuringiensis at:mg hop 32 BTN, 16 BTN
(var.aizawai) 32000IU
(16000IU) + Nosema sp
(nguyen sinh Ong vat có
bao tCr) 5.107bt/g + Beauveria
Bassiana 1.107bt/g

16 Bacillus thuringiensis Bitadin WP

var.kurstaki 160001U +
Granulosis virus 100.000.000
PIB

17 Bacillus thuringiensis var. BTH 107 bao tit/mg dang b'Ot khOng tan
osmosisiensis

18 Beauveria bassiana Vuill Boverit 5.0x108 bao tillg

19 Beauveria + Metarhizium + Bemetent
Entomophthorales 2x109 BT/g WP, 2x109 BT/g DP

20 Beta-Cyfluthrin (min 96.2%) Bulldock 025EC

21 Chlorpyrifos ethyl 250g/I + Bull Star 262.5EC

Beta-Cyfluthrin 12.5g/I

22 Beta-Cypermethrin (min Chix 2.5EC

98.0%)

23 Benfuracarb (min 92%) Oncol 20EC; 25WP, 5G

24 Buprofezin (min 98%) Aklaut 10WP; Apolo 25WP; Applaud 10WP, 25SC;
Butal 10WP; Butyl 10WP, 4040WDG, 400SC; Difluent
10WP, 25WP; Encofezin 10WP; Profezin 10WP;
Ranadi 10WP; Viappla 1OBTN

25 Buprofezin 7% + Fenobucarb Applaud - Bas 27BTN

20%

26 Buprofezin 5.0% + - Applaud-Mipc 25BHN; Apromip 25WP

Isoprocarb 20.0% '
27 Cay kh6 sam Luc Son 0.26DD

28 Carbaryl (min 99.0%) Baryl annong 85BTN; Carbavin 85WP; Comet 85WP;
Forvin 85WP; Para 43SC; Saivina 430SC, Sebaryl
85BHN; Sevin 43FW, 85S

29 Carbosulfan (min 93%) Marshal 200SC, 5G; Carbosan 25EC _

30 Cartap (min 97%) Alfatap 95SP; Badannong 95SP, 10G; Cardan 955P;
Ga not 95SP, 4G; Ledan 95SP; Padan 50SP, 95SP,
4G; Patox 95SP, 50SP, 4G; Wofadan 95BHN, 4G;
Vicarp 95BHN, 4H
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUO7 305

Stt Ten hoot chgt Ten thtidng mol

31 Cartap 4% + lsoprocarb Vipami 6.5H

2.5%

32 Chlorfenapyr Secure 10EC

33 Chlorfuazuron (min 94%) Atabron 5EC; Cartaprone 5EC

34 Chlorpyrifos ethyl (min 94%) Bullet 48EC; Chlorban 20EC; Lorsban 30EC, 15G,
75WG; Mapy 48EC; Pyrinex 20EC; Sanpyriphos 20EC,
48EC; Tricel 20EC; Vitashield 40EC
35 Chlorpyrifos ethyl (min 96%) Sago - Super 20EC, 3G; Taron 50EC

36 Chlorpyrifos 250g/I + 25g/I Nurelle D 25/2.5EC

Cypermethrin
37 Chlorpyrifos 53.0% + 5.5% Dragon 585EC
Cypermethrin
38 Chlorpyrifos 459g/I + 45.9g/I , Subside 505EC
Cypermethrin
39 Chromafenozide (min 91%) Phares 50EC

40 Cypermethrin (min 90%) Andoril 100EC, 250EC; Appencyper 35EC; Arrivo 5EC,
10EC, 25EC; Carmethrin 10EC, 25EC; Cymbush 5EC,
10EC; Cymerin 5EC, 10EC, 25EC; Cyper 25EC;
Cyperan 5EC, 10EC, 25EC; Cyperkill 10EC, 25EC,
5EC; Cypermap 10EC, 25EC; Cypersect 5EC, 10EC;
Cyrin 25EC, 20EC, 10EC; Cyrux 5EC, 10EC, 25EC;
Dibamerin 5EC, 10EC, 25EC; Nockthrin 10EC, 25EC;
Power 5EC; Punisx 5.5EC, 25EC; Pycithrin 5EC;
Ralothrin 20EC; Sec Saigon 5EC, 10EC, 25EC, 30EC,
50EC, 10ME, 5ME; Sherbush 5ND, 10ND, 25ND;
Sherbush 5ND, 10ND, 25ND; Sherpa 10EC, 25EC;
Shertox 5EC, 10EC, 25EC; Shouthsher 10EC, 5EC,
25EC; Superrin 10EC, 5EC, 25EC; Tiper 25EC;
Tornado 10EC; Tungrin 10EC; Ustaad 5EC, 10EC;
Visher 25ND, 10EW, 25EW
41 Cypermethrin 2.0% + Metox 809 8EC
lsoprocarb 6.0%
42 Cypermethrin 40% + Forwatrin C 44WSC; Polytrin C 440EC; Polytrin P
Profenofos 400g/I 440EC
43 Cyromazine Trigard 75WP, 100SL.
44 Deltamethrin (min 98%) Appendelta 2.8EC; Bitam 2.5EC; Decis 2.5EC, 25tab;
Delta 2.5EC; Deltaguard 2.5EC; Deltox 2.5EC; Meta
2.5EC; Toxcis 2.5EC; Videci 2.5ND; Wofacis 2.5EC
45 Deltamethrin 6.25% + Dadeci EC
Buprofezin 50%
306 CHLIONG 4

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thuOng moi

46 Diafenthriuron (min 97%) Pegasus 500SC (Polo 5000SC)

47 Diazinon (min 95%) Agrozinon 60EC; Azinon 50EC; Basitox 40EC; Basudin
40EC; Basudin 50EC, 10G; Basutigi 40ND, 50ND,
10H; Cazinon 50ND, 10H; Diaphos 50EC, 10G; Diazan
60EC, 50ND, 10H; Diazol 60EC; Kayazinon 40EC,
50EC, 60EC, 5G, 10G; Phantom 60EC; Subaru 40EC,
10H; Tizonon 50EC; Vibasu 40ND, 50ND, 5H, 10H,
10BR

48 Diazinon 30% (6%) + Vibaba 50ND, 10H

Fenobucarb 20% (4%)

49 Diazinon 5% + lsoprocarb Diamix 5/5G

5%

50 Dimethoate (min 95%) Arriphos 40EC; Bai 58 40EC; Bi - 58 40EC; Bran

40EC, 50EC; Binh - 58 40EC; Bini 58 40EC; Bitox
40EC, 50EC; By 90 40EC; Canthoate 40EC, 50EC;
Dibathoate 40EC, 50EC; Dimecide 40EC; Dimenat
40EC; Dithoate 40EC; Fezmet 40EC; Forgon 40EC,
50EC; Nugor 40EC; Perfekthion 40EC; Pyxoate 44EC;
Tigithion 40EC, 50EC; Vidithoate 40ND; Watox 400EC

51 Dimethoate 280g/I + Alpha- Cyfitox 300EC

Cypermethrin 20g/I

52 Dimethoate 8% + Cypdime (558) 10EC

Cypermethrin 2%

53 Dimethoate 37% + Diditox 40EC

Cypermethrin 3%

54 Dimethoate 27.0% + Nitox 30EC

Cypermethrin 3% _.

55 Dimethoate 300g/I + Dizorin 35EC

Cypermethrin 50g/I

56 Dimethoate 2% + lsoprocarb BM-Tigi 5H; B-N 5H

3% —

57 Dimethoate 20% + Bifentox 30ND

Fenvalerate 10%

58 Dimethoate 21.5% + Fenbis 25EC; Fentox 25EC

Fenvalerate 3.5%

59 Dimethoate 10% + Antricis 15EC

Fenvalerate 3% +
Cypermethrin 2% _-

60 Dimethoate 3% + Cobitox 5G
Trichlorfon 2%
THU HOACH RAU TRAI T1.107 307

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thildng mai

61 ()au botanic + mu6i kali Thu6c sou sinh hoc; Thien nang 1 DD

62 Emamectin (Avermectin B1a Proclaim 1.9EC

70% + 10% Avermectin B1b)

63 Esfenvalerate (min 83%) Alphago 5EC; Carto-Alpha 5EC; Esfel 5EC; Sumi-
Alpha 5EC; Sumisana 5ND; Vifenalpha 5ND

64 Etofenprox (96%) Trebon 10EC, 20WP

65 Etofenprox 5% + Dimethoate Difentox 20EC

15%

66 Ethoprophos (min 94%) Mocap 10G; Nokaph 10G, 20EC; Vimoca 20ND

67 Fenitrothion (min 95%) Factor 50EC; Forwathion 50EC; Mety annong 50EC;
Sagothion 50EC; Suco 50ND; Sumithion 50EC,
100EC; Visumit 50ND, 5BR

68 Fenitrothion 45% + Difetigi 75EC; Subatox 75EC; Sumibass 75EC

Fenoburcarb 30%

69 Fenitrothion 25% + Sumicobi-Alpha 26.25EC

Esfenvalerate 1.25%

70 Fenitrothion 25% + Sagolex 30EC; Suco-F 30ND; Sumicombi 30EC;

Esfenvalerate 5% Sumitigi 30EC; Vifensu 30ND

71 Fenitrothion 45% + Danitol - S 50EC

Fenpropathrin 5%

72 Fenitrothion 2008/kg + Ofatox 400EC, 400WP

200g/kg Trichlorfon

73 Dimethoate 10.5% + TP-Pentin 15EC

Fenvalerate 1.9% +
Cypermethrin 2.6%

74 Fenobucarb (BPMC) Anba 50EC; Bascide 50EC; Bassa 50EC; Bassan

(min 96%) 50EC; Bassatigi 50ND; Dibacide 50EC; Excel Basa
50ND; Forcin 50EC; Hopkill 50ND; Hoppecin 50EC;
Nibas 50ND; Pasha 50EC; Super Kill 50EC; Tapsa
50EC; Triray 50EC; Vibasa 50ND; Vitagro 50EC

75 Fenobucarb 2% + BB-Tigi 5H; Caradan 5H; Palm 5H; Vibam 5H

Dimethoate 3%

76 Fenobucarb 30% + Hopsan 75ND .

Phenthoate 45%

77 Fenobucarb 45% + Fenthomap 75EC; Knockdown 75ND

Phenthoate 30%
78 Fenobucarb 45% + Viphensa 50ND
Phenthoate 30%
308 CHUYNG 4
_
Stt Ten hoot ch6t Ten linking mai _
79 Fenpropathrin (min 90%) Alfapathrin 10EC; Danito110EC; Vimite 10ND _
80 Fenpyroximate (96%) Ortus 5SC

81 Fenthion (min 92%) Encofen 50EC; Lebaycid 50EC, 500EC; Sunthion

50EC

82 Fenvalerate (min 92%) Cantocidin 20EC; Dibatox 20EC; Encofenva 20EC;

Fantasy 20EC; Fenkill 20EC; First 20EC; Kuang Hwa
Din 20EC; Leva 10EC, 20EC; Pathion 20EC;
Pyvalerate 20EC; Sagomycin 10EC, 20EC, 10ME;
Sanvalerate 200EC; Sudin 20EC; Sumicidin 10EC,
20EC; Timycin 20EC; Vifenva 20ND

83 Fipronil 20g/I + Access 180EC

Fenobucarb 160g/1

84 Flufenoxuron (98%) Cascade 5EC

85 Halfenprox (min 94.5%) Sirbon 5EC

86 Hexythiazox (94%) Nissorun 5EC

87 Fipronil (min 97%) Brigand 0.3G, 800DF, 5SC

Imidacloprid (min 96%) Admire 050EC; Canon 100SL; Confidor 100SL;

88
Gaucho 7OWS, 020FS, 600FS; Just 050EC

89 Imidacloprid 25g ai/I + conSupra 050EC

Cyfluthrin 25g ai/I

90 Isoprocarb Capcin 20EC, 25WP; Mipcide 20EC; Tigicarb 20EC,

25WP; Vimipc 20ND, 25BTN

91 Indoxacarb Ammate 150SC

92 Isoxathion (93%) Karphos 2D

93 Lambda-cyhalothrin Karate 2.5EC; Fast Kill 2.5EC; Sumo 2.5EC; Vovinan

(min 81%) 2.5EC

94 Lufenuron (min 96%) Macht 050EC ..

95 Malathion (min 95%) Malate 73EC, Malfic 50EC ,

96 Malathion 42% + Macyny 45EC

Cypermethrin 3%

97 Malathion 15% + Malvate 21EC

Fenvalerate 6% —

98 Methidathion (min 96%). Supracide 40EC; Suprathion 40EC —

99 Metarhirium anisopliae Sorok Mat 5.5x108 bao tii/g

100 Methoxyfenozide (min 95%) Prodigy 23F —

101 Naled (Bromchlophos) Dibrom 50EC, 96EC; Flibol 50EC, 96EC

(min 93%)
THU HOACH RAU TRA1 TlIO1 309
_
Ten hopt chat Ten Untiring mai
Stt
Apashuang 18SL, 95WP; Binhdan 95WP, 18SL, 10H;
102 Nereistoxin (Dimehypo)
(min 90%) Catodan 95WP, 10H, 90WP, 18SL, 4H; Chinadan
95WP, 18SL, 10H; Colt 95WP; Dibadan 95WP, 18SL;
Neretox 95WP, 18SL; Neretox 95WP, 18SL; Netoxin
18SL, 90WP, 95WP; Sat triing don (Sat trOng dan)
95BTN, 9OBTN, 18SL, 5H; Sadavi 95WP, 18SL;
Sanedan 95WP; Shaling Shuang 95WP, 18SL; Sha
Chong Jing 95WP; Shachong Shuang 18SL, 90WP,
95WP, 50SP; Taginon 18SL, 95WP; Tiginon 90WP,
95WP, 18DD, 5H; Tungsong 18SL, 95WP; Vinetox 5H,
18DD, 95BHN; Vi Tha Dan 95WP

103 lmidacloprid 2% + Dihet 60WP

Nereistoxin 58%

104 NPV (Nuclear polyhedrosis Vicin - S1011 PIB; Seba 4.109PIB/ml, 2.101cPIB/g
virus)

105 NPV-SI (Nuclear ViS, 1.5x109PIB/g bOt

polyhedrosis virus)

106 NPV-Ha (Nuclear ViHa 1.5x109PIB/g bdt

polyhedrosis virus)

;107 Omethoate 20% + Toyotox 30EC

Fenvalerate 10%

108 Permethrin (min 92%) Agroperin 10EC; Army 10EC; Asitrin 50EC: Fullkill
10EC, 50EC; Map-Permethrin 10EC, 50EC; PER
annong 100EC, 50EC; Peran 10EC, 50EC; Perkill
10EC, 50EC; Permecide 10EC, 50EC; Pounce 10EC,
1.5G; Tigifast 10EC

109 Petroleum sprayoil DC-Tron Plus 98.8EC; Daiu khoang DS 98.8EC; Vicol
80EC

110 Phenthoate Elsan 50EC; Forsan 50EC, 60EC; Nice 50EC; Phenat
(Dimephenthoate) (min 92%) 50EC; Phetho 50ND; Pyenthoate 50EC; Rothoate
50EC, 40WP; Vifel 50ND

111 Phenthoate 48% + ViCIDI-M 50ND

Etofenprox 2%

112 Phosalone Pyxolone 35EC; Saliphos 35EC

113 Phosalone 175g/I + Sherzol 205EC

Cypermethrin 30g/I

114 Profenofos (min 87%) Selecron 500EC; Callous 500EC

115 Propargite (min 85%) Comite(R) 73EC

116 Pyraclofos (min 92.5%) Voltage 50EC

117 Pyridaben (min 95%) Dandy 15EC

310 CHUdNG 4

Stt Ten hoot chgt Ten thurcing mai

118 Pyridaphenthion (min 95%) Ofunack 40EC
119 Quinalphos (min 70%) DDVQuin 25EC; Kinalux 25EC; Methink 25EC
120 Cypermethrin 3% + Viraat 23EC
Quinalphos 20%
121 Rotenone Fortenone 5WP; Rotecide 2DD; Vironone 2EC
122 Silafluofen Silatop 20EW, 7EW
123 Spinosad (96.4%) Success 25SC
124 Tebufenozide (99.6%) Mimic (R) 20F
125 Tebufenozide 5% + Quada 15WP
Buprofezin 10%
126 Thiamethoxam (min 95%) Actara 25WG •
127 Thiodicarb (min 96%) Larvin 75WP
128 Tralomethrin (min 93%) Scout 1.6EC, 3.6EC, 1.4SC
129 Triazophos (min 92%) Hostathion 20EC, 40EC
130 Trichlorfon (Chlorophos) Dich Bach TOng 90SP; Dilexson 90WP; Dip 80SP;
(min 97%) Diptecide 90WP; Sunchlorfon 90SP; Toxiny 40EC;
Terex 90SP
131 Virus 104 virus/mg + V - BT
Bacilus Thuringgiensis
16.000 4. 32.000 IU/mg
Thu& trig 134nh twi calf triing
1 Acrylic acid 4% + . Som 5DD
Carvacrol 1%
2 Acibenzolar- S - Methyl Bion 50WG
(min 96%) •
3 Din xua't acid salicylic Song Lam 333 50ND
(Ginkgoic acid 42.5% +
Corilagin 2.5% +
m-pentadecadienyl
resorcinol 5%)
4 Acid salicylic Exin 4.5HP _
5 Benomyl (min 95%) Bemyl 50WP; Ben 50WP; Bendazol 50WP; Benex
50WP; Benotigi 50WP; Candazole 50WP; Fundazol
50WP; Funomyl 50WP; Plant 50WP; Tinomyl 50WP;
Viben 5OBTN
6 Benomyl 25% + Bell 50WP
Mancozeb 25% _-
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUOI 311

Stt Ten hoot chgt Ten thtiong moi

7 ^ Benomyl 12.5% + ZnSO4 + Mimyl 12.5BHN
MgSO4

8 Benomyl 17% + Zineb 53% Benzeb 70WP

9 Bromuconazole (96%) Vectra 100SC, 200EC
10 Calcium polysulfide Lime sulfur
11 Carbendazim (min 98%) Acovil 50SC; Adavin 500FL; Agrodazim 50SL;
Appencarb super 50FL, 75DF; Arin 25SC, 50SC;
Bavisan 50WP; Bavistin 50FL (SC); Benvil 50SC;
Benzimidine 60WP, 50SC; Binhnavil 50SC; Cadazim
500FL; Carban 50SC; Carben 50WP, 50SC; Carbenda
60WP, 50SC; Carbenvil 50SC; Carbenzim 500FL,
50WP; Care 50SC; Carosal 50SC, 50WP; Cavil 50SC,
50WP, 60WP; Crop-Care 500SC; Derosal 50SC,
60WP; Dibavil 50FL; Forsol 50WP, 60WP, 50SC; Glory
50SC; Kacpenvil 500SC, 50V;P; Ticarben 5OWP,
50SC; Tilvil 50SC; Vicarben 5OBTN, 50HP; Zoom
50WP, 50SC
12 Carbendazim 200g/I + 50g/I Do.One 250SC
Hexaconazole
13 Carbendazim 60% (50%) + Vicarben - S 75BTN, 7OBTN
Sulfur 5% (20%)
14 Carbendazim 12% + Saaf 75WP
Mancozeb 63%
15 Carbendazim 150g/I + Eminent Pro 125/15OSE
Tetraconazole (94%) 125g/I
16 Chaetomium cupreum Ketomium 1.5x106 Cfu/g bOt
17 Carbendazim 5% + cc - NAA Solan 5WP
+ P203 + K20 + N2 + vi litong
18 Chlorothalonil (min 98%) Binhconil 75WP; Arygreen 75WP; Daconil 75WP,
500SC; Forwanil 75WP, 50SC; Rothanil 75WP;
Thalonil 75WP
19 Copper Hydrocide Champion 77 WP, 57.6 DP, 37,5 FL ; Funguran — OH
50 BHN (WP); Hidrocop 77 WP; Kocide(R) 53.8 DF,
61.4 DF
20 Copper Oxychloride COC 85 WP; Vidoc 50 HP, 30 BTN, 80 BTN
21 Streptomycin 5,4% + Batocide 12 WP
Copper Oxychloride 6,6%
22 Copper Oxychloride 25% + Viben-C 50 BTN
Benomyl 25%
312 CHUONG 4

Stt Ten ho4t chit Ten thi(dng n*

23 Copper Sulfate (98%) BordoCop Super 25 WP, 12.5 WP; Cuproxat flowable
345 SC
24 Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate Super Mastercop 21AS
25 Cymoxanil 8% + Curzate - M8 72 WP
Mancozeb 64%
26 Cyproconazole (94%) Bonanza 100 SL
27 Cytokinin (Zeatin) Sincocin 0,56 SL
28 Difenoconazole (min 96%) Score 250 EC
29 Difenoconazole 150g/I + Tilt Super 300 EC
150 g/I Propiconazole
30 Diniconazole (min 94%) Dana - Win 12,5 WP; Sumi - Eight 12,5 WP; Acrobat
MZ 90/600 WP

31 Dimethomorph (min 99,1%) Acrobat MZ 90/600 WP

90g/kg + 600g/kg Mancozeb

32 Edifenphos (min 87%) Agrosan 40 EC, 50 EC; Canosan 30 EC; 40 EC, 50

EC; Edisan 40 EC, 50 EC; Hinosan 40 EC; Hisan 40
EC, 50 EC; Kuang Hwa San 50 EC; New Hinosa 30
EC ; Comerich 70 EC

33 Edifenphos 30% + Comerich 70 EC

Fenobucarb 40%

34 Edifenphos 30% + Difusan 40 EC

Isoprothiolane 20%

35 Epoxiconazole (min 92%) Opus 125 SC, 75 EC

36 Epoxiconazole 125g/I + Swing 25 SC

125g/I Carbendazim

37 Eugenol Genol 0,3 SL; PN - Linhcide 1,2 EW

38 Flusilazole (92,5%) Nustar 40 EC

39 Flutriafol Impact 12,5 SC

40 Folpet (min 90%) Folcal 50 WP; Folpan 50 WP, 50 SC ,

0
41 Fosetyl Aluminium (min 95%) Aliette 80 WP, 800 WG; Alpine 80 WP; Antyl - S 8
WP; Fungal 80 WP; Juliet 80 WP; Vialphos 80 BHN

42 Fthalide (97%) Rabcide 20 SC, 30 WP

43 Fthalide 20% (15%) +. Kasai 21,2 WP, 16,2 SC

1,2% Kasugamycin ...._,

44 Hexanconazole (min 85%) Anvil 5 SC; Annongvin 5 SC, 45 SC; BrightCo 54 SC;
Callihex 50 SC; Forwavil 5 SC; Hexin 5 SC; Lervil 5
SC; T - vil 5 SC
THU HOCH RAU TRAI 313

Stt Ten hoot chgt Ten thu'Ong mai

45 Imibebconazole (98,3%) Manage 5 WP, 15 WP

--------
46 lminoctadine (93%) Bellkute 40 WP
47 Iprobenphos Cantazin 50 EC; Kian 50 EC; Kisaigon 50 ND, 10 H;
Kitatigi 50 ND, 5 H, 10 H; Kitazin 50 EC, 17 G; Tipozin
50 EC; Vikita 50 ND, 10 H
48 Iprobenfos 30% + Afumin 45 EC
Isoprothiolane 15%
49 Iprodione (min 96% Cantox — D 50 WP; Hat yang 50 WP; Prota 50 WP;
Rovannong 50 WP; Royal 350 SC, 350 WP; Rovral
50 WP, 500 WG, 750 WG; Viroval 50 BTN

50 Iprodione 175g/I + Calidan 262,5 SC

Carbendazim 87,5g/I
51 Iprovalicarb 55g/kg + Melody duo 66,75 WP
Propineb 612,5g/kg
52 Isoprothiolane (min 96 %) Dao on linh 40 EC; Caso one 40 EC; Dojione 40 EC;
Fuan 40 EC; Fuji — One 40 EC, 40 WP; Fuel One 40
EC; Fuzin 40 EC; Ko — Fujysuper 40 ND; One — Over
40 EC; Vifusi 40 ND
53 Isoprothiolane 20% + Vifuki 40 ND
1probenphos 20%
54 Kasugamycin (min 70%) Bisomin 6 WP; Cansunin 2 L; Kasumin 2 L;
Fortamin 2 L
55 Kasugamycin 0,6% + New Kasuran 16,6 BTN
Copper Oxychloride 16%
56 Kasugamycin 2% + Kasuran 47 WP; Canthomil 47 WP; BL. Kanamin 47 WP
Copper Oxychloride 45%
57 Kasugamycin 5% + BL. Kanamin 47 WP; Kasuran 50 WP
Copper Oxychloride 45%
58 Mancozeb AnnongManco 80 WP; Cozeb 45 80 WP; Dipomate 80
WP; Dithane M - 45 80 WP; Dizeb - M 45 80 WP;
Formanco 80 WP; Forthene 80 WP, 43 SC; Man 80
WP; Manozeb 80 WP; Manthane M 46 80 WP, 37 SC;
Manzate - 200 80 WP; Penncozeb 75 DF, 80 WP;
Sancozeb 80 WP; Thane - M 80 WP; Timan 80 WP;
Tipozeb 80 WP; Unizeb M — 45 80 WP; Vimancoz 80
BTN
59 Mancozeb 37% + Cupenix 80 BTN .
Coper Oxychloride 43%
60 Mancozeb 30% + CocMan 69 WP
Copper Oxychloride 39%
314 CHONG 4

Stt Ten hoat chgt Ten thu'ong mai

61 Maneb Trineb 80 WP
62 Metalaxyl (min 95°i) Acodyl 35 WP; Alfamil 25 WP; Apro 35 SD; Binhtaxyl
25 EC; Foraxyl 25 WP, 35 WP; Mataxyl 25 WP; No
mildew 25 WP; Rampart 35 SD; Ridomil 240 EC, 5 G;
TQ — Metaxyl 25 WP; Vilaxyl 35 BTN
63 Metalaxyl 8% + Mancolaxyl 72 WP; Metazeb 72 WP; Mexyl MZ 72 WP;
Mancozeb 64% Ricide 72 WP; Ridomil MZ 72 WP; Ridozeb 72 WP;
Romil 72 WP; Vimonyl 72 BTN
64 Metalaxyl M 40g/kg + Ridomil Gold 68 WP
Mancozeb 640g/kg
65 Metalaxyl 10% (8%) + Fortazeb 58 BTN
Mancozeb 48% (64%)
66 Metalaxyl 8% + Viroxyl 58 BTN
Copper oxychloride 50%
67 Metiram Complex (min 85%) Polyram 80 DF
68 Ningnamycin Ditacin 8 L
69 Oxolinic acid (93%) Starner 20 WP
70 Oligo — sacarit Olicide 9 DD
71 Pencycuron (min 99%) Alfaron 25 WP; Baovil 25 WP; Forwaceren 25 WP;
HeIan 25 WP, 250 SC; Luster 250 SC; Monceren 250
SC; Moren 25 WP; Vicuron 25 BTN, 250 SC

72 Phosphorous acid Agri - Fos 400

73 Polyoxin complex (min 31%) Polyoxin AL 10 WP

74 Prochloraz (min 97%) Mirage 50 WP; Octave 50 WP

75 Propamocarb. HCI (min 97%) Proplant 722 SL

76 Propiconazole (min 91%) Agrozo 250 EC; Bumper 250 EC; Canazole 250 EC;
Cozol 250 EC; Fordo 250 EC; Lunasa 25 EC; Tilusa
Super 250 EC; Tilt 250 EC; Tiptop 250 EC; Zoo 250 EC

77 Propineb (min 80%) Antracol -70 WP

78 Sai ku zuo (MBAMT) Sasa 20 WP; Xanthomix 20 WP

(min 90%)
79 Streptomycine 2,194% + Cuprimicin 500 81 WP
Oxytetracyline 0,235% +
Tribasic Copper Sulfate
78 , 5200/0
80 Streptomycin sulfate 2% + PN — balacide 22 WP
Copper
Oxychloride 10% +
Zinc sulfate 10% --
THU HOACH RAU TRAI 315

Stt Ten hoot chgt Ten thuting m?l

81 Sulfur Kumulus 80 DF; Microthiol Special Liduid 58,15 LF;
Microthiol Special 80 WP; OK - Sulfolac 80 DF; Sulox
80 WP
82 Sulfur 40% + Tricyclazole 5% Vieteam 45 WP
83 Tebuconazole (min 95%) Folicur 250 EW; Fortil 25 SC
84 Thifluzamide (96%) Pulsor 23 F
85 Thiophanate - Methyl Agrotop 70 WP; Binhsin 70 WP; Cantop - M 72 WP, 5
(min 93%) SC, 43 SC; Cercosin 5 SC; Coping M 70 WP; Fusin -
M 70 WP; Kuang Hwa Opsin 70 WP; Methyate 70 WP;
TS - M annong 70 WP; Thio - M 70 WP, 500 FL; Tipo
- M 70 BHN; Tomet 70 WP; Top 50 SC, 70 WP; Top -
Plus M 70 WP; Topan 70 WP; Topnix 70 WP; Topsimyl
70 WP; Topsin M 70 WP; TSM 70 WP; Vithi - M 70
BTN
86 Thiram (TMTD) Caram 85 WP; Pro - Thiram 80 WP, 80 WG
87 Thiram 265g/I + Viram Plus 500 SC
Carbendazim 235g/I
88 Triadimefon Bayleton 250 EC; Coben 25 EC; Encoleton 25 WP;
Sameton 25 WP
89 Triadimenol Bayfidan 250 EC; Samet 15 WP
90 Tricyclazole (min 95%) Beam 75 WP; Binhtin 75 WP; Flash 75 WP; Lany 75
WP; Lim 20 WP; Tridozole 75 WP; Trizole 20 WP, 75
WP, 75 WDG
Thu6c WI c6
1 Acetochlor (min 93,3%) Antaco 500 ND; Dibstar 50 EC
2 Acetochlor 14,6% + Acenidax 17 WP
Bensulfuron Methyl 2,4%
3 Acetochlor 21% + Aloha 25 WP
4% Bensulfuron Methyl
4 Acetochlor 14,0% + Natos 15 WP
Bensulfuron Methyl 0,8% +
Metsulfuron
Methyl 0,2%
5 Acetochlor 14,0% + Natos 15 WP
Bensulfuron Methyl 0,8% +
Metsulfuron
Methyl 0,2%
6 Alachlor (min 90%) Lasso 48 EC
316 CHUONG 4

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thuOng moi

7 Ametryn (min 96%) Amesip 80 WP; Ametrex 80 WP; Atry 80 WP; Amet
annong 500 FW; Gesapax 80WP, 500 FW

8 Anilofos (min 93%) Ricozin 30 EC

9 Anilofos 22,89% + Riceguard 22 SC

Ethoxysulfuron 0,87%

10 Atrazine (min 96%) Atra 500 SC; Atranex 80 WP; Co - co 50 50 WP; Atra
annong 500 FW; Gesaprim 80 WP, 500 FM; Maizine
80 WP; Mizin 50 WP, 80 WP; Sanazine 500 SC

11 Ametryn 250g/I + Gesapax Combi 500 FW

Atrazine 250g/I

12 Ametryn 40% + Atramet combi 80 WP; Gesapax Combi 80 WP;

Atrazine 40% Metrimex 80 WP; Beron 10 WP; Londax 10 WP

13 Bensulfuron Methyl Beron 10 WP; Londax 10 WP

(min 96%)

14 Bisbyribac - Sodium Nominee 10 SC

(min 93%)
15 Bromacil Hyvar - X 80 WP

16 Butachlor (min 93%) B.L.Tachlor 60 EC; Butan 60 EC; Butanix 60 EC;

Butavi 60 EC; Butoxim 60 EC, 5 G; Cantachlor 60 EC,
5 G; Dibuta 60 EC; Echo 60 EC; Forwabuta 32 EC, 60
EC, 5 G; Heco 600 EC; Kocin 60 EC; Lambast 60 EC,
5 G; Machete 60 EC, 5 G; Meco 60 EC; Michelle 32
ND, 62 ND, 5 G; Niran - X 60 EW; Saco 60 EC; Taco
600 EC; Tico 60 EC; Vibuta 32 ND, 62 ND, 5 H

17 Butachlor 3,75 + 2,4 D 3,1% Century 6,85 G

Butanil 55 EC; Cantanil 550 EC; Pataxim 55 EC; Platin
18 Butachlor 27,5% +
Propanil 27,5% 55 EC _.

19 Butachlor 40% + Vitanil 60 ND

_
Propanil 20`)/0

20 Cinmethylin (min 88%) Argold 10 EC _---

21 Clefoxydim (99,6%) Tetris 75 EC .-

22 Clethodim (min 91,2%) Select 12 EC

23 Clomazone (min 88%) Command 36 ME

24 CyclosJlfamuron (min 97%) Saviour 10 WP ---

Cyhalofop - butyl (min 7%) Clincher 10 EC _.....-

25
A.K 720 DD; Amine 720 DD; Anco 720 DD; B,T.0 2,4
26 2.4 D (min 96%)
D 80 WP; Baton 960 WSP; Bei 72 EC; Cantosin 600
DD, 720 DD; CO 2,4 D 500DD, 600 DD, 720 DD, 80
WP; Co Broad 80 WP; Damin 700 SL; Desormone
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLICI 317

Ten hoot chit Ten thuting n)P4

Stt
EC, 70 EC; DMA-6 683 AC, 72 AC; Hai bon — D 80
WP, 480 DD; Nufa 825 DF; 0.K 720 DD, 683 DD; Pro-
amine 60 AS, 48 SL; Quick 720 EC, Rada 720 EC, 600
DD, 80 WP; Sanaphen 600 SL, 720 SL; Vi 2,4D 80
BTN, 600 DD, 720 DD; Zaap 720 SL; Zico 48 SL, 720
DD, 850 DD, 520 SL, 45 WP, 80 WP, 96 WP

27 Dalapon Dipoxim 80 BHN; Vilapon 80 BTN

28 Diflufenican 16,70+ Rafale 350 EC

Propanil 333,3g/I
Ansaron 43 F, 80 WP; BM Diuron 80 WP; D-ron 80
29 Diuron (min 97%)
WP; Go 80 WP; Karmex 80 WP; Maduron 80 WP;
Sanuron 800 WP, 800 SC; Suron 80 WP; Vidiu 80 BTN

30 Ethoxysulfuron (min 94%) Sunrice 15 WDG

31 Fenoxaprop — P — Ethyl Fenothyl 7,5 EW; Whip'S 7,5 EW, 6,9 EC; Web Super
(min 88%) 7,5 SC

32 Fenoxanprop — P — Ethyl Tiller S EC

4,25% + 2,4 D 6,61% +
MCPA 19,81%

33 Fentrazamide (min 98%) Lecspro 44,25 WP

6,75% + Propanil 37.5%
34 Fluazifopbutyl (min 91%) Onecide 15 EC

35 Fluometuron (94%) Cottonex 50 SC

36 Flufenacet (min 95%) Tiara 60 WP

4
37 Glufosinate Ammonium Basta 6 SL, 15 SL
(95%)
38 Glyphosate IPA Salt Agcare Biotech giyphosate 600 AS; Agri - Up 480 SL;
(min 95%) B - Glyphosate 41 SL; MB - Glyphosate 41 AS;
Burnxown 160 AS; Carphosate 16 DD, 41 DD, 480 SC;
Clau - Up 480 SC; Clean - Up 480 SC; Clear Off 480
AS; Cosmic 41 SL; Dibphosate, 480 DD; Dosate 480
SC; Dream 360 SC, 480 SC; Echosate 16 DD; Ecomax
41 SL; Encofosat 48 SL; Farm 480 AS; Gly - Up 480
SL; Glycel 41 SL; Glyphadex 360 AS; Glyphosan 480
DD; Go Up 480 SC; Helosate 16 SL, 48 SL; Herb -
Neat 41 SL; Ken - Up 160 SC, 480 SC; Kuang - Hwa la
41 SC; Lyphoxim 16 SL, 41 DD, 396 SL; Lyrin 480 DD;
MAMBA 41 SL; Mastraglyphosat 16 AS, 41 AS

39 Glyphosate Dimethylamine Rescueb 27 AS

40 Glyphosate IPA Salt 24% + Bimastar 360 AS

2,4D 12%
318 CHIZING 4

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thuting mol

41 Glyphosate IPA Salt 13,8% + Gardon 27,6 SL
2,4 D 13,8%
42 Glyphosate ammonium salt Cheetah 200/8 AS
200g/I + 89/1
Glufosinate Ammonium
43 Haloxyfop — R Methyl Gallant Super 10 EC
Ester (94%)
44 Isoxaflutole (min 98%) Merlin 750 WG
45 Imazapic (96,9%) Cadre 240 AS
46 Imazosulfuron (97%) Quissa 10 SC
47 Lactofen (min 97%) Cobra 24 EC
48 Linuron (min 94%) Afalon 50 WP
49 MCPA (min 85%) Agroxone 80WP
50 Mefenacet (95%) Mecet 50 WP; Mafa — annong 50 WP
51 Metolachlor (min 98,3%) Dual 720 EC; Dana — Hope 720 EC
52 S - Metolachlor (min 98,3%) Dual Gold(R) 960 EC
53 Metribuzin (min 95%) Sencor 70 WP; Ally 20 DF; Super — Al 20 DF
54 Metsulfuron Ally 20 DF; Super — Al 20 DF
Methyl (min 93%)
55 Metsulfuron Methyl 10% + Almix 20 WP
Chlorimuron Ethyl 10%
56 Metsulfuron Methyl 1,75% + Sindax 10 WP
Bensulfuron
Methyl 8,25%
57 Molinate 32,7% + Prolinate 65,4 EC
Propanil 32,7°/0
58 Oxadiargyl (min 96%) Raft(R) 800 WP, 800 WG
59 Oxadiazon (min 94%) Canstar 25 EC; Ronstar 25 EC; Ronstar 25 EC, 12 L;
Binhoxa 25 EC
60 Oxadiazon 100g/I + Fortene 400 EC
Propanil 300g/I
61 Paraquat (min 95%) Gramoxone 20 SL —
62 Pendimethalin (min 97/0-) Accotab 330 E; Prowl 330 EC; Vigor 33 EC; Rifit 2 G.
500 EC
63 Pretilachlor Sonic 300 EC; Venus 300 EC
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLICI 319

stt Ten hoot chit Ten thiidng mol

64 Pretilachlor 300g/I + Sofit 300 EC; Prefit 300 EC

Fenclorim 100g/I

65 Pretilachlor 170g ai/I +

Propanil 330g ai/I

66 Propanil (DCPA) Propatox 360 EC; Map — Prop 50 SC; Caranyll 48 SC

(min 95%)

67 Pyrazosulfuron Ethyl Amigo 10 WP; Huygt rung 600 WDG; Marsi 10 WP;
(min 97%) Saathi 10 WP; Silk 10 WP; Sirius 10 WP, 10 TB, 70
WDG; Star 10 WP; Sunrius 10 WP
68 Pyribenzoxim (95%) Pyanchor 3 EC
69 Quinclorac (min 99%) Ekill 25.SC, 37 WDG; Facet(R) 75 DF, 25 SC; Farus 25
SC; Fony 25 SC; Forwacet 50 WP; Nomicet 25 SC
70 Quinclorac 28% + 4% Quinix 32 WP
Bensulfuron Methyl

71 Quinclorac 33%+3% Cow 36 WP

Bensulfuron Methyl
72 Quinclorac 20% + Zoset 30 SC
Bentazone 10%
73 Quizalofop-P-Ethyl (98%) Tarpa Super 5 EC
74 Sethoxydim (min 94%) Nabu S 12,5 EC
75 Simazine (min 97%) Gesatop 80 WP, 500 FW; Sipazine 80 WP; Visimaz 80
BTN
76 Simazine 250g/I + Gesatop Z 500 FW
Ametryn 250g/I
77 Sulfosate (min 95%) Banish 16 SL; Touchdown 48 SL
78 Tebuthiuron Tebusan 500 SC
79 Terbuthylazine 345g/I + Folar 525 FW
Glyphosate IPA Salt 180g/I
80 Thibencarb (93%) Saturm 50 EC, 6 H
(Benthiocarb)
81 Thiobencarb 40% + Satunil 250 EC
Propanil 20%
82 Triclopyr butoxyethyl ester Garlon 250 EC
83 Triasulfuron (min 92%) Logran 20 WG
84 Trifluralin (min 94%) Triflurex 48 EC
320 CHUONG 4

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thuting mai

Thu6c trif chu6t
Brodifacoum (min 97%) Klerat 0,05%; Forwarat 0,05%, 0,005%
2 Bromadiololone (min 97%) Killrat 0,005 Wax block; Musal 0,005 WB; Lanirat 0,005
G; Cat 0,25 WP
3 Coumatetralyl (min 98%) Racumin 0,75 TP, 0,0375 paste
4 Diphacinone (95%) Yasodion 0,005 G
5 Flocoumafen (min 97,8%) Storm 0,005% block bait
6 Warfarin Sodium + Biorat
Samonella var. I 7 F-4
7 Warfarin 0,05% + Salmonella BA diOt chtiOt sinh hqc
entiriditis isatchenko 7.F4
8 Warfarin Ars rat killer 0,05% vien; rat K 2% D
9 Samonella enteriditis Miroca 109 4 boo/gam
Isatchenko 109 4 boo/gam + Miroca 109 4 boo/ml
Cumarin 0,04%
10 Sulfur 33% + Carbon Woolf cygar 33%
Thu6c !doh thfch sinh trurong cay tremg
Acid Gibberellic + ZnSO4 + Vimogreen 1,34 DD
MnSO4 + CuSO4 + NPK +
FeSO4 + Borax
2 Alpha - Naphthyl acetic acid HO — 301 Fructonic 1% DD
3 ANA, 1 — NAA + Kich phat to hoa — trai Thien Non
.
[3 - Naphtoxy acetic axid +
Gibberellic acid — GA 3
4 ATCA 5,0% + Folic acid Samino 5,1 DD
0,1%
5 Auxins 11 mg/I + Cytokinins Kelpak SL
0,031mg.1 + Gibberellic
6 Cytokimin (Zeatin) Agrispon 0,56 SL ...-.
7 Ethephon Callel 2,5 Past; Ethrel 2,5 LS, 10 LS, 480 L; Forgo*
2,5 Paste; Telephon 2,5 LS
8 Gibberellic acid Kich phat to la, hat Thien Wong GA — 3; Gibgro T 20
tablets, 10 powder; Gibta T 20 (GA3); Progibb T 20
tablet, 10 SP; Proger RO WP
9 Gibberellic acid + Npx ,-+ Luc diOp to 1 long
Vi ladng
10 Mepiquat chloride (min 98%) Animat 97 WP
THU HOACH RAU TRAI 321

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thtiOng rn?i

1i Nucleotide (Adenylic acid, Luc Phong 95 0,05 L
. guanylic acid, cytidylic acid
Uridylic acid)

12 a- Naphthyl Acetic acid + Vipac 88

(1- Naphthoxy Acetic Acid +
ZnSO4 + MgSO4 + CuSO4 +
NPK)

13 a- Naphthyl Acetic acid + Viprom

13- Naphthoxy Acetic Acid +
ZnSO4 + CuSO4 + NPK

14 a- Naphthyl Acetic acid + Vikipi

(3- Naphthoxy Acetic Acid +
ZnSO4 + Borax + CuSO4 +
NPK

15 (3- Naphthoxy Acetic Acid + ViTDQ 40

Ethanol + ntidc

16 N.A.A (a- Naphthalene acetic Flower - 95 0,3 DD; HD 207 1 long;

acid) HO chat ra re 0,1 DD
17 Olido - sacarrit T va D 4 DD, 20 WP
18 Paclobutrazol (min 95%) Bidamin 15 WP; Bonsai 10 WP; Paclo 15 WP; Super
Cultar Mix 10 Wp
19 Sodium - 5 - Nitrogua Atonik 1,8 EC; Better 1,2 DD; Canik 1,8 DD
iacolate + Sodium - 0 -
Nitrophenolate + Sodium - P
- Nitrophenolate

20 Sodium - 5 - Nitrogua Aron 1,95 lOng; Litosen 1,95 EC, 0,59G; Dekamon
iacolate + Sodium - 0 - 22,43 L
Nitrophenolate + Sodium - P
- Nitrophenolate + 2,4D

Chit din dt) con triing

•
1 Metyl eugenol 75% + Ruvacon 90 L; Vizubon D
Dibrom 25%

Thu& trit 6c sen

1 Metaldehyde Deadline — 40 4% cream line; Deadline Bullets 4%;
Helix 500 WP; Osbuvang 80 WP; Slugsuper 500 WP;
Yellow — K 4 BR

Chat ho trc;I
1 Poly (oxyethylene) 14% + Greemax 26 EC
Poly (oxypropylene 12%)
322 CHL(IJNG 4

Bang 4.10 Danh inc thuek BVTV hgn the set dung a Nam

Stt Tan hoe. chgt Ten thtiong mai

Thu6c trig sau
1 Carbofuran (min 98%) Furadan 3 G; Vifurar 3 G; Sugadan 3 G

2 Deltamethrin 2% + Sat trung Linh 15 EC

Dichlorvos 13%

3 Dichlorvos (DDVP) Demon 50 EC

4 Dicofol (min 95%) kelthane 18,5 EC

5 Dicrotophos (min 85%) Bidrin 50 EC

6 Endosulfan (min 93%) Cyclodan 35 EC; Endosol 35 EC; Tigiodan 35 ND;

Thasodant 35 EC; Thiodol 35 ND

7 Methomyl n(min 98,5%) Lannate 40 SP

Thu& trig berth h?i cay trong

1 MAFA Dinasin 6,5 SC

i Thuoc trig chuOt

1 Zine Phosphide (min 80%) 1 Fokeba 20%; QT — 92 18%; Zinphos 20%

Bang 4.11 Danh muc thuek BVTV bi dim sit dung a Vi'Ot Nam

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thu'cing mai

Thu6c trii SALO

1 Aldrin Aldrex; Aldrite

2 BHC, Lindane Gamma — BHC, Gamma — HCH, Gamatox 15 EC, 20 EC,

Lindafor, Carbadan 4/4 G; Sevidol 4/4 G...

3 Cadmium compound Cd

4 Chlordane Chlorotox, Octachlor, Pentichlor...

5 DDT Neocid, Pentachlorin, Chlorophenothane...

6 Dieldrin Dieldrex, Dieldrite, Octalox —

7 Eldrin Hexadrin

8 Heptachlor Drimex, Heptamul, Heptox...

9 Isobenzen

10 Isodrin
11 Lead compound Pb

12 Metharnidophos Dynamite 50 SC, Filitox 70 SC, Master 50 EC, 70 SC;

Monitor 50 EC, 60 SC, Isometha 50 DD, 60 DD, Isosuper
70 DD, Tamaron 50 EC...
THU HOACH RAU TRAI 323

Stt Ten hoot chit Ten thuidng mol

13 Methyl Parathion Danacap M 25, M 40; Folidol - M 50 EC; Isomethyl 50
ND; Metaphos 40 EC, 50 EC; (Methyl Parathion) 20 EC,
40 EC, 50 EC; Million 50 EC; Proteon 50 EC ; Romethyl
50 ND; Wofatox 50 EC...
14 Monocrotophos Apadrin 50 SL, Magic 50 SL, Nuvacron 40 SCW/DD, 50
SCW/DD, Thunder 515 DD...
15 Parathion Ethyl Alkexon, Orthophos, Thiopphos
16 Sodium Copas NAP 90 G. PMD, 90 bQt, P - NaF 90 bOt, PBB 100
Pentachlorophenate bOt
monohydrate
17 Pentachlorophenol CMM 7 dgu long, [Mu tit m6i M - 4 1,2 long
18 Phosphamidon Dimecron 50 SCW/DD
19 Polychlorocamphene Toxaphene, Camphechlor...
20 Strobane • Polychlorinate of camphene
Thu6c trii berth hoi cay tr6ng
1 Arsenic compound
(AS) except Dinasin
2 Captan Captane 75 WP, Merpan 75 WP...
3 Captafor Difolatal 80 WP, Folcid 80 WP...
4 Hexachlorobenzene Anticaric, NCB
5 Mecury compound Hg
6 Selenium compound Se
Thu6c trif chuOt
1 Talium compounh TI
Thu6c trif có
1 1.4.5 T 5rochtox, Decamine, Veon...

4.2 THU HOACH RAU TRAI Tlldl

Nhd nhiing ygu to truck thu hoach, rau trai da dat dtioc mot gia tri chit
hang cao nhit khi con tren cay. Nhiern vu dm he th6ng thu hoach la phai thu
nhAn dttac nhang san phfim co chit Wong con nguyen ven so \TIN ban d'au, ty
10 hct hang IA it nhit, thdi gian bao quan keo daac dai nhit, va nhu* vAy co
nghia là mac chi phi là thip nhit va mut thirloi nhuAn IA cao nhit.
Qua trInh thu hoach bao g6m cac cekng viec dien ra a tai nai tr6ng trot
va tai nha kho track khi van chuygn hoAc luta vao bao quan. DO chin thu
hoach, bin phap thu hoach va mot vai ygu to khac ninf th?ii digm thu hai
trong ngay thi lien quan den chit lu'ong va tiled bao quan sau thu hoach cua
324 CHONG 4

san pham vA c6 thd anh huang den viec chon bien phap xit V, bao quan, van
chuydn, va tidp thi.

Cac bade can Wen hanh khi thu hoach rau trai
1- Xdc dinh dO chin can thu hoach
2- Tidn hanh thu hai
3- Su chd tai cho
4- Chi!' ye kho
5- Xii V trikic (long goi
6- DOng goi
7- Van chuydn
8- Bao quan.
Tuy vao ban chat ctia m6i loai rau trai, yeu cau sir dung dm chung, bin
phap thu hoach, kha nang bao quan, phdeng thiic van chuydn cang nhd
khoing cach van chuydn ma ngtidi trong trot quye't dinh thei didm thul
hoach. Viec lAm nay, rat quan trong vi no quydt dinh chat liteng cua san)
pham khi chung den tay ngutti. sit dung, thai gian bao quan thu hoach Ira lien
quan ddn nhang ha hong sau thu hoach.
. Chat lacing cua san pham rau trai ttrei chiu tac Ong rat ro ret vao
khoang thai gian tit hic viec thu hoach bat dau cldn hic dtta vao bao quan. San
pham phai dirge thu hoach u thei didm thich hcip trong ngAy, tidn hanh thu
hoach nhanh, sau do can phai van chuydn tit vtien ve kho bao quan hay den
cao
nei chd bidn trong thei gian ngan nhat de giam ton that do nhiet do khe.
cua moi trtiang ben ngoai.

3.2.1 Cac cli) chin thu ho4ch

Chin IA mot trang thdi sinh ly trong qua trinh phat sinh va phat trib
cua rau trai. Khi trai da dat mac dO truth* thanh t6i da ve kith thuac, 111111'
dang, thi qua trinh chin bat dau xay ra kern theo mot loat nhang dau hie.'
sau:
- Mau sac bidn doi, mat dan mau xanh, mau dAc tri. ng cila trai xuat hid
thay the dan cho ddn khi chin hoan toan. Nguyen nhan. là d'
chlorophyll tai luc lap bi oxy hoa thAnh nhang hasp chat khOng c6 fl
nit
- Mai them dAc tnttng cua trai ding tang dan do phan Ling ester hOa
acid va. /lieu
- Trai ngot hen, giam dO chua, giam dO chat do cac phan ang hoe si
xay ra nhit thuy phan, ester h6a
- Cau triic trai mem clan do hoat dOng cila enzym protopectinase th
phan protopectin khong tan a cac gian bao thanh pectin hoa tan•
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUO'l 325

Cdc 376u to anh hudng lan den qud trinh chin IA qud trinh ho hap, qud
trinh sinh t6ng hqp ethylen va hoot Ong cua cdc enzym chuygn h6a sinh hoc
ton tai trong ban than rau trai. Doi vdi cdc loci trai khong co dinh ho hap
thi qud trinh chin khong kern theo sit tang dm cutng dO ho hap. Ngadc lai,
dot viii trai co dinh ho hap thi qud trinh chin dot cyc doi tai dinh he, hap.
TO-c dO sinh t6ng hdp ethylene cung dat cyc dai tai thdi diem nay. Day chinh
là yeu to thilc day nhanh qud trinh chin &la rau trai.
DO chin thu hoach la trang thai chin cua rau trai tai thdi didm thu
hoach. DO chin thu hoach phy thuOc nhieu 3/6u to yeu cau thi trutng tieu thu,
linh vy'c (tng dung (tudi hay the bi6n), thdi gian, khoang each, phozing tien
van chuydn. (gan hay xa, xe c6 may lanh, may bay hay xe tai), thdi gian bao
quan (lau hay mau), ban chat cua rau trai (co hay killing co dinh ho hap)...
DO chin tet cho san pham tieu thy dong tudi se khdc vai san pham
se du'a vAo ch6 bien. Co loai trai phai de chin tren cay nhti trai dao, co loai
c6 the hdi xuOng rot mai du chin nha trai chuoi. DO chin oh trai duqc coi IA
tot cho qua trinh dong hOp lai chu'a chat dA tot cho qud trinh say, lanh dong
hay ch6 Wen Trai chin hdi qud lai thich hqp cho ch6 bi6n mat vi miai
thorn va dO ngot. Thu hooch khi trai con non thi mau trai ldc chin se bi tai,
miti yeti, hiking vi kern, xoAi se chin khong deu can dtia thi de bi hong khi
bao quan lanh. Nguqc lai, trai thu hoach tr6 se khong co ldi ve kinh te, thdi
gian bao quan ngan, chat luqng cam quan giam, rau dau se co xd, trai c6 mut
se có nhieu hat.
Thu hoach va x6'13'7 trai bang car gidi ding anh Infang den vibe chon luta
di) chin thu hoach. Trdi can phai có dO ben cd hoc cao, vi khi rung lac cay cho
trai rung thi ca trai chin, chin qud va chtia chin ding rung mot luvt, do chon
loc khong cao.
Cdc loai &au Ha Lan, bap rau can dat kith thudc ldn nhat nhu'ng phai
con non mai ngon, nhu'ng khoai tay phai de cho giA chat thi mai phill hqp de
the Wen. Bap cai nhO c6 ham lacing acid ascorbic cao horn bap cai ldn. Cu cai
IA nhO c6 ham lacing thiamin•vA riboflavin cao hcin nhung 14i it carotene Ilan
cu cai la 16n. NOi chung, cdc loci bap cai, bong cai xanh, bong cai trang c6
thanh phan dinh doting cao nhat tai thdi diem thu hoach va vibe xac dinh
thdi didm thu hoach dOi vdi cdc-loai rau nay IA rat quan trong.

1- DO chin itj," thueg

DO chin trai can thieft dd ddp Ling 111'4 yeu cau icy thuat nao dd. Thy
quy trinh san xuat cu thd ma thu hdi a giai down phat trian nao.
San pham trai ngam dating can trai có de chat cao, khong mem khong
nhan, hAm ladng dutng cao trong dich ngam nen trai co dO chua cao cung
khong anh hudng nhieu den chat luting san pham, vi vay chi can thu hooch
326 CHUCiNG 4

trai lac vita twang thanh nhung con xanh. Trdi dung de san xuat mitt hay
nude trai cay thi lai can phai chin hoan toan, di) ngot va mai therm phai slat
ale dai, trai sung can phai mem de de cha hay ep.

2- DO chin sr dung
DO chin thich hup de sit dung dang tutori, trai phai dat trang thai chin
hohn hoan, co chat lacing cam quan va dinh &fang cao nhdt.
Trdi khong co dinh ho hap nlui nhan, data, dao... phai thu hoach ltic
trai da bAt dAu chin. Trdi c6 dinh ho hap nha bet, chuoi, xoai... thi co thii
gian bao quart lau hem do c6 the thu hoach ltic con xanh va du chin truck khi
sit dung.
Rau trai thu hoach cho thi trtiOng not dia, khong can van chuydn can
phai dat de chin hoan toan. Khi thu hoach de van chuyen bang tau hay cht:
chting can dogs thu hoach trutc met tuan. Neu hai qud sctm va bao
quan trong thOi gian dai, cluing c6 the bi teo top va mat huung vi. Neu hai
trai qua tre" roi lai bao quan trong thOi gian dai, chting cd the chtia ham
lutctng hap chat sulfure cao han, ham laung acid ascorbic va cdc loai vitamin
khdc lai thap hccn binh thutng.

3- DO chin sinh ly
Cuol giai loan trutang thanh, san phdm dat du'uc kith tint& va hinh
dang t6i da, thOi diem ma hat cita trai co the nay marn nhttng trai clam chin.
Dau hieu dm de chin sinh 13'r la ham lu'ung chat kho dat ctic dai, met vai trai
da bat dau chuydn ma nhu' trai du du.
Thu hoach dung do chin se gitip cho nguti trong trot bat dau qua trinh
bao quan sau thu hoach &la ho v6i nhang nguyen lieu rau trai c6 chat Iticing
cao nhat. Do do nguti trong trot can phai co kinh nghiem hoac phai dads;
huan luyen de co the xac dinh du'uc chinh xac thOi diem thu hoach san pham
rau trai tutri.
Tieu chuan v6 do chin cita nhieu loai rau trai da du sic xac dinh tit rat
Mu. Nguari to xac dinh di) chin clia trai bang cash do kith aloft cua trai, V8 j
xem xet nhiing dau hieu the hien de chin can thu hoach. CO rat nhi6u d6u!
hieu cho trang thdi chin de thu hoach dal vai met loai rau trai. Bang 4.12
va 4.13 trinh bay snot s6 nhang dau hieu do. D6i vdi nfuTing dau hieu vat lye
h6a hoc nhu' thanh phdn dm, di) dutng, Os acid, de ngtfOi this thong ;
dung nhang kinh netiem thqc td hay bien phdp cam quan de xac clink!
Cung c6 the sit dung nhang thiet bi hien dai de xac dinh chat lacing WI
hoc cUa trai ma khong can phd hUy trai. Hinh 4.1 cho thay cdc nha righien
mitt da sit dung sting ban sieu am de xac dinh de chin cita trai tren cay.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLJdl 327

Cac loci rau clacic thu hoach vai mot khoang Ong &la dO chin vi phai
phy thw)c vao phan caa cay rau (lucre st dung lam thqc phdm. Bang 4.13 se
cung cap mot vai &Su higu cho bigt 4 chin can thu hoach caa cac loci rau.

Bang 4.12 Nhang dciu hi:eu cua dO chin thu hoach cua the loaf trcii cay

Kieu dgu hieu Stt Dgu bleu Loa! rau trai

ye ben ngobi 1 Mau va Trai cO mui, mang cut, du del, dila, chOm
ch6m, ca chua, dila hau
2 Kich thaic Tat ca cac 14 trai cay va nhieu lc* rau:
trai c6 mill, mang tay, dila chi*
3 Hinh clang G6c canh tren trai chu6i, d6 day ma trai
xoai; c10 chac cila bOng cal
4 Dac trong b6 mat Su. tao thanh lop sap tren trai nho va ca chua;
tao mang ten vb trai dila, di) bang dm mot
vai loaf tit' cay (do hinh thanh lop sap)
5 MOt phan cila cay bi kho LA chu6i bi kh6; ngon cay tai bi kho
Dau Ha Lan, map
,- C \ I OD V' 14

Vat 11? CO SQC

D6 cang DUa, cal bgp, rau diep

Kh6i lirOng rieng Cherry, dila hau, xoai, khoai tay •

Ting yang khi go Dila hau, mit, sau rieng

Mui thom Mit, sat., rieng
Cau trijc ben trong Dich trai trong ca chua, mau dm thit trai
CD

D0 chac Tao, le, trai hach

r•-• OD

DO mem, ba cab loaf Tau

HOa h9c 1 Chat khO hoa tan 13d, dila, nho
2 DQ acid, tit la diiong/acid Trai c6 mui, xoai, lgu, kiwi, du di], dila
3 Tinh bQt Tao, le, chu6i
4 Duong Tao, le, nho
5 Dau boo BO
6 LtiOng dich trai Trai c6 mui
7 D6 chat (tannin) Trai hong, cha la

Sinh h9c 1 1-6c d6 h6 hap va sinh Chu6i, xoai, du du, ca chua

tong hop ethylen
2 N6ng dO ethylen ben Tao, be
trong trai

Tinh town du'Oc 1 Don vi nhiat Xoai, dau Ha Lan

2 Ngay tit khi Tau hoa Xoai
3 Ngay tit khi hoa no Sau rieng, dila
4 Ngay hoa no hoan town Trai CO mui, xoai
5 Ngay to khi dau trai ChOm chum
6 Ngay tic khi trong Khoai lang

(Postharvest Technology)
 ClitiaNG 4
328

Bang 4.13 MO so dlu hi'eu do chin thu hoach cdc loci rau

Looi rau Dau hiau thu hoach

Ri ca, ch6i CO. than cu

CO cai, ca rot Duong kinh vita du, dO don

Khoai tay, hanh, tai Ngon bat Tau khO va nga xu6ng

Khoai tu, khoai ma, gUng Diking kinh visa dO (qua chin: dai, có xd)

Hanh Ia DO Ong va dO dai cUa Ia

Rau trai

Dau dua, dau que, dau Trai dau day chac, dg be gay
ngij, ...

Dau lima Trai dau day chac, bat dau mgt mau xanh

Dat kich thUdc can thiet, va dau ngon de bi gay

MUclp
Ca, su su, khO qua, dt.ta Oat kich thUdc can thiet, nhung van con mem (qua chin: mau
chuOt thay dOi, hat dai)
Dich tang dUc nhu sCia tigt ra khi barn mOng tay vao thit trai
Bap ngot
Hat thoat ra duoc khi cat trai thanh migng, mau vo chuye.n tU
Ca chua
xanh sang hong
. ..,o ,i
dt rau Mau xanhc uyen san

Dua ba ruOt xanh Thay doi mau tU trang xanh sang yang kern, có Mul thorn

Mau dm phan dudi chuyen sang yang kern, g6 len trai nghe
DUa t4u
tigng trong

Rau hoa

Bong co cau talc chac (qua chin: ID6 hoa phat tri6n dai ra,
Bong cai trAng
bat dau !Ong leo)

B6ng cal xanh Ca'u truc ch4c

Rau Ia

Rau di6p La du Idn, nhUng chila tr6 hoa

Bap chac, dau ngon Ia kh6ng gay (qua chin: dau Ia de gay)
- Bap cal
Kith thuoc dO Idn, than cay khong cO ruOt
Can tay

Ngus n: Bautista, O.K. and Mabesa, R.C. (Eds). 1977. Vegetable Production.
University of the Philippines at Los Banos
 IIOACH RAU TRAI Tddl 329

Hinh 4.1 Szi dung sung plaan. tick thanh p/u hoa hoc cad trai
trong viec nghien cdu qua trinh A:a triin cua trdi

Tinic to cho tidy ca nhang bang chi clan ve' dgu hieu cua rau trai luc
hoach nhu tren doi khi cling khong the cho biet chinh xac thati gian t6t
ilidt de" thu hal, vA ding khong co met bang tra nao hoar' hao ye d6 chin cila
cac lodi rau trai. De xac dinh thdi digm thu hoach can phai tap hop nhieu
dau hieu va tren tat ca IA kinh nghiem ctila nveri trong trot.

3.2.2 Qua trinh thu hoach rau trai

Thkfc vat not Chung, cac loci cay cho rau cho trai not rieng deu rat da
dm, co loai cay than g6, cao tit 1+2m nhur cay khe, cay nhan den 10+20m
iihtt cay cau, cay dila, có loai than thao 1)6 tren mat dat nhtt cay dua hau, moc
thanh bui nhu' chu6i, dim hay leo tren giAn rani chanh day, bau bi. Nhu .cau
sir dung cac be phan tren cay cua Chung ta cling rat khac nhau, trai, ca, than,
ch6i, Id, hoa... Do do, co nhi6u each de thu hoach rau trai.
Thing cac loci cay cho trai là nhCing cay lau nien, den mila se ra hoa
dau trai, nen khi thu hoach ngticli ta có the be 'Tang cueing nha dita, thanh
long hay du du, neu cu6ng trai dai thi co the phai gist hay xogn cho dirt
cu6ng nhu hal dua, chanh, bo, dau, ca chua... Ta cling có thd sit dung dao, keo
de cat trai cho nhanh vA khong lam ha cAnh, tuy nhien doi yeti tra hay rau
nulling, de' cay co the dam choi ngon mai thi nen ngat dot non bhng tay
tot nhSt.

Cay qua cao nhu' cau, dtia, hay mit, mutin hal trai thutng ngu'6i ta phai
ire() len, dung day cot cu6ng trai hay bu6ng trai vac) than cay, r6i dung than
dap gay (bu6ng cau), dimg dao chat (bu6ng dila) hay xoan cho dirt cueing trai
(mit) sau do the' tit tit xu6ng dSt. Doi vai nhimg loci trai nho nhu set ri,
chanh, cam, bu'ai.„ co the &mg sac) dai de gist trai hay rung cay cho trai
330 CHIVNG 4

rung. Doi khi, ngiI1i to con huan luyen khi de thu hdi trai tit cdc cay cao. Sat'
rieng thaang rung vao ban dem, de trdnh cho trai khong bi dap v6 vi rcrf
manh xu6ng dat, nha wan tinging giang ltiai hang trai rung.
CO mot vai loci trai cay, khi tru'ang thanh se xuat hien mot ngan dtit
gay gifia cueing trai \TA than cay. Ngtiai hai can phai nhm trai chat nhung nhe
nhang r6i be trai rai. khai than tit nan &it gay. Neu trai chin qud ma khong
dtiec hai thi trai se rai khOi cay rung xuting tit nggn &It gay do.

Hinh 4.2 Be trai kho'i canh tai ngdn cult gay

Cdc loci rau thing lai thtlec nhOrn than thao, nen thu hoach that:mg
de clang hen, tuy nhien do dac tinh de ht.i hong, can phai that can than trdnh
hu hong vi dap gay. Rau id thutng dtiec nh6 bang tay, cat bhng dao, keo. Cdc
cay he bau bi mdep hay cdc cay he &au, leo tren gian, cu6ng thding dai, va
nett' khong dung dao Ice° thi phai xohn cho dirt cu6ng trai. Thu hoach cdc loci
cu thi phai nh6 nguyen cay len, ca rot thi chi cat phan ca, phan than Id thi
dimg lam phan bon, cu cai co the dung ca cu la'n Id lam thilc an. Cac loaf cay
cho cu nha khoai lang, khoai mi, khoai tay, su ha°, hanh, tOi thitang tr6ng
tren dat tai x6p nen rat de nh6, hoac dao bang cdc loaf cu6c cif) rang Wee de
trdnh lam hit hong cu.

(b) (c)
(a)
Hinh 4.3 Thu hoach khoai tory (a) hanh (b) ca rot (c)
rHu ROACH RAU TRAI TUO'l 331

33.3 BiOn phap thu hoach rau trai

1. Thu hogch Hui cong
Tradc day, viec thu hai san phAm nong nghiep not Chung va san phgm
rau trai nal rieng daqc ngt!ii tr8ng trot thuc hien 018 cong. Tuy vAy, do dAc
didm san phgm thating Ian vao cay IA hay a dual inAt dal, nen viec ca giai
boa host dOng thu hai khong de thac hien.
Ngay nay, thu hai rau trai thti cong van pho khAp nUi tren the
gidi a cAc nong trai chaa phat trier' trinh dO ca gidi h6a san xugt 'long
nghi0p, a nhang khu vutn CA the. MOt s6 san phAin coin thigt phai thu hai
thu cong de c6 the chon Iva nhang san phAm co chgt lacing cao ma khong
i'inh twang den nhang phAn khac ciia cay. Thu hoach dot tra de san xugt tra
mac can el-tang han, cong nhan phai had tra sewn, ngat tang dot IA tra dat tieu
chugn, khOng dUng keo.
Ult diem khi thu Itai Hui cong la It ha hang san phgm, phan loai rau
trai chinh xac nhang khuyet diem Ian la nang sugt thu hoach thgp, ton hao
!than 'kit, 'thong thich hqp vdi viing chuyen canh rOng Ian, can thu
hoach rn6t Ian dung thdi diem da luta chon.
Nhi8u loai dung cu da duac sit dung de h6 trct cho viec thu hoach thit
ding, co the ke den sao hai, dao, keo, cu6c, thang, ghg, dai an town, day, xe
cau c6 thing nang...

E—
Lirdi Vat khia co
cat trai canh sic

a) b) c)

Hinh 4.4 Sao hcii trdi cay

a) Selo bung tre hay nheja, Idng hang clang re
b) Long hang dang ltlai có ludi dao cdt
c) L6ng ht?ng clang ttii vdi có khe ben de cdt
 CHliONG 4
332

- Sao hcli lA dung cu thu hoach thu cong tien lai nhdt, gitip hai trai a
nhang vi tri xa khoi tam vai &la ngudi hdi. CO nhieu kidu sao khdc nhau, phi
hap vat tang loai trai. Sao hdi thu?ing dtfac lAm bang tre, dau had IA mat cai
mOc bang kim loci dang de giat cho trai rUi xu6ng vat hang hay rai xu6ng
ddt. Sao hdi cang co the cO dang long, hay On them mot cdi bao nett khong
mu6n trai raj thang xu6ng ddt. Kieu sao nay thudng con kern theo mot cai
mOc, mat con dao, hay mat cdi cliia•dd de hai trai hctn. Ngay nay, sao hai
ducfc san xudt tong nghiep tit cdc loai nhtfa cang va nhe, dO dai cua sao con
co the dieu chinh nhd nhung doan lap ghep rat tien lai.

Hinh 4.5 Thu hoach trai cay bang sao hcii

- Dao, keo: giap ngadi }Ai cat trai khoi canh nhanh va gon, khOng
gay hu hOng cho cArth va trai, khong lam tray nide lap sap ben ngoAi trai,
co the tang nang sudt thu hoach va giam hu hong cd hoc khi thu hoach.
Dao Ice° dang trong thu hoach phai (iliac mai va gia ben. Khi cat cu6ng thi
phai cat sat vAo trai, khong dd cu6ng dai, trdnh hu hong trai do cu6ng dam
vac, thit trai.
- Cu6c, coo: dang de thu hoach cdc loai ca. Dung cu o hinh 4.9 gitip
ngtkii thu hoach nhang loai trai nhO rat d8 dang
- D6 chila: g6m co gib, tai, bao dtfrig va cdc sot, thang chaa. Gib va tai
thuing co quai deo, day hay mat tilt& co thd rnil ra dtfac dd co thd trot san
phdm de dang, it t6n -Sac. Ngu i thu hoach se deo gib trttdc bung, tren lung
hay m6c vAo thang dd dung rau trai hdi &lac. Tay kich thtfac trai, sac khoe
nguni hdi ma, kith thu'ac gio se lon hay nho. Sau khi gi6 day, ho se tap trung
vao nhang sot tre, thang g6 hay nhtfa lan r6i mai cha v6 kho.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLICI 333

G26
G28

Binh 4.6 Ccic dung Cu de cat va gift trcii cay (dao, keo, mac gift)

Hinh 4.7 Thu hoach rau trcii bang dao, keo

Hinh 4.8 Ph& cat gan het cu6ng trai ale trcii khang bi hu hang
vi bi dam tilling

Hinh 4.9 Cu6c, cao va clung cu 1164 trcii nh6

334 CHUONG 4

Hinh 4.10 Thu hoach trai nho bang thong có rang hiqc

Hinh 4.11 GO deo ca nhan cho moi nguai thu hooch thti cong

Thimg cluita dung trong thu hoach rau trai phdi cd d4 cdng va dim bac)
thong thoing va bio ye cho nhiing san phdm chda ben trong. Nhiing loai sot
chi a nay thing có th'd sit dung lai ddoc nhi'eu
Thimg nhda clang ngay cang dddc eta chuOng trong cong viec thu hoach
rau trai do nhang didm nhii nhe, dA ye sinh, be, trcm ling 'thong lam hit
san phdm va khi khong dung dd chila thi cd the chOng rhieu thUng lai vdi
nhau tiet kiem dien tich.

Hinh 4.12 Nhang loci tido-1g chda rau trai sau hhi thu hoach
 335
THU HOgH RAU TRAI 771151

Hinh 4.13 Trdi cay thu hooch ditqc chda trong gio hay bao chi:La

'huh 4.14 Tap trung trcii thu hooch &lac vao thong ldn

- Thang, g e dai an toan: giup cho ngtieti thu hooch treo len cay cao an
toan horn, bao dam an toan lao do, ng. i nhang nong trai lan, ngtitri to con sit
dung nhang xe cgu c6 thimg dtta nguti hai len cao nhanh va an toan horn.

Hinh 4.15 Thang, dai an toan gizip thu hdi ditqc trdi tren canh cao

- Xe dgy tay ding can dung de gitip cho qua trinh thu hooch nhanh va
de clang hon. Xe dgy chi c6 mot banh, phia sau IA cang de dgy, trail xe co
thong chtla san phgm thu hooch ductc. Khi Ott san phgm trail xe dgy, san
pham cOng it bi dap vu ban IA deo tren lung hay chita trong bao tai. Neu IA
rau trai de bi heo, doi khi loai xe dgy c6 mai the cOng duac sit dung trong
qua trinh thu poach
336 CHUUNG 4

Hinh 4.16 Xe ddy tay vet xe ddy có mdi the

- Day, ladi (H.4.17): day de cot

cuing trai hay bu6ng trai tha tit tit xu6ng
dgt, khong de trai rcli thang xu6ng dgt.
Luti giang cling nham de hang trai
Hien nay nhang 'long trai tr6ng
trai cay not tidng tren the gi6i van sit
dung bien phap thu hoach thu cong d6i
viii cdc loci rau va trai cay ban tacri vi
chi cif) hai bhng tay thi trai mai dat chgt
ladng cao ve cam quan, va tjr le hu hong
ccs hoc nha dap, yd, tray woe mdi khong
Bang ke. Nhang phtidng tien hien dai se
gitip ngtitti hai tang nang sugt thu hoach. Hinh 4.17 Day cot se gidm
Tuy vay ngu nguti hdi khong can than, sac rai caa bitting dela
chti Sr be, cat, dao, hai met cach can
than, nhe nhang thi ty le hu hong cd hoc ding rat clang kd. Mang gang to
len, cht hdt ming tay, khong mang Ong nhan... ding la each dd giam h
hong cd hoc khi thu hoach rau trai thu cong.

Hinh 4.18 Thu hooch bang tay se dam brio gid tri cam quan
va giant hu hong ca hoc
 U HOACH RAU TRAI TUal 337

D6i vdi nhdng loai trai c6 cgu trim mem nhu' nho, dau khi thu hoach
phai that nhe tay, gida m8i chbrn nho hay m8i trai dau can cd nhung mieng
ion bang x6p, carton hay it ra cung phii lot ram vao gio de tranh dap trai.

Hinh 4.19 Ccic bien phap &Co ue rau trai khdi nhang
hit Hug ca hoc khi thu hoach

2- Thu hogch bang cc' giefi

Thu hoach b‘ang cct gidi la sit dung nhung loai may m6c, thiet bi dd hai
trai cay, dao cu. Cac pinking tien ca gidi da tang nhanh t6c di) thu hoach len
nhieu Ian, s6 nhan ding sit dung c6 the giim clang ke. Nhu'ng khi dung bien
phdp nay sin phAin thu hoach du'ac it tinh chon loc, gid tri chat luang nhat
la chat Kiang cam quan thgp han va tS7 le hat hong vat ly cao han so vdi bien
phap thu hoach thu cOng. Thu hoach bang ca gidi thattng dung dd cung cap
nguyen lieu rau trai cho qud trinh chd bidn cung nghiep, thich hap dd thu
hoach tren nhang viing bang phang va rOng ldn. Ap dung phu'ang phdp ca
gidi doi hoi phdi chi phi cao, van hanh phdc tap. Nguyen tAc van hanh tuting
tt.inha nhau d6i vdi hau het cac loai ca gidi thu hoach tre.i. cay.

Thu hoach trcii có mui, trcii nho, cay cao

Trai nit tam nhiia, vii hay Iasi a du.di g6c cay, dung mot may lac co
tang kep cung vao than cay, hay nhdnh cay, sau da rung manh cho trai rcpt
xu6ng ludi hay tam nhdaIng, va disc tap trung vao thung chda.
D6 cai tie'n pinking phap thu hoach nay, ngadi to cid them vao b() phan
thu nhdn trai ben canh may rung. HO th6ng nay thdZing bao gom mot bO
phan hang trai bang vii nhu'a, co the co clang trOn nhd canh quat (H.3.21a)
hay clang chit nhat (H.3.21b), sau khi da hdrig trai rai xuth g, he th6ng nay co
the &I've cuOn troll lai, hay nang cao len, tap trung trai y6 mot ch6 roi d6 vao
 CHIJONG 4
338

bao chaa 18n bhng each nghieng d6 hoac bang bang tai. Pinking phap nay
dimg de thu hoach nhiing trai cc!, ve day, dO ben co hoc kha cao nhu cam,
chanh, olive... Nhd cai tie-n nay, ma chi can ton khoang hai pfult de thu
hoach mot cay.

Hinh 4.20 Thu hoach trcii co mai bang may rung

Yj

a
• «- •
•■■
• q*V-- I s :4••••••■• • • •

Hinh 4.21 He theMg thu hoach hai bd phdn - rung yet tdp trung trdi
a) Val 'Wing có hinh cai quat, am yang g6c cay
b) Hai am yai hang hinh chd nhdt a hai ben g6c cay
c) Tdm vai hdng dttqc nang len tap trung trdi ye phia ban
chuyen d6 yao bao tai
THU HOACH RAU TRAI Tan 339

Thu hoach nho, ca chua, cay thdp

Loai may nay ohuyen dung dd thu hoach cac loci trai nho, tron, cay
trioc clang bui, tha/p, mem, de rung lac. May ding van hanh vai nguyen ta.c
rung lac. Midi than may có mot khoang trong, ch(ra nhi6u moc thep. Khi may
chat' qua bui cay can thu hoach, cac nick nay se rung lac cay lam trai rung
xu6ng nhang mang hang ben trong may, va throe dua ra ngoai bang nhCing
bang tai cau tao gio/ng canh tay, d6 vao thing chaa. Trong melt giai han nao
do, d() rOng va chi6u cao cua khoang trong co the diet' chinh &lac tiny thuOc
do rOng va chi6u cao cua bui cay can thu hoach. Loai may nay thuting cho
nang slat thu hoach rat cao. Ngutri to cling thuting b6 sung *it he thong
phan loci theo kich duke trai a dad thung chda.

Hinh 4.22 Nhang hinh cinh caa may thu hoach trai nho, cay bui

Thu hoach cau, dela, co, cay cao tren 10m

May cung lam viec vai nguyen the rung lac cho trai rung, chi khac a
clic) can lac phai dai va khoe de co the vai tai cac cay cao tren 1077/ va lam
rung trai. BO phan rung se cap vao than cay gan ngon, tranh lam gay cay. BO
ph4n hang trai g6m mot khay hirng gan om vao vi tri có trai can hai. Khay
hang lac cap vao cay thi nam ngang, khi rung cay cho trail rung thi nghieng
Vic 5° d6 trai lan ra khOi vi tri red, tap trung ar phan ngoai. Sau khi hai xong
340 CHIVNG 4

khay hang se nghien 25° dd trot trai ra khOi khay. Be phan nay chide di'eu
khidn bang he th6ng they

Horizontal
' mode

25°

Hinh 4.23 Thu hoach dela, co, cau bang phitong tien ca giai

3.2.4 Thai digm thu hoach

Moi loai rau trai thu'Ong c6 nhiing thOi didm tot nhat trong ngay d
tien hanh thu hoach. Thai didm thu hoach rau trai trong ngay tinging cho
sao cho c6 ldi nhgt ve mat thdi gian va nhiet de. Nhiet de thgp giap cho ra
trai khong bi heo nhanh vi mat nude, cuOng do h6 hap chink hdn va nhiet d
khi thu hoach &la rau trai cang thgp, qud trinh lam giam nhiet de nhan
thong hcm. Nha \titan Viet Nam finking thu hoach rau trai vao hic sang s6:
hay chieu tat nang. Vao thOi didm nay, nhiet de thtiOng thgp.
Thu hoach buoi sang rat tien lai ve mat thOi gian, sang sam trOi ma
khong nang, it gib, rau trai se gill daac dd tuai, nguti thu hoach c6 thOi giE
xa ly, d6ng gai dd dura vao bio quan hay chuyen chef dgn ndi tieu thu. 136i v
cdc loai rau ld, trai c6 nhieu nhtia mu nha xoai, du da thi thOi didm thich h.
nil& nen la chieu t6i. Lac da nhUa mu it chi), hdn de xa Id mem diu
don nen khOng bi dap khi thu hoach.
Tuy v.ay do d4c didm sinh 1Sr, met vai loai rau trai can phdi doge t.
hoach vao nhang thOi didm d4c biet. Luc do chat lu'dng cua rau trai se dat g
tri cao nhgt. Bap ngot phai thu hoach vao giaa tru'a rndi có dd ngot cao, hoa
u'dp tra phdi thu hoach vao khoing 7 gia t6i mai c6 hacing tham t6i da...
Cdc nha nghien WU thudc Dai hoc Southampton (Anh) cho biet,.cac 1(
rau trai thu hoachAie dem dat chat lacing cao va tu'di hdn ban ngay (ta
khoang 170%). Ho khuyen ngirdi trong trot nen thu hoach sin phdm vao
6 gi6 t6i flan la ltic 6 gid sang, bai vi, vao ban ngay cdc loai rau trai qua c
trinh quang hcip tao ra chat dinh dating va vao ban dem cac khi kh6ng caa
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLIcJI 341

khep lai cheing sit mat nuac va cdc &tang chat. Rau trai thu hoach ,va dem
rita sach, lau kho, cho vac) bao bi r6i dd vao xe lanh, khong can sit dung h6a
chat bao quan van cd the ttiai tot den khoang 10 ngay sau.

g.2.5 Sd the tai chZ

Rau till sau khi thu hoach se daqc tap trung vao thimg chtia va eh& ve
kho xi' 13'r. Mot s6 trai thu hoach bang each cat thi thudng da gon gang khong
có canh Id hay cu6ng thira. Cac loai rau trai thu hoach bang each gist bang
sao hai, be hay dao, nh6 thi thing con ca than, la, cu6ng, va dat cat barn
theo sari phdm thu hoach yeti tri15ng hqp sau, ngu'di thu hoach
ducting phai tien hanh xit ly so( b6 tai vin nhti bo bat canh, cu6ng, 14t bet Id
xanh ben ngoai bap cai, bong cal, be bat phan than la ctia ca r6t, cat bat re
ctla nhitng cay rau cai, ray cho rat het phan dat barn ben ngoai cu khoai tay,
khoai lang, hanh,
Muc dich cua qua trinh nay la de giam that thoat khol luang vi bay hcci
attic va ho hap (cdc b6 phan thita nhu IS, cu6ng, than, re de bay hai nuac,
ne'u van can dinh vdi trai se keo gm tit trong trai di theo), giam hti hong co
hoc do canh Id, cu6ng dam thong trai, giam khoi lacing van chuyen ve kho
chtla va giam ca lacing vi sinh vat barn tren vo trai (chaa trong lap dat barn
ngoai v6).
Xa ly to ch6 clang c6 th6 bao gbm ca qud trinh phan loai sec bO, loai ra
nhang rau trai ha hong, sau bOnh, hay dap va, tranh lam anh lidding lay lan
cho nhang rau trai khong bi hut.

Hinh 3.24 Wit ho than va /u caa cay ca r6t

Rau trai se duac d6 day- vao cac thong sot chtia. Cdc thong nay se dudc
the ve kho bang nhang phu'ang tien tit tho sa nhu xe day, xe bo, xe cai tien
den nhang p1 4:rng tien hien dai nhu' xe van tai 16n khong c6 mui, c6c thong
342 CH1VNG 4

rau trai se dayc xep lei xe biing can cdu. De bao ye cho rau trai khoi nhUng
ht.( h6ng trong qua trinh van chuyen ve kho, c6 the phai dung ram hay la 16t
thong hoac ngan gifla t.irng trai, tong chum d6i vdi nhang loci trai c6 cau true
thit trai mein nha dau, nho. Doi vdi rau Id thi lai phai day thUng bang la
chu6i de tranh heo.
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Hinh 4.25 Tilting du& rau trcii sau khi thu hooch

Hinh 4.26 Chi) rau trcii thu hooch &tot ve kho

4.3 DUNG GUI RAU TRAI SAU THU HOACH

San phdm rau trai tu'ai thing có gid thanh cao ham nhieu so vai
phdm the bien vi nhang chi phi cho viec thu hooch, bao quan, van chuyi
doi khi vuat qua xa chi phi san xudt sin phdm do. He th6ng cung cap si
phdm rau trai URA bao gain nhieu khau nhcr thu hooch, xir 13'r, (long gOi va vi
chuyen sin phdrn den nai tieu thu, phan ph6i san phdm den tay ngt.t6i ti
dung... Quan ljr tot he' thiing cung cap san phdm rau trai URA se bao da
chdt hiang san phdm_va dem lai hien trai kinh to tai du. Trong he th6ng ni
thing g6i la met trong nhang yeu to then ch6t, c6 hai chlic nang chi" yeu sat
- Tdp hvp san phdm trong m6t, dem vi sari phdm thich hqp cho vi"0 b
gnarl, van chuyen va phan ph6i.
- BAo v6 &rile san phdm khi l,( th6ng trong he thing cung cap.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUdI 343

4.3.1 Anh huriing dui qua trinh dong goi toi chgt hicing san phAm

Iireu qua cacique! trinh dong got - giam an that san pheinz
Clang Jut hong co. hoc
Bon nguyen nhan cho yeu dan den hit hOng cd hoc a san phdm IA tray
then ep, va dap va clidn dong.
San phdm bi tray xadc do va quet vdi canh, r6, cueng trong qua trinh
thu hoach, do thimg chi:fa khong ductc trail lang hay co ga canh sac hoac c6
the do thimg chLia rau trai bi Ice° le tren mat ddt. Neu d6 qua day san
phdm vao thUng, set dung bao bi qua mem hay khong dung nhang tam ngan
phan cach va. dem Oa cac san phdrn thl khi khuan vac, chuyen chd, san
phdm c6 thd se bi ham ddp, nth vet hay bi thUng vi bi ellen ep. Vet tham do
va ddp thadng xugt hien khi san phdin bi danh rdi khi thu hoach hay bi
xOc khi van chuydn. VAn chuyen tren phudng tien filo sd, hay teen diking
gap ghenh ding gay nen nhung vet thadng cd hoc cho san phdm, nhdt la
(161 vdi nhang thong san phdm long leo, khong dadc dinh vi chic vao san
xe. Chdn &Ong do van chuydn ding thlteing lam xay 'cat nhe cho den dap
nal san phdm rau trai.
Nhang vet thong kd tren se nhanh thong chuydn sang mau nau do
qua trinh oxy hea polyphenol xay ra khi chting ti6p xuc vdi khong khi thong
qua phin me bi hit hai. Vi sinh vat qua d6 ding c6 dieu kien dd phat tridn,
gay hit hong, mui vi la va lay lan rat nhanh qua cac san phdm 1(6 canh. San
phdm se bi giam thdi gian bao quan va giam gia tri thaw phdm.
Khi tong goi nhiing san phdm rau trai c6 cdu triic mem, de dAp, de hit
hong nhu nhan, vai, dau, nho, rau la, bong cai, can 'du Y IA thing san phdm
phai dirdc sap x6p trong bao bi sao cho khong co sat vai san phdm khac hoax
MI-1h &la bao bi, bao bi phai thing du san phdm nhitng khong qua (My,
'thong buOc chat qua d4 trdnh nhang ton thutang cd hoc. Co thd tang caring
hieu qua cila viec dong g6i bhng cach dimg die loai bao bi c6 ngan rieng titng
trai d6i vdi trai cay, hoax dung cac tam dem lot nhu mut, x6p dd giam chdn
dOng. NhtIng biOn phap nay se gitip bao v0 chgt luvng san phEim rau trai taci
nhu'ng ding se lam tang gia thanh &la san phdm.

Gicim hao but t)' kit& hto.ng cua san phdm

San phdm bi hao but khei lacing ngoai nguyen nhan hit hOng cd hoc,
con do qua trinh ho hip, qua trinh bay hdi nude xay ra ben trong san phdm,
h* do tee dO gi6, nhiet dO mei triOng bao quan san phdm. Wong g6i trong
nhimg bao bi thich hcip se giam t6i da nhiing hao but nay.
344 CHUONG 4

4.3.2 XiY ly trigic thing g6i

Qua trinh xe ly sau khi thu hoach c6 thd chi don gidn IA van chuygn
sin phdm tit vudn ddn cdc phuong tier' van chuygn nhu xe tai, tau thuygn,
nhang ding c6 the bao gom nhigu Ong doan xei ly, tit reia, lau b6ng, phan cO,
phan hang cho den cdc qua trinh phan loai khac nhau. Vi tri d6ng g6i yeti
cau phai mat me, khong c6 nang trong su6t qua trinh xi? ly rau trai Midi. Khi
cha tit vikm va not d6ng g6i, cling phai dung bat che, Id cay hay nhang b0
phan khac de che ndng cho rau trai.
D6i vai nhiing nha (long g6i quy mo nho, sin phdm sau khi cha tit vu in
va se duoc giao cho ngudi (long ed. Ho se thuc hien h6t tat ca cdc quy trinh
nhu chon lila, phan loai, phan hang, xt1 ly va (long g6i vao bao bi. Trong
trudng hop nay, m6i ngutsi phai c6 kinh nghiem va higu bigt dg hoan thanh
cac cong viec tren. 136i vdi quy mo 16n hon, nhigu qua trinh va cong nhan
hcrn da (Woe set dung cho quy trinh xet ly rau trai sau thu hoach.
Qua trinh clang g6i se duoc thttc hien tai kho sau khi rau trai ducic
van chuyen tit khu vuc thu hoach ve. De chudn bi tot cho vi0c (long g6i can
phii xet ly truoc. Muc dich xet ly la giim nhiet do, cao tit vudn, loai frit vi
sinh vat, hoan thien gia tri cam quan cho sin phdm, tao thanh nhang
nh6m sin phdm cAng chdt Wong, khea Wong gitip thuan tien cho qua trinh
d6ng g6i va van chuydn.
Cdc qua trinh xit ly bao gO'm cat tia, rota, lam kho, phan loai.

1- Nit413 li4u
San phdm tit vtidn se duoc tap hop lai va dua vao day chuygn xet ly.
Qua trinh nay phii duoc tittle hien nhe nhang tranh lam dap va nguyen
CO the trot true tidp rau trai tit cac giO, thing gigs xu6ng tit cdc phuang tien
van chuydn len bang tii. Bang tai se dua rau trai vao kho. Can phii that nhe
nhang, va cham rai trtinh hu hang vat ly lam tang tsr le thdt thatt.
Van chuydn rau trai theo phuong pita') udt, sit dung dOng nu'ac loi cu6n
trai vao kho, c6 nhidu itu didm. Traffic tien IA khi di chuygn theo dong nude
chay, rau trai se giim nguy co bi dap va, tray nik, sau d6 IA to c6 the loi
dung dong nu& dg ha nhiet dO cho rau trai va thyc hiOn giai doan ngam
chudn bi cho khau reta tidp theo. MOt Wong chlorine c6 thd dole dua vat) dong
nudc de tieu diet mot vi sinh vat barn ngoai vo sin phdrn.,Khi dua trai vao
&mg rtac, c6 nhiing trai ps- tsy trong thdp nhu tao, bo thi se not len tren mat
nude hay 16 liing va dong wide cu6n troi theo. Trai le c6 ty trong cao,
se bi chlm xu6ng day va khOng troi (bloc, luc d6 c6 thd phai IA sung them
mu6i sodium lignin sulfonate, sodium silicate hay sodium sulfate dd tang tY
trong ctia mid; gidp cho trai c6 thd troi. Qua trinh nhap lieu ttat it duoc tip
THU HDICH RAU TRAI TUO'l 345

dung hon nhdp lieu kho vi mdc dO tong kgnh va doi hbi dien tich mat bang
tong va chi phi cao horn:

Binh 4.27 NhOp lieu theo kieu kho, trcii theo bang tell di .vao day chuyin xt 4

Hinh 4.28 Nhap lieu theo kieu dot, trcii troi theo clang nttoc

2- Hct nhOt do

Hinh 3.29 X6i nitric With ha nhiet do cho trcii cay nzhi did tit wan ve

Rau trai khi mai duoc chit tir ncci thu hoach y6 Uniting có nhiet do cao,
tit 33°C den 37°C, can phai nhanh thong ha nhiet dO nham bao ve _,au tnic
cling chat va di) tuoi cho sin phdm. Bien phdp thit6ng dung la lam lanh bang
346 CHUONG 4

nude. Cdc thi -1g chaa sari phdm rndi thu hoach dudc x6i Wed bang nude lanh
den khi nhiet c16 ha xu6ng 25÷30°C. Neu sau khi raa xong ma chiia co dieu
kien dua vao xii ly ngay ngtidi to co thd &mg nhang tam vai dm dap len
thUng chaa rau trai de' giai nhiet.

3- Ccit tia, lta chpn so' 6'0

Mac a da co xii ly tai nai thu hoach, nhu'ng met phan cu6ng, la, canh
re yen con dinh vai san phdm, them vao do, la khi be Id, cu6ng tai vutn
ngudi thu hoach thadng thkic hien cdu tha, Id ch6 ngat ch6 khong, cu6ng cai
dai, cai ngan, hoac van can sot lai nhang trdi hOng do do muc dich ctia
vi0 cat tia tai kho IA loai 136 nhung phan khong sa dung, hoar' thien gid tri
be ngoai, giam mat nu'drc, giam hur hong, ngan chan ski lay lan dm vet hu
hOng. CO the ke ra vai ding viec nhti sau:
- Cat bo than, cuting ctia trdi xoai, daa, du &I
- Cat b5 r8 rau xanh, can tay
- Cat ngon, 136 là, 1)6 cu6ng cu ca rot, hanh, toi. Doi voi cdc loai cu nay
khong nen cat sat het than ma nen chita met doan than dai 2÷3c77
thi san phdm se lau ha Ilan.
- Lat bO phan sot lai cua hoa chu6i tren dau trdi chu6i. Neu bao qua]
chu6i theo tang bu6ng thi chi can cat gon than buong chu6i, ne-u ba,
quan tang nai, thi phai dung dao cat rdi tang nai, saa got can that
phan cu6ng nai chuoi, ding co the cat nai chu6i thanh tong chum nh
hart toy yeti cdu cua thi tnielng tieu thy.
- Bo nhang là xanh ben ngoai cai bap, chi chaa khoang b6n la de ba
ye cdc la trang ben trong.
- Logi bo cdc san phdm bi hOng, dap yd.
Lya chon sa b6 se gikip tiet kiem nang ltiong, thdi gian trong nhan
khau lila chon v4 sau. Thating nhang qud trInh nay du'dc thyc hien thCt con
tren cdc bang tai.

Hinh 4.30 Ccit act, lua chon sa bS, loai bd cemh cudng, trcli ha hang
traac khi duct veto may phc2n loci
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUOPI 347

4- Raa, /dm sgeh

Co hai kidu lam sach rau trai. MOt vai loai trai nha kiwi hay tali ba
thi bien phap cha kho bang ban chai thi phi hqp hun vi lftp vó ben ngoai khi
gap nil& se thay doi v6 mat cam quan. Nhang loai trai khac nhu ca rat hay
chugi thi lai can phai rita vi teen vo dinh kha nhieu bui dgt, ra'a sach se gidp
ye ngoai trai dep hctn va loai bo nguyen nhan gay hu hong cho trod. Leta chon
kidu lam sach nao se by thuec loai rau trai va dang chat ben.
Qua trinh rita c6 nhieu tac dung c6 lqi cho chat laqng rau trai tuti. Rau
trai vita chuyen chef tit wan thu hoach ve c6 nhiet dO kha cao, nat.' khong nhanh
thong ha nhiet de thi phan nhiet nay se lam tang ho hap cho san pham, tang
t6c dO thodt nuctc, rau trai se mau heo, d'an den giam thti gian bao quan.
Rua con gitip loai 136 dgt cat, vi sinh vat barn tren rau trai, lam to ra
nhang ha hong de dang luta chon, phan loai, va lam tang gii tri cam quan
cho san phgm vi ben ngoai sach se, khong dinh dgt bin, rau trai cung giam
ha hOng do vi sinh vat.
MOt s6 loai trai c6 mu dinh rani xoai, coc, vu saa, du du... Neu thu
hoach 'thong can than dd nhtfa mu barn vao vo trai se tao nen nhang Wing
dinh nhaa de barn da't cat va vi nhaa de bi oxy hoa do nang nen nhung vat
nam do nhya chay nang se lam giam gia tri cam quan caa san phgm. Cach
tot nhat trong tratng hqp nay IA thu hoach can than, khong cho nhu'a dinh
vac) trai (xap sot cu6ng quay xugng duti). Neu nhaa mai dinh vao trai, to c6
the raa nhanh nhu'a mu bang nutc nong (40÷50°C) hay dung dich phen chua,
sau do lam lanh nhanh bang nutc sach c6 nhiet de thap dd tranh tac dung
xgu do nhiet de.
Tai kho thing g6i, qua trinh rita thaang daqc thifc hien trong nhiing be
ngam rita. Ngam de ha nhiet de, bong mem dat cat, nu cc ngam thadng là
rut& lanh co b6 sung chat diet khugn nha chlorine, hay chat h6 trq qua trinh
raa nhu soda, hay NaOH loang. Rita bang nu& lanh, sach dd raa troi dat cat,
va cac hoa chat ngam.
Cl quy mo thu tong, rau trai c6 the chicle ngam va vat thii ding, nen dOi
khi hieu qua khong daqc cao lam. Cl quy mo hien dai hdn, thi qua trinh raa
&lac thtfc hien teen thiat bi raa. Doi yeti rau trai tuti yeu eau thigt bi IA phai
khong gay tan thaang ca hoc cho san phgm trong qua trinh rtla. Van chuydn
rau trai trong quy trinh aiding bang &mg nadc chay loi cu6n trai di theo.
Phaang phap nay gidp cho rau trai it bi dap, giim thtii gian raa vi khi di
theo &mg nadc, rau trai da trai qua giai doan ngam. Giai doan riia thadng là
dung tia nutc sach phun vao rau trai, c6 the tang cu'ang hieu qua ril'a bang
nhing con lan co On ch6i mem d6i vai trai va dong khi suc vao be raa doi
vai cac loai rau mem.
348 CHliCiNG 4

Hinh 4.31 Ngam rza trai coy

Hinh 4.32 Rua rau cdi có suc khi Hinh 4.33 X6i rita buffing chudi

5- Th6i kho
Sau khi rCira xong, rau trai phai &roc lam kha be mat de de (long goi
vao bao bi, nhgt la bao bi gigy, hit hong vi Trai deft cang de dinh dgt cat,
nhiem vi sinh vat lai. M6t s6 san phgm cu chi nhit hanh, tot hay trai mtii
nhti chanh, cam, tac can phai duvc hong nhe nham lam dai vo bi ben ugoai,
han gan vet thuting ccr hoc, giam mat ruffle, tang thdi gian bao quan.

Hirsh 4.34 14 thong quat tho'i kho trai rau khi rata
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLIC! 349

He th6ng quat gi6 Ong suit manh thadng dauc stI dung cho muc dich
nay, thdi gian rau trai di qua b6 phan th6i gi6 phai nen, chi vita du lam kilo
nude teen be mat trai. Doi vdi hanh toi, c6 the sit dung mot luting gi6 gm
(35÷40°C) dd hong kilo lap vo hp ben ngoai cac top hanh

6- B9c slip
Boc sap la sit dung sap auk phdm dd bao boc ben ngoai cac loci trai
nha data chu0t, bi ng6, Ca tim, ca chua... de' thay the cho lap sap cutin ttt
nhien (la bi mat di trong qua trinh rita. Lap sap nay c6 vai tro nhu. mot mang
bin ye trai giam mat mat do bay hui nutac trong khi dOng goi va phan ph6i.
D6ng th6i lop sap nay con gilt nhiem vu mot mang bao MA (Modified
atmosphere) giup didu khien thanh phan khi quydn chung quanh trai, keo
dai thdi gian song cho tali. Chi c6 nhang loci trai c6 136 mat nhtin (khong c6
'Ong tu, gai...) IA c6 thd tietn hanh boc sap. Rau la khong thich harp vai qua
trinh nay. Khitign hanh boc sap, can phdi lam cho lrtp sap kilo hoan toan
trate khi chuyen qua ding doan tigp theo.
Thiet bi boc sap cat' t4o g6m mot bang tai la cac truc quay ban chdi de'
ddy trai di va trang ddu sap len 136 mat trai. MOt lap len ni, c6 be rOng bang
vdi be r6ng bang tai, phan ph6i sap long tit mot b6n chda. M6t tam
polyethylene the phia tren se ngan chan ski b6c hui cua dich sap thgm tren
ldp len ni. Trai se Ian qua cac truc va lien ti6p ti6p )(tic vai lap len ni thgm
sap va cac ban chdi de clan au sap len be mat trai. Sau bang tai se la he
th6ng quat th6i kho sap.

N&p day

Tam poly ethylene

Truc Ian ban chai

Dinh 4.35 Nguyen tdc boat clang cda thiet bi boc sap cho trai cay
350 CHLICNG 4

7- Phew loci san phcfm

Phan loai, phan hang cho san pha'm thi khOng bat buOc tuy nhien van
can thurc hiOn vi gid ban cua m8i ccr khdc nhau, &CA khi khoing cach rat xa
gifia cac gid ban nay. Qua trinh phan loai co the dien ra track hay sau qua
trinh rata, nham chia san phdm thanh nhitng nh6m san phdm co cling mot
tinh chgt, cling dO chin, cling kich thuOc, cling khi luctng, cling hinh clang
hay cling flat:1'c do hit hong nham muc dich de dang clang goi, bio guar', van
chuyen, giim latt hong, keo dai thdi gian bac) quin rau trai
Thy thi twang tieu thu ma mile dO phan loai rau trai se thay d6i. Neu
IA hang ban not dia se luta chon theo yeu cau cua khach hang. Tieu chudn
phan loai khong c6 dinh, ma thay dori theo viing dia pinking, theo d6i tuvng
giao dich. NeU IA mat hang rau trai xuat khdu mua ban yeti nit& ngoai thi
thy thuOc tieu chudn chgt luting ma nisi mua dp dung hoc thy thuOc tieu
chudn xuat khdu cua nha nulic d6i vai loai san phdm do. Yeu cau phan loai vi
vay ma doi hoi cao hcrn.
quy mo nho, qua trinh nay cling ditvc thtic hi0n thu cong, ding nhan
phi cluvc hugn luy0n ve cac kich ccr, chat luang can phan loai. Neu a trinh (10
thgp, thi dung cu dung c16 lila chon chi bao goin nhang thung, r6 chita trai.
Ngitai luta se bang mat, bang tay de phan hang cho san phdm. Thiet bi ho try
cho qua trinh lila chon thu ding IA nhang hip th6ng bang tai co t6c de cham de
cong nhan co di; thai gian h a chon. CO nhitng loai bang tai rOng va cong nhan
dung hai ben bang tai cling ltia chon. C6 nhitng 110 thong g6m nhieu bang tai,
chua nguyen lieu trai truck va sau khi luta chop. CO con c6 nhi-tng dung cu
hO tra cho ngutri nhu tint& kep, can, hay kich thtiac, khol lugng, mau sac
chudn. Tuy nhien hieu qui cong vi0c thu'ang phy thuOc rat nhieu vao trang
thai tam ly cua ngutri luta chon. D6 giam thi6u niiitac diem do, tren day chuy6n
thitang co nhieu nguti, va trai phai qua vai lan luta chon truck khi dale dila
vao clang goi. Lkta chon thu ding van difvc sit dung rat ph6 bi6n trong cac day
chuyen thing g6i rau trai tiith vi tS, 10 his hong trail day chuyen rat nho, va co
th6 luta chon nhieu loai rat khac nhau tren cling 1.01 day chuyen.

Hinh 4.36 Phan loai trdi cay thu cong tren bang tdi
THU HO,ICH RAU TRAI TUC! 351

Trong mot vai day chuyen clang g6i, sau khi trai da qua qud trinh lua
chon bang ca giai, se duac data vao lua chon m6t Mn naa bang thu cong nham
di6u chinh nhang sai s6t do thiet bi.
C6 nhiAu kigu thigt bi lua chon trai, nang sugt lua chon trai tren cdc
thiet bi nay cao Ilan so vai nang sugt lua chon thu cong rat nhi'eu va tranh
chicle nhung chenh tech do chii quan tiing cong nhan khi lua chon thu cong.
Tay v4Y, a nhung nuac dang ph& trim nhu nitric ta, rat hiem thgy ca s6 nao
co dau ta he thong thigt bi nay.
Dua tren nhiing tieu chi khdc nhau, co thd tign hanh phan loai rau trai
theo kh6i Wang, kith thu6c, hinh clang, kh6i luang rieng, mau sac, khuyet
tat... Trong thuc te, mot he thong phan loai thuang bao g6m hai cho tai ba
kidu phan loai, nham mac dich phan chia rau trai thanh nhang nhOm san
phgm gan nhu d6ng deu v'e chgt Wang.

Phan loci theo kh6i litong

Trdi c6 khOi lacing khac nhau se (Iliac xep vao nhang nhorn khdc nhau
bang cach can. Khi thuc hien phan loai thu cong, kidu phan loai nay it khi
&lac sit dung, nhung da co rat nhie'u thiet bi phan loai to Ong sit dung
nguyen tac nay. Hinh 4.37 va 4.38 cho thgy thigt bi phan loai theo khol
lacing mot hay nhieu day chuy6n. Tren rn8i, day chuy6n co nhang v tri can,
di? lieu se duac ghi nhan, va trai se &lac tdch ra a nhang vi tri da quy dinh
Thiet bi co the phan loai daqc nhang loai trai co khol lacing tit
25÷2.000g. DO chinh xac cua thiet bi co the la ± 1,0g.

Ifinh 4.37 Can trai trail Hinh 4.38 Phan loci trcii ba
day eh uyen theo khoi Ittang
352 CHUUNG 4

Hinh 4.39 Phan loai trai cam tren may nhieu day chuyen

Phan lc* theo khoi lacing rieng

CO nhiing loai trai vg ye ngoai, kich tint& thi khong khac gi nhiing
trai khdc, nhang ben trong bi but hOng. Thuting gap la nhung loai trai cc
c6 dang troll. Do lanh (long, hay nhang nguyen nhan khac ma trong
runt trai bi th6i nhan, tS, trong trai se giam. Day chuyen thu ding dOi khi
khong nhan ra durocc nhiing hu hong nay. Thie't bi sit dung ciing kha phth
tap vi phai c6 1)0 phan xac dinh kich tha6c \fa kh6i lacmg trai, tit nhang di
lieu d6, may se tinh than va loai ra nhUng trai cd, tSt trong khdc biet
Phlicrng phap nay ciing c6 thd gitip loai ba nhiing trai bi trot YO, c6 kicr
thudsc khong d6ng dgu.

Hinh 4.40 Phan loai trai cam theo tj, trong

THU HOlICH RAU TRAI Tlfal 353

Phan logi theo hinh clang

Cu hanh, trai c6 mdi co dang tren hay dai, trai xoai c6 clang dep hay
vb... ding co thd dam phan loai bang tha cong hay bang thidt bi. Mdy phan
loai theo hinh clang c6 cac co cdu chup hinh tur &Ong a nhieu vi tri khdc nhau.
az tam anh chup se &roc phan tich va cho ra ket qua, data de'n cac be) phan

Hirsh 4.41 Phan loai hanh tay cu tren va hanh tay cu dai

Phan loaf theo kich tint&

Day la cach phan loai thong dung nhat doi Voi san phdm trai cay.
Trdi can CO cung hinh dang kich thu6c phii hop v6i nhOrn san phdm, ngoai
ra can giCip cho qua trinh dong goi thu'c hien du'oc tot hdn vi su< d6ng nhat
4 tam lot, bao hi. Ngoai bien phdp tha cong, da co nhieu kidu thik bi co
the phan loai trai cay theo kich thu6c. Thiet bi phan loai trai c6 dang tron
m cac truc Ian dot co khoang cdch true khdc nhau tit nh6 den lan
(H.4.42). Trai lay ra tit cac thimg hang phia du'di truc. Thigt bid hinh 4.43
pilau loai trai theo nguyen tAc trai chay dot theo bang tai, nghieng ve
twang cac true lan co khoang cdch khac nhau gitia truc va bang tai. Trdi
lay To tit ben canh thie't bi.

Hinh 4.42 Nguyen l5P hoat d'Ong thia bi phan loai bang tell d6c
va rulo phan loai trai cay
354 CHONG

Mang trtiot nhap lieu trai cay

Cita trilOt diiu ph6i nhap 14u.
Truc 16 phan loci

Mang thao lieu --

Hinh 4.43 Nguyen 13% hoat ciOng thiet bi phdn loci bang xy lank quay trop

Hinh 4.44 Phan locti trdi le bang bang tai doc va truc lan ngang

- t,

Hinh 4.45 Phan loci cam bang cdc truc Ian doc
 THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLIdl 355
1
Phan loaf theo mew sac
Mau SAC the hien di) chin dm trai, trai bi ha hong cung c6 the c6 mau
sic khdc biOt. Nguyen tac chung cud cac thigt bi phan loci mau sac la sir
dung nhang he theing chup hinh trai va so sanh mau cud trai voi mau chuan
da. cal dat, lam ca sct cho nhang xi( ly tie-p theo. Hinh 4.46 la nguyen ly hoat
dOng can mot thigt bi phan loci trai theo do chin

Hinh 4.46 Mciy plain loci trai theo mau sdc

Phu nhap lieu Bang tai rung

Mang taiga

Bang dieu khien

BO phan dieu
khien phan loci

Te bao
quang dian Phong nen
BO, khuech dai

San phdm
■•■
Bo phan dieu khien
.10
phun khi nen
Dudng ra cua Nang Wong cung cap
phe phdm

Hinh 4.47 Nguyen teic boat dOng may phan loci theo meat sdc
356 CHLIONG 4

Phan loci bang phan tick thanh phdn hoa hoc (NIR)
NIR (Near Infra Red) la phaang phap phan loai hien clai, dkra vao
nhang bac x4 can hang ngoai, trdi di qua may se duac phan tich v6 do Brix,
ham lacing dating, vitamin, acid amin, protein, cdc thanh phan vi lacing
khac... ma khong can pha hong trdi. Trdi se daac phan loai tinh to hen, tuy
nhien bien phdp phan loai nay van con rat han the vi chi phi rat cao, chi
dung cho nhang thurang phdm có gid ban rat cao.

Hinh 4.48 Phdn loaf tao tren thiet bi NIR

Bang 4.14 Phan loci san, phcini tcio (Cong ty Stemilt, Washington)

Lo -1i Co Kheii lu'cing, g/trai Dating kinh, mm

Lon 48 392 92,5

56 336 89,5

64 294 86,5

72 261 83,5

80 233 81,0

Trung binh 88 213 77,5

100 187 74,5

113 165 72,0

125 151 70,0

Nho 138 134 68,0

150 126 66,5

163 115 64,5

175 106 62,5

198 95 60,5

216 ,' 87 58,5

Phan loai IA ca set phan hang, phan cal) cho san phdm rau trdi
Mat san phdm rau trait muan thuang mai hoa ngoai viec dang ksr nhan hieu
con phai dang ky tieu chudn digt, ltt cng, bAo bl (long ph6in chifa
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TUO'l 357

trong bao bi phai dung nhit mO ti ben ngoai bao bi, va dung voi chit lacing
da dang 4. Troc khi van chuyen mua ban, lo san pligm se phai qua sit kiem
tra &la ca quan eh& nang, nham dim bio chit lacing lo hang dung hop deng.
Thy cong ty san xuit va thy chi tieu da dang ky, san pham thuting &roc
phan hang thanh cac loai 1 - 2 - 3 - 4; cac loai A - B - C - D hay cac loai
ngoai hang - hang I - hang II - hang III. Data vao ban mo to san phdm kern
theo titng phan hang ma thvc hien phan loai.r6i phan hang

4.3.3 Ming goi

DOng goi la khau quan trong trong ding nghe sau thu hoach, gitip de
clang khi van chuyen phan ph6i, tie'p thi, buOn ban, trdnh duce hu' hang, dac
biet la Int hong vat 157 (dan x6c, hit hang, va dap, be va) cho san phdm. D6i
vii hau het cac, loai rau trai, viec (long goi dutqc xem la slat yeu cat, khi san
pham duce xevp day dU, gon gang trong bao bi, khong trail ra ngoai. M8i loai
san phd.m có kigu bao bi rieng, co ciu tao kith thaerc khac nhau. Neu sit dung
bao bi phii hop, thing chdc nang thi bao bi se bio ye tot cho sin phim ma no
chaa dcmg d6ng th6i co the tang gid tri cam quan cho san phim ncta.

1- Ccic yeu to can litu y hhi (long goi

Viec luta chon vat lieu bao bi, kith thticic bao bi ding vdi nhung phu'ang
thitc (long g6i khac nhau thy thuOc nhieu yeu to.
Bcin chat san phcfm: hinh dang, kith thudc, d6 ciing, thdi gian song
cUa sin phirn rau trdi se quyet dinh phuang thitc (long goi. Khoai tay,
hanh, cac loai cu, cam quyt la nhang loai san phim co (16 ben co hoc cao, c6
the dung cac loai bao 131 mern nhu bao b6 de dog, kh6i lacing clang goi cling
c6 the nhieu, tuy nhien can can than khi mang vac vi chung cling c6 the bi
dap Ira, gay hi hong, thit thodt. MOt s6 san phdm co ciu true mem can
phii duroc ngan each vdi nhau, khong xep ch6ng len nhau trdnh hu. hong.
Tiing trdi se ditqc xe-p vao bao bi bang tay theo mot khuon duct thie't ke- Om
khit liy trai va the hien du'oc tinh hap dan cua trai khi ilia bao bi. Trdi
du'oc gift c6 dinh bang each ellen iihccng tam dem (x6p). D6i voi nhang sin
pliam co gia tri cao, notti to sit dung nhang khay nhu'a hoac khuon thic san
de dog rieng Bing trdi.
He thong van chuyen: lieu chi can van chuyen tren mat khoing diking
ngan, thi du khOng c6 xe lanh van c6 the gilt duce chat lacing cho rau trai
nhitng ne"u phii van chuyen diking dai, tit mien nain ra mien bac, hay tit
nuac nay di nu'ac khac, thari gian van chuyen vii ngay hoac ca thing thi can
phai ~p dung nhang bien phtip dOng gOi clic biet hon nint MAP. Phu'ong tin
van chuyen xe tai, tau lila, tau thily hay may bay, co he thong lanh hay
khong, cang co anh Inking de'n qud trinh thing goi.
 CHUONG 4
358

riu to thi truang: day la yeu t6 rat nhay cam WI c6 y nghia quygt dinh
cho toan 136 day chuydn san xuat tit lac gieo trong cho d'art khi (long goi san
phdm cu6i. San phdm se ductc dua den thi twang nao, d8 tinh hay kilo tinh.
Ngu dai tticing IA nhiing khdch hang san sang tra gia cao nhung *doi hod cao
vd chat lacing va cam quan thi san phdm se dttqc clang goi trong bao bi dap,
kich at& phi hqp va c6 thd bao v0 tot nhgt san'phdm chita ben trong. Neu
san phdm cung cap cho tram phan ph6i trung chuydn hay cac cita hang, sieu
thi ma to ho se bao goi cho Idiach hang thi c6 thd clang gai timg kh6i lacing
len. Chi phi clang gai se thgp hen. San phdm loai thtteng hang, loai 1 ding c6
thd (kw dOng gai ky he san phdm loai 2, loai 3.

2- Clic logi bao bi ch&a rau trai tutii

Nhiing loai bao bi dau tien phan Ion lam tit thttc vat nhu kgt bang Id
cay, co tranh, tre &lac mang vac bang tay va c6 hinh clang, kich ca thy
r. Ngay nay, cac loai bao bi du'qc lam tit g'6, van ep, day va nhkta. Vic clang
g6i san phdm rau trai tutri phai dap ang dttqc cac yeu cau sau:
- Bao bi phai ben chac de bao v0 &lac san phdm trong xit 1St, van
chuyen va ton trii. Tinh chat ca 1S, cua bao bi khong duqc thay d6i theo do dm
cua san phdm. Bao bi phai ngan clacrc dnh sang hay trong suat thy theo yeu
cau. Nuac to nam trong vimg nhi0t doi nong WI dm, mua nhigu, do, am khong
khi cao, do do bao bi dking san phdin phai khong bi bi0n d6i do do dm cao
hay bi mtia dot. Thing bang carton d6 bi hong khi than' nUUc va do do khong
thich hqp lam. Digu nay c6 thd khac phuc bang cach phun, nhung sap hay
nhung chat WeIng to sap, nhung cach nay khd ton kern. Logi carton ep nhigu
lap dang song chi c6 thd chiu loge nuOc trong khoang th?ii gian ngan. Cdc
loai mang, thing nhtia, thing g6 c6 uu the rat lan v6 mat nay.
- Bao bi phai phu hqp cac yeu cau Nig kh6i lacing, kich ca N/A hinh dang.
Kich Out& va hinh dang cua bao bi phai phu hqp \raj chat li0u, do ben, c6
tinh kinh to va d6 xit 1S7, chuyen chef, chat hang. TS, 10 dAi: r6ng ctia bao bi
thaang khoang 1,5: 1. HiOn nay, kich ca bao bi dang clan du'qc tieu chudn
hoa, theo hu6ng bao bi nhO thi de sap xe'p hen. Bao bi co dung tich 30 lit,
clula khoang 20kg san phdm va dung tich 15 lit dang tra thanh qui each cho
vi0c clang gai trai cay. D6i voi rau thi dung bao bi c6 dung tich leen hen,
khoang 36 lit. Nhitng dang bao bi kich cif nho cung &roc mil' dung sau khi c6
nhung kgt qua di6u tra v6 kh6i lacing san plidm ma mat ngLidi c6 thd sit dung
thtteng xuyen. Vic tieu chudn hoa kich ca bao bi lam tang tinh hi0u qua ctia
vi0c xit 1S, nguyen hai san phdm phai phi hqp vai bao bi.
- Bao bi phai cho phep lam lanh nhanh san phdm. Nhi0t do cao curt
san phdm khi chuyen chic tit nei thu hoach vd, nhi0t sinh ra do ho hap caa
san phdm, nhgt lA dai vai nhung san phdm c6 cating do ho hap cao nhtt cac
THU HOA CH RAU TRAI TU07 359

loqi d4u, rau la, bong cai... se lam tang nhanh t6c de ha hang caa san phdm.
Luang nhiet nay can clyqc giai phong ra kh6i vi tri kh6i san phdm. Qua trinh
song goi phai chki Sr den kha nang giai nhiet cho san phdm. Chon bao bi
thich 11.0 IA bien phap dg thkic hien nhat khi d6ng goi. DO day va kha nang
thoat nhiet caa bao 131 phai Wang ang vdi t6c de ho hgp cua san phdm chila
ben trong. Neu bao bi qua day, qua Ian, nhiet thoat khong kip, se xugt hien
Idp nuOc dong tren mat san phdm, nhiet de WI dO dm se pha hong san phdm.
Co the giai guy& bang cach giam de day bao bi, giam kich thadc bao bi va
sap xep sao cho co su thong hai gala cac bao bi.

- Khi dong goi theo piniang phap MAP (Modified Atmosphere

packaging) can chu Sr den kha nang than' khi caa bao bi vi chting anh Iniang
rat nhi6u den sy ho hip cua san phdm. Bao bi clang c6 thd c6 tinh nang ngan
chap sit mat nuac caa san phdm.
- Bao bi phai cho biet nOt dung chda dung ben trong qua hinh clang va
nhan .hieu• ben ngoai
- Bao bi &roc the tao clang phai (talc tinh den viec giai guy& nan O
nhigm moi tracing. Bao bi can phai c6 kha nang to hoai, hoac khd nang tai
che. Nhang vat lieu lam bao bi c6 ngu6n go/c sinh hoc hien dang &lac Cluj
g nham thay the cac loai polymer nhan tao kh6 to hoai trong moi traang
tit nhien.
Bao 1)1 mem deo: dO la cac loai gio lat, gio nhya, tui xach 18, bao x6p...
Dac didm chung caa loai bao bi nay la khong ding, khong c6 hinh dang nhat
dinh, gon nhe, da dung. Chang chi dung de chtla san phdm, khong thd bao ye
cho rau trai tranh nhiing hu hong chti yeti IA hu hong ca hoc.

Hinh 4.49 Cac loaf bao bi mem

Bao bi klaing mesa deo la cac loai bao bi c6 de cang thay dei, vim c6
the dung dd chaa dyng san phdm vita c6 tac dung bao ye san phdm ch6ng hut
hang co hoc nhu d4p v6, chu6t can... D6i viii loai bao bi nay, dm co th6 dp
dung not s6 phuarg phap bao quan nhu thong gib, lam lanh...
360 CHUOVG 4

Bang 4.15 Tinh chat ciia mSt ucii loqi bao bi clang tai

D6 ben khi D6 ben Kha nang bac) v. ch6ng Kha

Loal
xd rach, khi va Hap thu COn Wing ' nang gay Ghl chi'
bao
dvc thung chum nUdc xam nhap bin

Day T6t T6t Khong KhOng Xau, gay • Gay hu hong

bgn vi sinh hang, con
%tun sdi trimg Lia barn
vao, gig mini t6t
B8ng Khd Kha KhOng KhOng Kha Cd kha nang sit
dung t6t
Nhij'a Kha — t6t TOt KhOng MO it, d6i vdi Kha Bi pha hOy bdi
bao dOng kin tia tii ngoai, khd
may
Gigy Kern Kha- tot T6t nhat, MO it, n6u cd T6t Can sang, in an
nhat la d6i xii ly tat
Voi bao
nhieu Op

Nguein: Walker, D.J. (Ed) 1992. World Food Programme Food Storage Manual.
Chatham, UK: Natural Resources Institute

Gio thting dan bang nub', tre nila: day IA nhang loci bao bi truyen
thong, dole sit dung rat rOng rai do gid thanh re, ca the tdo thanh nhieu
hinh clang, kich ca phis hip vai san phdm. Dieu kien thoang khi cho san
pham t6t, tuy nhien loci bao bi nay khong du'qc cang lam, de bi de bep neeu
chat d6ng va nhi-mg canh sac &la bao bi d6 lAm cho rau Id, trai chin bi dap.
NgAy nay pham vi sit dung cua cdc loci gie tre da thu hep trong san xuat
nhO, ca the vi chung da khong con phu hip do kich thaac Ion va kilo sap x0p,
tSr 10 san pham bi hit hong cling cao (H.4.50).

Hinh 4.50 Gio dan bang tre

CAC LORI TRAI GAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT MIEN d VITT NAM 461

c6 kha nang ngan ngiia benh ung tint va tim mach; lycopene, thuOc nhem
carotenoid, la chit chOng oxy hea c6 kha nang lam giain tS, 10 mac benh ung
that tuydn tin Het nth dan 'Ong.
Nhcing thanh phin khac tim thiy trong buai bao dim acid phenolic,
limonoids, terpenes, va monoterpenes, giup cho qua trinh sinh tang hgp cac
loai enzyme.
Nhieu nguti tin rang an buai gidp cho bat map vi ne c6 kha nang
chuyen Ilea lipid trong ca thd. Tuy nhien c6 the tac dung giam can ctia bum
c6 pha'n nao vi chaa it nang Wong va nhigu chgt xcc. Pectin cd nhi0u trong vo
x6p cua buai IA mOt loai chit xcc hoa tan c6 tac dung lam giam cholesterol
trong mau.
Bach gin') chung to an ngori, kich thich stt tieu hoa vi tang cutng ski tidt
mat. va tidt dich vi. Dung bu'ai vao bu6i sang Vic bung ddi c6 tac dung loi tieu
va tgy chit dOc, gidp loc mau, thai nhang chgt Mn va dOc to it then. va gan
ra ngoai.
Hesperidin va naringin la hai chit flavonoid c6 trong btiai gitip bao ve
tinh dan h6i cda mach mau, ngiia xcc cung dOng mach, gian tiep ch6ng chang
cao huydt Ai) va tai bidn mach mau nao.
Cac nha khoa hoc Ba Lan nghien cuu va nhan thiy hop chgt chi0t xugt
What Wed chaa nhigu chgt ch6ng oxy hoa manh c6 thd gitip lanh cac vet loet
da day. Btiai con lam tang tuan hoan mau ddn cac vi tri loet.
Lycopene, limonoid va cac naringine gap phin xoa diu cac trieu thing
do cam lanh va cac tai bic:;11 tim mach cung nhu ung thu. Cac nghien ctiu
khoa hoc cho thiy limonoid lain gia tang ham lacing &la mOt s6 enzyme c6
kha nang giam dOc tinh va hi; trot vi& loai be cac tac nhan gay ung
Cocktail Yon-Ka chd bidn tit buai, chanh, cam, hung tay, huang than,
dau hat bi ngo... gidp gia tang ye tuti tan cho lan da, cheing lai ski tan tong
cua cac yeu too nhiem moi truing va gidp bidu bl can bang cac ye-u to dinh
during. Ngoai ra, cac loai ken buai cung c6 tac dung diking da.
La bitai dung de tri cac chung dau dau do phong, viem khdp; cui bu'di
chaa hen, mkii bu'ai c6 tac dung ch6ng viem, ac the qua trinh ngking tap tieu
cau va cai thien dO ben vOng thanh mach.
vi ngot dang, tinh am, tac &Ong vac) tY, then va bang quang,
cong dung hoa dam, tieu thus, ha khi va lam khoan khodi lOng ngkic. Cui bu'ai
du'gc dimg dd chaa cac benh sau: Chang ho hen a ngtidi gia, dau bung do
lanh, thdc an dinh tre, cham tieu, san khi, phu nit xnang thai non nhieu.
Hoa bitch: c6 tac dung hanh khi, tieu dam, giam dau, dung d0 chaa cac
chang dau da day, dau tac ngkic vdi lieu tit 2+4g, sac ming.
362 CHLICNG 4

thong nhua c6 the ch6ng len nhau, it c6ng kenh de chuyen chef, de thu h6i. Ve
mdt cam quan, co thd chd tao thong c6 nhi6u kidu clang, kich thu dc, co nhieu
mau sac va c6 thd in nhan len tren mat ngoai thimg. Nhuoc didm cua bao bi
nhua chinh la khong tai phan hay. Kern theo thimg nhu'a ding co nhfing tam lot
duoc dtic san tucmg Ung volt tUng loci san pham (H.4.53).

Hinh 4.52 Thong carton chda rau trdi

Hinh 4.53 Bao bi nhefa chila rau trdi

Bao bi cho ngitai tieu truce kia, nhang san pham rau trdi khi
ban le sau khi can se duorc dung trong bao bi mem nhu bao giay, bao PE
x6p... My Wong mua ma bao bi co thd lain hay nit& Hien nay, viec ban le
san pham &Arc dung g6i san theo tUng don vi va kh6i lung nhat dinh dang
(bloc thtic hien a mot s6 cora hang phan ph6i le, ddc biet la tai cdc sieu thi.
Tuy nhien, ding co nhieu khdch hang to ra khong may tin Wang vao chat
lacing cdc mdt hang •ditoc d6ng goi san. Do d6, ben canh nht:ing san pham
dOng goi san, da s6 nha phan ph6i van de cho khdch hang to do chon lora
theo 3'7 thich.
cAC LORI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIETNAM 463

chk. Nhung a nhiat do cao qua tit 40°C tra len, cay cling ngimg sinh truang,
canh la bi kho heo. Gang c6 mat s6 gi6ng cam chiu du'ac nhiat do cao. Su
phat tridn cua cay cam cling can du anh sang. N6u thi6u anh sang thi cay
cam sinh truang yA phat duc kern, kilo phan hoa mim hoa, anh twang lan
de'n nang suit va sin lacing.
Cam IA loai cay an trai u'a gm. Lacing mita thich flap hang nam IA
1000+1500mm. Trang cam a nhQ'ng noi c6 do am khang khi 70+80% cay se
cho trai to, deu, yo bong, nuac nhieu, phdm chit trai tot, it bi rung. Loai dit
thich hqp nhit cho cay cam là vting dat phu sa yen song, x6p, nhe, phi nhieu,
luau ma. Da pH cila dit khoing 5,5+5,6.

6.2.2 Thanh phAn hoa hoc ciia cam

Bang 6.1 Thanh phCin dinh ditang cda cam titai (tinh tren 100g)

r Ham lUdng
Thanh phgn Odn vi
Mui Vd

N5ng lacing 37 - Kcal

75,95 %
NUdc 88,06

Protein 0,9 — °,4"0

Tinh d6u vet 2,4

Sacharose 3,59 1,22 `)/0

Thanh ph5n chinh Glucose 1,25 3,49

Frutose 1,45 3,24

0,22 %
Acid h0u cd 1,41

Cellulose 0,47 3,49 `)/0

0,22 %
Pectin 1,41

Ca 42 — mg%
mg%
Mu6i khoang P 23 —

Fe 0,4 — mg%
mg%
A 0,09 —

p-Carotene 0,4 0,09 mg%

B1 0,04 0,02 mg%

Vitamin
— mg%
B2 0,06

PP 0,75 1,27 mg%

170 mg%
C 65
364 CHUUNG 4

Dong goi: qua trinh thing g6i duvc thcic hidn sau khi san phdm da
duvc phan loai. Du qua trinh phan loai thkic hidn the] cong hay diing thidt bi
thi khi dong goi vao bao bi cung can nhan cong xep san phdm vac) tilling
chtla. Lifqng san phdrn xep vacs thing khong dut.ic qua day hay qua long leo vi
ndu qua day, trai se cher' ep lan nhau dan Mil dap va, nhimg ridu xep it, thi
khi van chuygn dan x6c, trai se xao6n, va dap vao nhau va ding &in ddn
dap v6. Cac midng chen 16t, cac Ong x6p bao trai hoac cac vi x6p 16t trong
thimg giup bac) v'e trai tranh nhang hit hang neu tren.
Nhang ban nghieng, ban xoay co d6 nghieng duvc sit dung nham tap
trung trai v6 mot hitang gidp cong nhan de clang thao tac. Nhiing bang tai
duz.ic dung dd van chuydn cac thimg chila san phdm tit vi tri nay den vi tri
khdc. Ndu co yeu cau, doi khi san phdm phii duvc &Mg goi tart c trong bao bi
nh6, thutmg IA trong cac bao PE trong va mem, cac h6p PS trong va
hoac xep tren khay PS va bao phi mot 14 PE ben ngoai... sau do cac don vi
san phdm nho nay se lai duvc xep vao thong 16n.
Phong kin thimg (thatmg da in nhan hidu), in date, r6i data vao kho bio
quin hay len phtfung tin van chuydn tidp là nhung cong loan cu6i trong day
chuydn xit ly san phdm rau trai

Hinh 4.56 Dong thong sdn plufm bang thd cong

Hinh 4.57 Dong thong cac sdn plidm rau trcii tacit
 365
11-1U HOACH RAU TRAI

Hinh 4.58 Ccic kieu ciong goi rau trai khcic nhau

In nhan hi u: nhang bao bi c6 gan nhan hieu se giup cho cong nhan
khong bi nham Lan khi clang goi tren nhung day chuyen c6 nhieu loci san
phim, va darn bao cho m8i san phdin ducat data vao dting day chuyen xtlit 13i
pith hap. Nhan hieu nay con phai ducat in tren mat ngoai ctia thong chda san
Odin, hoac in tren tern ddn niem phong thong. Nhan hieu con gidp quang
cao cho san phdm, neu duck thie't ke bat mat, phu hap not dung.

Nhang thong tin can phcii chola tren nhan hi:eu

- Ten thong dung cila san phdm
- Kh6i lacing tinh, s6 lacing hay thd tich cua san pham
- Ten nhan hieu
- Ten va dia chi cua ndi san xuat, nai thing g6i va van chuygn
- Qu6c gia hay viing sari xuat
- Kich cu va phanhang
- Nhiet do can thiet de bao quan san plidm
- Dieu kien bao quan
366 CHUCNG 4

- Ten caa loaf sap hay / va loci thu6c trii con trung da dung cho
san phdm.
Hinh 4.59 bieu din town b0 day chuydn xd13', sau thu hoach rau trai, tit
ltic rau trai &bac van chuydn tii vadn vd kho d6n khi Bong thong tao thanh
nhang don vi san phdm san sang durac phan ph6i ddn ngitdi tieu thu.

1 t. 1 ■■•ow •
nieVo Wee mast4i
Lam khO - danh bong BQC sap
Nhap lieu Ngam rita

Phan co Ly'a chon

n:Lcrna===,==. (4-&0•Ais

ItErErria=1--=—
o S
lo o EGW
o D o lop 0 KO

Van chuye'n DOng g6i

Niem phong - dan nhan
Thi truong Nha may
nOi dia the bier)

Hinh 4.59 Day chuygn xily trai thy sau thu hoach

4.3.4 Kha trung san pham

N6u san phdm co nhu cdu khif trimg truck khi xudt xu'dng, thi qui
trinh nay c6 the tien hanh a nhidu tong doan: tai kho trade khi clang g6i, to
kho trade van chuydn hoac tren phuang tien chuyen chef (xe, toa tau, tai
bidn) trade khi rc7i b6n.
Trude khi dung ch6 dO trung cho mot loci san pham rau trj
nao do can phiii qua kiem nghiem trade, dung m'au d6i tranh to
dung phy, anh huang chdt lacing san phdm. C6 the khi trung bang hai none
an toan nhung kern hieu qua, va trimg bang has chdt. Vi du nha d6i vc
tao, sir dung Bromine Gas 98% hay Dowfome 98% (methyl bromua) 32g/»t'
khtl trung kin, bum hai thu6c vao. U 2 gid, sau d6 thong thoang gio trong 2
gid bang quat gi6.

4.4 VAN CHUYEN

D6 van chuye'n rau trai tit nth san xuKt ddn nai tieu thy co the .clin
nhidu phaang tien nha xe tai, xe lifa, tau thuygn hay may bay. Thy theo mt
dO hien dai ma kha nang van chuye'n (trong tai), bao quan (keo dai thdi gis
THU HOACH RAU TRAI TLICI 367

ging) san phgm rau trai cua cac phuang tien se khdc nhau. Dat higu qua cao
nhat trong cac phurdng tien van chuygn IA may bay, vi thai gian van chuygn lA
nggn nhat va cac may bay cher hang 'long san dgu c6 khoang lanh, bao vg tot
chat Kiang cho hang h6a. Thong dung nhgt là cac loai xe tai, vi day IA loaf
phuiang tien c6 the van chuygn van chuygn dgn c6 nghia IA hang
h6a chi c6 thg (Iliac chef dgn nai tieu thu bang xe tai. Van chuygn bang xe
tau, thuygn hay may bay cuing dgu can dgn ski hO tra cua xe tai dg van chuygn
hang tit ga, bgn tau hay phi truting dgn nui tieu thu hay kho bao quan.

4.4.1 V(In chuy4n bAng diking 130

HO th6ng dating 130 dm nu& to dang ngAy cang &lac ma rOng va cai
tien, va van chuygn san phgm 'long san not chung va rau trdi not rieng bang
xe tai dgn cat thi trating tieu thu not dia c6 rat nhigu thuan 1 i. Vai lai digm
IA tien lai, linh dOng, phan ph6i tan nai, gid van chuygn thap, xe tai IA
piniang tien van chuygn duac chon tien khi c6 nhu cgu.

Hinh 4.60 Cdc kieu xe tdi ha

..x.
.4

_,,,,
'
,...-...24 .-,.....„,.
4,- ..-•...;..........
", '' ' 7 "' ., t......
112= .2IP 44•••■■gr

....---:-.,.......-1--
....._-... .........-4.. A...........•....
46 '44. .4 ivrosore
i.
.;..X. . „Is- - .2%......^7^ .7 1 -
:
....k._.„.
_..e..-A■■•••" ■
,1146.41.,
...'.L .4-.411.
--4.....44-41 itio

Hinh 4.61 Xep sdn phdm len xe tdi

368 CHUONG 4

Xe tai ha: dimg de van chuydn sdn phdm vita thu hoach tit vutn ve kho,
hay van chuydn tit kho den clic( hay nha may gin, ding c6 the van chuydn
mOt s6 sin phdm cO dO ben ca hoc tot nhu cdc loai cu, bi ngo... Dutng van
chuydn ngan nen chi can thong gib tit nhien, mui xe the bat tranh dnh nAng
ban ngay hay mild, c6 the cuOn bat lai khi b6c det hang hoac vao budi t6i khi
nhiet dO khong khi da ha thdp gitip thong thodt nhiet tit kh6i hang h6a.
Xe tai kin: ndu cha hang tren nhi-mg doan dating rat ngiin trong thanh
ph6, de tranh thdt thoat, c6 thd Set dung xe tai kin. Cdc xe tai kin chuyen cha
rau trdi di xa can c6 he thong lam lanh (la mOt khau trong he th6ng van
chuydn lanh); ne-u khong c6 he thong lanh thi phdi thong gi6 cuing bdc bang
quat gi6.

b)

Myth 4.62 a) Xe tai kin khong có he th6ng lanh

b) Xe tdi cc') h? thong lanh

Xe container: he th6ng van chuydn nay thutng ap dung bien phap

thong gi6 cuang btic hay he thong lanh. Kha nang chuyen cha rat cao, thtitng
dimg dd van chuydn hang di xa, vai ngay ddn ca tuan. Rau trdi tutti cao cap
xuatt khdu qua bien gidi Viet Trung finking &roc van chuydn den bien gidi
bang phdang tien nay.

Hinh 4.63 Xe container cha container rai

THU ROACH RAU TRAI Tin 369

Co hai kidu xe container: kidu container rti, xe g6m mot ddu may keo
va mot than xe phang, co thd sap mot hay vai container rti. Hang xep vac)
c
ontainer, va container co tac dung nhu mot bao bi gift lanh, bao ye nhiet dO
cud san phdin tit trutc khi xep len xe. Cdc container nay khong to tao dO
lanh ma du'gc xe-p vao trong nhang khoang lanh. Nhiet dO lanh ben ngoai se
giCi cho hang hoa ben trong container a nhiet dO bao quan thich hap.
Vai kidu xe va toa container, xe se g6m dau may keo va mot container
có banh xe, dttcte gan yeti ddu may keo theo ket cdu gi6ng toa xe lita. Lodi
container nay co the to thong thodng gio bang quat hay tit tao do lanh bang
he th6ng lam lanh khong khi Ira quat th8i. Nang ltigng sit dung Idy tit ddu
Indy keo. Kidu xe nay có the dung dd van chuyen san phdm di xa.

s.

Hinh 4.64 Xe tdi vet toa container

4.4.2 V4n chuyen bAng &fang sat

Van tai &Ong sat khong thich hap lam veti san phdm rau trai vi t6c dO
cham, phu thuOc vao he th6ng duang sat, IA he th6ng dutng giao thong chita
cittqc ma rOng a nutc ta, nen chi có the van chuyen hang hoa den mot s6 nai
cla CO xay dung &Ong sit.

Hinh 4.65 Toa xe lila ce, 10 thong lank

370 CHUONG 4

Vi dO Idc rung khd cao nen xe lira thuang chuyen chef nguyen lieu tho,
Wang thk.tc, ngu c6c, va nhung loai rau trai c6 dO bdn ca cao va chiia chin nhu
khoai cu, hanh toi, bi ngo, chu6i xanh nguyen bu6ng. LJu diem cua xe lila la
trong tai chuyen chef cao, m6i toa c6 thd chef mot loai san phdm khdc nhau,
va data Indy co thd keo khd nhidu toa. Trong nhang toa do, co toa c6 thd IA
toa container kin, co thd tao nhiet dO lanh hay thong thoang gib cuang bac
giong nhu xe tai, c6 toa c6 mui, thong thodng tit nhien, co toa trAn, do do
hang h6a chuyen chef c6 the rat da clang.

Hinh 4.66 Toa xe lila cd mui, thong thoang to nhien

Hinh 4.67 Toa xe lila trcin cho chu6i

4.4.3 Win chuyen dtidng thtiy

He th6ng song rach can mien Nam da gip phat trign cac phuang tien
van chuydn &tang thily. CO nhang vung san xudt nArn sau trong vimg song
nu'ac, mu6n va'n chuydn tai nai tieu thy phai sir dung piniang tien tau ghe.
Khong nhitng thd ma khi thu hoach rau trai nhidu khi nguai thu hoach ding
phai dung ghe. Cling nhu nhang pinking tien khdc, pinking tien van tai dating
thily cling co nhidu loai, nhidu kith ca. Mac di) hien dai ding khdc nhau.
Ghe, cano, tau-6110 thuang dticic silt dung dd van chuydn san phdm tren
&tang song, cung cap cho nhu cdu nOi dia hoac trung chuyen chef hang tit kho
den bdn ding. Nhang loai phuang tien- nay thing khong co kho lanh, b6c da
hang thY Ong, trong tai be.
THU HOACH RAU TRAI Tilde 371

H Inh 4.68 Win chuyen bang ghe a dong bang song Cetu Long
De chtlyen cha hang di xa, tit mien nam ra mien bAc hay char hang xua't
khau den eac n6Oc khac, tau thuyen tai trong lain, c6 hay khong c6 he th6ng
lanh se duck sit dung. San pham rau trai thuting khong d6 d6ng ma clang goi
trong bao 131 hay trong container, &roc then gift c6 dinh tranh bi hit hong do
dap vd vi -i rung lAc. B6c der hang phai thktc hi'en bang can du hay bang tai.
Container co the &roc xep trong ham lanh, hodc xep teen boong tau. Nhang
thanh ray dais htiong se gi6p du'a cdc container vao vi tri quy dinh. Container
hong cdc container nh6 hon.
114n g se 'lige xep a thiUi, tranh lam hu-

Hinh 4.69 B6c do hang hoa bang can cdu

- —Utah 4.70 Container duqc xep trong beim hay tren boong tau
372 CHUONG 4

-:•••■.:44.44.
tl)'.7,. • - traec.c.r, ?i,k;
,
''1; INAW ' "" ' ' •

Hinh 4.72 Tau cha hang vai nhang container xep tren boong

Hinh 4.73 Tau cha hang có khoang trz7 lanh

Nliztac diem Ian nit& czia plutang tin vein chuyen tren bien nay lc
t6c do rat cham. Thai gian di tren song bin ton gap hai hay ba lan v6
phuong tin khdc. Hang hoa de bi hue hang vi dO am rat cao va thai gial
chuyen cha dai.
Loai tau cha hang c6 trong tai 16n nhat hien nay c6 thd chila khoan,
5000 container, c6 chieu dai khoing 20m.

4.5 VAN CHUYEN BANG DUNG HANG KHONG

Van chuydn bang duang hang khOng chu yeu &roc clang dd van chuye
nhang san pham d6 hue hong hay c6 gia tri cao (nho, trai cay nhiet dai...) de
nhang thi traang xa, ngoai nu'ac hoac dd cung cap kip thdi cho thi truedn
dang c6 nhu ca'u cap thie't N/A gia ban cao. Day IA phu'ong thilc van chuydn
chi phi cao nhat, theri gian van chuydn nhanh nhat, chgt lacing san pham gi
difoc tot nhgt.
Hang chuyen cha thuang dueoc long thanh timg kien 16n, hay chi.:
trong container xe-p-•"Vao nhOng khoang hang h6a cua may bay cha khac
hoac may bay van tai chuyen dung. Hang rau trai chef bang may bay thuear
&Plc xe-p vao khoang c6 ho th6ng lam lanh. CEiC loci container clang e
chuyen cha bang may bay c6 ca'u tao dac biet, lain bang vat lieu nhe (nhom
THUHOIICH RAU TRA! TLICII 373

cb kith thole phii hap yeti khoang hang h6a, san khoang c6 nhimg he thong
trklc lan dd dA clang data cdc container vao vi tri. DO than khong ben trong
may bay dd gidp cho nhiet dO tren may bay that ng th6p, dieu kien van
c huydn rau trai ttroi tang thudn loci hccn.
Vd-n de con On tai khi van chuydn bang may bay, d6 IA thdi gian bay
thi chi 6+18 gib, Oiling thdi gian chi tai cdc phi tradng di vA d6n IA khd
!au. Cdc container may bay that:mg khong c6 he th6ng thong thodng gi6
hay N thong lanh, nen n6u thdi gian chd ldu qua (1+2 ngay) san phdin c6
the bi hit hOng.

Hinh 4.74 136c del hang hoa len xuang bciy bay

Hinh 4.75 Khoang xe"p hang clia urn tai ca LC 130

Hinh 4.76 May bay Ma hang

 Chu'o'ng

BAO QUAN RAU TRAI

Rau t.rdi du duac dimg vao muc dich gi di ncia cung can phai dat mot s6
yeu cau v6 chdt lacing. Rau trai ban ttiai c6 yeu cau vg chit 'Yang cao nhdt.
Trdi khOng duac hu hong, phai co kith thuac lun, ve bg ngodi ttiai sang, cau
true chAc, d6 chin d6ng dgu, mau sac dep, hating vi da.c trung, khong c6 nguy
ca ye an toan thkic phim. Rau trai dung vao cdc muc dich khdc nhii the bi6n
tuvi, the bie'n thanh cdc clang san phim ciing phdi co chit lacing ttiang ung
phi' hap.
Theo cdc chuang truac to da biet là chit Wang cita da so loai rau trai se
dat duac cao nhdt vao Luc thu hoach. Sau khi thu hoach, do nhigu tdc dOng
dm mai twang nhu nhie't dO, d6 dm, vi sinh vet... ma chdt Wang rau trai
giam din den khi ha hOng. Thai gian tit Luc thu hai mot loci rau trai den khi
chung bi hu hOng, khong sit dung dg an duac nita goi la thai gian song (shelf-
life) hay la thai gian bao quan ctia loci rau trai do. Khoang thai gian nay
ngan hay dai thy thji6c vao rat nhigu yeti to, d(ic diem cita loci rau• trai,
nhang diet] kin ben ngodi, digu kin bao quan...
Viec Ice() dai thai gian bao quan dttqc thktc hien theo nhigu phttang
phdp khdc nhau, tuy thuOc vao nhigu yeti to khach quan va chi] quan. Nhang
phAn chit yeu cua chuang nay se dg cap dein cdc chi tieu chdt lacing cud rat
trai tttai, nhung bien phdp bgto quan finking duac sit dung nham keo dai tho
gian sit dung ding vdi nhung bien phdp nham hoan thien tinh chdt cam guar
cua san pham rau trai tuai.

5.1 CAC CHI TIED CHAT WONG CCIA RAU TRAI

Khong the c6 mot dinh nghia chung va c6 dinh cho khdi niem cha
lacing ciia meg san phdin vi n6 la ski danh gid chi] quan cua nhang d6i tut ni
khdc nhau c6 nhu cau sit dung loci san phini d6. D6i vai rau trai, yeu cau v'
chit lacing se thay doi theo tang loci rau trai va phu thu6c vao muc dich
dung loci rau trai da cua nguJi tieu dung.
Bhp QUAN RAU TRAI 375

Dg lam ro y nay han, to c6 the xet vi du ve viec danh gid chit lacing
xoai taxi. D6i vai ngadi tr6ng trot thi trai xoai c6 chgt lacing t6t khi thu dacic
mac thu nhap cao nhal tren thi trusting tai mit thi digm nhgt dinh trong
fnUa. Ho se phai can nhac giga nang sudt N/A chit lacing cua trdi, va c6 the ho
se luta chon giii phdp tao ra nang sudt cao, va chgt lacing c6 kern di chat it.
D6i vai ngadi chuyen cher hang, trai xoai c6 chgt lacing cao IA trai con xanh
cung, de c6 the van chuygn tit ncti tr6ng trot dgn nai tieu thu (c6 the gan ma
cung c6 thg rat xa) ma khong bi ha hang, dap vd, trdi ding xanh tang t6t.
D6i vai ngatti bdn hang thi trdi xoai chgt lacing t6t IA trdi chin nhang con du
dO cang nhgt dinh, khong c6 ha hong. D6i vai nguti tieu dung, trod xoai phai
chin, mem, ngot diu, mong no lc va CO haang them to nhien khi an. Mau sec
cua v6 trdi va hinh clang ben ngoai ding quan trong trong viec lila chon cua
ngadi tieu dung, nhang ctoi vai ngadi chg bign cdc san phgm tit xoai thi
nhitng chi tieu nay lai khong claac chd trong lam vi khi chg bign thi hinh
dang trai xoai se bign d6i. DO chin va dO d6ng deu ve kich thole lai IA nhi-ing
yeti cau chu ygu cua ngutti chg bign.
Do d6, c6 thg nOi nguidi tieu dung se xac dinh chit Wong cua rau trai.
Cac yeu du ve chgt lacing san phgm lien quan chat the dgn chgt lacing trong
nhi6u qua trinh: thu hoach, bdo quart, van chuyen... Viec tip thi rau trai tacti
luOn hating tai mac tieu cu6i ding là hgp dAn loot ngadi tieu &mg von van
d6ng vai tro cha ygu trong viec xem )(et kha nang dtioc chip nhan cua mOt
san phdm.
Doi khi yeu cdu v6 chit lacing rau trai cua ngadi san xudt va tieu
dung cung khong nhgt thigt phdi gi6ng v6ci yeti cdu chdt lacing cua ngadi
tr6ng trot. Ddu Ha Lan non thutng lit6m va ngon hctn dau twang thanh,
nen nguti tieu dung thi yeu cau cung cap citxu non, nhulig ngu hai non thi
nang sugt thu hoach giam, do do khong phu hap vii yeu cdu sari lacing cao
cua nguti tr6ng trot.

5.1.1 Cac lieu chuin ve chit hiking rau trail

De bdo dim mOt mac dO clang tin cay t6i thigu cho ngadi tie(' dung
v6 chgt lacing sin phdm, d6ng thdi xugt phdt tit nhring yeu cdu cua ngttai
tieu dung ma cdc tieu chuan v6 chit lacing rau trdi taai va chg bign da
&Ate hinh thanh a nhieu qu6c gia, ddc biet IA d6i vai sin phgm rau trdi
xugt khgu.
- -----Ti'eu chug'n chgt hang sin phgm rau trdi tacii mo ti ti mi va du'a ra
phaung phdp kigm tra inOt loat cdc ygu to quy‘t dinh chgt lacing nha kich
tha6c, mall sac, dO chin, mac dO khuyel tat cho phep... Cdc tieu chugn nay
thuting do cdc ca quan c6 chac nang gia.m dinh ban hanh sau khi da khao sat
nhu cdu thi tradng, kith nang dap 'bag cua ngtitri trong trot. Mitt rat& bat
376 CHONG 5

buec nhfing san phgm rau trai khi mua ban phii tuan theo nhang tieu chugn
dd chicle ban hAnh thong qua syr kidm sodt cua ca quan gidm dinh.
Nhiing met hang khdc nhau cleu c6 nhang tieu chugn khac nhau duet
dp dung cho san phgm tieu thy tai ch6 hay san phgm xugt khgu. M6i qu6c
gia hay m6i khu vyt kinh to ciing co he thong tieu chugn chit lacing rieng
thich hap vhi nhu cau cua minh. Thi try trng rau trai lA thi truting qu6c to do
d6 se t6n tai nhang tieu chain chgt lacing qu6c to v6 cdc loai san phdm U.(
rau trai.
T6 chtic FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization) va WHO (World
Health Organization) da data ra be tieu chugn v6 chgt luting thyt phgm, trong
d6 c6 tieu chugn ctia tat ca cdc loai thyt phgm Ice ca dang nguyen lieu va
dang chg bign.
Uy ban Kinh to chau Au (ECE - Economic Commission of Europe) IA to
chtic tien phong dua ra nhang tieu chugn qu6c to cho cdc loai rau trai tuai va
met s6 tieu chugn chau Au da duvc to chut Hap tdc va Phdt trien Kinh to
(OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) thong
qua. Hi'en nay nhting tieu chugn nay chi c6 hieu lure trong pham vi cdc nuac
Tay Au, MS, va Canada, nhung c6 nhieu 13'r do de tin rang chting se fres thAnh
tieu chugn th6ng nhgt tren toAn the giai.
Dua vao nhang tieu chugn trong va ngoai nurac, met s6 yeu cau chung
tea thieu de met san phgm rau trai tuai c6 the duet dua vAo thi twang qu6c
tg, c6 the ke den nhu sau:
- Rau va trai phii lAnh manh - khoe manh va lanh len - c6 nghia IA
khong c6 nhucic diem lien quan tai de ben - kha fling to nhign ch6ng
lai nhiing nguyen nhan gay hu hong - ctia loai rau trai d6. Vi dy,
nhang vet ha hang, th6i rifa, them hay nut va.
- Rau trai phii hohn toAn sach, khong Ian tap chgt, khong c6 mui vi la,
khong (long am tren be met
- Rau trai phai c6 kith thus binh thing va hinh thtic ben ngoAi phii
phu help of i gi6ng, mua N/A dia phuang san xugt.
- Rau trai phai dat dttqc dO chin dam bao cho san phdm phai a trang
thdi chgt loprng tot nhdt.
C6 the phan nh6m chat lacing theinh ba nhom
NhOrn cl(te bitt:
- San phgm c6 chit, lacing rat tot, hinh dang, hinh thtic ben ngoAi, may
sac, mui vi dec trung cho gifing cay trong
- Hau nhu khong c6 vet hu hong ben ngoai
- Bao goi can then, dep.
00 WAN RAU TRAI Ttial 377

Nhom Logi 1:
- San phdm co chit lacing tot
- Khong hu hang
- Bao gOi cdn than

Nhom logi 2:
- San phdm co the co mot vai ha hong ben ngoai, khOng anh haling den
chat lacing ben trong
- Ddp Ling duac nhiing yeu cau t6i thigu da neu teen.
Ngoai ra ding cO met vai tieu chudn clac biet da duac dat ra d6i vai met
s6 loai rau trai. D6i vai nhfing tieu chudn nay, cac yeu cau can thiet du is dua
ra rat chi tiet, c6 minh hoa giai thich sao cho nhiing tieu chudn nay co the
ip dung de clang va dang be.
Nha nu'ac Viet Nam da ban hanh cac tieu chugn TCVN de kiem tra
chat lacing cac san phdm rau trai taxi cung nhu the bien. Nhang TCVN di
aiding co mac chat lacing thap hcrn so voi cac he thong chat lacing khdc, tuy
alien de co the hOi nhap voi thi twang qu6c te, cac TCVN da va se du'yc
hieu chinh dua teen nen tang tieu chudn qu6c te ISO (International
Organization for Stadardization).
Sit gia tang viec tiep thi trtic tiep W ngutri trong toi cac sieu thi hien
dang lam cho cac tieu chudn chat lacing con phai tuan theo nhang chi tieu tai
chO du'oc cac sieu thi de ra, nha san xuat mu6n cung cap hang cho sieu thi thi
phai tuan theo nhiIng chi tieu do. Nhiing chi tieu chat lacing do sieu thi dua
To thating thay clei theo Utng theri diem va theo yeu cau clia khdch hang.
Sur khdc nhau ye di'eu kien trong trot, cdch that thu hoach, cac bien
phdp xit lSr sau thu hoach ding yeti nhang Wen dei khdc nhau trong timg loai
rau trdi clan den sy khdc nhau rat lan ye chit lacing san phdm. Doi vai mat
hang rau trdi tacti, chit lacing san phdm IA stir Using hqp cac yeu to danh gia
gia tri cua san phdm, dayc ngadi tieu dung chap nhan. CO 5 gid tri chat
lucmg cho san phdm rau trdi Wai:
1. Hinh thdc (appearance): kich thole, hinh dang, dO tuai (va tang,
sang, cung).
2. Cdu true (textural): dO ding, de don, de mem, d6 dai, cau trim m6 bac).
- -3,1-litung vi_(flavor): ngot, chua, chat, clang, tham, th6i, kh6ng mai vi.
4. Dinh &tang (nutritional): glucid, chat xa, vitamin, khodng, protein,
lipid...
5. An taut (safety): cac chat khong dinh during (cyanide, oxalate Ca),
doe to, VSV gay b'enh.
378 CHLICNG 5

Bang 5.1 Cac yeu to chat luqng rau trai titoi

Gla tri chinh Cdc ygu t6 chi tint

H,nh thito Kich cd: throng kinh, kh6i ltiOng, th4 tich
‘ t., ••./1 ngoai Hinh dang: &long kinh/be day, dQ mem, d6 chac, sti d6ng d6u v4
hinh dung
Mau sac: ski (long nhat ve mat, sac, Wong do mau
D6 bOng: Ban chat caa Idp sap be mat
Hu hang: ben ngoai, ben trong ve cdc phucng dien hinh thai, sinh
ly, vat ii', berth ti', dich to
Ciu talc D6 chec, c16 cUng, dQ mem, dO gion .
MUc dO mong nudc, bOt, cat, dai, xd ciia thit trai
Hticing vi DO ngct, d6 cnua, d6 ding, d6 chat
Chat thdm: nhiing hdp chat di bay hdi (aroma)
Nhiing hdp chat khOng mill (off-flavor)

Dinh dtk3ng Carbohydrate bao g6m ca phan X0 an dudc

Protein, lipid, vitamin, khoang...
Tinh an town DOc to tu nhien
DOc t6 nhiern (dU lUdng hda chat, kim loaf ndng)
Vi sinh vat nhi6rn va dQc t6 tit vi sinh vat

Cdc tieu chudn nham phan hang san phdm rau trai thatmg khong de
Bang xdc dinh vi da s6 nhang thuOc tinh quydt dinh chit lacing ctia rau trai den
c6 tinh chu quan. Ngay ca khi chung dagc m6 to bang nlaing van ban cl,fc ky
chi tidt, chting van thidu nh&ng phacing phap khach quan thich hqp de" do dac.
MOt. trong nh ing phu'ong phdp danh gid chit lacing rau trai tali dude
dp dung ph6 bidn là plaiting phap cho didm mdu v6 nhieu thuOc tinh chit
lacing. Theo phasing phap nay, car: thuOc tinh chit kiting san plidm se dads
tap trung trong mot bang didm. Ngudi this se danh dal chim diem tifng
thuOc tinh chit lacing vac, bang didm. Tong didin thu ducic cd the dung de
danh gia chit lacing rau trai va ding &roc dung dd phan hang san phdm. Van
de chic dat ra c1 day IA phai chon thuOc tinh nao de chim didm va mac diem
phai IA bao ithieu dd, Wong tIng vdi mot phan hang.

5.1.2 Gia tri hinh thtk ben ngoai (appearance)

Day cd le IA 376.1-"t6 chit lacing quan trong nhit xdc dinh gid tri thddng
phdm cua san phdrn rau trai ttioi, vi khdch hang thu ing "mua bang melt".
hia chon rau trai theo kich ca, hinh clang, mat' sac, d6 tttcti, va sit cd hay
khong c6 cac khuyet ta:
 379
BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TU0'1

Kich ca là met tieu chugn quan trong cua gid tri hinh thac, c6 the de
Bang do dam qua chu vi, dating kinh, de dai, reng, trong lacing hoac the tich.
Nniau loci trai cay nha nhan, vai, tao, dirge phan loai theo kich cct, thing la
do during kinh trai hoac vdi ding met loai bao bi, phan loai theo s6 trai dung
dugc trong bao bi do. Rau trai con c6 thd du'cic phan loai theo de dai va doing
kinh, thi du nha ca rot, maap, Vai da so cac loai rau trai lc.hdc thi
ILIA hieing lai la tieu chugn dd phan loai, c6 the phan loai theo kh6i lu'ang
timg trai hoac s6 trai trong 1kg san pham.
Hinh clang la chi tieu de" phan biet chUng loai trai. Ngadi tieu ding
tinging có yeu cam nhgt dinh ve hinh clang dac tru'ng cua trai va se khong
ch0 nhAn net' trai c6 hinh clang khdc tinging. Vi du nha trai chu6i thi phai
c6 do cong, du it hay nhieu, trai chu6i thing se bi coi IA di dang, khong binh
thndng. Nhang giOng tao khdc nhau thi c6 hinh clang khac nhau, neu ngutri
num yeu cau loai tao dai, thi se khong chap nhan loai tao c6 dang tron.
Cac loai rau trai c6 hinh clang khong binh tinging kh6 (lilac chap nhan
va cO gia thgp horn cac loai khac. Hinh clang ding la met van de trong cac
*long trinh gay gi6ng, lai tao giong vi mac du qua do ngadi to c6 thd thu
dtgic met gigng mai VA hart, ngon ham nhu'ng neu hinh clang thay do'i thi thi
tradng cang se khong san sang tiep nhan, doi hoi th?ii gian thay d6i tam ly
va thoi quen cua ngudi tieu dung.
Mau sac tacti sang, da dang IA didm n6i bat cua rau trai trong cac loai
thyc pham tit nhien. Mau sac IA yeu to cam quan gay sit lei cu6n, hap dan
cho sin pham. Mau sac ding lien quan den do chin cua rau trai. Trong qua
trinh chin, mau chlorophyll se bi phan hily dan lam n6i len nhang mau sac
khac cang c6 mat trong luc lap va sac lap nha carotenoid mau yang, do hay
flavonoid mau xanh, tim. vgy, ddnh gid mau sac can deng nghia vii danh
gia dO chin cua rau trai. Nhung tinh chat ve mau sac cua rau trai da dale
ban luan a chu'ang 2.
D6 bong cua vo trai ding la met yeu to gitip danh gia gid tri hinh thac
cua rau trai. DO bong dm met be mat vat thd phi thuec vao each phan xa bac
xa chieu den be mat d6. Be mat co de min khong (long deu se lam cac tia
sang Uri phin xa khuech tan, cac goc phan xa se Ian hay nho hem so of i goc
phan xa binh thaOng, tao nen cam giac g6 ghe, the rap. Be mat tran lang
hotm town se gay hien tacing phan xa dinh hadng, cac tia tai deu c6 ding met
goo phin xa, tao nen cam giac sang va bong.
Nhang loai thiet bi do quang, nha Hunter va Gardner Color Difference
Meter, IA flitting may anh 3 chieu chup anh trai va sii dung nhung dia mau
de phan tich mau trai theo he th6ng 3 true toa de. Phaang phap nay khong
phi huy mau thin.
380 CHIJCNG 5

Phiiang phdp trich chiet mau trong nhang dung moi thich hap, loc va
do do hap thu ctia dich trich a nhang btrac song xdc dinh cling co the duac ap
dung trong int vai trutng hgp, tuy nhien phaang phdp nay cO nhieu han chg
vi qud trinh trich chigt co the 'thong triet de, phii phd mau this va thdi gian
tie'n hanh khd dai.
Phdang pilaf) xdc dinh gid tri mau sac bang thigt bi do quang cho ke't
qua khach quan, se chinh xac do'i voi nhang san pham d6ng nhit nhii miac
trai cay ep, nectar, puree hay sauce. Tuy nhien, do tinh chit tki nhien cua cac
loai rau trai Ws:A la khong d6ng deu ve mall sac nen kitting thich hap lam cho
viec do dac bang thiit bi. Trong that te, de phan hang rau trai tilai , pinking
phdp sit dung thi gidc, mat nhin van thutang dagc sit dung han.
Bien phdp h6 tra cho viec phan hang bang mat thtiOng la viec sta dung
nhiing Vim the mau chuan, in mall sac cua nhang trai chicle chon lam chuan,
dg so sanh vai mau ctia mau Ulu'. Bien phdp nay gidp ddy nhanh to'c de lu'a
chon, phan loai va tang tinh khdch quan cho pinking phdp.
Khuye't tat cua rau trai bao goin ca nhang khuye't tat nhin thiy
nhu vet tham, tray )(Lift, nat a vo trai, vet can ctia sau bo, hut hong do con
trung va vi sinh vat va nhang khuye't tat khong nhin thiy duvc va chi khi
nao phd mau hay sii* dung thigt bi do thi rndi co the phat hien durgc. Nhang
khuye't tat se lam giim han gid tri thtiang pham ctia san phim ngay ca khi
cac khuye't tat nay khong lam inh hu'ong den viec bao quin ding nhii chat
lacing san pham.

5.1.3 Gila tri cau true

Ichdi niem cau true (texture) ap dung cho san phdm rau trai dtigc higu
rOng rai bao g6m nhang ddc digm ben ngoai nhan bie't bai ban tay khi tieP
xuc vdi trai va nhang tinh chdt chi có the nhdn bieit thong qua cam gidc dung
cham trong mieng khi an. Cim gift v cac tinh chat cau trtic ducic nhan biet
bang nhang dau day than kinh xur gidc, qua ap hfc tai cac be mat trong
mieng nhti moi, mieng, raug, tai, trong nhiing mang membrane bao
quanh than rang, trong cac mO co, gan lien quan. de'n qud trinh nhai. M6i
wing nay co sit nhay cam khac nhau va n6i len nhang ddc trung khdc nhau
ve san phial. Rang rat nhay cam vdi ap hic can thieft de nghien nat thac an.
Lutal va vam mieng cam nhan dO mem, x6p, dinh kgt, rOi rac ctia thac an. Tai
Lang nghe tie'ng dOng khi nhai thdc an. Tat ca dagc ke't hap lai dg tao nen
mot an Wang chung v8 ciu true cila san phim.
Nhang tii dung de mo ti tinh chit cau true nhu' la dO chac, do gion, de
mOng nude, dO xa, dO cat, dO bOt... Nhang tinh chit nay phu thuOc nhieu vao
tinh chit vat ljr va to chac cau true ctia cac mo bao, tS7 le Wong d6i, do phan
MO QUAN RAU THAI TM 381

tin &la cac loai te"bao khac nhau dac biet IA t6 bao day, hoa go, sit cutting len
ctia cac to bao mem. TS, le thanh phan protopectin, hemicellulose trong cac
gia n bao va thanh to bao, the tich va hieing khi chCa trong cac gian bao, sit
tich lay tinh bOt, lacing dich bao chda trong khong bao cung c6 anh hang
gian tiep lan trite tie'p den nhang tinh chat cau true.
DO chac thating bieu thi cho dO chin, do gion IA yeu to de mo to mo
bao tuti, dO mong nu& va clo bOt co lien he den di) nhat, ham ladng pectin.
sa c6 mat cda nhang me) dAn rdi rac se tao lye chCing lai laic nhai, tao ra
cam gidc x0, nhang to bao h6a g6 rUi rac trong thit trdi se tao cam gidc cat.
Nhang ldp mo bao bao ye thadng tao tra We cho qua trinh nhai va lam
gian gid tri cau true.
Thiet bi de danh gia cau talk thating duck the tao tren nguyen tac tao
laic Op len san phdm hay data san pham vao nhang ham nhai nhan tao de do
laic can thiet de nen ep va pha vd cau true cua san phaqn va do phan ldc tao
ra do san phdm, tit do co the danh gia chung v4 gia tri cau true. Co nhung
thiet bi da nang co nhiki ddu do - Texture Analyzer va ding co flitting thiet
bi chi kiem tra tang tinh chat nhai Tenderometer - do do mem, Succulometer
- do dO mong wick, Fibrometer - do do xd, Denaturometer - do do Wen tinh,
Magness Taylor Firmness Tester - do dO chac bang tit tinh, Maturometer - do
do chin.

5.1.4 Gia tri htfcing vi

Hiking vi (flavor) IA thuOc tinh dude nhan biet nhd khdu giac va vi giac,
pity thuOc nhieu vac, cam giac &la ngadi thd v6 vi va min hiking. Nhiet dO va
xtic giac ding c6 vai tra phi trong qua trinh cam nhan hiking vi. eau true,
Wan b6 va host dOng cua cac cd quan nhan cam vi giac va khdu gide mac du
da dtkic nghien eau rat nhieu va da thu dacic nhang ket qua rat co ich, nhung
van con nhieu di6u chua bi6t v6 co cite nhan cam cda cac c0 quan nay.
ThuOc tinh hang vi phi thui)c vao sit co mat &la cac chat hoa tan va
de bay hcri c6 trong san pham. Neu yeti to vi do cac chdt hba tan trong midc
bot va den cac gai nhan cam tren latdi thi yeu to hiking la do cac chat de bay
heti boa tan vao cac dich nhay trong mui vaa vom hong trong mieng de den
tie-p )(tic vai cac te"bao nhan cam.
Co b6n loai vi gide CC ban la ngot, man, chua, dAng, tao ra do cac loai
darting, mu6i, acid hail co va cac chat gay ding, glucoside, alcaloid. DO ngot va
(10 man co the kiem tra bang khtic xa ke, dO chua thi do bang pH ke. Cam
- vt -hating Uniting phik tap hdn, theo thuyet Moore ve cc; the nhan min
thi co 7 min c0 ban va vo s6 nhang min trung gian. T6n tai nhung gia tri
ngadng nhan cam, neY nCing dO cac chat thap hdn ngutng thi cc quan nhan
382 CHLICNG 5

cam se khOng phat hien dudc. Ngu'ang nhan cam caa nhang ngudi this khdc
nhau se khac nhau.
Cdc loai thidt bi phan tich hoa ly nhu sac ky. khi - long (gas liquid
chromatography) hay may quang ph6 h6ng ngoai (IR - infrared), td ngoai (UV
- ultra violet) kern sac kY kh6i ph6 c6 thd gitip phan tich va dinh danh nhieu
loai hdp chat tao hu'dng vi trong san pham.

5.1.5 Gia tri dinh ding

Gia tri dinh cludng (nutrition) caa san pham thu'c là cac thAnh phan
protein, lipid, glucid, vitamin, khoang... D6i vdi rau trai tali va d6i vdi cac
san pham tit rau trai thi gia tri dinh dudng tap trung cha ydu ct thanh phan
glucid bao g6m ca cac loai du'dng monosaccharide va polysaccharide, cac loai
vitamin va khoang chat. De xac dinh cac thanh phan h6a hoc cua rau trai,
can phai sit dung cac phurcfng phdp phan tich h6a hoc hay hoa ly.

5.1.6 Gia tri an toan

Wit san phdm dudc danh gia là an toan (safety) khi no khong chda
nhdrig nguy cd inh twang den sac khoe ngudi tieu dung. Nhdng thanh phan
quydt dinh gia tri an toan cua san pham rau trai bao gom cac loai dOc to to
nhien c6 san trong nguyen lieu nhu solanin trong khoai tay nay mam, HCN
trong vo khoai mi, mang, clOc to trong hat ca chua, trong Tau nanh; cac loai
d6c to nhie'm tit ngoai khi trong trot, thu hai, bao quan va chd bidn nhu dd
lacing thu6c trit sau, thu6c kich thich sinh tracing, h6a chat bio quan, kim
loai nang, san pham chay, oxy h6a. Gia tri an toan con phu thuOc vao so
lu'dng va loai vi sinh vat va dOc to tao thanh trong qua trinh phat trign cua
vi sinh vat.
Su c6 mat dm cac chat khong phai IA dOc to nhu'ng lai co tac dung dc
chd enzym, kim ham qua trinh hap thu cac chat dinh &rang khdc, co kha
nang kdt taa tren thanh mao mach nhu acid oxalic... cung lam giam gid tri
an toan caa san pham. Ben canh nhang phuang phap phan tich vi sinh, hoa
13-1 sir dung thidt bi hien dai dd xac dinh gia tri an toan, con co mot s6 pining
phdp kidm tra nhanh, dinh tinh cac loai dQc to cung thudng duct sit dung
nhu cac loai kid this xac dinh salmonella va clOc to khac.

5.2 CAC PHYONG PHAP BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TUOI

Chat lacing rau-frai tticii dat cao nha't ngay khi thu hai, sau do do van
tie'p tuc qua trinh song, nhat la van tidp tuc qua trinh chin nen chat lacing
cua chang se giam clan theo thdi gian, ddn cu6i cung se bi thol rda, ha hong,
khong sit dung dudc nda. T6c d6 giam chgt lacing, ha hong phu thuOc vao tinh
Bhp QUAN RAU TRAI a1d1 383

chat, cao tao &la rau trai, qua trinh ho hap, thanh phan hoa hoc cim tang
loci rau trai. Trong nhieu truang hap, khong phai tat ca cac loai rau trai deu
chart dua vao sir.dung het mot Mat ma vi nhieu lY do nhu phai van chuyen
den noi tieu thu, phai chit dua vao ban hay san xuat, phai kho char len
gia... can phai bao ve chat luang, keo dai thai gian bao quan. Do do, can phai
Ap dung cac bin phap bao quan khac nhau. Phan nay se giai thieu int s6
pilling phap bao quan rau trai tuti thong dung nhat.

5.2.1 Nguyen nhan gay hd hong va giam chgt Wong rau trai ttidi sau
thu hoach
Co nhieu nguyen nhan clan den hu hang va giam chat lacing rau trai
sau thu hoach, c6 the xep chUng thanh ba nh6m nguyen nhan:
- Hci hang do nguyen nhan ca hoc
- Hu' hang do nguyen nhan vi sinh vat
- Hu hang do qua trinh chin.
, Nhang hit hong co hoc thutng xay ra trong qua trinh thu hoach va van
chuyen, bao gam nhang su dap va cua cac loai trai, dap rach la dm cac loai
rau, gay, va cat khong clang vi tri cua cac loai cu, nhang vet tray xuat lam
mat lap sap cutin bao ve trim va va ca nhang vet can thUng do con trong
chu6t bo. Hu hang co hoc c6 the tra nen mot van de nghiem trong khi lh
nguyen nhan clan den nhang hu hong tiep theo. Cac vet dap va tray xuat se
lam tang sit mat nude, tang t6c c16 ho hap, day manh su sinh tong hop
ethylene, thilc day qua trinh chin cua rau trai. Nhin chung thi thu hoach
bang ca giori se gay nen nhieu hu hang ca hoc han là thu hoach bang thil
cong. Tuy nhien, khi thu hoach cac loai di bang cach dung cu6c dao thi c6 the
gay ra tS710 Int hang rat cao nett khong can than. Cac thong china rau trai thu
hoach can phai sach, va mat trong thiing phai Om, khong c6 goc canh hay
tho rap de gay d4p va san pharn. Nguai to thutrng dung cac loai vat li0u lOt
de giam hu hang Ca hoc. Ram, la, giay hay nhang bia carton thu'ang duac sir
dung. Nhang tam la bang nhira ming &lac sit dung mac Si gia thanh co cao
vi chung rat ben, c6 the sir dung nhieu Lan va de lam sach.
Thu hoach thit cong c6 huan luyen co the IA Wen phap tot nhat giam
thieu hu' hang ca hoc, va tST le thai b6. Nguai thu hai co the nhan biet &lac
chinh xac trong thai chin caa rau trai, khong hai trai chu'a dart dO chin can
thiet, do do tang cuing su (long deu cho san pham. Tuy nhien, viec thu hoach
cling dbi-- hai phai durac that hien can then, toy loai rau trai nao se
phai dimg loai dung cu thich hop, dao kep phai ben sao cho khong gay dap
va, rail trai phai duoc d6 vao thUng china lin nhe nhang can than, khong
quang nem hay d6n nen lam dap va rau trai.
384 CHUMIG

Phai rau trai duai dnh ndng mat trai gay ra hien Wang "chdy ruing",
cac loai nhiia mil day tren va trai se bi oxy h6a, va polymer h6a thAnh nhang
lap nhua nau, lam giam gid tri cam quan cho san phdm. "Chciy lcinh" IA hien
tuqng tren vo trai ding xuat hien nhung d6m nau, nhung do nguyen nhan su
dung nhiet do bao quan lanh khong phi hap va do t6c dO ha nhiet (10 hay
tang nhiet (10 qua nhanh.
Hu hong ca hoc khi van chuyen se tang khi cong viec van chuyen b6c
vac daqc thac hien bang nhan cong. Trong truang hap nay van chuyen bang
ca giai se lai thich hqp hon. DO em, bang phang ctia xe van tai, &la doan
diking chuyen chi cung là nhang yeu to can luru 3"/ khi mu6n giam tST le hu
hang vi dap va trong khi van chuyen. Qua trinh phan loai sa b0 va cat bo
phan re, than, la thiia truck khi chuyen cher ve kho bao quan cung gop phan
giam hu hang ca hoc, vi khi van chuyen v6 kho, cac 130 phan thaa nay c6 the
lAm thing, dap, tray v6 san phdm Ice can.
Nhiem vi sinh vat là nhOm nguyen nhan tinging dan den sit ha hong
tuyet d6i. Rau trai c6 the bi nhiem vi sinh vat tit tren cay, lac chua thu hoach
bang con diking lay truyen tit con trimg, khong khi, gio, bui dat. Cdc loai vi
sinh vat nay hoac phat trign ngay va gay benh cho rau trai (chuung 3) hoac
ton tai trong cac mo bac), mao quan a clang nha bac), va se phat trier' gay th6i
hong rau trai khi c6 dieu kien thich hap. Su' nhiem vi sinh vat con cO the xay
ra sau thu hoach khi van chuyen, clang goi hay bao quan tai kho. Rau trai da
bi hu hong ca hoc thi nguy ca nhiem vi sinh vat lai tang tang. Nhitng vet mit
va, tray xuat IA not xam nhap &la vi sinh vat, dich bAo thoat ra a nhung vi
tri nay se IA nguon dinh du'ang cho vi sinh vat phat trign. Rau trai nhiem vi
sinh vat se thay d6i sau sac gia tri cam quan, v6 trai mat matt, xuat hien
nhcrng dthn vi sinh vat tit tit lan Ong. Mau sac cila thit trai se hien d6i, xuat
hien mid vi la, eau frac chdc bi phd va, rau trai se bi mem nhQn va th6i
Nhung vi sinh vat nhiem tren rau trai c6 the IA loai gay benh va sinh doc to,
anh twang den gid tri an tam ctia san phdm.
Qua trinh chin xay ra tai nhien sau khi rau trai da dat daqc dO truing
thanh cut dai. Khi trai chin, nhieu Wen d6i din ra, clang ke nhat IA sit gia
tang cung dO he hap, sinh tong hap ethylen, chuyen h6a cac chit gitip cho
trai ngot hctn, thorn hun, mat] dep horn va cau true trot nen mem han (chaang
2). Tuy nhien, sau giai doan chin tich cut, gitip lAm tang gia tri chat lacing
cho rau trai, lh d6n giai doan chin qua. Moi hien d6i trong giai doan nay mac
du tuang tit giai doan truck nhung lai CO khuynh hurling lam giam dan chat
luting rau trai. Trai mem,cAng mem hon, de dap vac', de bi vi sinh vat tan
citing, ben canh cac chat thorn. Chat mAu bat dau xuat hien nhang san phani
oxy h6a, lAm bien d6i mAu sac, them nhiing miti la.
Nhin chung, co nhieu nguyen nhan clan den hu hong va giam chat
luting rau trai sau thu hoach. Phan tich duac nhang nguyen nhan nay se gitiP
 QUAN RAU TRAI 385

hip chiqc bien phap xii 1ST va bao quan thich hop, nharn keo dai thtti gian
to c
hao quan va duy tri chSt lacing v6n co cita rau trai ttioi.

Being 5.2 Nguyen nhdn cha ye'u gay ha hang

va gicim chat laerng rau trai sau thu hoetch

Nguyen nhan cha ygu gay hU hong

Nh6rn sin phirn Ten rau tral
i va glarn chlit lUong

Rau cu Ca rat Hu hong ca hoc

Cu cal Cat khong dung vi tri

Hanh Dam ch6i

Tel Mat nudc (teo top)

Khoai tay Th6i riga

Khoai lang Hu hong do lonh

Rau là Rau dip Mat nudc (quan Id)

Cal Mat mau xanh (yang Id)

Rau bina Hu hong co hoc

Bap cal T6c dO hO hap cao

Hanh là Th6i ale

Rau hoa Actiso Hu hong co hoc

Bong cal xanh H6a yang va mat mau

Bong cal trang Rung hoa

Rau trai non DUa chu6t Th6i rOa

Bi ng6 Qud dO chin khi thu hooch

Ca Mat nudc (teo t6p)

Mau Dap va va nhEing nguyen nhan khdc

WO Hu hang do lanh
Rau trai chin va Ca chua Dap va
the looi trai cay Dua Qud chin, qua rn6m khi thu hooch

Trai c6 mill Mat nUoc

Chu6i HU hang lonh

-Koal Thay d61 thanh phAn h6a hoc
Tao Th6i rua
Nho Dap vd

Bang 5.2 neu ra mOt vai nguyen nhan cher ye-u gay hti hong rau trai.
386 CHLICNG 5

5.2.2 Yeu ctiu ctia qua trinh bao plan rau trai ttidi
Nha teen (la trinh bay, rau trai hu hong la do cac nguyen nhan co hoc,
vi sinh vat va qua,- trinh chin ciia rau trai. Dd c6 the giam tem thdt do cac ha
hong CC/ hoc, can phai chd 57 den viec thu hoach, van chuydn, chon bao bi va
sap xep cac thimg san phdm trong kho. Nhang qud trinh xit ly tilt& d6ng gdi
se gitip to lga ra va thai be) cac ha hong co hoc. VI vay, khi data vao bao quan,
ha hong chil yeu thuting do nguyen nhan vi sinh vat va qud trinh chin. Yeu
cau dat ra cho viec bao quan rau trai filth IA lam cham qua trinh sinh hda,
giam qud trinh he, hdp (giam eating do ho hdp C), giam ton thdt nu c, ac the
ski sinh twang va pita tridn cua VSV va con trung gay hu hong rau trai.
C6 met vai thuat nga that:mg daoc de cap trong linh vac bao quan rau
trai tuoi: dO ben va thai gian bdo qudn, nguyen tdc brio qudn.

DQ bgn caa rau trai

DO ben cda rau trod IA kith' nang chiu tac dOng co hoc va kha nang ch6ng
vi sinh vat xam nhap va phat trien. Rau trai c6 de ben cao thi c6 th6i gian bao
quart lau hon. Cdc yeu te anh haling den do ben rau trai IA de chin, gieng rau
trait, cdu tao bidu .bi, mo co, kha nang tit lanh vet thuong cua rau trai...
D6 chin cang cao thi trai cang mem va kha nang chiu va dap kern, sac
ty de khdng giam nen de bi vi sinh vat gdy benh tan cong. Nroi loci vi sinh
vat c6 met moi truting thich hgp de phdt trik va xam nhap phd hong rau
trai, do do tren nhiing gang rau trai nhdt dinh se c6 nhang benh nhdt dinh.
Mdt khdc, neu loci rau trai c6 kitting khutin thitc v4t thi host do, ng cua vi
sinh vat se bi utc chg. Bieu bi, m8 cang chat ding cling thi se khong de hi
barn dap (chila nhieu kitin, cellulose...). Khd Tieing to lanh vet thuang cua met
s6 loci rau trai thd hien khi lap vo ngoAi bi xay xat, met lap v6 mdi se OW
tridn 16 kin vet thuong. Kha nang nay chi the hien neu &foe bao quan trong
!Wei trotting thich hop, vi du nhu khoai try se tai tao lap vO mai sau 3 git
trong diet' kin dO aim khong khi trong khoang 90+95%, nhiet dO troni
khoang 18÷20°C.

Thai gian bao quern

Thai gian bdo quail la khoing thtri gian dai nha't trong do rau trai vat
gill &foe tinh chdt ddc trung cua chong. Trong thdi gian nay, gid tri dint
&fang va chit hiong cam quan 'thong bien d6i clang kg. Dila vao dQ dAi cup
thdi gian t6n trii, ca thd-chia rau trai lAm ba lodi:
- Thai gian ton tra Mu (> 1, 2 thdng): cam, bath, le, tao, bi, hanh
- Thai gian t6n tra ngdn (1+2 turn): xotti, nhan, vai, dila, dua hdu,
chua, dua chuet.
 00 QIJAN RAU TRAI 387

- Thai gian ton tra rat ngdn (vai ngay): chu6i, mang ca'u, rau an là_
Co nhi6u ye-u to anh huang den thti gian bao quan cUa rau trai, trong
do nhiet dO, d6 am khong khi va thanh phan khi quy6n là nhang yeu to c6
ahigu anh hu'ang nh'at.
Nhift do bdo quart anh huang den cueing dO ho hap va toe d6 phan .Ung
sinh h6a. Mu6n giam ho hap, t:tc ch6 hoat dOng song cua rau trai thi can bao
quan trong mai trutng nhiet dO cang thap cang tot. Nhiet d6 lam nguyen
sinh chat to bao co lai, giam tinh them thau cUa mang t6 bao, &in kha
nang trao d6i chat. N6u bao quan le a 21°C, thi thdi gian trai di qua diem
climacteric la 10+12 ngay, con n6u nhiet d6 bao quan la 0°C thi thai gian
trai di qua diem climacteric c6 the keo dai den 5+6 thang.
Tuy nhien, khOng nen ha nhiet do xuong thap qua vi khi nhiet d6 ha
xu6ng dudi didm thing bang, dich bao se bi dOng dac, t6 bao bi pha huy, t6
bao se bi ch6t hoac r6i loan cac qua trinh sinh ly, sinh h6a. Nhiet do thing
bang phi' thu6c thanh phan h6a hoc ctia dich bao, do do moi loaf rau trai se
co mot diem clang bang khac nhau, thutng nho horn 0°C. Le clang bang klii
nhiet d6 ha xuOng -2 + chu6i clang bang a nhi.(q d6 clang
bang cua khoai tay lai IA -1,7°C. Hanh tay c6 thd thing bang trong mot
khoang nhiet dO kha rOng, -1 + -3°C, nh6 kha nang truing nguyen sinh cao
ctia to bao.
M8i loaf rau trai co mot khoang nhi6t dO bac) guar' nhat dinh. Khi bao
quail a nhi6t d6 16cn horn hay nho hem nhi6t dO do thi chgt luang cua rau trai
se c6 bien d6i khong co lqi. DO chin rau trai cang cao thi nhiet d6 bdo guar'
phai cang thap va sur Wen dOng nhiet d6 bao quan khong nen Ion qua, chi
trong khoang ±0,5°C. Bang 5.3 cho nhiTrig vi du chtIng minh not dung nay.

Bang 5.3 Nhi'Ot do bdo qudn mot vai loaf trdi cay

NhiOt dO bao qu6n, °C Nhi4t d 0

- bao quan, °C
Lo41 rau trai Loai rau trai
Xanh Chin Xanh Chin
Trai c6 miii 4 ÷6 1 =2 Chu& 12 ÷ 14 11 =13
_ Ca chua 10 ÷ 12 1 DUa chi* 10 ÷ 12

DO dm khong khi ((pkk) guy& dinh t6c dO bay hai nude cUa rau trai. Neu
(Pkk thap thi cutng dO ho hap va t6c dO bay hai tang, rau trai se bi heo va
giam khol lacing ro ret. Cac hoat Ong t6 bao bi r6i loan, giant kha nang tit
de khang, de nhi8rn b6nh, vi sinh vat kh6 phat tri6n. Ngoqc lai n6u (pkk cao
thi t6c d6 bay hai giam, ho hap giam nhung lai tang nguy cu hu hong tit vi
sinh vet. VI \Tay, can phai chon dO em thich harp cho tiing loci rau trai.
388 CHLIONG 5

Anh hu'ang ctia (pkk phu thuec khd nAng ttt bdo ye cua rau trai va. cau
true mo Neu bi. Bieu bi chat, lap sap dAy thi c6 the bdo quill a (pkk thap.
HAnh cu c6 lap va kho boc ngoai nen c6 the bao Tian trong dieu kien (pkk là
70+75%. Do dm khong khi cling khong ducat dao Ong qua nhieu, chi trong
khodng 2%. De khae phuc anh Intang ctia (pkk to c6 the dung bao bi PE, PVC
mong, giay mem x6p de tranh bay hai nu'ac tit do.
Thanh phdn kht quyen bao g6m cac loai khi 02, CO2, N2. ThAnh phan
khi quydn thay doi cha yeu lhm thay d6i t6c de ho hap cua rau trai vA vi sinh
vat. Anh hu'ang ctia thanh phan khi quydn den ho hap da dtfac trinh bAy
trong chairing 2.
Thong gio IA d6i khong khi trong phong bang khong khi tit ngoAi vAo.
Thoang khi lA tao sit chuyen d'eng cila lap khong khi trong kho bao quan. Do
ho- hap hieu khi, lacing CO2 trong khong khi se tang den 'tic vu ck qua han cho
phep vA uc the ho hip. Luang heti nude tang thi cpkk vA de dm san phdm co se
tang. Nhiet lacing tea ra lam cho kh6i rau trai bi tang nhiet de. Ski mat 6n
dinh nay khong xdy ra d6ng deu, ma xdy ra cue be, yeti mat de khac nhau, a
tang vimg trong kh6i nguyen lieu, gay tac hai den rau trai. Do do, can phdi
thoang khi, thong gib.
Mac de thoang khi difac tinh bang s6 lan ddo tren khong khi, hay theo
t6c de chuyen Ong khong khi (m/s). T6c de chuyen Ong cao qua lAm lincfng
nude bay hai tit san phiim tang len. T6c de tholing khi trong kho bdo quan
rau trai titai thttang khoing 0,1+0,5m/s. Can phai thOng gi6 de thay d6i
khong khi mai khi hAm luting cac thAnh phan khong khi trong kho tang yu'at
mac quy dinh. C6 the tien hAnh thong gi6 tit nhien hoac curling bac thy de
reng ctia kho, thtfi gian bao quail lau mau.
Cac ygu to khae firth htfang den thai gian bac) quan con c6 the ke den lA
anh sang, tac Ong len enzyme, tang ctiang qua trinh trao d6i chat; loai rau
trai: thai gian bdo quan khoai tay muon dAi hem khoai tay slim, dila Queen
clAi han dila Cayenne.
Phan Mit, tSr 10 N, P, K phai hap 13-7. Thieu K, P, trai se kem thorn, it
chua, mau ha hang. Luang urea tang thi trai de bi th6i. Trai tr6ng d (tat do,
xam co the bit° quill 'Au han trai tr6ng a (16t Olen, mkin.

Nguyen hic bdo qudn

Dita teen cac nguyen lSr sinh hoc, cac phttang phap 'ado quail dole chia
lam ba nhom chinh:
Nham 1: cac plifang phap bdo qudn data vac) nguyen tac bdo town stt
song, dim vao kha nang tur d'6 khang, va de ben cua rau trai trong dieu kien
thating. Bien phap h6 tra IA thong gi6 vA thoang khi.
BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TI/dl 389

Nharn 2: cdc phaong phdp bdo quail du'a tren nguyen tac lam chAm, ac
ch6 host dOng song cua rau trai va vi sinh vat bang cach tao ra mai twang
khong thuAn
Nhanz 3: cac phi cng phdp bdo qudn data vao nguyen tac dinh chi ski'
song cua nguyen lieu va vi sinh vat c6 trong nguyen lieu. Theo phaong phap
nay vi sinh vat trong nguyen lieu bi tieu diet, nhang nguyen lieu ding mat di
chat khdng sinh, khong con khd nang khdrig benh. Vi v(iy, nen sit dung
pinkmg phap nay phdi tieu diet het vi sinh vat deng thai phdi c6 bien phdp
thong tai nhiem. Nham phuong phdp bdo quail nay khong phi hop vai muc
dich bac, quan rau trai tutoi.

5.2.3 Blio quan rau trai tddi d di6u ki0 tii nhien
Dieu kiOn tit nhien la dieu kien nhiet di) va do am khong khi binh
thuJng, thy thui)c vao bien do, ng caa thai tiet. CI Viet Nam, vai khi hAu nhiet
nhiet dO va dO am cao, cut:mg dO ho hap cua rau trai 16n, rau trai thuang
chin nhanh va bi ha hong rat nhanh. Nhiet do cao cung IA dieu kien thich
hclp cho ngm racc phdt tridn gay benh va phd hoai cay trai. Do d6, dieu kien
tit nhien khong thuAn loi cho viec bac) (pan rau trai tuoi.
Phaong phdp bao quin a dieu kien thing daa vac) nguyen tac bdo ton
ski song, dura vao khd nang tit de khdrig dia rau trai. Ngu?ii to van sit dung
phuong phdp nay de bdo quail ngan han cdc loai rau trai cha the bien. Curbing
do ho hgp cua loai rau trai nao tang cao, thi thai gian bdo quan tit nhien se
tang ngdn. D6i vai cdc loai rau la thdi-gian bdo (pan tit nhien chi trong yang
24 gift, trai cay thi co the Ice° dai den vai ngay, cdc loai cu do caring dO ho
hip khd thgp c6 the bdo quail (kw vai than, den vai thdng.
Thong thodng gi6 rat can thiet khi that hien phuong phap bac) quan tai
nhien, nharn giup nhiet dO, dO am khong khi va thanh phan khong khi trong
kho bao quail It bi thay dei do ho hap cua rau trai. Tay dieu kien vd the tich
kho hay dieu kien kinh to ma c6 the tien hanh thong gi6 tit nhien hay thong
gib cueing bac. ThOng gi6 tit nhien can phai ket hop ket cgu kho, vat lieu xdy
ditng, cdch sap xep cdc thing chita san phgm sao cho khong khi trong kho c6
the do'i luL tit nhien xuyen qua moi vi tri trong kho. Thong gi6 cung bac
bang quat but se cho hieu qua cao hon.

1• Kho thin gietn

Kho don giin thttOng &roc dAt tai noi san xugt, lam bang vat lieu nhe
tre nista, g(5, an &toe dap bang nhang lap cat, dd kith thaac khdc nhau
tao thanh ranh dOi htu khong khi. Kho nay cung can phdi c6 mai the de
the nang va num tranh nhiet do cao ban ngay. Mdi kho thaang c6 cgu tao
390 CHIVNG 5

ranh thOng heti va có nap ma duqc ct mai vao ban dem de thodt khi ming thay
khi lanh.
D6i lufu khong khi bang tit nhien hay bang quat but ddy. Dieu kien
(Pkk, nhiet dO thay d6i thy th?ii tie-t. Co thd tang offing lam lanh them bang
x6i tried , b6c hcci (rai nude xu6ng tuting. dat, len mai). Mu6n thong thodng
tot phai sap xe-p nguyen lieu trong kho co khoang each, san cao de khong
khi de d6i luta.

300cm

200cm

l<5cm

Hinh 5.1 Cdu tao kho don gidn

4=1
Hinh 5.2 Cdu tao kho don gidn ddi litu cztang bac

Kho bao quart dor'gian thYdng chi nth chtla rau trai sau khi thu hoacl
ma chug kip lyr hay tieu thy. Chi nhung loci trai co vo day nhY bi ngo, ha3
cdc loaf cli nha khoai, hanh, su hao la cO the 'Rive lull trii lau hem trong cai
kho nay.
 391
gAO OUAlv RAU TRAI TL/d/

2, 06 Ong san phdm

dung Wang tu' kho
Phuang phap d6 do-ng sin phdm co pham vi dng
quan dan gian, nhurng mang tinh cu &Ong han, vi c6 thd thuc hien dan
bao
g
ian, nhanh va c6 thd thay d6i vi tri, kich thuac dA dang. Truck tien, can
phii dao h6 ming sau khoang 0,2+0,3m, nen chat day h6 bang ddt, chtl
ac, 16t mat lap ram ra r6i mcti d6 san
to In01, d() nghien dd tranh 6' dong nu
Phgm xu6ng day h6 va vun d6ng. C6 the phai 16t mat vai lap ram ra 6 gift
va phia tren *clang san phdm de tao da x6p, tang khd nang thoang khi,
thong gio.
Hinh 5.3 cho thdy hai each sap xep dong san phdm khac nhau ve vi tri
cgit 6ng thong gi6, cach the day dong san phdm. Dung cach ph6 bat thong
dung han vi c6 the do ra cho thoang khi, giam nhiet do vao bu6i tai, nhung
khi can do cang yang cho clang san phdm thi dung ddt dap tat han.
DO siting san phdm chi nen sic dung cho nhUng loai di hay trai nh6, co
di) ben ca hoc cao nhu chanh, khoai tay... Thai gian bao quan tucmg to kho
bin quin don gian.

Hinh 5.3 Cdc kieu d6 &Mg san phdm rau trdi

3- Beso quan nhei d4 cao

Khi len cao hay xuang sau trong long ddt thi nhiet dO giam di, nguai to
da lqi dung dieu nay dd bao quan rau trai bang each xay kho tren nui cao hay
dao ham.
DO cao tang 1km thi nhiet do giim di 10°C. Kho bao quan )(ay tren dai
cao se gill]) tiet kiem nang luting hoac la keo dai thbi gian bio quin han.
Hain bio quan la nhang hao dai khoing 10+15m, sau 0,5+0,6m, rang
0,6+1m. Day d6 ddt tai x6p, mat day nghieng de kh6ng Ling nurac, 16t ram ra.
Rau trai xe-p thanh tiing lap, cach nhau bang mat lap ram ra. Tren ding la
mat lap ram ra r6i den mat Rip ddt, co nhang 6ng thong khi sau xu6ng day
392 CHIICNG 5

ham. Ham bao quan thuting dung dd bao quan rau cu nhu' cti cai, ca rot, bf do,
hAnh, toi. Khoai tay, bi ngo c6 thd bac) quan trong Along vai thing theo
phuting phdp nay.

5.2.4 Bao gain rau trai tddi d digu kin nhi4t dQ thgp (bao quan lanh)
Cf dieu kin thutrng, rau trai thating cd nhiet dO khi cao, bang vai nhiet
dO Ulf quyen ben ngoAi. Qua trinh ho hap se giai phong nhiet hiccng lam
tang clan nhiet dO cua sari pham theo thOi gian, lAm cho t6c d6 ho hap lai
cAng tang them. Qua trinh ho hap din ra nhanh con IA nguyen nhan cila ski
phan htiy cac chat dinh &tang va cau truc cua rau trai vA phat tin ctia vi
sinh vat. Kim sodt qud trinh ho hap cua rau trai vA vi sinh vat bang cdch
ha nhiet d6 bao quan chinh là nguyen tic cua phu'cmg phdp nay.

Bang 5.4 Nhi'et do bcio qudn cda snot s6 loai trai cdy

Nhi.t d6 D6 gm Wong d6i Thai gian

San phgm
°C °F kh6ng khi (%) bao guar'
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Tao -1 + 4 30 + 40 90 + 95 1 + 12 thang
Mo -0,5 + 0 31 + 32 90 + 95 1 + 3 tun
Bo, Fuerte, Hass 7 45 85 + 90 2 tun
Bo, Lula, Booth-1 4 40 90 + 95 4 + 8 tun
Bo 13 55 85 + 90 2 tugn
Chu6i xanh 13 + 14 56 + 58 90 + 95 14 tugn
Anh ciao 0 32 85 + 90 7 + 8 tugn
Dieu 0+2 32 + 36 85 + 90 5 tub
Anh dao chua 0 32 • 90 + 95 3 + 7 ng6y
Anh dao ngot -1 + -0,5 30 + 31 90 + 95 2 + 3 tugn
Cal thao 0 32 95 + 100 2 + 3 thing
Dau dim 4+7 40 + 45 90 + 95 7 + 10 ngiy
Dila 0 + 1,5 32 + 35 80 + 85 1 + 2 thing ,
Bap ngot 0 32 95 + 98 5 + 8 ngiy
Dua chu6t 10 4- 13 50 + 55 95 10 + 14 ngay
L9 chua ,-,0',5 + 0 31 + 32 90 + 95 1 + 4 tun
Na 5+7 41 + 45 85 + 90 4 + 6 tugn
Sat' rieng 4+6 39 + 42 85 + 90 6 + 8 tun
00 QUAN RAU TRAI TWI 393

_
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Lit gal -0,5 + 0 31 + 32 90 + 95 34 tuan

go gang 10 50 85 + 90 3 + 4 tuan

Nho 10 + 15 50 + 60 85 + 90 6 + 8 tuan

oi 5 + 10 41 + 50 90 2 + 3 tuan

Mit 13 55 85 + 90 2 + 6 tuan
i
Kiwi 0 32 90 + 95 3 + 5 thang
-
Quit 4 40 90 + 95 2 + 4 tuan

Chanh 10 + 13 50 + 55 85 + 90 1 + 6 thang
,
Chanh la cam 9 + 10 48 + 50 85 + 90 6 + 8 tuan

Nhan 1,5 35 90 + 95 3 + 5 tuan

Sdn tra 0 32 90 3 tuan

Vai 1,5 35 90 + 95 3 + 5 tuan

i
X6i 13 55 • 85 + 90 2 + 3 tuan

Mang cut 13 55 85 + 90 2 + 4 tuan

Xuan dao -0,5 + 0 31 + 32 90 + 95 2 + 4 tuan

Cam 3+9 38 + 48 85 + 90 3 + 8 tuan

Du du 7 + 13 45 + 55 85 + 90 1 + 3 tudn .

Chanh day 7 + 10 45 + 50 85 + 90 3 + 5 tuan

Dao -0,5 + 0 31 + 32 90 + 95 2 + 4 tuan

Le -1,5 + -0,5 29 + 31 90 + 95 2 + 7 thang

H6ng Nhat Ban -1 30 90 34 thang

Daa 7 + 13 45 + 55 85 + 90 24 tuan

Man -0,5 + 0 31 + 32 90 + 95 2 + 5 tuan

Man kho 5 41 90 + 95 2 -:- 3 thang

M6c qua -0,5 + 0 31 + 32 90 2 + 3 thang

Ch6m ch6m 12 54 90 + 95 1 + 3 tuan

Sa po che 16 + 20 60 + 68 85 + 90 2 + 3 tudn
Dau 0 32 90 + 95 . 5 + 7 ngay
Me 7 45 90'4- 95 - 3 + 4 tuan
,QuYt _._ 4 40 90 + 95 24 tuan
Dila hau 10 + 15 50 + 60 90 2 + 3 tuan

Ngudn: McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of
Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.
394 CHIJONG 5

Bang 5.5 NhOt coo bcio qucin cua mot so loci rau cii

NhiO't d6 D6 gm Wcing d6i Thai gian Pao

San phdm •
°C °F khong khi (%) quin

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Rau den 0÷2 32 ÷ 36 95 ÷ 100 10 ÷ 14 ngay
H6i 0÷2 32 ÷ 36 90 ÷ 95 2 ÷ 3 tugn
Actiso, Pup hoa 0 32 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tuan
Mang tay 0÷2 32 ÷ 35 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tugn
Dau choi 0 32 95 ÷ 100 7 ÷ 9 ngay
DAu hat khO 4 ÷ 10 40 ÷ 50 40 ÷ 50 6 ÷ 10 thang
DAu hat kid 4÷7 40 + 45 95 7 ÷ 10 ngAy
DAu nguyen trai 5÷6 41 ÷ 43 95 5 ngAy
Bong cai xanh 0 32 95 ÷ 100 10 ÷ 14 ngAy
Cai Bruxell 0 32 95 ÷ 100 3 ÷ 5 tuan
Bap cal non 0 32 98 -:- 100 3 ÷ 6 Wan
Bap cai gia 0 32 . 98 ÷ 100 5 ÷ 6 thang
CA rot nguyen canh 0 32 95 ÷ 100 2 tuan
CA r6t gia 0 32 98 ÷ 100 7 ÷ 9 thAng
CA rot non 0 32 98 ÷ 100 4 ÷ 6 Wan
Bong cal triing 0 32 95 -:- 98 34 tuan
Can tay 0 32 98 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 thang
Su su 7 45 85 90 4 ÷ 6 tugn

Cai thao 0 32 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 thang

DAu dila 4÷7 40 ÷ 45 • 90 ÷ 95 7 ÷ 10 ngay

Bap ngot 0 32 95 ÷ 98 5 ÷ 8 ngay
Dua chuOt 10 ÷ 13 50 ÷ 55 95 10 ÷ 14 ngay
CA • 12 54 90 ÷ 95 1 tuan

Sung, va -0,5 ÷ 0 31 4 32 85 ÷ 90 7 ÷ 10 ngay

Tai 0 32 65 -:- 70 6 ÷ 7 thang

GI:mg - 13 55 65 6 thang

DAu haricot 4÷7 40 ÷ 45 95 7 ÷ 10 ngay

Cal ngua --I ÷ 0 30 ÷ 32 98 ÷ 100 10 -:- 12 that-1g

Su hao 0 32 98:- 100 2 ÷ 3 thang
 395
BAO OUAN RAU TRAI

(2) (4) (5)

(1) (3)

0 • 32 98 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tua'n
Rau dia'p
7 ÷ 10 45 ÷ 50 90 ÷ 95 7 ÷ 10 ngay
mudp
5 -:- 10 41 ± 50 85 ÷ 90 +6 tuan
Olive tUdi
32 95 ÷ 100 34 tuan
Hanh tUdi 0

0 32 65 ÷ 70 1 ÷ 8 thang
Hanh kho
0 32 65 ÷ 70 6 + 8 thang
Hanh chum
_
0 32 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 2,5 thang
NO tay
0 32 95 ÷ 100 +6 thang
Cu cai yang
32 95 .1- 98 1 ± 2 tuan
Pau tUdi 0

32 ÷ 50 60 ÷ 70 6 thang
lieu, dt khO 0 ÷ 10

7 ÷ 13 45 ÷ 55 90 ÷ 95 2 ± 3 tuan
Tieu ngot
10 -:. 16 50 ÷ 60 90 ÷ 95 10 ÷ 14 ngay
Khoai tay thu hoach sdm

4,5 ± 13 40 ÷ 55 90 ÷ 95 5 ÷ 10 thang
Khoai tay thu hoach muon
50 ÷ 55 50 ÷ 70 2 ÷ 3 thang
Bingo 10 :-13

31 ÷ 32 90 2 ± 3 thang
Min qua -0,5 :- 0

Cii cai mica he 0 32 95 ÷ 100 34 tuan

32 95 ÷ 100 24 thang
CO cai mica clang 0

10 -:- 13 50 -:- 55 85 ÷ 90 10 ÷ 14 ngay

Dua chuOt khOng hat

0 32 95 ÷ 100 10 ÷ 14 ngay
Rau bina
55 ÷ 60 85 ÷ 90 4 ÷ 7 thang
Khoai lang 13 ÷ 15

7 ÷ 10 45 ÷ 50 85 ÷ 90 4 ÷ 5 thang
Khoai SC?

18 ÷ 22 65 ÷ 72 90 ÷ 95 1 ± 3 tuan
Ca chua xanh

13 -:- 15 55 ÷ 60 90 ± 95 4 ÷ 7 ngay
Ca chua chin
95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tuan
Cai xoong 0 32

0÷2 32 ÷ 36 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tuan

Mang tay bang

Khoai ma 16 61 70 -:- 80 ' 6 4. 7 thang

Ngujn: McGregor, B.M. 1989. Tropical Products Transport Handbook. USDA Office of
Transportation, Agricultural Handbook 668.

Bao quan rau trai o nhiOt do thgp la phuong phap bao quan ph6 bie-n
nhat hiO nay. Nhi4 do bao quan se tit 20÷24°C xu6ng nhit di) ga'n (long
bang cua dich back. NhW d6 cang lanh thi cu'Ong di) ho hgp cang giam, demg
tiled cang Li'c che hoat dOng cUa vi sinh vat, koo dai thOi gian bao quan.
396 CHIJCNG 5

Cung cdn nhgc lai la nhiet (10 bdo quan khong duvc ha thgp han nhiet dO
dung bang dm ntidc trong san phdm va phuting phdp nay khong tieu diet
duffle vi sinh vat, chi tic the hoat &Ong cua chting, va co mOt s6 chung vi sinh
vet co the' phat trign trong moi trtiOng nhiet dO thgp.
Mgt nudc do b6c hai IA khong the tranh duvc d6i vdi rau trai bdo quan
lanh. Neu luvng am met tit 3-5% thi san phdm se bi heo va nhan va. That
thoat kh6i luctrig do nguyen nhan b6c hai nude khi bdo quan lanh co thg
chietm CS, 10 cao. Bang 5.6 dim ra mOt vai s6 lieu minh chting.

Bang 5.6 71 ); re that thodt kh6i lacing vi bay hoi nudc cua mOt s6 loqi rau
trcii

T9 14 that thodt T9 14 that thodt

Loal rau tral Loa' rau trdi
kh6i luring, % kh6i ludng, %
Rau bina 3 Tiou xanh 8
Ca chug 4 Nho 5
Rau diep 3÷5 Le 6
Bap cai 6 Tdo 7
Ca rot 8 Dao 11

Ngu6n: Postharvest management of fruit and vegetable

Nhur da bie-t, a chiang 3, dOng laic ctia qua trinh bay hai midc IA (10
chenh lech di) sugt hai bao hoa giaa bg m4t san phdm va trong bdu khi
quygn chung quanh san phdm. T6c dO bay hai nude cua cdc loci rau trdi khac
nhau se duac xac dinh va bigu din bang he s6 thoat hai nu'dc (transpiration
coefficient).

Bang 5.7 Cdc plutang phdp thzteng dung de' /am lanh rau trdi

Pham vi tifhg dung Phiking phdp lam lanh

Lam lanh a bao quan va Kho lanh thirong
van chuy4n Kho lanh c6 d6i luu khi citing birc
Lam lanh bang cach bay hci nudc
Lam lanh Udt
Lam. Ipnh bang cach udp dd trong tong bao bi
.A.am Ianh bang chan khong
Lam lanh trong qud trinh Lam Ianh bang cach phu dd tir tren xueing (top-icing)
van chuygn Lam Ipnh bang cach u'op dd teing khoang china sin phgm
Lam lanh bang cho khi lanh Wu th6ng trong cdc kenh clan khi
 5A0 (MAN RAU TRAI TU'al 397

Co nhieu phudng phdp lam lanh rau trai. Cdc yeu to guy& dinh viec
luta ch9n phu'ong phdp bao quan lanh d6i with mOt loai rau trai 1A:
- Loai rau trai: la, than hay re
- Kich thole san phdrn
- s6 luong san phdm dila vao bao Tian lanh
- Hinh dang va kith thu'ac bao bi chda san phdm
- Loai vat lieu lAm bao bi &mg goi
- DO ben cila loai rau trai ch6ng lai nhang phd hay co hoc
- Chi phi bao quan bao g'Om von c6 dinh vA von lino &Mg.

1- Kho bcio qucin lgnh

Kho lanh don gian lA 14A phong kin chda san pham du'oc dieu khien
de dat nhiet dO bao quan thich hop bang cdc loai may lanh. CO the bao quan
nhieu loai san phdm ding ldc hay ke tiep nhau trong ding mOt kho lanh, tuy
nhien t6c do lam lanh san pha'm bao quan trong kho lanh hcti chdm, nen se
khOng phi hop vai nhang san phdm can lAm lanh nhanh.

Khi thiet ke kho lanh bac, quan trai cay tutai, khong nhung chi co
phOng tra lanh ma chdng to con phai chd y den ca mOt he th6ng xit ly
nguyen lieu, he th6ng lanh so 130 (pre-cooling), phong chuyen tiep. Khi
nguyen lieu du'oc van chuydn den kho bao quan, c6 the thong chu'a duoc rota,
hay cat 136 nhang phan thita, chu'a dutcic bao gal trong nhung loai bao bi khdc
nhau. Nhiet do cda rau trai hic do cung khd cao, bang vai nhiet des khong
khi, tiic IA khoang 30+35°C, neu data ngay vao kho bao quan, do chenh lech
nhiet do cao se Ihm thdi gian dat nhiet dO bao quan dAi, t6n hao nal-1g luting
nhieu, có the dan den sd shock nhiet, chdy lanh, lAm anh huOng den chat
ktong rau trai. Them vao do t6c dO b6c hai nude cao, gay t6n hao kh6i luting.
De giam bdt nhang ton hao nay can c6 giai doan lAm lanh stir bO. Can phai
ha nhiet do tit tit. T6c dO 114 nhiet do by loci rau trai, by dO ben co hoc. CO
nhieu Nen phdp ha nhiet do trate khi bao quan, nhu'ng each thong dung
nhat lA ket hop qua trinh rda vai qud trinh ha nhiet dO cho san phdm. Tit
kho lanh, rau trai cang can co giai doan nang nhiet dO tit tit, bang each cho
qua cdc phong tra co nhiet dO trung gian trutc khi chuyen ra phdang tien
van chuyen. Neu co the sit dung he thong van chuyen lanh thi ket qua bao
quan se tot hon. Hinh 5.4 IA quang canh ben trong mOt, kho lanh bao quan
rau trai.

Nhiet dO bao quan cdc loai rau trai on ddi, can nhiet &di vA nhiet ddi
khong giong nhau, vi vay can phai chu y den van de nay khi chon nhiet do
bac) quan. KhOng khi lanh di ra khoi may lanh trong cdc kho lanh Uniting se
398 CHUOVG 5

tv chuydn di khdp kho lanh gitip gidm nhiet d6 cua san phgm ha xu6ng
nhiet di) bdo guar). Th6i gian dat nhiet de bac) quail se thy thuOc dO chenh
Lech nhiet di), the dO lAm lanh so be, s6Idang rau trai va ca cach sap xep cdc
pallete N/A cdc thing san phdm tren pallete.

Hinh 5.4 Quang ccinh ben trong kho lanh

Phong lanh can phdi c6 ttitIng, tran, san lam bang vat lieu cach nhiet
de han che/ ton hao nang luang. Tac nhan lanh thing dung IA Freon hay
NH3 vi NH3 re ti6n, khi r6 ri dg nhan bie/t. DAn bay hai c6 the dat t.ntc tigp
trong phong lanh hodc c6 the lam lanh gidn tiep qua chit tai nhiet là nudc
mu6i, khong khi se duc.rc lAm lanh va th6i vAo but:mg, nhiet di) se d6ng dgu
hon. Nang Wong lanh c6 the se durac tiet kiem ne/u phang c6 ke't ca'u cach
nhiet hieu qua va cdc san pham trueic khi bdo quail du'ac data qua he th6ng
lAm lanh so b6.

HInh 5.5 Sap xep cdc thing san phthn trong kho lanh
 MU TRAI Tlldl 399

Bang 5.8 reu to dieu khien trong kho lanh

ThOng s6 ksi thot Gia tri

NhiOt d6, °C
RQ On deli 0+2

:14
RQ can nhiAt ddi 2+7
RQ nhiAt deli 7 + 13

Db dm tUdng d6i kh6ng khf, %

Rau till thuting 85 + 95
Cdc loaf cu 60 + 70
Chuyen dOng khong khf trong kho lanh, m/ph 60 + 120
Thdi gian lam lanh, gid 0,4 6 + 12
B6 trf cdc palette, cm
Cdch san 15
Cdch tran > 40
Cdch nhau 15
L6i di • > 100
PhAn 16 thoang khf tren bao bi, % 5+6
Tdc nhan lanh thu'ong dung IA Freon hay NH3

Kho bao quan lanh can throe chd y ye sinh dinh kSr de phong ngiia sit
tich to cua vi sinh vat va con trimg. C6 the ye sinh kho lanh bang Formalin
36%, 30m1/m3 hay d6t 10g.s/m3 kho lanh, trutng hop nay phai dang cifa kho
lanh it nhat 24h. Khii mid cho kho lanh cung la mot host d5ng can thie't vi
cdc hop, chat bay hoi tit nhang 15 san phdm trade se hap phy tren tu'ang tran
va tao mini la khong mong main cho san phdm &foe clua vao bao quan ke"
tiep. Can phdi son hai lap thong tham len tWing, tran, san, tudng sun
polyvinyl acetat trong con va mot lap son alluminium, san son nhya asphan,
decolit... C6 the dung CaC12 35g// phun len tabng tran san hoac 'Ong khi
ozone, 20m1/m3, ozone hoa khong khi trong 3 gib.

2- Kho bito quan kink clang khong khi &Si lieu caeng biZe
Nhti teen da trinh bay, kho lanh tinging dd cho dong khong khi lanh
doi lu'u tai nhien trong phong, do do to'c do, ha nhiet d6 kha cham va do deing
(16 giaa cdc vi tri khac nhau trong phbng cling khong tot lam. Khi
slit dung them bien phdp d6i li.tta khi lanh cutmg bite se gidp hieu qua lam
lanh va bao quan lanh tang len dang ke. Cac loci quat hdt va day da dttoc sit
dung de twang va thdc day (long khi lanh th6i nhanh qua cac thimg chda san
pham. T6c dO lam lanh c6 the tang len tit 75+90% so vai bien phap doi lutu
khi lanh tit nhien. Lacing hang hoa frit lanh nhb vay c6 the tang them, dien
400 CHIlaNG 5

tich kho ding c6 thd ma Ong hcin vai ding mOt 116 thong lanh so of i kho bac
quail thutng.
Nhu'oc didm. cua biOn phap nay IA khi gia tang t6c (long khi lanh,
luccng am thoat ra W san phdm se tang len va do d6 tang that thoat kh6i
luong, rau trai bi nhan va, he° kho, giim gia tri cam quan. Dd khic phuc van
de nay, the t:mg hoat dOng cua h6 thong quat htit se du'oc kidm soot bang cac
nhi6t ka va b6 phan tat quat to Ong ngay khi nhi6t dO san phdm da dat
du'oc nhi6t dO bio quin yeu cAu.
HiOu qui lam lanh bang khong khi doi ltiu cung btic phu thuOc kha
nhieu vao cach b6 tri hurang chuydn citing cua dOng khong khi. Ba Icieu h6
th6ng lam lanh bang khong khi d6i lite clang latic tinging dive Ai) dung la
kidu ham, kidu u6n kink va kidu tuning lanh.
Khong khi
lanh
Kh6ng khi lanh

May lanh

Hinh 5.6 Lam lanh biing khi lonh d6i litu cith ng bac
qua hdrn (tunnel cooling)

Lam lanh kidu ham la tao ra mOt dating ham trong a giita hai day
pallete chtia thong dung san phdm. MOt dau cua dating ham va mat tren cua
kh6i san phdm &hoc the kin bang mOt tam bat, nham muc dich haang done
khi lanh di chuydn theo hung mui ten trong hinh 5.6 di qua va lam lanh cac
tilting san phdm. MOt cai quat du'oc b6 tri a dau con lai dm ham, c6 tic dyne
gitip clang khi di qua kh6i san phdm de clang hon. Can dui S, sap x6p sao chc
cac 16 ha tren thimg`fin phdm va ballete kh6ng can tra &Ong di dm clone
khi lanh. Sau khi ra khoi ham, clong khi lanh se (bloc Iniang clan ve may
lanh dd ha nhi6t c16, tach aim va trot lai kho lanh. H6 thong lam lanh nay B
1340 QUAN RAU TRAI T1107 401

he th6ng lam lanh theo thing kh6i, t6c dO cua quat c6 th6 dieu khidn va can
giam xu6ng khi kh6i san pham dat nhiet do bio quin nham trdnh that thodt
alidc va tiet kiem fling liking.

He thO'ng lanh kidu u6n kink b6 tri cdc thong chCia san pham ha c6
kith thuac lan, cai no a phia tren cdi kia, dinh vi bang gian gia c6 dinh. Gala
cac thiing c6 khoing ha, hoe tri nhu hinh 5.7, sit" dung nhang bang go hay
nhkra de huang dong khi lanh di theo mai ten. Tung kho lanh c6 cau tao hai
lap, khOng khi lanh sau khi di qua cdc tilting san pham se di vao khoing
trong gifra hai bdc tong, den may lanh, sau d6 lai dote quat thed tra lai tiep
tic lam lanh san phdm. Khong khi lanh di trong kh6i san pham theo dating
u6n lu'csn. S6 day thing sap xep tar toting hai lap. chi nen la hai hay ba day
thi hieu qua lam lanh mai cao. T6c dO dong khong khi d6i lora trong khoang
5÷7,5m/s. Lu'u Wong khi qua san pham nen dieu khidn trong khoang
0,25+0,5//s.kg. ThOi gian ha nhiet dO keo dai tit 10 den 12 gitr.

BO phan h6a hdi

cua may lanh

Khong khi lanh

Thanh than pallet

Hinh 5.7 Lam lanh bang khi lanh cloi luu citang bite
kieu lion idyll (Serpentine cooler)

He thong Wang lanh la mOt he thong lam lanh khd linh Ong. Ca.'u true
ce.ta tuang nhu bidu din trong hinh 5.8 ding c6 hai lap c6 dinh tao khoang
cho clang khi luu chuydn ben trong, nhu'ng con co mOt khoing tuning di
dOng co tac dung (long ma cdc khe trong dan huang cho (long kW. Khi cdc
402 CHUONG 5

thung san pham chive sap xep cdnh tutng, thi cluing se kich thich don bay
hoat Ong day bile Wang di dOng ra, va qud trinh lam lanh bat dau, he thong
quat htit va cdc khe ha se gitip khi lanh di qua cdc thung san pham. Doc theo
chieu dai tutng lanh, to co the b6 tri nhieu he thong don bay khdc nhau, do
do co the ding mot ltic lam lanh cdc thimg san pham co kich thtfac khac
nhau, va cang co the lay ra tiing khei san pham rieng biet sau khi lam lanh
xong va thay vao bang mot khoi san pham mai. Gid thanh he thong nay cao
horn so yeti cdc he thong lanh khdc.
DO rOng cita cdc day san pham anh hating den khoang each tong tong
ma khi lanh phai di chuyen qua cdc thing san pham. Neu day co kich thu'ac
rOng thi luu lacing (long khi phai tang len, hay quat phdi co nang suat cao
Thuang cdc he thong nay duac thiet ke cho do rOng day san pham bang
do rOng cila 1 palette, khoing 1,27n.

Kh6ng khi Ianh

B6 phan hod hdi
cua may Ianh

Hinh 5.8 Lam lank being khi lanh do'i btu cueing bac
kiek.titang lanh (cold wall cooling)

CO the sit dung ca hai loci quat gio, kidu true hay kidu ly tam. Nt'u la
quat kieu true thi loci thong dung nhal là quat co canh dang mai cheo. Neu
la quat ly tam thi lodi quat long sew lai là loai quat thong dung. Quat kieu
 00UAN RAU TRAI 403

We quay thich hcip vai ton that dp lurc thap, nho hail 4cm c6t nude. Ndu ton
nay lon han thi nen dung quat ly tam.
lhat
Trong thkfc te, t6c do &mg khi lanh la thong s6 ctin (hive (lieu khien
thuac vao loai san phdm, va giai doan lam lanh. Cu6i giai doan lam
iaah can giam t6c dO quat. Dd c6 the thay d6i t6c d6 quat c6 thd sit dung
c loai quat c6 tan s6 thay d6i duvc. Co the b6 tri quat theo kidu lien tidp
hay song song.
Mac d6 ton that dp lu'c phy thuOc vao cdc khe ho dan hu'ang chuydn
(long caa (long khi giCta cac thong san phdm, giita day san pham \raj tt.Ong, s6
long thong san phdm ma (long khi phii di qua, vat lieu bao bi, hinh clang
bao bi, tS, le 16 ha tren bao bi san phdm, s6 lung va eau tao cdc loai bla lOt
gong bao bi... Phan ha trail thanh thong chila toi thidu la 14%. D6i vai bao
bi bang sari thily tinh c6 ddn song thi tST le 5% 16 ha va chua lam giam d6
ding vitng cua bao bi. Thitc to cho thay can phai chon cdc loci quat co the
iu ducfc mete ten.' hao ap lut t6i thieu la 5cm cot nude. Khoing cach cua cdc
kenh dan khi phai tinh toan sao cho t6c d6 dbng khi khoing duai 8m/s.
Ndu d6 dm dong khi lanh dude duy tri gala 80+,100% se khong anh
Wang Mil sue thoat hdi nude. Tuy nhien, dung khi lanh co d6 am cao c6 thd
lam giam d6 cling vang cua bao bi sdi thuy tinh, giay.

3-Lam lanh bang each bli-c hdi nu'irc (evaporation cooling)

Ong thOng giO'

I
cach
nhiOt
Phong bao quan
Cita s6 Cita s6
but gio 7 but giO
r r
1'

• ZZ CM 1=3 EMI EM EMI CM CM COI MI CM

Phgn (Judi
mat Tat
I
NUeic

Hinh 5.9 Kho lam lanh bang cacti bek /tai nit& eudn theo &mg khi khO
404 CHIJCNG 5

HInh 5.10 Bu6ng lam lanh tho sa clang bin phdp b6c hai to nhien

Phi_fang phdp ha nhiet do san phdm nay kha hieu qui va re tign,
nguyen the data tren qud trinh b6c hai milk ben trong kho bio quin. Ni.tac
khi b6c hai se ldy nhiet tit moi truting nen lam nhiet dO giam, do, am &la kho
bac, quan vi the lai tang len, thich hap cho qud trinh bao guar' rau trai
Tuy nhien, Wen phdp nay chi c6 th6 ha nhiet dO san phdm xu6ng khoing
5÷10°C, t6c dO giam nhiet ding khd thdp, va qua trinh b6c hai ndac cung phy
thuOc nhi6u vao hoan cinh thdi ti6t ben ngoai.
Nu'ac lam lanh c6 th6 b6c hal tub nhien hay duac hO tra b6c hai bang
cach th6i snot dong khi kho c6 dO am nhO han 65% qua mot thodng lap nutc,
'lilac se duac loi cu6n theo dung khi va b6c hai. Hinh 5.9 bi6u din sa d6 kho
lam lanh bang cach b6c hal nutc lOi cu6n theo citing khi khO va hinh 5.10
bi6u dien bung lam lanh to sa dung Wen phdp b6c hai tit nhien.

4- Lam kinh bang nitlic (lam lanh dat - hydro cooling)

Lam lanh bang ntiac-thudng dimg d6 lam lanh sa 130 san phdm rau trai
truac khi dua vao kha-bao quail lanh. Rau trai chda dling trong nhitng bao bi
eting, khOng bi hong vi ndac nhu g6, nhua, tre nda se dole tigp xtio trJC
tie-p vai nit& da du'ac lam lanh. Phu'ang phdp nay c6 tni diem IA thdi gian lam
lanh nggn, chi td 10 phtit den 1 gid, nhanh gap 15 Ian khi lam lanh bang
 gdo QUAN RAU TRAI 7-1.107 405

khong khi. Phdong phdp nay clang c6 chi phi thdp, va tieu ton nang luong
clang thdp chi bang 70+80% so Arai kho lanh &mg khong khi lanh.
Lam lanh latest chi thich hop d6i v6i nhang san phdm khong de hd hOng
vdi viec lam deft nhd trai cay, cac loai cu N/A rau c6 cdu true cdng. Cac loai trai
along, mem nhd nho, cdc loai rau IA khong thich hop lam cho pinking phap
jam lanh nay. Dd c6 thd ldy nhiet tit rau trai hieu qua, nuOc phai tidp xuc
tang nhiL vdi bd mat san phdm tang tot. To-c d6 dich chuydn cua (long nude
phii (lat duoc m6t giA tri nao do thich hop v6i tiring loai rau trai. Nu6c phAi
du'GfC lam lanh va khong ch(ra vi sinh vat (nhi6m vao san phdm).
D6i vai pinking phap lam lanh uOt kidu x6i td6i, nude lanh sau khi tiep
xLic v6i bu6ng b6c hoi ctia thidt bi lam lanh se duOc phan phoi len snot mam
có nhie'u 16 nho nham gitip tao mot mang nude de'u dac nhu' mang mita x6i
xu6ng san phdm a ben dur6i. Nude sau khi trao d6i nhiet yeti rau trai se chay
vao be chda, d day dat cat, va nhang chaft, bdn se duce lAng, luat qua lu'ai va
barn tn!. , lai len may lanh.

C6 hai kidu thidt bi larh lanh x6i tutdi, giAn doan, hinh 5.11 va lien tyc,
hinh 5.12, 5.13. TO-c d6 &mg nd6c trong thidt bi gian doan khoing 480+490
Llph.m2 d6i v6i he th6ng hai hang thing san phdm xdp song song. T6c (16
ctia bang tai trong thidt bi lien tyc phai tinh town sao cho san phdm phai dat
nhiOt d6 yeu cdu khi ra khoi thidt bi. Khoang each giffa mam phan ph6I va
san phdm phai nho Ilan 15+20cm. D6 la 13'r do kith thdac thidt bi lien tyc
thating dai hon thidt bi gian doan, nhdng ngdoc lai, ht hOng co hoc do sit x6i
tuai a thidt bi lien tyc lai giam thidu.

BO phan b6c hdi may lanh

Dan phan ph6i nu& lanh

Cac pallet chila

san pham

Bo rn

WO' than rac

fink 5.11 Sa do nguyen ly lam viec cda thiet bi lam lanh itert kieu gicin docm
406 CHIZING 5

Nudic hoan luu B6 phan

b6c hdi may Ianh

He th6ng San pham

phan ph6i nudc di vao

San pharn -r-r-r=r-.1.1

rr 1-1-1r1
. 1 rt
1 -+-1
Ianh di ra . • • • • s. • ,•• • • • $. • •• • •• • • =NMI
••.• ••••:••■ •-•.• ..44•••••■•••••
• b'.1•4:400••••••••

B6n Chita =

Hinh 5.12 So' d6 nguyen 151 lam WO ctia thiet bi lam lanh deft
kieu xoi tudi lien tuc

setam.40•I'VSR 111m1=1:01111Ippeiot

Hinh 5.13 Thiet bi lam lanh xdi tztoi kieu lien tuc

D6i vdi he th6ng lam lanh nhung chim, rau trai se du'qc nhung
vao nuOc 'gni' c6 nhiet d6 tit 0÷0,5°C, e d6 chting se dtiqc lam lanh ra
nhanh. Logi rau trai thich hclp cho phttang phap nay IA nhung loai co t:
trong lftn hon nudc. Tt.tiong nho hdn nude se din den viec rau trai se ne
len mat nudc, hi0u,-ciiia lam lanh thgp. Cung c6 hai loci thigt bi lam lgilt;
nhung chim, gian doan va lien tuc. C1 thie't bi gian doan, cac long dung ra
trai hay cac thong Chia se du'ac nhung chim vac nuac trong mOt khoang thl
gian xac dinh, dam bio sin phdm dat nhiet de can thigt. Nude lanh luO
00 WAN RAU TRAI Ndl 407

Wen chuyen Ong, va dugc barn hoAn Wu tit be lAm lanh ve thi6t bi lam lanh
va ngdOc lai, dam No nhiet di) cila nude lanh luon lA 0+0,5°C. 0 thiet bi lien
tuc, de dinh vi rau trai tren bang tai ea mOt tam htai gam, hay nhtmg tam
ngan phan each tiing thin vi san phdm. VAt lieu lAm thUng chda phai ben yeti
tinh trang am trat nInt thing nhua hay tilting lam bang soi thily tinh ce
trang lap sap day. Nnac lam lanh phai sach, lanh gan 0°C va thutmg ca pha
them chlorine nifing dq 100+150ppm, va phai thay nude lau nhat IA sau m51
ngay lAm viec. C6 thg sit dung khi C12 , NaCIO, Ca(C10)2. N6ng d'a chlorine
tinh tren HCIO, acid hypochloride. De chlorine dat hieu qua cao trong viec
diet khudn, pH cim nude phai trong khoang tit 6,5+7,5.

San phgm
San pha'm vac)
lanh ra
B6n nhimg chlm
san phgm

B6 phan Nudc tuan hoan

b6c hdi may lanh

Hinh 5.14 SO. do nguyen l51 lam viec cua thiet bi lam lanh itat
. kieu nhiing chim lien tic

5- Lam lanh bang nu'oc chi

.Lam lanh bang da lA sit dung dd vay hay dd dAp nho trOn trtic tiap vdi
san phdm trong bao bi, hay dO phi' day ben ngoai do/ng san phdm. PIntong
phdp nay dung &roc cho nhieu loai rau trdi khdc nhau, rau trdi nau ca di) ben
cct cao va it nhay vai viec ha nhiet di) dOt ngOt thl thich hop lion vi khi tr6n
dd se ce mi)t vAi vi tri duroc lam lanh rat nhanh. T6c ha nhiet nhanh
nhung kha nang lAm lanh dtIng deu toAn kh6i san phdm lai kern, n6u thai
gian dap dd It& dui c6 thd gay mem cat' talk va that thodt chat kilo. Day la
phuang phdp it ton chi phi nhat, hay &roc sit dung de lam lanh so b6, va bao
quan rau trdi trong khi van chuy'en.
Khi lAm lanh bang each phi dd (top-icing), dd bao se &roc d6 tii teen
thimg chda bang nhan Ong hay may mac, hinh 5.15. Khi lam lam lanh bang
rank trOn dd (liquid-icing), mi)t hon help g6m dd va nude du oc born vac, thUng
chda san phdm qua cac 16 ha tren thAnh thimg, khang can phai du cdc
pallete hay ma nap thUng chda, hinh 5.16. Hwang phap lam 1?nh nay dac
408 CHLIUNG 5

biet c6 hieu qua d6i v6i tradng hop cac thong chaa sdp xep v6i mat (10 cao,
day dac khOng cd khoang khong de khi lanh di qua. 1kg da se ha nhiet dO
cua 3kg san phdm tit 30°C xu6ng 4°C.

7•
;C;

, LI • - •
"""•-•

Hinh 5.15 Lam lanh bdng cdch pita dci

Hinh 5.16 Lain lanh bang cach bum lain hop cid-nuac
vao tang Mang chda sem phdm

6- Lam lonh bang chan khong

Cac loci san phdm c6 tS, le giaa dien tich be mat va k.h6i lacing ldn nhd
rau xanh an la, tinging de bi hu hang khi dung cox pinking phap lam lanh da
neu tren, lai rat thich hop 'yea pinking phap lam lanh bang chan khong. Rau
 4O QUAN RAU TRAI T11Q1 409

trai &lac dat trong met thiet bi tao chan 'thong clang try nam nha hinh 5.17.
90 chan khong trong thik, bi chi can dat khoang 4,6mmHg, se lam cho nadrc
to be mat la bay hai nhanh, thu nhiet cua chinh n6 va giam nhiet dO. Qua
trinh nay c6 the gay cho rau bi mat nu& va heo be mat ne-u d6 chan khong
xue■ng sau qua. Nhiet de se giam khoang 5÷6°C khi de am cua rau giam 1%.
Bien phdp giam mgt nu'erc là phun strung tren mat Id. Lam lanh bang chan
khong dem lai hieu qua bao gain tot nhang chi phi cao

Hinh 5.17 Thiet bi lam lanh bang chan khong

5.2.5 Bit° plan rau trai ttidi bang pluicing pluip kigm soat khong kid
I- 1‘51 thu(it
a- Md cidu
Bao quan thyc pham ttiai bang phaang phdp kiem soat khong khi
(Controlled atmosphere storage - CAS) IA met phuting phdp da c6 W lau.
,Trong pinking phdp nay, thyc pham daac htu gilt trong kho bao quan c6
thanh phan khi On dinh va khdc han so v6i moi try ing khong khi ben ngoiii.
Trong qua trinh bao quan rau trai taai, qua trinh ho hgp van tigp tuc
thy ra. Trong diet kien hieu khi, rau trai se sit dung oxy de thkic hien cac
Bien d6i sinh h6a va sinh Ur, clang th6i thai khi carbon dioxide va hai nate
vac, kho bao quan. Do d6, khi bdo quan rau trai Wai bang phuang phdp
kiem sodt khong khi, ngatfi to can lien tyc hieu chinh thAnh phan khi
trong kho sao cho dp he rieng phan dm tang khi luon &foe duy tri a met
gia tri on dinh.
— Ngt.t?ri day tion nghien cat rig dung phu'ang phdp kiem soat khong khi
de bdo quan thyc pham là nha khoa hoc ngtrai Anh - Brown. VA° num 1922,
ong da tim tha'y rang moi trattng chaa 10% khi carbon dioxide se lam cham
410 CHUONG 5

qud trinh nay main a mot s6 loai ca, d6ng thai tit the ski phdt tridn cua he
nam mac tren rau trai. Tii da, Brown da de nghi sit dung moi twang giau khi
carbon dioxide ket hap yeti nhiet do thap de Ice° dai thai gian bdo quan rau
trai tu'ai.
Vao nam 1930, Killefer da nghien CCM qud trinh bdo quail thit heo va
thit citu. Khi sit dung moi trutng bdo quan IA 100% khi carbon dioxide, kei
qui thktc nghiem cho thay thai gian bdo quail thit heo va thit citu tuti e
4÷7°C se tang len gap doi so vai mau d6i thing du'ac bdo quail trong khoni
khi ei ding nhiet clO. Tiep theo, nhieu tdc gia da thktc nghiem sit dung mo
trutng khi giau carbon dioxide de bao quan thit bb, ca tutti; ho cung thu duo
nhang ket qua Wang tu.
Vao nam 1932, Moran va tong ski da tim thgy rang moi trotting chaa 41
khi carbon dioxide tic the ski phat tridn cua nam mac tren thit. Den nan
1933, Hanes (la thing minh la moi trtiting giau khi carbon dioxide cang
khd nang etc the ski phdt trier) caa he vi khudn tren thit. Ong cho rang vie
tang dp suat rieng phan cua khi carbon dioxide trong kho bao quart thit se it
cite vi sinh vat hieu qua han rat nhieu so vai twang hap tang dp suat rien
phan ctia khi nitcf trong kho.
Tit nhiing nam 1960, viec bdo quart thkrc phdm tutti bang Awing pha
kiem sodt khong khi bat dau duac ting dung a quy mO ding nghiep, dac bi(
IA trong linh vuc bao quart rau trai tacti.

b- Thanh phdn hhi trong kho bao quern

Khi bdo quan thuc phdm tuti bang phuting phdp kiem sodt khong kh
nguttli ta-thutng sit dung ba loai khi: oxy, nitO va carbon dioxide. Trong mi
s6 trotrng help cl4c bi0t, ngratii to co the sit dung carbon monoxide, sulpht
dioxide, nits oxide, ozone va chlorine. Tuy nhien, pham vi sit dung nhang kl
nay rat han the vi cluing co the anh huang den van de an toan thkic phdr
lam giam gia tri cam quan ctia rau trai ttiai va gay '6 nhiem moi tru'ang.
Oxy: khi oxy rat can thiet cho ski phdt tridn cita nhom vi sinh vat hii
khi bat buOc. Ng-14c lai, oxy gay tit cite cac to bao vi sinh vat ky, khi bat but?
Tuy nhien, ski( man cam vai oxy cita moi loai vi sinh vat ky khi bat bu6c
khdc nhau (Faber 1991).
Rau trai tttai sau khi thu hai van tiep tuc sit dung oxy de thuc hien qt
trinh ho hap. Neu dp suat rieng phdn ctia oxy trong kho Vac, quart giong v
dp suat rieng phan cila oxy trong khi quydn binh thtiang thi ski he, hap ci
rau trai se &lac tang Wang. Khi da, qua trinh chin sau thu hoach va qi
trinh lao h6a a rau trai se din ra rat nhanh, thti gian bao quan rau trai tu
bi rut ngan.
 BAO QUAN RAU TRAI 411

Nati khong c6 khi oxy trong kho bdo qudn thi se tao nen mei twang
ye'rn khi. Khi do, cdc bidn d6i sinh h6a trong rau trdi se xdy ra theo con
dating ky khi va se mat hien cdc sin pham nhu ethanol, aldehyde acetic,
acid hitu cc va mOt s6 hap chat khdc (Sivertsvik va cong su 2002).
Nhang Eden d6i nay lam giam gid tri cam quan va gid tri dinh duang cua
rau trai tuai.
Nhu vay, giai phdp tot What de bdo quan rau trdi torsi. IA phai duy tri
n6ng de oxy a mot mac de t6i thidu trong kho bdo quan. Gid tri n6ng dO nay
thay d6i tuy theo timg loci rau trai, bang 5.9.

Bang 5.9 Ndng do oxy toi thieu trong kho bdo qudn rau trdi tuoi
Wader va Morris 1977)

Wing d6 oxy t6i thi6u

Loa' rau trai
trong kho bao quan, (%)

1 Le, tao, bong cai xanh, nam rdm

2 Dau tay, dao, du dii, kiwi, man, mil, thdm, bap cai, bOng cai,
can tay
3 BC, artichoke, ca chua, cilia leo, tieu
5 Cdc lc* trdi co mid, dau xanh, khoai tay, mang tay

Bang 5.10 1■16ng dS carbon dioxide ai da trong kho bdo qucin rau trdi tuai
(Kaden va Morris 1977)

N6ng d6 carbon dioxide t61 da L001 rau trai

trong kho bao quan, (%)

2 Le, mil, nho, tao (gi6ng Golden delicious), artichoke,

bap cai tau, ca chua, can tay, khoai lang, rau dip
5 Cam, chu6i, dao, du dO, kiwi, man, tao (cdc gi6ng con
lai), bap cal, b6ng cai, ca r6t, di cai
10 Chanh, thdm, b6ng cai xanh, buoi, dtia leo, dau xanh,
khoai tay
15 Dau tay, phOc b6n tit, vidt quilt, ndm, rau spinach

Nilo' là mOt loci khi tra, khOng mui vi. Nita hail nhu khong tan duac
trong nu6c, trong chat be° va khong bi hap thu beti rau trdi tuai. Trong
phuang phdp bdo quan kiem sodt khong khi, khi nits duck sit dung de tao
nen mei truang ky khi nham uc the su phat trien nh6m vi sinh vat hidu khi
bat buec. Ngoai ra, khi nits con dirge sit dung trong qud trinh bao quail met
s6 loci trai cay giAu lipid dd han ch6sy oxy h6a chat be°.
412 CHUMG 5

Carbon dioxide: khi carbon dioxide c6 the hea tan du'oc trong nu'ac N/A
trong chgt beo. Ttiong ty nInf khi niter, khi carbon dioxide se Op phan tao
nen mOi tracing ky khi trong kho bio quart rau trai uteri. Tuy nhien, die'm
khac biet quan trong khi niter va khi carbon dioxide là khi carbon dioxide
c6 kha nang 6'c the vi khudn va ndm nific khong theo nguyen tac tao mei
tra6ng ky khi.
Ngu n6ng do khi carbon dioxide trong kho bao quart qua cao thi se lam
giam gid tri cam quan cita rau trai to:1i (Kader 1982).

2- Muc dich ceta phaang phap kiem soot khling khi trong &to quan
rau trai tu'cfi
Viec sir dung plutong phdp kie'm sodt khong khi trong bd.° quan rau trai
ttioi IA dd dat duoc nhang muc dich dti6i day:
chi srt trao cleci cheit va su sinh truong ctia he vi sinh vat tren rau trai
Sit trao d6i chdt va ski sinh truang cita he vi sinh vat tren rau trai uteri
se lAm thay d6i thanh phan hea hoc va gia tri cam quan cua rau trai. Khi de,
thii gian bdo quan rau trai tuoi se bi rut nen NIA tST 10 ton th‘t trong qua
trinh bao quan se gia tang.
Viec thay d6i thanh phan kitting khi trong kho bdo quart bang each
tang ap sugt rieng phan khi carbon dioxide va giam dp sudt rieng phan khi
oxy se tic chg sit phdt trign cita he vi sinh Vat tren rau trai. Kgt qua thyc
nghiem cho thdy mei trti6ng khi ngheo oxy se tic the hieu qua sit sinh san
ctia nhom vi sinh vat higu khi bat buec, dac biet la na'rn m6c. Ngoai ra, mei
trtkng khi giau carbon dioxide cang co kha nang Lire the stt phat trie'n etia
nit-A s6 load vi khugn va ridin m6c (El-Goorani, 1981).

Lam cheinz qua trinh chin sau thu hoach va qua trinh lao h6a rau trai ttiai
T6c dO c6a qua trinh chin sau thu hoach va lao h6a rau' trai tuoi phy
thuec chit ye-u \Tao to-c de ho hdp cita rau trai trong qua trinh bdo clam va met
s6 ye'u to khdc. Khi to giam dp sudt rieng phan cita khi oxy trong kho bao
quart vizi met tS, le thich hop thi se kitting che du'oc t6c d■.) ho hdp ctia rau trai
luen a mile thdp. Nha d6, thai gian bac, quart rau trai ttioi se du'oc gia tang.

3- Clic bien doi dign ra trong qua trinh bao quart

a- Sinh hpc
tic the" vi sinh vat: khi giam dp lye rieng phan cita oxy trong kho,
nhern vi sinh vat higu khi bat buec se bi tic che. Nguyen nhan chinh IA do
cac vi sinh vat higu khi sit dung oxy trong qua trinh sinh tang 11qp nang
9A0 QUAN RAU TRA I TIJCI 413

long ATP de duy tri sit t6n tai cua t6 bao. Neu khOng c6 oxy, qud trinh sinh
tong hap nang lacing se bi ngiing 14i.
, •
Den nay, nhigu ket qua nghien eau thyc nghiem cho thgy la khi carbon
dioxide c6 kha nang tic the met s6 loci vi sinh vat. Theo Faber (1991), khi
carbon dioxide se keo dai giai doan thich nghi cua t6 bao va lam gidm t6c dO
sinh truang cua chting a giai doan logarit. Tuy nhien, cat the vi sinh vat bi ac
the bai khi carbon dioxide van chu'a thd giai thich du'ctc ro rang. Hien Bang
t6n tai ban gia thuyet 1S, gidi v6 hien tucing tren (Parkin va Brown 1982,
Daniels va c6ng su 1985, Dixon Ira Kell 1989, Faber 1991).
Carbon dioxide lam thay d6i chin nang mang t6 bac, chat cua vi sinh
vat, tit d6 anh tiding den kha nang hap thu cdc chat dinh dating va khd nang
van chuydn cdc chat qua mang to bao chat.
Carbon dioxide c6 thd etc the truce tiep host tinh cua met s6 enzyme not
bao hoac lam giam toe d6 cua mot s6 phan ang sinh h6a trong to bao.
Carbon dioxide se di qua mang t6 bac) chat va lam thay d6i gia tri pH
to bao chat dm vi sinh vat
CO2 + H2O 44 HCO3- + H+ 4-> C032" + 2H+
Carbon dioxide c6 the lam thay deli tryc tiep mot s6 tinh chat hoa 1Sr
cua protein trong to bao vi sinh vet, khi d6 se lam r6i loan qua trinh trao doi
chat a t6 bao va ac dig t6 bao.
Theo Sivertsvik va Ong ski' (2002) thi nguyen nhan gay Cie the vi
sinh vat cua khi carbon dioxide la do sit k6t hqp cua ca b6n gid thuyet
aoi tren.
Gidm toc do ho t6c do ho hap cua rau trai thuting duqc bidu din
dutli clang s6 ml oxy thiqc hap thu bai 1kg rau trai trong tiled gian la 1 giai.
Khi bao quirt rau trai tkicti trong kho c6 neing di) oxy thap va n6ng dO
carbon dioxide cao, t6c dO ho hap cua rau trai se bi giam di. Lacing nhiet toa
To tit rau trai cling se giam xuang. Khi dO, qua trinh sinh tong hqp ATP Ur
Ming va acid hau co trong rau trai se bi cham lai. Hien twang nay lam giam
tae d6 sinh tong hqp ethylen Ira mot s6 enzyme tha.m gia vao qua trinh chin
cua trai. Nhu v4y, thdi gian bac) quan sau thu ho4ch cua trai se ducrc keo dai
han-(Zagory va Kader 1989).
•
. Toc de ho hap cua rau trai phki thuec vao dp suat rieng phgn cua khi
oxy va carbon dioxide trong kho bao quan. Hinh 5.18 bidu dien sit anh hating
cua tieing de oxy va carbon dioxide den t6c do, ho hap trung binh cua bong tai
xanh khi ducle bao quan a 0°C trong th6i gian 7 ngay.
K61 qua thyc nghiem cho thay khi tang n6ng d6 khi carbon dioxide tit
0 den 12% trong khong khi hoac trong htin hqp khi chaa 5% oxy thi t6c de
414 CHUOVG 5

ho hap ctia bong cai xanh bi giam di ddng ke. Con khi sit dung hem harp khi
chda 2% oxy thi t6c dO ho hap cua bong cai xanh (*fat gia t.ri tha-p nha't ne'u
n6ng d6 khi carbon dioxide IA 5% (Zagory va cong su
T6c d6 ho ha"p cua rau trai con phu thuc vacs nhiet de. Robinson va
cong sit (1975) da tien hanh thi nghiem bao quail 30 loci rau trai tu'cri khdc
nhau trong moi trutng khi quyen va trong moi truling chi co 3% khi oxy. Cac
thi nghiem (lucre thuc hien a ba gia tri nhiet d6 khdc nhau là 0, 10 va 20°C.
Ket qua cho thay a 0°C, t6c de ho hap ctia rau trai trong moi trutng chda 3%
oxy bi giam tit 10 den 46% so vai mau duvc bao guar' trong moi tatting khong
khi thong thutng. Con a 10 va 20°C, to-c d6 ho hap bi giam nhieu haw tit 20
den 60%.

14.0
T6c d6 ho hap (mL/kg hr)

12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0

Hinh 5.18 Anh huang cua oxy az carbon dioxide den teic dO ho hd'p cila bong
cai xanh (NhOt dO va Thai gian bdo qucin ldn higt la 0°C va 7 fiery)

b- Hem sink vet hoc, hoc

(lc che" boat tinh enzyme trong rau trai: theo Powrie va cong ski (1991),
khi ap sugt rieng phan cua khi carbon dioxide trong kho bao quan tang cao
se 1.1c ch6 mot s6 enzyme tham gia vao chu trinh dutng phan va chu trinh
Krebs trong rau trai.
Vi du plat khi bao quan tao, mo, ciao, le, ca rot va rau die-p trong mai
tru'Ong chda 20% khi carbon dioxide, hoat tinh enzyme succinic
dehydrogenase bi dc ch6. Kel qua là ham lacing acid succinic trong rau trai
tang cao (Frenkel va cong sit 1973, Monning 1983).
Con theo Kerbel-'va cong sit (1988), khi bao quan tao trong moi
tratng chda 10% khi carbon dioxide thi hoat tinh cua nhOrn enzyme
phosphofructokinase bi dc che". KeI, qua thuc nghiem cho thay ham lacing
fructose-6 phosphate va fructose 2,6 bisphosphate trong tao se tang len, con
 ON RAU TRAI 415

long fructose 1,6 bisphosphate se giam xuong. Viec 6c chg host ti.nh
rnOt s6 enzyme trong rau trai se lam cho cdc bign d6i sinh h6a din ra
n hon.

Lam chpn qua trinh sinh king hap ethylen a trcli cdy: khi trai cay tuai
c bao quan trong moi trudng c6 n6ng d6 oxy khOng 16n flan 8%, qud trinh
tong hap ethylen se din ra cham lai (Wang 1982). Khi nong d6 oxy
g thong khi chi On 2,5% thi t6c dO sinh tong hap ethylen a trai chi

g 50% so vai tru6ng hap trai ducic bao quan trong khong khi. Burg (1967)
giai thich nguyen nhan chinh la do ski chuydn h6a 1- aminocyclopropane
carboxylic acid thanh ethylen can phai c6 oxy tham gia.
Khi carbon dioxide anh huang dgn qua trinh sinh t6ng hap ethylen
eo mot quy lust phac tap. Khi n6ng d6 carbon dioxide trong kho bao quan
g cao, t6c d6 sinh tang hop ethylen 6 trai c6 thd giam, tang hoac khong
i. Dieu (16 phu thuOc vao gia tri dp sugt rieng phan cua khi carbon dioxide
ng khOng khi va chung loai rau trai (Wang 1990). CI mOt s6 loai trai cay,
dO sinh tong hgp ethylen se tang ngu n6ng d6 carbon dioxide trong kho
oquail tang cao, hien Wang nay c6 the lam cho trai bi ton thuang sinh ly
der 1982). Vi du nhu a trai kiwi, khi n6ng dO khi carbon dioxide trong
obao quan tang cao se tilde day qud trinh t6ng hctp ethylen va gay nen
fing r6i loan sinh trai (Arpaia va cong sit 1985).

c- Vat ly
Cac bign d6i vat lyr din ra trong qud trinh bao quan rau trai bang
tong phdp kiem soot khi quydn cOng tucrng tit nhu khi ta bao quan rau
trong moi tradng khi quyen thong thu6ng. nit s6 bign d6i quan trong
ogem:
- Su khugch tan cda oxy tit mai truang khong khi trong kho vao ben
trong to bao thuc vat
- Su khugch tan cda khi carbon dioxide tit trong to bao rau trai ra m6i
truting ben ngoai
- Ski Oa nhiet va thoat heti nude do qua trinh ho hgp dia rau trai.
Tuy nhien, do t6c d6 ho hgp cua rau trai se thgp han khi so sdnh vai
swan trong mai twang khi quyen thong tinging nen t6c d6 ctlia
c bien d6i vat 1Slciing din ra cham hon.

d- Cam quan
Khi bao quan rau trai Uzi bang phuang phdp kidm tra thanh phgn
ong khi, cdc bien d6i cam quan nhu mau sac, mui, vi bi thay d6i khi ta so
h vai phuang phdp bao quan trong mai tru6ng khi quy6n thong thutrig.
416 CHLIONG 5

Bang 5.11 Dieu kien bdo quern mot so loci trai city bang
phitong phcip lank ket hop vai phttang phap kiern socit
tizanh phdn khong khi (Chakraverty vdc tong sit, 2001)

D6 gm tu'dng
Thanh phgn
Ten tral Nhiet d6 boo d6i cua Thal gian
Ten khoa h oc khf trong kho
quell (°C) kh6ng khf Pao quail
Pao quill
(%)
BO Persea 3÷7 85 ÷ 90 2 ÷ 5%02 2 ÷ 4 tuan
3 ÷ 10°/00O2
Cam Citrus sinensis 3 .÷ 9 85 ÷ 90 5 ÷ 10%02 3 ÷ 8 tuan
California
0 + 5°/00O2
Florida 0÷2 85 ÷ 90 . 5 ÷ 10%02 8 ÷ 12 tuan
0 + 5%CO2
Chanh Citrus Limon 10 ÷ 13 85 ÷ 90 5 ÷ 10%02 1 ÷ 6 thang
0 ÷ 10%CO2
Chuoi Musa paradisiaca 13 ÷ 15 90 ÷ 95 2 + 5%02 1 ÷ 4 tuan
var. sapienturn
2 4- 5%CO2
Dau tay Fragaria spp. 0 90 ÷ 95 5 ÷ 10%02 7 ÷ 10
15 ÷ 20%CO2 ngay
Dila Cucurbita melo 5 ÷ 10 85 ÷ 90 3 ÷ 5%02 3 ÷ 4 tuan
gang
5 ÷ 10%CO2
Dao Prunus persica -0,5 ÷ 0 90 4- 95 1 ÷ 2%02 2 ÷ 4 tuan
3 ÷ 5%CO2
Du du Carica papaya 7 ÷ 10 85 ÷ 90 2 ÷ 5%02 1 ÷ 3 tuan
5 ÷ 8%CO2
Ltsu Punica granatum 5 90. ÷ 95 3 ÷ 5%02 2 ÷ 3 thang
5 10%CO2
Mo Prunus -0,5 ÷ 0 90 ÷ 95 2 ÷ 3%02 1 1- 3 tuan
armeniaca 2 ÷ 3%CO2
..
Nho Vitis vinifera -0,5 ÷ 0 90 ÷ 95 2 + 5%02 2 ÷ 8 tAn
1 ÷ 3%CO2
Xobi Mangifera indica - 13 85 ÷ 90 3 ÷ 5%02 2 ÷ 3 tub
5 ÷ 10%CO2 ..
Vai Litchi chinensis 1÷2 90 ÷ 95 3 ÷ 5%02 3 ÷ 5 tuan
3 ÷ 5%CO2
 )00UAN RAU TRAI 417

Bang 5.12 Dieu kien Mc, qudn mot s6 loai rau bang
phuang phcip lqnh k'et hap vai phitang phcl p kiern socit
thanh phdn khOng khi (Chakraverty va cong sit, 2001)

Dd gm
Nhiet dd _. Thanh phhn
liking doi Thdi gian
Ten rau Ten khoa hoc bao quan khi trong kho
cua khong bao quan
(°C) bho q uhn
khi ( % )

Artichoke Cynara acolymus 2 ÷ 3%02

0 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tu.in
3 ÷ 5%CO2

3p cai tau Brassica 2÷3

95 ÷ 100 1 ÷ 2%O2
campestris var. 0 thang
perkinensis 0 -: 5%CO2

Ca chua
Chtla chin Lycopersicon 2 ÷ 3%02 1 ÷ 3 tuan
10 ÷ 13 90 ± 95
3 ÷ 5%CO2
Chin Lycopersicon 2 -:- 3%02 7 ÷ 10
10 85 ÷ 90
3 ± 5')/00O2 ngay

Ca tim Solanum 3 ÷ 5%02

10 - 12 90 ÷ 95 1 ÷ 2 tuan
melongena 0%CO2

Cai bong B. oleracea var. 2 ÷ 5%02

0 95 ÷ 98 3 ÷ 4 tuhn
botrytis
2 ÷ 5%CO2

Dila leo Cucumis sativus 3 ÷ 5%02 10 ÷ 14

10 ÷ 12 85 ÷ 90
3 ÷ 5°/00O2 ngay

Dhu Phaseolus vulgans 2 -:- 3%02 7 ÷ 10

4÷7 95
4 ± 7°/00O2 ngay

Mang tay Aspargus KhOng khi vdi

of ficinalis 2,5 95 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tugn
5= 12%CO2
Mudp tay Abelmoschus KhOng khi voi 7 ÷ 10
7 ÷ 10 90 ÷ 95
esculentus ngay
4 ÷ 10%CO2
Nam rom Agaricus 3 ÷ 21%02 7 ÷14
0 90
5 ÷ 15%CO2 ngay

, Rau dip Lactuca safiva 2 ÷ 5%02

0 98 ÷ 100 2 ÷ 3 tuthi
0%CO2
Spinach pinacia oleracea 5 ÷ 10%02 10 ÷ 14
0 95 ÷ 100
5 ÷ 10%CO2 ngay
418 CHliaNG

Vi du nhu' cac hqp chgt mui trong trai cay se dtiqc sinh tang hup vdi
ham lacing it han. Knee va Hatfield (1981) da quan sat thdy rang khi bac
quan tao trong moi trutng chtia 2% khi oxy thl ham lu'ang ester trong tac
Icha thgp do cac tin chgt tham gia vao phan img to ester dtiqc tong hqp vdi
t6c d6 rat chdm. Ndu chtlyen too sang bao quan trong moi truging khi quydr
thong thing thi ham ltrung ester trong too se tang len.
D6i vdi mau sac, mOt s6 tac gid cling thu duqc cac kdt qua Wang tit. Vi
du nhii khi bdo quan ca chua trong moi trutng c6 2,5-4% khi oxy va 4% khi
carbon dioxide, ca hai qua trinh phan htiy chlorophill va sinh tong hql
lycopen ddu bi giam xu6ng (Goodenough va tong sit 1980).

4-MO't so Wig dung

Vgn de bdo quan rau trai tttai bang phuang phdp kidm soot thant
phan khong khi da duqc nghien ctiu khd ky. Trong thu.c tien, nguat ti
tinging kdt hqp pinking phap nay vdi pinking phap lanh dd Ice° dal tilt
gian bdo quan rau trai ttiai. Bang 5.11 va 5.12 gidi thidu mOt s6 chd d6 bac
quan trai cay va rau.

5-lat Juin
Sii dung phuang phap bao quan kiem soot khong khi co thd lam chdn
qua trinh chin sau thu hoach va lao h6a rau trai tuai, dOng thti tic chd duns
sit Oat trign cita h0 vi sinh vdt tren rau trai trong qua trinh bao quan. Kh
lcdt hap sit dung pinking phdp nay vdi phuang phdp lanh, thdi gian bao qua)
rau trai tuai se tang len clang Ice. Tuy nhien, vide bdo quan rau trai tuai ban
phtfcmg pita') kidm soot khong khi doi hoi van dau tur khd cao va chi thie
hqp cho nhfing doanh nghidp ldn.

5.2.6 BA° quart rau trai tttdi Wing phtidng phitp bao goi Arai khon
khf thay dbi
1- Ky thu4t
a- Ma ddu
Bao g6i vdi khong khi thay dOi (Modified Atmosphere Packaging
MAP) la mot phuang phap bao quail that phdm ph6 bign hidn nay. Tron
phaang phdp nay, that phdm duuc dung trong bao bi vdi thanh phdn kl
khdc han so vdi moi trutrig khong khi thong that:mg.
Ky thudt bao quan thuc phdm bang pinging phdp MAP xugt hidn SE
kgr thudt bao quan bang phdang phap kidm soot khOng khf (CAS). Tai Chi
Au, tit nhung nom 1965, nhang nghien cdu dau tien ve phtiang phap bao g
vdi khong khi thay dal duqc thuc hidn tren bdnh mi va mot s6 loai bar
BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TUCI 419

gateau. Tiep theo trong giai doan 1970 - 1980, c6 rat nhieu ding trinh nghien
cal ling dung phong phdp MAP de bao quan nhieu loai thu'c phdm khac
nhau nhu' thit, ca, banh, nga c6c va dac biet la rau trai.
Mdc dO tham khi cua bao bi se phu thuOc chu yeu vao ban chat h6a hoc
bao bi va phyang phap the tao. Cdc loai bao bi khdc nhau se c6 kha nang
thim khi voi nhang mdc c10 khac nhau. MOt van de can lu'u y them IA rau
trai sau khi thu hai yen thkic hien qua trinh ho hap. Do d6, khi bao quan rau
trai tuti trong bao bi, thanh phan khong khi trong bao bi se thay d6i trong
su6t qua trinh bao quan.
Thong thaang nguti ta chia phu'ang phdp MAP thanh hai nhOm chinh:
Phuing phap chu dOng (Active MAP): trong phu'ang phdp nay, ngR.ti ta
sir dung mOt hen hap khi c6 tST le thich hap de thay the khong khi trong bao
bi khi tien Minh bao goi rau trai. Cdc khi daac sit dung bao g6m oxy, nits,
carbon dioxide, propylen oxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide va ozone,
trong da thong dung nhgt la oxy, nita va carbon dioxide.
Phitang phap thu dOng (Passive MAP): Trong pinking phdp nay, nglidi
ta chi tier' hanh bao g6i rau trai filth ma khong c6 hieu chinh thanh phan
khong khi trong bao bi. Trong qua trinh bao quan, ski ho hap cua rau trai se
lam thay d6i thanh phan khong khi trong bao bi theo hudng dat den t5r le
mong mu6n.

b- Bao bi
Cac tieu chi chon bao bi de bao quan rau trai tkiai g6m c6 (Harte va
cOng ski 1987, Kader va cong ski 1989, Paine 1987):
- CO kha nang tham mOt s6 loai khi va hcti nu&
- C6 kha nang truyen nhiet
- CO dO ben ca hoc cao
- De han kin
- De ma bao 1)1 khi sit dung san phdm
- CO kha nang tai sit dung
- Gia thanh re.
Khi bao quan rau trai tits:6, ta thutng sit dung nhang loai vat lieu
bao bi sau day:
- Low density polyethylene (LDPE) va High density polyethylene (HDPE)
- Polypropylene (PP)
- Polystyrene (PS)
- Polyvinylchloride (PVC)
420 CHONG 5

- Polyvinylidine chloride (PVDC)

- Ethylvinyl alcohol (EVOH)
- Ethylenevinyl acetate (EVA).
Theo Kader (1989), trong diOu kin nhiOt di) 25°C va dp suat latm, dO
than' khi oxy caa cac loai bao bi tren dao dOng tit 0,1mL/m2/24h (EVOH) den
13.000mL/m2/24h (LDPE). Thong thir6ng, do, tham khi carbon dioxide caa
bao bi se cao han tit 2 den 10 ldn so vai dO tham khi oxy.
Cdc loai bao bi c6 dO thgm khi thgp la EVOH, PVDC; con bao bi c6 dO
tham khi cao g6m c6 HDPE, LDPE, PP, PVC, EVA...
Trong thyc t6, khi sit dung cac loai bao bi c6 dO than' khi thgp d4 bao g6i
rail trai tuai bao quan sau thu hoach, ngutri to thigtng due 18 tren b6 mat bao bi
de' tang cutrng sy trao d6i khi giaa ben trong bao bi vUi moi truting ben ngoai.
Cdn Ittu Sr la trong qua trinh bao quan rau trai tAtai bang phuctng phdp
bao g6i, n6ng dO khi oxy trong bao bi khong chic:cc thap hail 2+3% dd duy tri
qua trinh ho hap hieu khi. Rieng ang d6 t6i iu cua khi carbon dioxide trong
bao bi se thay d6i thy theo chang loai rau trai. Trong qua trinh bao quan
luon xdy ra sit khue-ch tan khi oxy tit moi trurOng ben ngoai vao ben trong bao
bi. Ngitac lai, khi caron dioxide se khue-ch tan tit ben trong bao bi ra moi
truttng ben ngoai. T6c dO khue-ch tan ctia khi oxy va carbon dioxide se phu
thuOc vao dO tham khi, dO day va din tich be mat cita bao bi, d6ng th6i phu
thuOc vao gradient dp sugt rieng phan caa cac khi trong bao bi va moi tritOng
xung quanh. HO thong bao bi chaa rau trai titai &lac xem la t6i iiu khi tote dO
sit dung oxy trong bao bi caa rau trai trong qua trinh ho hal) higu khi se
bang voi t6c do khue-ch tan oxy tit moi truZing ben ngoai vao ben trong bao bi.
Ngoai ra, t6c d6 tao thanh khi carbon dioxide caa rau trai trong qua trinh ho
hap hie-u khi cung ph& bang vai t6c d6 Ichu6ch tan khi carbon dioxide tit
trong bao bi ra moi truOng ben ngoai (Ooraikul va cong sy 1991).

c- Thiet bi bao g6i

C6 nhi6u dang thigt bi bao g6i (iliac sit dung trong ky thug bao quay
rau trai tuoi bang pi-along phap bao g6i veri khong khi thay d6i. Cac b6 phar
chinh mkt thie't bi g6m c6: tao hinh bao bi, cho san phdm vao trong bao 191
hi6u chinh thanh phan killing khi trong bao bi va han kin bao bi.
C6 hai phttang phap hiOu chinh thanh phan khong khi trong bao bi:
Plutong phdp tht nit& sa dung hOn hap khi vai thanh phan thich hdl
th6i lien tuc vao bao 131 chaa rau trai dd du6i khong khi ben trong. Sau mO'
khoang thOi gian xac Binh, phan khong khi ban ddu trong bao bi khong col
naa, thay vao da la moi truOng khi mai vai thanh phan theo yeu cdu.
B00 OWN RAU TRAI Tdal 421

Ph"tang phdp thd hai: dau tien du6i khong khi trong bao bi chtia rau
trai bang cach tao than khong, sau d6 sit dung hOn hap khi c6 tSr le thich hap
de di& \Tao bao bi r6i han kin bao bi lai. Phuang phdp nay dbi hai thie-t bi
gid thAnh cao hon va c6 nang suat hoat dOng thgp Ilan so veri vai phuang
phdp tha nhgt (O'Beirne 1990).
a
MOt van quan trong IA can phai han kin bao bi. Ndu khong, khi ben
trong bao 1)1 se thodt ra moi trusting ben ngoai thong qua nhitng 16 hong va
lam thay d6i nhanh ch6ng moi trudng khi trong bao bi.
De hieu chinh thAnh phan khong khi trong bao bi, chting ta c6 the be;
sung g6i h6a chit nh6 vac, ben trong moi bao bi. Tren thi trudng hien nay,
c6 nhigu san phdm thutang mai vai cdc chic nang khac nhau nhu hap thu
oxy, carbon dioxide, ethylene hoac ntidc trong bao bi... Trong qud trinh bac)
quin rau trai titai, g6i hap thu carbon dioxide va nude IA &Plc sit dung ph6
Bien nhat.
G6i hap thu carbon dioxide va nude co chaa hai hap chat h6a hoc là
calcium hydroxyde va calcium chloride. Sin phdm thuang mai nay thudng
dudc sii dung khi bao g6i rau trai ttiai trong mang ban tharn oxy, vi du nIni
polyethylene (Ooraikul va Ong su 1991). Trong qua trinh bio quin, mot
phan kill carbon dioxide N/A hai nu & sinh ra tit qud trinh ho hap cua rau
trai se (kW calcium hydroxyde va calcium chloride hap thu, nhd d6 han the
ditac ski gia tang qua cao n6ng do carbon dioxide trong bao bi. Con n6ng do
oxy trong bao bi se du'cic hieu chinh nhd vAo kha nAng th6m khi caa vat
lieu bao bi.
G6i hap thu khi carbon dioxide va hai nu& dudc iing dung thutcrng mai
Fin (tau tien tren d6i Wang nguyen lieu ca chua. Sau d6, ngudi ta sit dung no
trong phu'ang phdp bao g6i voi khong khi thay d6i de bio wan nhigu loai rau
trai khac nhau nhu tao, xoai, ba, du du, than', man, artichoke, mAng tay, data
leo, dau... (Ooraikul va Ong ski' 1991).
Cdc san phdm thudng mai khdc nhu g6i hap thu oxy, hap thu
ethylene... it ductc sit dung de bio guar' rau trdi trong thqc t6.

2- Myc dich
Thong tit nhu pinking phdp kiem sodt thanh phan khong khi (CAS),
phumg phdp bao g6i rau trdi tacri vhi khong khi thay d6i (MAP) c6 muc dich:
- Tic the sit trao d6i chat va sinh truing caa he vi sinh vat tren rau trdi
- Lem cham qua trinh chin va lao h6a caa rau trai tacti.
Thong thutng, ce.c nha san xuat se gia tang dp suit rieng phan ctia khi
CO2 va lam giam dp suat rieng phan ciia khi 02 trong bao bi chtla rau trai
422 CHONG 5

ttfcli de dat duac nhang muc dich tong ngh0 not tren. Digm khdc biet chu ygu
giCia hai phu'ang phdp CAS va MAP IA trong pinking phap bao g6i with khong
khi thay d6i (MAP), ta khong the hieu chinh mot cach chinh xac thanh phan
cac kill ben trong bao bi theo ty 10 mong main trong su6t qua trinh bao quan
rau trai tuai. Ngoai ra d'.0n tich kho bao quan trong phdp MAP can
phai lan Ilan so vai phurang phdp CAS do phan thg tich bao bi chigm ch.&
Tuy nhien, phu'ung phap MAP kha dun gian va de phan ph6i san phdm den
sieu thi va ngutri tieu dung.

3- Cele Nen deii clan ra trong qua trinh bao quan

a- Sinh hoc
Cc cite vi sinh vat
Trong phdang phap MAP theo cach chu d6ng, nguibri ta sit dung lion hap
khi ngheo oxy va giau carbon dioxide de thay the khong khi trong bao bi ban
dau. Sau khi qua trinh bao g6i, n6ng d6 oxy va carbon dioxide trong bao hi
anteing dao d6ng trong khoang 1+5% va 3+20% tucrng Ting.
Trong moi tru'Ong ngheo oxy, nh6m vi sinh vat higu khi bat bu6c, dac
biet IA nam m6c bi tic chg. Con moi trtRtng chda 10% khi carbon dioxide thi
c6 k.ha nang Lic ch6 sit sinh truang cua nam mo'c va mot s6 loci vi khudn
(Dixon va tong ski 1989). Theo Lambert va tong ski (1989) thi cac vi khudn
Gram am to ra man cam vdi khi carbon dioxide han la nhiing vi khudn
Gram duang.
Trong pinking phap MAP theo each thy dOng, tai thai digm ban dau,
thanh phan khong khi trong bao bi va trong moi trutrng ben ngoai IA Wang
duang nhau. Theo thai gian bao quan, sur ho hap cita rau trai se lam giam
dan n6ng d6 khi oxy va tang dan n6ng d6 khi carbon dioxide trong bao bi.
vay, moi twang khong khi trong bao bi se trot nen ngheo oxy va giau
carbon dioxide va c6 kha hang tic ch6 he vi .sinh vat c6 tren rau trai. Van dg
quan trong IA ta phai chon duac vat lieu bao bi c6 d6 tham khi thich hap dE'
duy tri thanh phan khi oxy NIA carbon dioxide trong bao bi luon a mot
thich 11(4). Ngu d6 tham khi cua bao bi qua cao, oxy tit moi truting ben ngoai
de khugch tan vAo ben trong bao bl. Ngoac lai, ngu do tham khi cUa bao bi
qua thdp, khi carbon dioxide ben trong bao bi se kilo khugch tan ra ben
ngoAi, ap suA rieng phan cua khi carbon dioxide trong bao bi se tang cao V
co thg gay ton thaang cho mot s6 loci rau trai (Kader 1985).
Lam gicim tat diho hap ctia rau trcii
Tutting tct nhu khi bao quan rau trai tdai bang phuang phap kigm soul
khong khi (CAS), phuang phap bao goi yeti khong khi thay d6i (MAP) calif
lam giam t6c d6 ho hap cUa rau trai do tao ra moi tracing khi ngheo oxy NT
 423
Boo OIJAN RAU TRAI
giau carbon dioxide. Khi ap suat rieng phan ctia oxy trong bao bi cang thap,
gp suaI rieng phan coa carbon dioxide trong bao bi cal-1g cao thi t6c dO ho
hdp ctia rau trai se cang giam.
Vi du nha khi bao quan tao trong bao bi vai n6ng dO oxy IA 7%, the
do ho hdp caa trai bi giam di phan nth khi to so sdnh vai dieu kin bao
quail trong khong khi a ding mOt nhiet do. Tu'ong tui, ticc di) ho hap cda
bong cai xanh cang giam di phan nira khi n6ng dO oxy trong bao bi là 5%
(Burg 1990).
Khi tSc do ho hap cua rau trai bi giam di thi qud trinh chin va lao hoa
rau trai se keo dai, thbi gian bao quan rau trai tacii se gia tang.

b- H6a sinh va h6a hQc

Vai thanh pith khi trong bao bi 1+5% oxy va 3+20% carbon dioxide,
mot s6 phan Bing haa sinh trong rau trai se din ra vai t6c do rat cham do
enzyme bi sic che-, dac biet la cdc enzyme xuc tiftc cho cdc phan ang oxy hoa
nhu polyphenol oxydase, ascorbic oxydase va glycolic oxydase (Burton 1978).
Vi du: Thong tinging gid tri Km dia enzyme polyphenol oxydase
khoai tay IA 5*104 M. Tuy nhien, khi bao quan khoai tay trong bao bi vfli
n6ng dO oxy là 3% thi n6ng do oxy trong mo cua khoai chi dat tit 1+2%. Khi
do, enzyme polyphenol oxydase trong khoai khong thg host dOng daac
(Burton 1978).

c- Vat ly
Trong qud trinh bao quan rau trai tacii bang pinking phdp bao goi vai
khOng khi thay d6i, c6 ski trao d6i khi giCra moi truting ben trong va ben
ngoai bao bi. Do sa chenh Lech v6 n6ng do, khi carbon dioiide ben trong bao
bi se khu6ch tan ra moi traang ben ngoai. Hien tucing nay han che ski gia
tang ap stfat rieng phan cua khi carbon dioxide trong bao bi len qua cao va
co th4 anh haang xau den chat luvng &la rau trai tticli. Ngdgc lai, khi oxy tit
mai truing ben ngoai se khugch tan vac) ben trong bao bi gitip duy tri mOt
ham lacing oxy t6i thidu; ne-u khong thi rau trai se ho hap theo pinking phdp
ky, khi va nhanh chong bi suy giam chat lacing.

d- Cam quan
Nhin chung, cdc bie'n d6i ve mau sac, min, vi cua rau trai trong qua
trinh bao quan bang phucing phap bao. goi vai khong khi thay d6i se di e- n ra
chain hail khi so sanh vai di6u kien bao quart trong mai trating khong khi
thong fiking. Trong mOt s6 traang hap, rau trai tacii &lac bao quail bang
phacing phdp bao g6i vai khong khi thay d6i c6 the c6 cdc tinh chat cam quan
424 CHIJCNG 5

khac biet &Si chat so vdri nhang san phdm duac bao quan trong khong khi.
Da& day IA mOt s6 vi du.
Mai vi
Khi bao quan ca r6t bang phaang phap bao goi vai khong khi thay d6i,
sit sinh tong hap ethylen se dign ra vdri mac dO thap hem khi bdo quart trong
khong kill, tit d6, ham Wang isocoumarin trong ca r6t se thap Ilan. Hien
twang nay lam giam nhe vi ddng caa ca r6t (Burton 1974).
Goodenough (1982) khao sat qua trinh bao quan ca chua a 12,5°C bang
phttang phap bao goi v6i thanh phdn khi Om 5% oxy va 5% carbon dioxide.
Kat qua thurc nghiem cho thay ham luang glucose, fructose va acid citric tang
len trong qua trinh bao quan; nguac lai, ham lu'ang acid malic bi giant di.
Nhang bie'n d6i teen lam thay d6i mai vi ctia san pham.
Neu n6ng d6 oxy cita rued trattng khi trong bao bi qua thap (nh6 han
1+2%) va n6ng di) carbon dioxide qua cao (han 15%) se xuat hien mai la
trong rau trai. Vi du Jand khi bdo quan bong cai xanh a 5°C trong bao bi vdri
thanh phan oxy it han 0,5% va carbon dioxide cao han 15%, sau vai ngay se
xuat hien mild ctia mercaptan va hydrosulphur (Ooraikul va cong su 1991).
Mau sac
Khi bao quan ma, dao va dau xanh bang MAP, mau sac cUa san phdm
se nhat han khi so sanh vii phacrng phap bao quan trong moi trating khong
khi 6 cimg digu kien (Wankier va cong sit 1970).
Knee (1980) da tie'n hanh thi nghiem tren tao va tidy la khi n6ng do
oxy trong bao bi la 2,5+4,0% thi t6c do phan htly chlorophyll a v6 tao bi giam
di 50% so vdri trueing hap bao quan trong flied truting khong khi thong thaang.
DQ cthzg
Khi tang ap suat rieng phdn cua khi .carbon dioxide trong bao bi bao
quan mOt s6 loai rau thi se duy tri dO cang mkt san phdm trong mOt khoang
thari gian dai han.
Vi du nha khi bao quan mang toy a 4°C trong bao bi chda 12% khi
carbon dioxide, sit giam di) cdng ctia mang thy din ra rat cham. Con d6i yeti
bong cai xanh khi daac bao quan trong bao bi chaa 10% khi carbon dioxide a
5°C, dO cong cua sin phdm khong bi thay d6i clang ke" trong 2 tudn. Cac tac
gia ding dEl nhdn thdy rang khi giam n6ng d6 oxy trong bao bi se khong duy
tri duac dO cdng ctia rnang toy va bong cai xanh trong qua trinh bao quan
(Lipton va cong sa 1975).
MOt s6 tac gia giai thich hien Wang teen là do khi carbon dioxide co
kha nang dc chg qua trinh sinh tong hap polygalacturonase - nhom enzyme
BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TLICI 425

tham gia vao qua trinh lam mem 116a cau triic cua rau trai. Goodenough va
tong syr (1982) da tiro thay rang khi bao quan ca chua xanh a 12,5°C trong
bao bi chda 5% oxy va 5% carbon dioxyde, qua trinh sinh tong hqp
polygalacturonase bi dc the trong su6t 8 tuan. Neu dem mau ca chua not tren
bao quan trong moi trdttng khong khi thong thuang, qua trinh sinh tong hqp
polygalacturonase se diet' ra, khi da mo trai se bi mem din.

4- Med so ring dung

Vgn de bao quan rau trai tucti bang phozing phdp MAP khd ph6 Nen
hien nay tren the giai. V6i pinking phdp chi dOng tao moi trdang khi trong
bao bi, nguai to sur dung ti re thanh phin khi oxy va carbon dioxide Wang
tai nhu trong phuang phdp bao quan kiem sodt khong khi (CAS). Viec chon
vat lieu bao bi c6 do tham khi thich hap cho moi loci rau trai la rat quan
trong. NO anh hung guy& dinh den thai gian bao quan va chat litang dia
rau trai tucti.
Ngoai ra, phuang phap MAP con duac sir dung rOng rai trong viec bao
quail rau trai tuai cat mieng (fresh cut produce). Phan not dung lien quan den
ding nghe the bien toff thieu (minimal processing) (Id tao ra cac san phdm
rau trai tuai cat mieng se dude cluing toi de cap den trong tap 2 cim quydn
sach nay.
Co mot van de ma cluing toi mu6n luu Sr la trong khod.ng thdi gian gin
day, khi sit dung phuang phap MAP de bao quan trai cay tuai cat mieng, mot
s6 nha nghien citu (la sit dung h8n hqp khi giau oxy de nap vao bao bi chda
san phdm (Jongen, 2002). Gia tri ap suat rieng phin caa oxy ben trong bao
bi c6 the len den 70+100%. Ket qua thuc nghiem cho thgy trong moi tritdng
giau oxy, hoat tinh dm enzyme tham gia xtic tdc phan Ling h6a nau a rau trai
nhu polyphenol oxydase se bi dc che. Ben canh da, dp salt rieng phin ciia
oxy trong bao bi qud cao khong nhung gay tic the sd sinh truang ciia nham vi
sinh vat ky, khi ma ding kim ham ski phat tridn cua cac vi sinh vat thuOc
nhom hieu khi bit buOc. De giai thich hien twang nay, theo Gonzalez .va Ong
sir, 1998 va Amanatidou, 2001 thi sit xuat hien cCia cac g6c oxy hoat dung da
lam ten thu'ang den cac dai phan tit trong to bao, W (15 gay dc the su sinh
truang ctia nham vi sinh vat hieu khi.
5- liet lutin
Bao quan rau trai tuoi bang phuang phap MAP la inOt giai phdp ky
thu4t hieu qua trong viec keo dai thai gian ton tra sau thu hoach. Dac !Diet,
khi sit dung phuang phap nay ket hqp vii phuang phdp lanh, thOi gian bao
quan rau trai tuai se tang len clang ice so vai truang hap chi sit dyng tang
phuang phdp rieng le. Nhin chung, ph sang phdp MAP dan gian Nth tik kiem
han phuang phap bao quan c6 kidm soat thanh phin khong khi (CAS).
426 CHIIONG 5

Ngay nay, ding nghd bao bi phdt tridn va cho ra ddCi nhidu san phdm
mdi vdi d6 thdm khi khac nhau. Nguti ta by vong trong tutting lai khong xa,
ky thudt bao quan rau trdi tudi bdng phutng phap MAP se ngAy tang (Ride
hoAn thidn de keo dai hctn nita theli gian bao quan rau trai to:1i sau thu hoach
va cac loai thuc phdm khdc.

5.2.7 Waco quail bAng chigu xa

1- KS, thutit chi& xa
a- Ma ciciu
Chie-u xa là mot ky thudt vat 1ST. Noti ta cho dong electron hodc tia
bdc xa didn tit tdc d6ng len mdu vat chat dd dat dutc !WA s6 muc dich nhdt
dinh. NgAy nay, ky thudt chidu xa diidc ang dung trong nhieu linh vitt khac
nhau phuc vu cho cudc song cud con nguti.
Nam 1930, ldn ddu tien trong lich sit, 0. Wurst (nguti Ditc) da clang ky
bAng phat minh sang chd (tai Phdp) vd vide 'big dung ky thudt chidu xa
trong cong nghe thkic phdm dd ti'dt trong san phdm. Tuy nhi'en, ky thudt
chidu xa chu'a dudc tridn khai drig dung ngay vao tiled didm do vi nguti ta lo
ngai v6 van cI6 an toan cua thdc phdm chidu xa. M6t cdu hoi da dutfc dAt ra
là thdc phdm chie-u xa c6 chda cac chdt *co boat tinh phong xa gay nguy hidm
cho suit khoe cua nguti tieu dung hay khong?
Dd tra lOi cau hoi nay, trong giai don 1940-1970, cac nha khoa hoc tai
nhidu nude tren thd gidi da thuc hien nhfing nghien tutu khac nhau. Sau mot
khOang thOi gian dAi nghien tutu va tranh ludn, cac nha khoa hoc di ddn mot
ket ludn thong nhdt IA neu cluing ta chidu xa tilde phdm vdi lidu xa thich hdp
thi van dd an toan cua thdc phdm chidu xa cho nguti tieu dung dddc dam bao
tuyet d6i.
Vao nam 1976, T6 chdc Y td thd gidi (World Health Organization WHO)
ra th6ng bao khuydn cao sit dung ky thudt *chidu xa trong cong nghe thdc
phdm. Ddn nay, hdn 40 qu6c gia tren the gidi cho phep sit dung ky thudt chidu
x4 dd xit ly thdc phdm, trong do có nhidu mtdc phat tridn nhu. My, Canada,
Anh, Phap, Dlic,HA Lan, Bi, Dan Mach, Phan Lan, Tay Ban Nha, Nga,
Australia, Nhdt, An DO, Trung Qu6c... Viet Nam cung ndm trong danh sdch cac
rut& cho phep sit dung ky thudt chidu xa trong cong nghidp thdc phdm. Tuy
nhien, can lull Sr IA danh muc thut phdm duvc phep chi6u xa va lidu x4 tea da
d6i vdi titng loai thdc phdm thay d6i theo quy dinh cud m6i qu6c gia.
Nguyen tdc cLiachlgu xa thkre phdm là chuye'n mOt phan nang lacing
tit clong electron hoac tia butt xa dien tit cho mau thqc phdm &rye chi6u xa,
nhti do se tao ra mOt s6 bi6n doi c6 lqi cho qua trinh chd bidn hoac bao
(wan thdc phdm.
 QUAN RAU TRAI TU01 427

Trong so cac tia xa dien tit ntni tia X, tia gamma, tia beta... chi c6
tia gamma IA ducic sit dung a quy mo cong nghiep cho rout dich chi6u xa
thyc phdm.

b- Thiet bi
Hien nay c6 hai dang thie't bi chat sit dung de chi6u xa thqc phdm:
goy gia tdc va may phat tia gamma.

May gia to'c

May gia ticc Oat ra dong electron. May g6m c6 bon 130 phan chinh
flhu sau:
B6 phan tao clang electron: day IA be phan sinh ra cac electron. Thong
thu'ang, ngadi to sit dung catode kim loci de tao ra electron vai s6 lacing Ian.
B6 ph4n gia t6c electron: nang prang cua miSi electron se phu thuOc
vao tic dO chuygn d6ng cua no. Khi Vic c10 chuyen dOng cua electron tang
nhanh thi nang Wang cua electron se tang lan. BO phan gia t6c electron c6
mut dich IA gia tang mac nang luting cua cac electron (Iliac sinh ra tit be
phan tao &mg electron.
BS ph4n dinh Wang dang electron: b0 phan nay c6 chile nang hieu
chinh quy dao chuye'n dOng cua cac electron.
BO plian tack electron: day là cita thodt cua dong electron tit may gia
Th6ng qua bo phan nay, clang electron se thodt ra ngoAi may gia t6c va
tic dOng len mAu thkic phdm can chieu xa.
U'u diem chinh khi set dyng may gia t6c de chi& xg. Uwe philm la c6
the tao ra nhiing dong electron vai cac mitt nang Kiang khdc nhau. Ngoai ra,
kat dOng dm may gia tic khong gay o nhiAm moi truing.
Tuy nhien, viec silt dung may gia tic de chi6u xa thifc phdm c6 mot s6
nhucic digm. Cac may gia to'c thtiOng c6 kith tinkle rat ldn vA tieu ton rat
nhi6u nang hiang. Vi du nhu' may gia t6c tai trung tam nghien cull CERN cua
Thuy Si c6 dating kinh xdp xi 9knz, sit dung nang dien the 50.000MeV. Hay
may gia tic mini (tat tai Saclay (Phdp) vai dutng kinh dAi 200m, sir dung
nang dien the 640MeV. Ben canh do, khd nang dam xuyen mau cua cac clang
electron tinging kern xa so vai tia gamma. Chinh vi vay ma may gia tic it
tro-c--sit dung trong cong nghiep de' chi6u xa thqc phdm.

May phcit tia gamma

HiOn nay c6 nhieu ngu6n khdc nhau c6 the phdt ra tia gamma. al quy
mo cong nghiep, nguon phat tia gamma thong dung nha là PCo.
428 CHUGWG 5

Tia gamma sinh ra tit nguan Co duoc bidu din theo so dO du'ai day:
60
27 CA- —•. 60
28 -KT • +e +y

Theo ly thuyett, trong qud trinh phan raNCo

se sinh ra electron va tia
gamma. C6 hai tia gamma &roc sinh ra v6i mule nang lacing Mn Mgt la
1,333MeV va 1,172MeV. Do cac electron cO kha nang dam xuyen kern nen
may phdt tia gamma c6 mOt 130 phan chuyen ngan tach nhCing electron duoc
sinh ra trong qua trinh phan raNCo. Con cdc tia gamma se duoc sit dung
cho muc dich chietu xa. Chu ky bdn hay cua 22 Co IA 5,27 nam.

Liu diem crla viec sr2 dung may phat tia gamma trong chi& 'Kr Mr&
phdrn bet chi phi nang 'Yong thgp hon rat nhidu so vai viec sir dung may gia
t6c. Ngoai ra, cdc tia gamma c6 dO dam xuyen khd cao. Hien nay, tai Viet
Nam va nhieu nuac tren the gi6i, may phat tia gamma du'oc stl dung rat rang
rai dd chieu xa thurc phdm.
Tuy nhien, viec sit dung may phat tia gamma theo nguyen ly teen lam
san sinh ra cdc chgt thai c6 thd gay o nhigm moi truOng. MOt van de khdc
can km y la may Oat tia gamma luon trong tinh trang hoat &Ong lien tuc.

2- Muc dich chi& xa rau trai tu'ori

Muc dich cha yetu cua qud trinh chieu xa rau trai tuoi IA tieu diet hoac
itc ch6 vi sinh vat, con trung c6 hai tren rau trai va lam cham cdc qud trinh
chin sau thu hoach, lao has va nay ma.m.

a- Tieu di4t hoeic r c che" vi sinh vat vet con trung có hai tren
rau trai to ii
Mat trong nhang nguyen nhan quan trong gay but hang rau trai tutri
trong qud trinh bao quan la do vi sinh vat va mOt s6 con trung c6 hai.
He vi sinh vat tren rau trai turoi bao gam ca natm sai, ngm men va vi
khudn, trong do thating gap nhgt la ngm soi. Khi cdc to bao vi sinh vat
thiic hien qud trinh trao d6i chgt va sinh twang tren rau trai, chting lam
thay d6i thanh phan h6a hoc ciing nha gid tri cam quan caa rau trai va lam
cho rau trai nhanh chong bi hu' hOng. MOt s6 loci vi sinh vat khac c6 the
gay benh tren rau trai nhu Botrytis, Alternaria... Thitc to cho thgy khi s6 to
bao vi sinh vat c6 trong, raii trai tuoi cang nhieu thi th6i gian bdo quan rau
trai cang ngdn.
Nhit vay, de keo dai thOi gian bdo quan rau trai tuoi, mOt trong nhang
giai phap ky thuat quan trong la kilt:1'11g ch6 so t6 bao vi sinh vat va con trung
gip QUAN RAU TRAI TildI 429

tren rau trai tang it tang t6t. Cdc kgt qua nghien cdu trade day da khang
dinh la ky thuat chieu xa rau trai c6 the tieu diet hoAc tic the cdc to bao vi
sink vat va con trimg, g6p phan keo dAi thOi gian bao quan rau trai tutai.

b- Lam ch&m cac qua trinh chin sau thu hogch, lao h6a va nay
main cua rau trai
Nhom trai sau thOi diem thu hdi, thutrng xdy ra hai qud trinh not
tip nhau: qua trinh chin va qua trinh lao hda.
D6i Arai cdc loai trai cay co dinh sinh twang, qud trinh chin se dien ra
khd nhanh ngay sau khi thu hai. Diem dAc trang cim qua trinh chin sau thu
hoach IA he s6 ho hap caa trai gia tang va su' sinh tong hqp ethylen dtfqc
tang ctfOng. Ben canh d6, nhieu bie'n d6i h6a sinh va hoa hoc dien ra ben
trong trai ninf:
- Pectin bi thay phan lam cho cau true trai trot nen mem lion
- Tinh hot cang bi thay phan lam tang lu'qng dating khir va do ngot
cua trai
- Chlorophyll bi phan hay, ngtigc lai cdc hap chat carotenoid hoAc
anthocyanin daqc sinh tong hqp lAm cho mAu sac trai tit xanh
chuyen clan sang yang
- Phan ang sinh Ong hop cdc chit mui daqc thdc day va Wang de mid
caa trai gia tang...
NhUng Wen dOi tren lam cho nhung trai data chin khi thu hai se tie'n
clan den trang thai caa de chin ky thuat. O trang thdi nay, chat lUcing trai
cay du'qc xem là t6t nhgt cho ngtfiti sit dung. Tuy nhien, ne/u cdc Wen d6i tren
tiep tuc diAn ra with matt do lan, qud trinh lao h6a cua trai se tie'p dien va
chat lacing caa trai se bi giam di nhanh chung. Nhin chung, cdc loai trai cay
có dinh sinh twang thuting co th6i gian bao quan khd ngan.
D6i vii trai cay khong c6 dinh sinh twang, he s6 ho hap caa trai giam
clan sau thOi diem thu hai. Nha vay, qud trinh chin sau thu hoach tuy c6 dien
ra nhang vai tec do cham ham. Tuy nhien, trai cay khong c6 dinh sinh twang
van bi lao hoa theo thai gian. Khi d6, trai tra nen mem nhan, cdc thanh
phan h6a hoc va tinh chat cam quan cua trai bi cung thay doi sau sac, trai
Wing con thich hqp cho ng-titti sit dung. _
Nhom rau ca: D6i vdri met s6 loai rau cu nllif salad, cai, ca rot, su
su... sau thai diem thu hdi se bat dau qud trinh lao h6a (qud trinh Khi
do, rau la se bi mat nu'ac, con cu se tray nen mem nhan. Thanh phan h6a hoc
va gid tri cam quan caa rau cu se bi bign d6i sau sac va 'thong con thich hap
cho ngtfOi sit dung.
430 CHtiaNG 5

D6i yeti met s6 loai rau cu khac nInt hAnh tay, toi, khoai tay... c6 the
xay ra hien tuvng nay mgm trong qua trinh bdo quan sau thu hoach. Hien
tuvng nay anh httang )(au den chat lacing cita rau cu va lam tang tSr 10 ton
that sau thu hoach.
Den nay, cac ket qua nghien ctiu thu ditqc cho tidy khi chieu xa met s6
loai rau trai tuvi with lieu lacing thich hqp se han the dace cac qua trinh chin,
lao h6a va nay mgm. Nhit vay, sit dung ky thuat chieu xa se g6p phan Ice°
dAi thOi gian bao quan rau trai tutqi, han the ty 10 ton that do hien Wqng nay
main va lao hoa a rau trai.

3- Cac bien doi caa rau trai tztoi khi chieu xg

Trong phan nay, chiing toi chi de cap den nhang Wen ddi xay ra trong
rau trai khi sit dung tia gamma de chieu xa.
a- Bien d6i vat ly
Theo 1S7 thuyet, cac tia dien tit co tinh chat song. Do d6, khi chieu tia
gamma len met mau rau trai bat kk, c6 the xay ra hai trtiOng hqp sau day:
- Photon se dam xuyen qua mau va truygn met phan nang lacing cho mau
- Photon se Wen mat trong mau va truye'n tat ca nang lacing cho raw.
Tat ca cac mau rau trai not rieng va thtic phdm n6i chung deu (kw cau
tao tit that-1h phan ccr ban nhO nhat dia vat chat IA nguyen W. Nguyen tit c6
nhan (bao Om proton va neutron) va cac electron chuyen Ong xung quanh
nhan theo nhitng quy dao xac dinh. Trong qua trinh chieu xa, cac photon &la
but xa dien tit c6 the Wcing tac of i cac electron hoAc nhan cua nguyen tit.

i) Dicing the giaa photon viii electron

C6 nhieu kidu Wang tac gifta cac photon cila tia bac xa dien tit va cac
electron dm mau daqc chieu xa. Khi chieu xa rau trai, hai kidu Wang tac sau
day lA thu' ng gAp nhat:
Hieu ring quang dien: khi photon va cham vac) electron, photon se bi
bien mat, con electron se bi ban ra khOi quy dao chuydn Ong dm no trong
cau tnic nguyen tit. Khi d6, nguyen tit se bi ion h6a. Trong trtiOng hap nay,
mau duac chieu xa se nhan lay toan 130 nang lacing cita photon da Wang tac.
Hien Wang nay it xay ra khi chieu xa rau trai Wcri do mite nang 'Yong 'si5
dung de chieu xa kha thgp.
Hieu ling Compton: khi photon cham vao electron se lam cho electron
bi ban ra khoi quy dab chuyen dOng dm no trong cau true cua nguyen tii. Tu)
nhien, photon khong bi mat di ma no se: chuyen &Ong viii nani
lacing hi di so vai Lau dau va quy dao chuydn Ong cila photon cling b:
thay d6i.
 431
B 0 QuAN RAU TRAI TUC/
Ctic electron bi ban ra khoi guy dao chuygn dOng thong thing trong
ta throe goi la cdc electron bac hai. Chung cd thg tac &Ong
cfil truc nguyen
electron khdc trong true nguyen tit vat chgt theo kigu tuttng tac
len cae b. Wing tac nay cd the lam ban ra mot electron Bang chuygn &Ong
Coulom
dao thong thuting trong cgu talk nguyen ta hoc lam thay d6i guy
theo
dao ch caa n6. Khi guy dao chuygn &Ong caa mot electron trong
yen Ong
qus,ell
guYen ta bi thay d6i, nguyen ta se chuygn sang trang thai bi kich thich.
n

w among tetc gia'a photon viii nhein

C6 hai kigu Wang tac cd ban giaa photon va nhan. D6 IA phan ang
quaug nhan va hign toting xugt hign nhang cap electron. Tuy nhien, trong
chigu xa rau trai tkicti, phan itng quang nhan khong the xay ra do mac nang
Ilcing sit dung thgp.
Hign tutting hinh thanh nhang cap electron: khi mot photon caa tia
gamma xuyen qua trotting tinh dign chidc tao ra xung quanh mot hat nhan,
photon se bign mgt va lam xugt hign hai electron mang dign trai clgu.
Theo Vasseur (1991), hign totting nay 'Lay ra khi nang lotting photon sir
dung phai ldn hdn 1,022MeV. Khi ta chigu xa rau trai bang tia gamma c6
g6c tit Co , hai tia gamma tao thanh c6 mac nang lacing Mn hidt la
1,3
33MeV va 1,172MeV. Tuy nhien, do c6 ski giam nang lacing tren ducting
truYAn nen•hign tudng hinh thanh nhiing cap electron trai dgu trong qua
trinh chigu xa rau trai tudi thating it khi xay ra.

b- Bien cldi heoct sinh va hoci hoc

Thanh phan h6a hoc caa rau trai chi ygu g6m ce nude, glucid, protein
(bao g6m ca enzyme), lipid, vitamin, khoang, cdc hdp chgt polyphenol, digt,
Trong d6, nu cc va glucid chigm ham Wong cao nhgt. Trong phan tip
theo, cluing ta se tim higu xem cac hdp chgt hda hoc trong rau trai tacti se bi
bi6n d6i nhti thg nao trong qua trinh chigu xa?

la thanh phan chigm tS7 lg Ichea lacing cao nhgt trong rau trai.
Trong qua trinh chigu xa, phan tit midc c6 thg bi chuygn hda theo nh&ng sd
d6 duai day:

Ion h6a: H2O

H2O+ +

Kfch thfch: H2O H2O*

H20+ + H2O H30+ + OH.

H2O* H• + OH•
432 CHONG 5

Phan ang giCla cao g6c tit do:

H• + H• H2

OH• + OH• H202

H. + OH• H2O
OH. + e-aq OH-
Hinh 5.19 Cat. phdn zing chuyin h6a cda phan tit nu&
trong qua trinh chi& xa
Chic thich: H2O* - phan tit nil& bi kich thich
H. va OH. - cac g6c to do
e-aq - electron solvate h6a.
Cdc g6c tit do du'oc tao thanh trong qua trinh chigu x4 rau trai c6 thg
c6 ngu6n g6c tit cac hop chgt h6a hoc khdc nhau. MOt s6 g6c tit do c6 thg
phan ang vdi nhau va tao thanh nhUng hop chgt mdi. Cgn chu IA miic dO
xay ra cac phan itng tren phu thuOc vac, lieu xa stl dung.

Glucid: rau trai chda nhieu glucid. Trong rau trai, glucid t6n tai durai
hai clang:
Nh6rn glucid c6 phan to luting thdp: glucose, fructose, saccharose, cac
oligosaccharide khac...
NhOm glucid c6 phan tit luting cao: tinh bOt, cellulose, hemicellulose,
pectine...
Khi chigu xa, cac dai phan tit glucid nhur tinh bOt, pectin c6 the bi gay
mach, tao ra cac san phgm mai c6 phan tit lu'ong thgp hon. Cdc bign dOi tren
c6 thg lam tang ham Wong oligosaccharide (Vasseur, 1991) Ara lam giam dO
cdng cua rau trai sau khi chigu xa (Baccaunaud, 1986). Tuy nhien, ngu chigu
xa rau trai va i lieu xa thgp thl khong xdy ra cac d6i clang lcd v6 glucid va
khong lam anh twang den dO ctlng ctia rau trai.
Protein: nhin chung, ham lacing protein trong phan lan cac lo4f rau
trai la rat thgp. Khi chigu xa rau trai tutri vai lieu xa thgp, cac phan tit
protein cgu trtic khong bi thay dei Bang kg, cac enzyme 'thong bi v3 hoat.
Ngucic 14i, sit dung lieu xa cao c6 thg lam thay d6i cac cgu trtic bgc hai, ba va
b6n dm protein.
Cdc kgt qua thqc- tighigm cho thgy chigu xa c6 thd thtic dgy hoAc lam
cha'm qua trinh chin dm trai sau thu hoach. Nhieu tac gid da giai thich van
de nay do chigu xa c6 the hoat h6a hoAc kim ham hoat tinh ctia hg enzyme
trong trai (Molins, 2001).
Elk QUAN RAU TRAI 433

Lipid: ham ludng lipid trong nhigu loci rau trai la khong clang kg.
gieng mot s6 loaf rau trai nhtt bd, difa, dau ph6ng... c6 ham ludng chgt beo
kha cao. Theo Vasseur (1991), trong qua trinh chigu xa, cac acid beo khong
bao c6 thg bi oxy hoa. Ngoai ra, mot s6 g6c tit do dole sinh ra trong rau trai
c6 the phan Ling viii cac acid 136o khong bao hoa, tao ra nhigu hop chgt khac
nhau nhu' hydrogene peroxyde, aldehyde, cetone... Kgt qua IA gid tri dinh
dudng ding nhtf mini vi rau trai bi giam xu6ng. Cac phan Ling nay xay ra cang
manh me khi lieu xa sir dung cang cao.

Khoang: cac hop chgt khodng khong bi thay d6i trong qua trinh chigu
xa rau trai tudi.

Vitamin: rau trai tinging dudc xem la ngu6n cung cap vitamin quan
trong cho con ngtoi, dac bit IA vitamin C.
Vitamin C: có rat nhigu nghien cdu khao sat sit thay dgi ham luccng
vitamin C trong rau trai tudi trutac va sau khi chigu xa. Thomas (2001) nhan
xet rang mot phan ascorbic acid trong rau trai torti bi oxy hda trong qua
trinh chigu xa va chuygn sang clang dehydroascorbic acid. Tuy nhien,
dehydroascorbic acid ding lA mot hop chat cd hoat tinh sinh hoc. Do d6, khi
nghien cdu cac tac gia that:mg xac dinh ham lacing tong ascorbic acid (bao
gem ca clang kith va clang dehydroascorbic acid).
D6i vdi chuol, Maxie WI cong ski (1968) da tign hanh chigu xa gi6ng
chu6i Gros Michel yeti ligu xa thay dgi tit 0,25+0,50kGy. Kgt qua thu &foe cho
thgy ham ludng tong ascorbic acid trong chu6i tang len sau qua trinh chigu
xa. Cac tac gia cho rang dO IA do qua trinh chieu xa da lam tang ham litong
cac chgt chigt tit chuol de thu nhan dich trich dinh lacing vitamin C. Thomas
Ira cong ski (1971) cung da thutc hign thi nghigm chieu xa 5 gi6ng chuoi khac
nhau dttoc trong tai An DO. Ligu xa sir dung IA 0,30kGy. Kgt qua thkfc nghi6m
'ho thgy chigu xa khong lam thay d6i ham Wong ascorbic acid tong trong
trai
D6i vOi du du, Lacroix va cong so (1990) da sit dung gi6ng Solo de lam
thi nghigm. Cac mAu du du &roc chigu xa yeti ii6u xa thay d6i tit 0,55+0,95kGy,
sau d6 dudc dem bao quan a nhi6t d6 18°C. Ham hong ascorbic acid trong du
_da trade va ngay sau khi chigu xa là Wang duang nhau. Nhtf vay, ksr thug
chleiix4 da khong lam thay dgi ham hong vitamin C trong du du. Tuy nhien,
sau 15 ngay bao quan, ham lacing ascorbic acid trong mau du du dtfo'c xit1S,
lieu xa 0,55+0,74 kGy 14i cao han rat nhigu so vdi mau khOng qua chirdu xa va
m'au &roc chiau xa vdi ligu cao han (0,75+0,95kGy).
Trong snot nghien cub ve xoai, sii dung cac gi6ng Keitt, Zill, Haden va
Peach dudc trong tai Nam phi, Beyers va cong su' (1979) da thgy rang chigu
434 CHUONG 5

xa xoai (lieu xa thay d6i tit 0,75÷2,00kGy) kgt hdp vdi phuting phap ngam
xoai trong nadc am (nhiet de 55°C, thtii gian 5 phut) khong lam thay d6i
dang kg ham lacing vitamin C trong trai.
Cac loai trai c6 mui nha cam, quit, buiiri, chanh... luon dacic xem,1A
ngu6n cung cap vitamin C chilygu cho ngtitii. Thomas (1986) nhAn thAy rang
khi sit dung lieu xa khong ldn horn 1kGy, su' ton thAt ham lacing vitamin C
trong trai c6 min trong qua trinh chigu xa IA killing dang kg. Tuy nhien, rigu
lieu xa sit dung tang tii 2÷4kGy, ham ladng vitamin C trong trai sau khi
chigu xa bi giam manh. Lieu xa sit dung cang ldn thi mac de ton that
vitamin C se cang cao.
Dau tay ding la met loai trai cay giau vitamin C nha cac loai trai co
min. Theo kgt qua.nghien cub cita met s6 tac gia thl ham lacing vitamin C
trong dau tay bi giam di trong qua trinh chigu xa va mite de giam phi thuec
vao lieu xa sir dung (Kim 1968, Kurosaki 1970, Zegota 1988). Tuy nhien, khi
tign hanh bdo quart hai mau dau tay trong ding met dieu kien (met mau dirge
chigu xa vdi lieu 2,0÷2,5kGy va met mau dgi chting kitting qua chigu xa), d6
ton thAt ham ktung vitamin C trong mau dau tay khong qua chigu xa 14i it
bun. Do d6, vac) giai loan cugi qua trinh bdo quail. ham Krung vitamin C
trong matt dude chigu xa luon bang hoAc cao horn mau d6i thong (Kim 1968,
Chachin 1969, Kurosaki 1970, Zegota 1988).
TOm lai, ky thuat chigu xa vdi lieu xa thAp khong lam thay d6i dang kg
ham lacing tong ascorbic acid trong trai cay tadi.
Laic vitamin khdc: dgn nay, co rat it nhang Ong trinh nghien ctiu v6
inh htiang cua chiau xa dgn ham lacing cac loai vitamin khac trong rau trai.
D6i vdi chugi, chigu xa vdi lieu 0,3÷0,5kGy lam tang ham lacing
niacin trong gigng chugi Gros Michel; tuy nhien ham lacing thiamin trong
chugi van khong thay d6i. Khi chigu xa dau tay vdi lieu xa 2kGy cang thu
dirge cac kgt qud tacing tki (Maxie va Sommer, 1968). Tuy nhign, trong met
nghien cdu khac, Beyers va Ong sit (1979) thAy rang khi chigu xa dau tay
2kGy khong lam thay d6i dang kg ham lacing niacin, thiamin va riboflavin
trong trai.
Dgi vdi xoai va du du, qua trinh xi( ly trai bang phacmg phap kgt hcip:
ngam nude Am, bao sap va chigu xa 0,75kGy cang khong lam thay d6i dang kg
ham hicrng niacin, thiamin va riboflavin trong trai (Beyers va Ong ski, 1979).

Chat mau
Carotenoids: la nhung help chat to nen mak' yang va matt cam cho
nhieu loaf rau trai nhu' du du, xoai, chu6i, mei, deo, ca rat, ca chua... Doi vdi
mot s6 loai trai cay nha du du va xoai, ham Lacing carotenoids trong trai
 0 OUAN RAU TRAI TL/a/ 435

in tang cao han vai lan so vdi trai track khi chin. Ngu'ac 14i, ham lacing
rotenoids trong chu6i lai khong thay do'i clang kg trong qua trinh chin
a trai.
Thomas va Janave (1975) da khao sat ski anh hu'Ong ctia qua
xa dgn ham lacing carotenoids trong gi6ng xoai. Alphonso duvo trong
Do. Kgt qua cho thay sir dung lieu xa 0,25kGy khong lam thay d6i ham
g carotenoids trong trai. Trong mot nghien citu khdc thiic hien tren
'6ng xoai Nahng Glanhng Wahn daac tr6ng tai Thai Lan, Lacroix va cac
ng ski (1992) da tign hanh xit 15, xoai bang each ngam trong nude am 55°C
ng 5 phut r6i kgt hap vdi chigu xa 0,50+0,70kGy. Kgt qua ham lacing
tenoids trong xoai track va sau khi chigu xa la Wang &fang nhau. Tuy
ien, khi xit ly gigng xoai Kent bang phtfong phdp kgt hap: ngam midc gm
io°C trong 5 phtit, bao sap va chigu xa vdi 3 lieu xa khdc nhau (0,75; 1,50 va
00kGy) rO'i dem bao quart d nhiet do 20+24°C, Thomas va Beyers (1979) da
thgy rang ham lacing carotenoids trong xoai tang 10% so vdi mau dal
trrig khong qua xi? ly. Theo cac tdc gia, nguyen nhan chinh la do ski' gia
g ham 'Yang cac chat chigt tii xoai dg thu nhan dich trich ly dinh Wang
otenoids. KS, thuat chigu xa cla khong lam thay d6i clang kg clgn ham
qng carotenoids trong xoai, va sur thay d6i cCia thong trong qud trinh chin
a thu hoach.
Dgi vdi du du, Dollar va Ong sit (1971) tign hanh xit 15, gi6ng du du
o disc trong d Hawai bang each ngam trong nude gm 49°C trong 20 phut
chigAi xa vdi 4 lieu khdc nhau (0,50; 0,75; 1,00 va 1,5OkGy), kgt trai cho
y qud trinh chigu xa khong lam thay d6i clang kg ham lacing carotenoids
ng du
Khi nghien cau v6 dao, kgt qua thtic nghiem cho thgy viec chigu xa dao
da chin vdi lieu xa 3kGy se thtic day qua trinh sinh tong hap carotenoids
Tuy nhien, khi chigu xa dao (la chin thi ham hang carotenoids trong
i kitting thay d6i clang kg trade va sau khi chigu xa (Rogachev a3
Dgn nay c6 rat nhieu nghien cau v6 chigu xa ca chua. Kgt qua cho thgy
gc chigu xa ca chua xanh vdi lieu xa thgp (khong ion han 0,75kGy) se lam
am qua trinh chin va keo dai thdi gian bao quan. Tuy nhien, ca chua qua
igu xa khi chin se c6 mau sac khong d6ng deu va lam giam gid tri cam
an cOa sAn phdm. Nhang trai ca chua chin dO cd the chiu loge lieu xa cao
an rat nhieu (4kGy). Muc•dich chigu xa ca chua chin chit ygu la khong chg
sing benh do ndm m6c gay nen (Thomas 1988).
Anthocyanins va flavonoids
Anthocyanins la nhang hqp chat tao nen mau do ciao trung a dau tay,
, viet qugt, pink b6n
436 CHI/6(NC

CO nhieu cong trinh nghien ctiu anh hating ctia qud trinh chieu xa del
matt sac ctia dau tay, tuy nhien ket qua thu lai khac nhau. Theo Lovel
va Flick (1966), khi sit dung lieu xa tit 1,0÷3,5kGy, mau sac ctia trai khong b
thay Con theo Herregods va DeProost (1963), c6 the chieu xa dau del
lieu xa 5kGy van khong thay d6i mau sac cila trait.
Horubala (1968) tittle hien thi nghiem chieu xa dau tay viii lieu x;
2,5kGy, ket qua cho thay ham lugng anthocyanins trong trai bi giam d
20%. Trong qua trinh bdo quan trai da qua chieu xa, tac gid nhan thSy c
sa phuc hei mau sac ctia trai. Tuy nhien, nett sit dung lieu xa cao hoin th
khong xay ra su phuc hei mau sac dia trai. Dau tay to ra nhay v6i chieu x.
han viet qua.

c- Bien dal sinh hoc

Si! nay mcim
Khi bdo quan m6t s6 loci cu nha hanh tay, toi, khoai tay... de xay r
hien tutong nay mam. Trong qud trinh nay main, nhieu phdn Ling sinh he
phCrc tap xay ra trong cu, tit do chi se phat trien. Chieu xa co the tic cl
(lucre ski nay mam va keo dai thtii gian bdo quail dm cll.
Vi du nhu khi chi6u xa toi va cu hanh v6i lieu xa 0,125kGy r6i dem bi
quart 6 10°C, de am khong khi 85%, sau 7 thang tS, le hu hong ctia toi va
hanh 'an laqt la 5% va 10%.
Trong khi do, cac mau dei thong khong qua chieu xa, sau 7 thang bi
quail trong ding diet' kien, CS/ le hu hong dia toi va cu hanh len den 72%1
100% tucing ang (Vasseur, 1991).
Co rat It tai lieu nghien call chi tiet ve cct the tic the ski nay mam ci
cu bang phuting phap chieu xa. Hau het cac tac gid cho rang qud trinh chii
xa tic the m6t s6 enzyme tham gia vao qua trinh nay mam ci ca.

SIX sinh tru'ang va trao chat caa he vi sinh vat va con Irani
Trong thanh phan hoa hoc cua rau trai, nti c Ara glucid chiem ha
lurang cao nhilit. Do do, vi sinh v4t, va con trung, dtic bit IA nem m6c rat
phat trien tren mot se loci trai cay trong qud trinh bdo quail sau thu hoach
Chieu xa co the tieu diet hoac tic the vi sinh vat. Tay theo lieu xa
dung ma vi sinh vat co the bi tic cite hoac tieu diet. Khi lieu xa sit clung cal
cao, kha nang tieu diet vi sinh v4t se tang lan. Cac to bao sinh during to
man cam v6i chieu xa hon la cac bao
Khi nOi ye tac Ong cua chieu xa den vi sinh vat, to thadng qu
tam den gia tri lieu xa tieu diet thap phan D (Decimal reduction dose). D
Edo QUAN RAU TRAI TI.101 437

xa can thiel de s6 to bao vi sinh vat trong mau khao sat bi giam di 10
Cdc loci vi sinh vat kha nhau se c6 gia tri D khdc nhau.

6
Li6u lUcing chi6u xa, (kGy)

0
10 102 103 le 106 106 107
S6 khugn lac ban au

1 - Penicillium italicum 2 -Penicillium expansum

3 - Penicillium digitatum 4 - Monilia fructicola
5 - Botryris cinerea 6 - Rhizopus stolonifer
7 - Alternaria citri 8 - Cladosporium herbaceum
Hinh 5.20 Ligu xa cdn that de' lam gidm 80% so to bac) vi sinh vet

Khi chi& xa, acid nucleic IA thAnh phan trong to bac) vi sinh vat de bi
'en d6i nhat. Acid nucleic c6 the bi gay mach, cac base chaa nitci bi
ydroxyl h6a, du'dng desoxyribose bi oxy hoa. Kgt qua cu6i cung IA phan to
soxyribose nucleic acid bi bie'n tinh. Qua trinh sao chep va ski sinh san cua
bao bi ngitng lai. Thcic ra trong to bac) vi sinh vat co m6t so enzyme c6 the
'a chaa nhang doan desoxyribose nucleic acid bi her h6ng (ligase,
onuclease, polymerase...). Tuy nhien, thy thu6c vAo mac d6 lid hang cila
soxyribose nucleic acid ma skt phuc h6i c6 the thanh ding hay khong.
Ngoai ra, thanh phan phospholipid cua mang to bito chit cung c6 the
thay d6i do chigu xa. Ket qua IA ccr the van chuyen cdc chat qua mang to
o bi r6i loan, to bao killing h6p thu cdc chit dinh doting nen se bi tic
6 hoac che't di.
438 CHUONG

d- Bien d6i cam quan

Cdc tinh chat cam quan quan trong ctia rau trai g6m c6 mau sic, mill
vi va cau talk. Nhieu nghien cdu cho thay khi chiau xa rau trai tuai vai lies
xa t6i vu nhim lAm cham qua trinh chin sau thu hoach va qua trinh lao h6a
cac tinh chat cam quan cita rau trai khong bi thay d6i. Chi c6 hai twang ha]
ngoai le IA xoAi va le (Molins, 2001).
MOt s6 gi6ng xoAi khi dtiac chiau xa NT& lieu xa thap (0,25÷0,75kGy
thAnh phan chlorophill trong xoAi khong the bi phan hely hoAn toAn trop,
giai doan dam chin. Qua trinh khir mau xanh (degreening) &la xoAi khon
the thkic hien du'ac theo y mu6n va xoai thu dt.tac c6 matt yang khong d6n
nhat, lam giim gid tri cam quan ciia sin phim.
Doi vai le, cac tdc gia da sit dung li6u xa thay d6i trong khoin
1,0÷4,0kGy. Trong qua trinh khtl mau xanh cua trai lAng ethylen, than
phan chlorophill trong len cang khong the bi phan gidi hoan toAn va an
huang xau dart mau sac cita trai.
Khi chiau xa rau trai tuai vai lieu xa cao han gid tri tai vu nInt da d
cap clan d phan tren, mau sac, miii, vi va cau trdc cua rau trai bi thay doi sa
sac. Li6u xa sit dung cang cao thi nhitng !Dian cl6i cita cac tinh chat cam qua
se cang lan (Thoma 1996).
Trong mot nghien cau v6 tao, Bhushan va Thomas (1988) da tian han
chiau xa 4 gi6ng tao &Plc trong tai An D6 yeti nhang lieu xa khac nhau (0,
0,2; 0,4 va 0,6kGy), sau d6 dem bio quart a 2÷4°C. Kat qua phan tich cal
quan cho thay qua trinh chiau xa khong lAm anh hu'ang clang Ice den
va cau trtic cua trai tao. Rieng mau tao duac qua chiau xa 0,1kGy c6 die)
danh gid cam quan cao han mau tao d6i chthig khong qua chiau xa. Cf
thAnh vien danh gid cam quan cho ring !au tao nay c6 vi ngot cao han,
le do ham lacing acid dm n6 thap hart so vai mau d6i chang.
M6t kat qua kha thd vi khi khao sat cac tinh chat cam quan &la gigs:
cam California. Trong thi nghi'em, O'Mahony va Goldstein (1987) da chiau
cam vai hai lieu khdc nhau 0,3 va 0,6kGy. Nhin chung, khOng c6 khdc bi
16n giita mau cam dulac qua chigu xa va mau cam d6i chang - khong qua chiE
xa. Sau d6, cac tdc gii tier hAnh ep thu nhin dich trai tic nhang mau ca
khdc nhau r6i cho danh gid cam quan va mkt sac, miti va vi, sit dung .nhal
thanh vien khong (kw qua huan luyen. Kat qui cho thay khi lieu xa sit dui
la 0,6kGy, cac thAnh yien van phan biet daqc sit khic nhau v6 matt sac,
va vi ciia hai mau ptii6c cam (m6t mau c6 ngu6n g6c tic cam (Iliac chiau xa
mot mau c6 ngu6n g6c tit cam khong qua chiau xa).
D6i vai dau tay, Yu va cong skt (1995) flan hAnh chiau xa giang Trist
Nil:1i lieu xa tang clan tit 0,5÷2,0kGy. Kat qua danh gid cam quan v6 matt s
PAO QUAN RAU TRAI 71107 439

va do
cang cUa trai theo phdong phap cho diem hoan toan phi' hop of i kett
qua phan tich Binh lacing tren thigt bi do dO mau va thigt bi do dO cang. Khi
Eng lieu xa sit dung, mau do cila trai dau se chuygn den sang mau nau d6 va
(10 ming caa trai se giam xu6ng. Cac tdc gia cho rang sy giam do cdng IA do
ham lacing pectin Ma tan trong trai bi giam di trong qua trinh chigu xa. Tuy
nhieu, chi'eu xa khong anh huang den cac tinh chat cam quan khac dia dau
old mui va vi. Cu6i ding, nhom tac gia da ket luan chie"u xa IA mot giai phap
Icy thug hieu qua de keo dai thdi gian bao quan dau tay.

4- MO so ang dung
Chieu xa duoc xem IA mot Icy thuet xii ly nguyen lieu sau thu hoach
nham muc dich kelp dai thdi gian bao quan rau trai tucci. Nguyen nhan chinh
la do chigu xa c6 the tieu diet hoac ac the vi sinh vat, con trimg c6 hai teen
rau trai va lam cham cdc qud trinh chin sau thu hoach, leo haa va nay mem.

a- Chie-u xci rau trai tu'ori

Den nay, nhieu ket qua nghien cau thkic nghiem cho they kg thug
ch4u xa c6 th6 dp dung thanh ding viii nhieu loai rau trai tuoi khac nhau.
chau Au, sir dung ky thug chie-u xa de xii lSr dau tay cho ket qua rat
kha quan. Can lu'u y IA qua trinh chi6u xa phai thifc hien trong khoang 24
gill sau khi thu hai. Lieu xa sii dung thay d6i tii 1,7+2,6kGy. Sau d6, dau tay
dutoc dem di bao quan d nhiOt d6 4+6°C. Vai chg do teen, thdi gian bao quan
gi6ng dau Gorella a Phap c6 the keo dai d6n 10 ngay.
Hinh 5.21 bieu din ski thay d6i tSr le ton that dau do nem moc gay ra
trong qua trinh bao quan. Khi tang khoang thdi gian tii thdi di6m thu hai
de'n thdi die'M chigu xa thi tS, le ton that dau do nem m6c se cang tang
nhanh trong qua trinh bao quan.
D6i vfii chu6i - mot loai trai cay nhiet dai rat ph6 bie'n a flask ta, kg-
thug chieu xa se lam cham qua trinh chin va lao h6a, d6ng thdi keo (Jai thdi
gian bao quan trai cay. Ket qua thqc nghiem cho they khi chi'eu xa gi6ng
chu6i Latan viii lieu xa 0,25kGy, thdi gian bao quan chu6i se tang them 50%
so vai mau d6i chUng khong qua chigu xa.
Khoai tay la mot loai cu da &foe xit 1ST bang ky thuet chigu xa & nhieu
miac tren the gioi. Lieu xa sit dung thatmg là 0,1kGy. Sau khi chie'u xa, ne'u
dem khoai Ley bao quan a nhiet TO 10°C va dO em khong khi 85% thi thdi
gian bao quan khong nha horn 1 nem. Trong su6t qud trinh bao quan 'thong
xay, ra /IVO tuvng nay mem a ca. Ngoai ra, thyc t6 cho they mdc dO hao
but trong lacing khoai trong qua trinh bao quan ding giam di so of i meu d6i
chUng khong qua chigu xa.
440 CHLIONG 5

70
% de fraises atteintes par les moisissures

. 60

50

40

30

20

10

5 7 9
Temps (jours)

• Mau Chi chUng kheng qua chigu xa 0 Mau chigu )(a sau 48 gib thu hal
+ Mau chigu xa sau 24 gib thu hai 0 Mau chi& xa sau 72 gib thu hai

Hinh 5.21 Sit thay doi tj, le ddu bi tbn thdt do ram mo'c gay nen
trong quid trinh bdo qudn trai cay a 15°C, lieu xa 2,0kGy

+1 8°C + 6°C + 2°C

30

25

20
Jours de survie

15

10

0
Dose on kGy

OkGy" 4 1kGy ■ 1,5kGy

Hinh 5.22 Anh huang cda lieu xa den thai gian bdo qudn mang My
a ba gid tri nhiet clO khcic nhau
8AD (WAN RAU TRAI TU'al 441

Mang tay IA mot loai rau de bi hu hang sau thu hoach. Khi bio quail
tay a 8°C, dO hao but trong lacing dao d6ng tit 0,7+1,0% mOi ngay. Ngoai
ra, phfin dot rat de chuyen sang mau h6ng, con phfin g6c c16 bi h6a nau. Khi to
chigu xa mang tay vdi lieu xa 1,5kGy kgt hop vdi phucmg phdp bio quin a
ahiet d6 2°C thi thdi gian bac) guar' c6 the len Mn 30 ngay, (H.5.22).

De tang hieu qui cong nghe, hien nay cdc nha sin xugt it khi sit dung
chigu xa nho là mot ky thufit rieng le dd xit ly rau trai sau thu hoach.
Thong thudng, ho kgt hop chigu xa vdi mot s6 IcS7 thuAt khdc dd thdi gian bio
quan rau trai torn duqc keo dai hctn nila.

b- Ket kip chi& xp nhiOt

chg ngm b'enh tren cdc loai trai cay nhiet ddi nho chu6i, xoai, du
viec sit dung kgt hop hai phucmg phdp: ngam trai trong nude gm va
chigu xa cho hieu qua cao han rat nhiL so yeti viec sit dung titng phuang
phdp rieng le. Ngoai ra, nhieu tdc gia da nghien citu va ding di dgn kgt luAn
vi0c sit dung kgt hqp hai phuang phdp tren se han chg duqc qud trinh chin
va la° h6a cita trai cay, nhd da keo dai thdi gian bac) quan &la chi:mg
(Akamine N/A Wong 1966, Hunter va cong su 1969, Dollar va tong su 1971,
goy va cong su 1973, Padwal-Desai va cong su 1973, Brodrick 1976,
Brodrick va van der Linde 1981, Spalding va Reeder 1986, Lacroix N/A cong
ski 1991, Thomas N/A cong su 1997).
Phuang phcip ket hop: ngfim trai trong nude gm hoAc xit ly nhiet dim
thi chigu xa cho kgt qui rat tot khi ap dung cho nhigu loai trai cay khdc nho
do (Langerak 1982), bo (Thomas 1977), trai cay c6 moi (Barkai-Golan va
Eng su 1973), sung (Padwal-Desai va Ong su 1973), nho (Brodrick 1982), vii
(Thomas 1977, van der Linde 1982), dua gan (van .der Linde 1982), le
(Langerak 1982), ciao (Dennison va Ahmed 1971), dau tay (Brodrick va cong
ski 1977), ca chua (Barkai-Golan N/A cong sit 1993).
Vi du nho d6i vdi xoai, qud trinh xi( l nhiet &roc thuc hien Wing each
igAm trai trong nude gm 50+55°C trong 5 phut, sau d6 dem chigu x4 vdi lieu
0,75kGy. Khi do, thdi gian bac) quail xoai a 11°C c6 the keo dai Mn 30
gay (Vasseur 1991).
Phuang phap chigu xa: kgt hop vdi nhiet ding c6 thd dp dung dg
keo dai th6i gian bao quan trai sung. Quy trinh thqc hign gom có cac giai
oan: ngam sung trong nude gm 50°C trong th6i gian 5 phut, tigp theo là
igu xa 1,5kGy. Ngu nhigt do bao quit' la 15°C thi thdi gian bac) quin se len
n 8a0 ngay.
Can d6i vdi ca chua, tign hanh xii l$1 trai bang each ngam trong nude
50°C trong 2 phut r6i chigu xa 1kGy, sau 5 ngay bio quin a 23°C, s6 trai
442 CHUOVG

bi nhiem B. cinerea va R. stolonifer Mn loot la 1,7% va 10%. Trong khi de

mat] doi chti'ng khong qua xi( ly c6 s6 trai bi nhigm lan loot IA 67% va 100
(Barkai-Golan va cong so 1993). Cac tac gid da ket luan rhng phu'ong phd:
ket hop xit 1ST nliiet va chi6u xa c6 tac d6ng Wong h8 trong viec tic the s
phat trien cac nam benh.
Tuy nhien, do dac diem eau truc va thanh phan hoa hoc &la mot s6loa
rau trai nen phoong phdp xi( ly nhiet ket hop vai chieu xa to ra khong thic:
hop. M6t nhooc diem lan ctia phoong phdp nay là rat khO tach di phan nod
to do barn trail be mat rau trai sau qua trinh ngam trong no6c am. The
Molins (2001), phan no& tu' do nay c6 the thtic ddy sit phat trien cac lob
nam gay benh tren rau trai trong qua trinh bao (pan.

c- Ke't hip chi& xa vGri xa ly nhift va hem chat

Vai muc dich tieu diet vi sinh vat, dac biet IA cac loci nam m6c ga
benh tren rau trai, viec ket hop ca ba phoong phap: chi6u xa, xit lyr nhiet v
xif lST bang h6a chat dooc xem IA mot giai phap hieu qua nhat. Cac ket qu
nghien cilu cho thay tac dOng Wong h8 c6a ba phoong phap trail lam tan
kha nang tieu diet vi sinh vat len rat nhieu so vai khi chung ta sa dung tin
phu'ong phap rieng le (Molins 2001). Viec kelt hop chieu xa, nhiet va hoa chi
de xif lSr rau qua sau thu hoach thoOng dooc Ai) dung trong troOng hop nguye
lieu c6 nguy co bi nhiem nam m6c gay benh.
Vi du nho xoai thoOng hay bi benh loet va benh thin cueing gay ra bi
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides va Diplodia natalensis hoac Phomopsis city
De ngan ngita so ping trien cua nam benh trong qua trinh bao quan,
giong xoai Kensington Pride, ngu'Oi ta ngam trai trong dung dich benom:
vai no'ng d6 500ppm a 52°C trong thOi gian 5 phdt, sau do tier' hanh chieu
NvOi lieu xa 0,075÷0,600kGy (Jessup va cong so 1988).
Con d6i vai gi6ng xoai Tommy Atkins, trai dooc ngam trong dung di(
imazilil ang do 0,1% a 53°C trong theri gian 3 phiit, tiep theo xoai dooc de:
chieu xa 0,20kGy (Spalding va Reeder 1986).
Ngoai kha nang kh6ng the benh do nam m6c, cac quy trinh tri
con c6 tac dung lAm cham qua trinh chin va lao has cua xoai, keo dai th
gian bao quan.
Doi vai nhOm trai cay co mui, viec ket hop chieu xa, nhiet va h(
chat cong là mot giaiphap hetu hieu nhat de nein ngiia phat trien ci
cac loci nam m6c,fik biet IA Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium italicu
va Diplodia natalensis.
H6a chat that:mg sit dung là biphenyl hoac potassium metabisulfi
(Barkai-Golan va Padova 1970, Nyambati va Langerak 1984).
BAO QUAN RAU TRAI TLICI 443

5. Kest 1u4n
Bang 5.13 Anh &tang cila k9 thu4t chieu xa den chdt lugng
in6t sd logi rau trcii tdoi (Vasseur 1991)
Li4u xa Tac dOng phy
Hlgu qua Tac dOng có lyi
Lc4i rau trai (kGy) hoc co h4i
chigu xa
COlgicho Toi chg hogc lam chgm 0,05 + 0,15
qua trinh CO hanh tay qua trinh nay mgm
bao quan Cu hanh to
rau trai
Khoai tay
tUdi
Tao Diet con trUng 0,2 + 0,8

Lam chgm qua trinh 0,1 + 1,0 Li6u xa khuygn cao

Chu6i
chin va lao hoa Uc chg ygu nhOm
Xoai
VSV gay benh
Du du
Lam chgm qua trinh 1,0 + 2,0 Nguyen lieu c6 the'
Ca rot
sinh trUOng bi h6a nau
Mang tay
Ngm rdm
Cac loaf rau la 11c chg st,Iphat trien
cua vi khugn
11c the stj phat then 1,0 + 2,5 Thit trai c6 the' bi
Dau tay
cua ngm m6c mem ngu lieu xa
Mgn
Ion hdn 2kGy
Md
Sung
It anh Wong dgn cac 0,2 + 2,0 Lieu xa khuygn cao
Hieu qua Thdm
tinh chit sinh 19 cUa chg ygu nhom
khOng rO vai
trai VSV gay benh
rang DUa gang
1+2 Giam tinh chit
Khong c6 Le
Idi cho cam quan
qua trinh 1,50 + 1,75 ThOc dgy
Dao
bao guar, qua trinh chin
rau trai Quit
tUdi 2,0 + 2,5 Giam tinh chit
SO ri
cam quan
2 Phan hi:1y cac chgt
Dua leo
tao mui
Chanh
Iiu 1 Trai mem va
mat mau

Bd 0,2 Thit va vo trai

hoa nau
444 CHIJCNG 5

Chieu xa IA mOt ky thuat vat ly. Trong linh vurc rau trai, chi& xa duccc
xem IA mOt trong nhQng ky thug xt1 ly nguyen lieu sau thu hoach nham muc
dich gap phan Ice° dai thcsii gian bio quan rau trai tucti. Can luu y 14 chieu xa
khong thd dole xerri IA Icy thuat duy nhit trong cong nghe bac) quin rau trai
tuai sau thu hoach. Qua trinh chieu xa c6 thd tieu diet hoac dc the vi sinh
vat, con trong c6 hai tren rau trai va lAm cham cac qua trinh chin sau thu
hoach, lao hda va nay main.
Trong thuc te, cac nhA sin xuit thuttng ket hqp chieu xa vdi cac ky
thu4t khac dd xit ly rau trai sau thu hoach nhu sir dung nhiet, hda chit... Nhu
vay, tac dOng Wang 118 ctia cac pinking phap xi' 15, se dtiqc tang cung khi to
so sanh vdi viec sit dung tang phoing phap rieng le.
Khong phii loai rau trai nao cung thich hqp vdi quy trinh xii ly sau thu
hoach bang phtiang phap chidu xa. Truth.: tien, can phii tim hieu ve githig rau
trai, trang thai sinh 1S, tai thdi diem chidu xa va tinh trang vi sinh vat cda
rau trai. Can chti 57 IA m8i loai rau trai se c6 int quy trinh xii 1ST dac trong
rieng yeti cic thOng s6 cong nghe t6i du. Viec xac dinh quy trinh xd ly va cac
thong s6 cong nghe cho m8i loaf rau trai duqc thkic hien bang phticrng phap
thuc nghiem.
Bing 5.13 trinh bAy mOt se, vin de tong ket lien quan den ky thu#
chigu xa rau trod.
Ngay nay, chi& xa ductc xem la mOt giai phap hieu qui, re tier' va an
town trong viec xii ly rau trai tuai sau thu hoach de keo dai thai gian bao
quail &la chting.

5.2.8 Bit° quail rau trait ttidi Wing h6a chtit

1- Tesc dung cact hem chat belt) quart
(Ye che" tn./Ong: cac chit kich thich thich sinh truing nhu auxine,
gibberellin... khi co mat vac) dau giai doan phat trier cua cay va trai se co
tic dung thlic dfly ski phat trien cua trai non, khi den giai doan trai bdt dau
chin thi lacing chit kich thich se giim va cac chit tic chd nhu ethylene lai
citiqc sinh tong hqp day nhanh qud trinh chin. Trong giai doan nay ngu bo
sung them chit kic t thich sinh truing thi ket qui se ngtictc lai, tali. se Mu
chin hon. Khi bac) quin rau trai, tic dung nay cua cac chit kich thich sinh
truing ding duqc ap dung de' gitip rau trai cham chin km, gia duqc dO ming.
Neu bio quin nhang loai,eu, hat dg dam choi thi ski gia tang lacing chit tic
the se gitip cho sari phdm kh6 nay mAm. Cdc loai hoa chit t c ch'd qua
trinh tao ethylene ding duqc sit' dung nhieu dd lAm cham qua trinh chin cia
rau trai.
BAO QUAN RAU TRA1
445

Dinh chi boat dOng cua vi sinh vat: Co rat nhigu loai h6a chat co kha
nang therm vao to bAo vi sinh vat, lien kdt vai protein clia chat nguyen sinh,
lam to liet va neing hoat dOng song ctia VSV. Tuy nhien mac dO nguy him
cua cdc loai h6a chat nay d6i of i sac khoe nguti sit dung IA rat cao, vi ndu
cluing c6 thd tieu diet to bao vi sinh vat thi cang c6 thd tieu diet cdc loai to
bac) trong CC thd nguti, gay ra nhang bien chang, bOnh

2- Nhu'fic diem cisa phuorng phap bap quern rau trizi tubi bang hoa chdt
- Bidn d6i chat lacing rau trai, tao mui vi khong tat.
- Gay hai cho stir khoe con nguti: ngO dOc cap tinh (lidu lacing cao qud
mac) va ngO dOc man tinh (tich lay clan nhang chat gay benh).
- C6 the lAm RQ khong chin to nhien dacic, mau sic nhgt nhat, mai
thorn kem.

3- Yeu cdu doi viii chdt bdo quern rau trai

- DiOt dale vi sinh vat a li6u lugng thap duai mac nguy. him cila sac
khoe
- KhOng tdc dung Uri cdc thAnh phan trong thac pham de" kh8i iii bidn
d6i chat lacing, mui vi, mau sic san pham.
- Khong tdc dung vai vat lieu bao bi.
- De tdch khoi san pham khi can sit dung.
it co loai h6a chat nao dap ang du'ac hdt cdc yeu cau tren nen viec sit
dung h6a chat bao quern phai c6 su< hidu bidt va de (lat.

4- Hoa chdt diet nam

Diet nam tren rau trai bang hoa chat rat ph6 bidn vi vita c6 hieu qua
cao vita dg thcfc hien. Can phan biet hai loai thu6c phong ch6ng bang h6a
chat: thu6c ch6ng ruim (fungistatic) va thu6c dift nang (fungicide). Hai loai
thu6c tren dufgc dan xuat tit cdc muai vo ca cua mOt s6 kimloai nang What
Pb, Cu, Zn, Hg... cdc hcfp chat vo cg co ltiu huknh, cdc phenol va dan xuat
alkyl hoa, nitro h6a... cdc hap chat benzen N/A dan xuat chlor h6a, flour
hoa... va tat nhien cdc thu6c phong chang teen kh6ng phai IA dOc to thtic
vat (phytotoxin).
CO root s6 thu6c khang nam hoat dOng co hieu qua horn thu6c diet nam
vi no Cie chd bao tit nay mam, giam tSr le nay mam va phat tri4n sau nay
mam, khong gay inh twang tren trai bang each tdc dOng trac tiep vao cg thd
vi sinh vat nhu thu6c diet nam dd tao hieu trai. Vi du nha chlorin, SO2 là
thu6c diet nam than ski, chlorin dung diet cdc loai vi khuan va SO2 diet loAi
Botrytis IA loai nam m6c gay ha hai teen nho.
446 CHLICING 5

Bang 5.14 Cdc loai hoa ch.& bdo qudn rau trdi tztoi Hwang stl dung

Ten hem chgt "lac dyng Cach sit dyng

CaCl2 Tang dO cang cho trai,
giam tj/ le dap
Ethanol Gc cha sinh tong hdp
ethylen, trai lau chin
hurl
Cytokinin Cfc chg ski phan giai
cua protein
M-1: ester dm acid u- Ric len khoai tay ngan Dang Wit min, t9
Naphtyiacetic va rudu MQC M6111 le 3,5% trong dat
metylic set
MH 4O: hydrazite cua Dung dich muoi
acid malic Na 0,25% phun
len rau trai
FiLidu nonilic Dang hdi, it dOc hai,
lam heo rung marn non
KP2: Phun len bap cal dg
pentachlonitrobenzen diet nam, dOc tinh cao
Topxin M: Diet nam manh a nhiet Dung bOt vdi dat
Thiophtanatmetyl dO thap, thdi gian tac set
C121-124N404S2 dung nhanh, keo dai,
khOng dOc hai

Ghi CO th4 dung ntidc dita thay cho cytokinin de Om dOc hai

Su' thanh tong khi xa' 1S7 bang hoa chat thy thu'Oc vac cac ygu t6: lucing
bao tit ban (Mu (tie'm an), do nhfem cua td bac, vat cha, nhiet dO va dO am cua
moi tru'dng, tS, le: phat tridn sit lay nhigm.

5- Ca the tac Ong cua cac chat thong ?am

Ch.& ch6ng ruim phcin ang vai nhang chat ben ngodi vdch to bao
Chung to da bidt có mot s6 enzym phan hay cac polysaccharide ngoai
bac.. Chat dOc co the phong bd cac enzym, lam citing kdt protein hoc gan vac
nhang nhom hoat Ong ngoai td bac, khiln cac chat dinh du'ang khong thd
duvc phan hay thanh Wing chat don gian ma td bao ram có the hap thu
Cdc chat dOc hodc cation kim loai nang nhu Hg2+, Cu2+, Zn2+... cang co
thg the kin bg mat t6 bac), ngan can khong cho nuctc va khong khi xam nhap,
khidn cho td bao thidu nhang chat rat co ban do.
Bhp OWN RAU TRAI TUCI 447

Chdt ch6ng ndin phcin ang vai nhUng chdt a vcich to bdo
Chit d6c ket hop vai cac thanh phan protein, lipoprotein va sterin, dac
WO IA ergosterin cua to bac) lAm bien d6i tinh chdt ban therm c6 chon loc, trot
thanh khong thgm hoac therm khong chon loc, tii do gay ra nhang tic hai
quan trong khdc trong to bAo.
•

Chdt ch6ng neim phcin r1ng ben trong vach to bd.°

Khi der 19t qua vach to bac), chdt dOc c6 the gan vao cac enzym not bao
lam to liet hoac reli loan hoat do, ng caa chang, nha gan vao cac the hat scri
(mitochondria) lam anh hang den sy sari sinh nang ling, gan vao cac ti the
(nticrosomes), nhu riboseme, lam anh twang den qua trinh tang hgp protein.
Noi t6m lai, du phin Ling xay ra a dau thi chang cang c6 tic Ong lAm
giam hoat tinh hoc rol loan hoat dOng cua cac qua trinh sinh h6a. Hoac t6
bao bi phong be, cac thAnh phan bi ngung ket, Wen tinh, tS, le giaa cac thAnh
phan mat can d6i... Cu6i ding là hoat Ong sinh ly caa to bao ngung tee hoac
bi r6i loan, clan den tieu hay hoac su phat trien khong binh Uniting cua to
bao ndrn m6c.

5.2.9 Bao quan rau trai tutdi lAng ap suit thgp

1- 1C9 thuat dung lip sudt thdp de bcio quan rau trai tutii
dieu kien ap suit thdp va nhiet d6 thdp, thai gian bio wan, caa
int s6 loci rau trai tang len ret,-e6Joai rau-trai e6.the tang thai gian bac)
quaff Ten gap nor. Bab quail a di6u kien ap suit thgp ban ap suit that:mg la
mot dang caa bac) wan CA (Atmosphere Control) .dung bien phap giam ap
suit va giii nhiet d6 trong phong chaa on. dinh. Ap suit cAng thdp thi hieu
qui bio quail cang cao, .cac vi du mirth chang cho a bang 5.15.
Hieu qui dm phaurig phap nay the hien a viec giam higng oxy lAm
trinh ho hdp caa rau trai, itc the hoat d6ng caa vi sinh vat va viec
khi ethylen bi but khoi san phdm dan den qua trinh chin va lao hoa caa rau
trai bi cham lai.

Tuy c6 hieu qua bao (pan cao nhu'ng vi phi ton cao nen ling dung ciia
phtfang phdp nay khong dttqc sit dung rOng rai lam. Can phai cai thien them
nCta thiet bi va Mlit chi phi bio quan thi piniong phap nay mai co the c6
nghia kinh to va co the ma Ong pham vi ang dung. Bic) guar' a ap suit thdp
can c6 the dan tdi hien tuvng stress va mot s6 bien d6i bdt lgi cho san pham
rau traitticti. dAn den giim gid tri chdt hicrng.
448 CHUOVG

Hinh 5.23 la so (16 nguyen ly cua mOt thigt bi bao quan rau trai a al
swat th4 quy ma phong thi nghiem, con hinh 5.24 bidu din thigt bi na■
nining c1 quy mo pilot.

A - ni td; B - oxy; C - ba tr6n khi; D - b6 phgn lam am khf chtla chgt digt ngm sec-
on Binh; F - khoang bao quan a ap suit 471 mmHg,
butylamine; E - phong co nhigt do
G - khoang bac quan ap suit 278mmHg, H - khoang bao quan a ap suit 102mmHg
I - Khoang bao quan d ap suit thuong; J - bdm chin khong; K - may ghi_d4 Srrc
- cap nhigt dign; M - clang ho do chin kh6ng

Hinh 5.23 Si cto thiet bi &Iv qudn rau trai a nhiet do thdp

Nhie't do, bao quan thing la nhiet do lanh, khoang 13°C, ap suit thd]
tao thanh tit mOt born but than khong. Nhiet dO va ap suit chicle giit c6 dinl
trong suit thdi gian bao quan. Khong khi' d6i hfu trong phong bao quan 1;
khong khi bao boa dm, nhd di qua mOt 130 phan lam dm tradfc khi duvc bar
vao phong qua mOt van diki chinh. Lacing khong khi dm nay n ig oht.
them. chift diet khudn la sec-butylamin, se gilt cho do dm tudng c161 troll
phong bac) quan on dinh trong khoang 90+95%. De ap suit trong phong be'
quan khong bi dao &Ong, t6c dO khong khi vao phai giii c6 dinh, thlidn
khoang 30m1Iplatit. Co the tign hanh bao quan a nhang ap suit khac nhat
tuy thuOc loai rau trdiyThdi gian bao quan se phy thuOc vao ca nhiet dO lay
ap suit bao quan.
00 ZAN RAU TRA/ 449

A - bdm chan khOng; B - phong dieu chinh nhiet d(); C - phong trung gian
D - phong bao quan; E - cita s6; F - nal lay mau; G - Tong ho do
H - b0 phan lam aim khi, I - be) dieu hoa chan khong

- in (pilot) bilo qucin (3. cip sudt thdp

Hinh 5.24 Thiet hi sin xu6t thgc nghi O

2- Hifu qua iec the vi sinh v4t

Ap suit 471mmHg chi c6 anh littetng rat it hay là khong c6 hieu qua gi
d6i vbi sit phat tridn va hinh thanh bao tit dm nam m6c. Su' phdt tridn va tao
bac) tit ntim m6c se chiu anh httang clang ke khi dp suit ha xu6ng
278mmilg the hien qua viec giam tS, 10 dien tich bi bao phu beri he &Ili ntim.
450 CHUO'NG 5

Ap suat 102milzHg con lam chain hai Mn to-c de phat tridn &la na-m mec va
bao Ca, bang 5.16. Met s6 loci nam con c6 the bi tic chd hoan than a alp suat
nay vi du nhrl Rhizopus nigricans. Dd gia tang hieu qua diet na-m, boa chA
diet khua'n cling ducrc dua vao (long khong khi del htu trong phong bao quan.

Bang 5.15 Hieu qud keo dai thai gian bdo qudn rau trai tuai
cda phuang phap clang cip sucit thdp

Ap suat, Thai gian So vdi

Trai cal, Tao dung bao quin
mmHg BQ BQ thitang

MC GiCip trai lau mem, lau chin 102 90 ngay 50 ngay

Lam cham stI tao thanh carotenoid

Dao GiCidadc d6 cang, d6 chac 102 93 ngay 60 ngay

Lam cham stj tao thanh carotenoid
Dating va acid hau cd giam cham

Anh dao ngdt Cu6ng con tildi, mau xanh 102 93 ngay 60 ngay
Anthocyannin dtidc bao y• On Binh
Daring va acid hiiu cd giam cham

Le Cham phan hay mau chlorophyll. Ap 461 5 thang 3,5 thang

suat cang thap cang cd hie. 0 qua
278 7 thang 3,5 thang
Cham that thoat dating
102 8 thang 3,5 thang

Ca chua Cham qua trinh chin 278 87 ngay 65 ngay

Cham phan hay mau chlorophyll 102 >100 65 ngay
Lic ch6 tao thanh lycopene ngay

Cham they phan tinh bitit, tao threing

Sau khi dadc giCI 100 ngay 6
102mmHg, trai se chin 6 ap suat
thading sau 7 ngay a cang nhiOt d6

Khoai tay Han chg su !Dien xanh caa di 633 Tang 2

KhOng lam tang ham long solanin 507 Ian so voi
d6i chang
380
253
L 126
6A0 OMAN RAU TRAI TUC' 451

Bang 5.16 Anh huong cda ap slat theip den sit lan rOng cda dam soi nam,
thai gian phcit hiOn scl phat vet t6c do tao nha bao trung binh cda //dm mo'c

Ke't qu6 do

Thong 2,7% 02
Nim moc 061 chting
s6 do 471mmHg 278mmHg 102mmHg 97,3% N2
646mmHg
646mmHg

Penicillium [1] 100 100 85 85 95

expansum [2] 2 2,5 3.5 3,5 2.5

[3] 8 7 4 3 6

Rhizopus [1] 100 100 90 75 90

nigricans [2] 2 2 4 5 3

[3] 10 10 6 4 9

Aspergillus [1] 100 90 75 65 85

niger [2] 3 3 4 5 3

[3] 10 8 5 2 8

Botrytis alli [1] 100 100 90 60 90

[2] 2 2 3 4 2

[3] 8 8 6 4 2

Alternaria sp. [1] 100 90 80 65 90

[2] 2 3 4 5 3

[3] 7 7 5 4 6

Chi chit:
[11 Ty 10' mat bi bao phu bai he nam soli, % be mat
[2.7 Thai gian oat& hOn he soi nam, ngay
[3] T6c dO tao nha bao trung binh.
 Chutertg

CAC Loa! TRAI CAY CO Tl gi M NANG

PHAT TRIEN Ii VIET NAM

Theo s6 lieu ciia Lien Hap Qu6c, khi mdc thu nhap cua ngdOi clan tang
1% thi nhu cau rau trai cho ddi song tang 1,3%. Tuy nhien, theo thong ke cil
T6 chdc ldcrng 'tong the gidi (FAO), nhu eau tieu thy rau trai tren the gid:
tang binh quan 3,6% nam, nhu'ng mdc cung cua thi truting chi dap dng duo
2,8% nam. Viia qua Chinh phia ta da de ra de an phat trign rau trai den Ilan
2010 nhu sau:
Tang dien tich: rau: 550.000ha, trai: 750.000ha.
Tdng scan rau: 11 trieu tfn, trai: 9 trieu tart.
Binh quan tieu thu ddu rau: 85kg/nam, trai: 65kgIncim.
Xudt khdu: rau: 1,4 trieu tdn (690 trieu USD)
trai: 1,6 trieu thin (350 trieu USD).
Theo danh sach nay, cdc loai trai cay có lqi the canh tranh hay con g9
IA trai cay trong diem Om 11 loai, do là th.anh long, vu sCia, xohi, mang cut
sau rieng, budi, cam qut, vai, nhan, (Ida, dila.
Nhang nguyen nhan ma cdc loai trdi cay nay chive xe'p vao danh sac)
cdc loai trcii cay trong diem c6 the ke ra nhu sau:
- Nhang loai trai cay nhiet ddi (mang cut, khom, xohi, sau rieng) va ;
nhiet ddi (vai, nhan, cam, budi) (lac trung cho khi hau 'Ong dm cu;
nthic ta.
- MOt sO' loai da co viing chuyen canh Ong Ian nhu thanh Ion
(Binh Thuan, Cha-Gao, Long An), sau rieng (NO Hiep, Long Trun.
- Cai Lay - TO-11'Giang)
- Co gid tri kinh te' va gia tri dinh &fang cao (vai, vu seta, cam, nhan)
- 1D6 trong, it sau benh (thanh long), mot s6 co the pita trien tren (16
bac mau (thanh long), ddt nhiem phen (khom.).
CAC LORI TRAI CA Y CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 453

- De bao quan sou thu hoach nen de xudt di xa (btiai)

- CO kha nang phong va chila mbt s6 loai benh (phat trien dOng thttc
phitm chtic nang) nhit bttc i, mang cut, cam...
- C6 thd phat trien thanh nhieu dang san phdm thkfc phdm: an tugi,
say kho, dang hbp (kh6m, nhan, vai...).
Trong do, 6 loai trai cay c6 kha nang canh tranh cao yeti hang ngoai
dap va c6 nhieu u u the. han han IA Wad, thanh long, vu sCia, xoai, nhan, vai.

Mail là cay an trai de tr6ng, gia cao, de bao quan N/A tieu thy. Baal con
la loai cay trong c6 tu6i tho cao, chu ky khai thac kinh doanh keo clAi hang
dive nam. Dieu quan trong han hdt IA trai blrai dugc tieu thy manh a trong
attac va c6 tie'm nang xudt khdu. Ngoai lgi ich kinh te, tr6ng bdai con g6p phan
cal thien moi truting sinh thai, thu hitt du lich sinh thdi cho dia phu'ang.
Cdc gi6ng btiai (lac san là Buai Nam Roi (Vinh Long), bu'ai Da Xanh
(136-n Trey, btfai Ring c6 co (Tien Giang), bu'ai Tan Trieu (Bien Hoa - D6ng
Nan, bugi Thanh Tra (Thil'a Thien Hud), buai Phtic Trach (HA Tinh), btiai
Doan Hung (Phu Tho). Rau hdt cac gi6ng bugi nay chicle trang tren ddt phu
so mau mei yen cac con song ban nen cho san hang cao, chdt lacing thcrm
ngon, gia re, dA clang canh tranh vai cac gi6ng bu'ai ngoai nhap. Thtfc to
trong nhieu nam qua cung chtta ghi nhan cac giong WIN ngoai qu6c du crc
TIMID not vao ban a nuoc ta. Mat s6 gifing bugi ngon n6i tieng nha Nam Roi,
Da Xanh, Phlic Trach, Doan Hung da xay doing &lige thagng hieu va cia xuat
khdu ra nuac ngoai &toe ban hang u'a chuang.
Thanh long: vai mau ma dep, mat.' sac hap dan va dac biet IA chat
Iticmg tuyet hao, trai thanh long nhiet ddi nude ta hoan town du to tin dd
ghi diem track mat s6 hang it of ddn tit Thai Lan. Thanh long runt trang,
thanh long runt yang, thanh long runt dO dugc tr6ng nhieu a Binh Thuan,
Ninh Thuan, Tien Giang vai cOng nghe chon tao giong, tr6ng trot, thu hai,
bao quan tien tie'n dang la mat hang tra chuang cua khach hang trong va
ngoai nude.
VA saa là mbt san vat ma thien nhien ban tang cho ntiac ta, c(ing co
du sic canh tranh vai hang ngoai nhap. Gi6ng vu sCia Lb Ren (Tien Giang)
trai to, thit mem, an ngot va san lagng cao chicle tremg ring rai khap vimg
citing bang Song Cim Long, Dong Nam 136 va ngay ca cac tinh Tay Nguyen.
Van de can quan tam giai guy& IA vu sCra c6 cdu true trai mong, ming v6,
kh6 van chuygn va bao quan, va do do c6 phan nao bi han chd khi xugt khdu.
Xoai: Ndu chung ta t6 chac san xudt, thu hai, bao quan, van chuydn Col
nham giam chi phi gia thanh thi cac gi6ng xoai ngon cua ta nha Cat Hba
Lbc, Cat Chu, Thanh Ca (Nam BO), Da Trang, xoai Tttgng (Khanh Hba), GL1,
 454 CHUCNG

GL2, GL6, Yen Chau (mien B6c) CO thd dap dng nhu cau cua tieu dung tron
va ngoai

Nhan, vai thigu: vai dieu kien khi hau d4c thin mita (long lanh cUa
tinh phia B6c, cac giong nhan 16ng Hung Yen va cac giong vai thieu Than
HA g6m du cac thdi vu chin aim, chin muon, chinh vu cung nhu cac gi6n
nhan d4c san mien Nam nhu nhan xu6ng cum yang, long nhan, nhan 16ng.
la nharng loai trai co tiem nang lan kh6 c6 intik nao du stfc canh tranh. S
vai nude to thi san lu'ong vai thieu cac tinh phia Nam Trung Qu6c lan, nhun
khong cung cap du nhu cau tieu thu cua cac tinh phia Bac nu'ac ho.

6.1 BUtil
6.1.1 Ngutin g6c
Cay buai c6 ten khoa hoc la Cirus maxima thu6c nhom Citrus trong h
Rutaceace, la loai cay &toe trong lau dal. va phan b6 r6ng kith tit BAc (16
Nam Viet Nam vai nhieu gi6ng khac nhau. Pham Hoang H6 (1999) xep buc
thu6c loai Citrus grandis L. Osb. Var. grandis., (Syn. Citrus decuman
Mum; Citrus maxima Merr.).

6.1.2 MOt se; gi6ng btidi ViOt Nam

1- Bu'a'i Long Co Co
Bu'ai long C6 CO la giong bu'ai d4c san cua huyen Cai Be, tinh Tie?
Giang. Wing chuyen canh gi6ng buai nay la xa my Luang, Tan Thanh, Ta:
Hung, Him Hung, An Hau, An Thai Trung, Hoa Khanh, An Thai Dong... ca
huyen Cai Be vai dien tich 1600+1700ha, san lu'ong hang nam khoan
32.000+35.000 tart.

Cay buai long C6 CO c6 d4c tinh sinh trtiang kha manh, phidn la hint
elipse, mau xanh dam va tren be mat c6 lap long to min. Gi6ng btfai nay c,
kha nang ch6ng chiu tot d6i vai benh yang IA th6i re. Cay se cho trai sal
2,5+3,5 nam. Thai gian tit lac ra hoa ddn khi thu hoach keo dai 7+7,5 thang
Thu hoach tap trung tit thang 8 den thang 12.
Nang suat cho trai kha cao NIA kha 6n dinh, tren 100 trai/nam d6i vo
cay 7 nam tu6i trei len. Trai buai c6 clang hinh trai le, ben ngoai c6 lap lOni
trang min sa tay vo hoi nham, lap long nay se rung clan. Khi chin vo trai
mau xanh yang c6 phti,14 long to mOng ben ngoai vo. VO kha mang, tram
trai bl mau trAng h6ni, thit trai mau yang do, de 161, vi ngot ddn ngot chui
nhe. Dich ep thu du'oC kha nhi6u, c6 ham ltiong chat Mao hoa tan khan/
10+11°Bx, mui thorn de chiu. It 114, moi trai c6 tit 5+30 hOt. Kh6i lacing tra
tit 0,9+1,4 kgltrcii, ca biet c6 trai to ddn 2kg.
 CAC LOAITRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIE'N a VIET NAM 455

Bit& long Co Co c6 the ton trCr ducic 20 ngay ndu dttqc bao quan trong
didu kin nhit do pilot-1g, thong thoang gi6 tot.

2- Bu'a i Nam Roi

BA Nam Roi la gi6ng buai ngon n6i tidng caa &Ong bang song Cab
hong, nha la Buai Nam Roi a huyen Binh Minh, tInh Vinh Long, Wing dat
phu sa ngot a yen song Hau. Vai dien tich 8.000ha (quy hoach den nam 2010
la 9.000ha) chuyen canh buai Nam Roi cho san lacing binh quan 15 tditlha.
HiOn nay Vinh Long c6 the cung cap ra thi truting 120.000 tan bu'ai moi nam,
du dap tang cdc hqp dOng xuat khdu lan.
Cay bttai Nam roi cao trung binh tit 7+8m, cao nhat c6 the 15m. Ndu
cay phat trien tit hOt thi c6 gai dai khoang 2,5cm c6 khi tai 4cm, con ndu lA
cay gild!) thi khong c6 gai hoac gai rat ngan. La c6 hinh tit oval tai hinh
elipse, thuOc kidu la kep bidn clang. Teen mat Id c6 nhieu tuydn dau nam
rai rac.
Thitang reoi canh chi c6 1+2 trai. Trai c6 clang tit gar' troll tai clang trai
le, du'dng kinh 15+20cm c6 khi den 30cm. VO ngoai day 2+2,5cm, nham, mau
xanh hai yang, khi chin c6 matt yang, tren vo not nhidu tuydn clau. Mui 16n,
tep c6 mau hai yang trong mong day nude. Gi6ng Wed nay tinging khong c6
hOt hoAc chi IA hOt lep, doi khi co vAi hOt c6 nhieu canh mau hai yang. Dich
ep c6 huang vi ngot kitting the clang, ham luqng chat kilo has tan tit
9,3+10,5°Bx, pH khoang 4,12.

• •••,..

riMp 11711.14 r.,17

Hinh 6.1 Hinh clang vet cac mat cat, ngang cloc ctia trcii bit& Nam Roi

Thuang hieu buai Nam Roi da duqc ngtidi tieu dung trong nude va qu6c
to bidt de-n. Ngoai nhu cdu a Nam BO va Mign trung, bu&i Nam Roi cung duqc
tieu thy nhieu a mien Bdc, mac du c6 ngudi cho rang lottai Nam Roi khong
ngot bang btfai Doan Hiing va hai nhidu nuac. Nhung ding co nhidu y kidn
cho rang chinh vi nhd khong qua ngot gat ma buai Nam Roi lai duqc eta
 456
CHUNIG 6
chuOng hon. Loai bad' i n6i tie-ng nay da co mat tai nhi6u nu'ac tren the giai
nhu' Ditc, My, HA Lan, Phan Lan, Nga va Ucraina.

3- Bit& da xanh

LA loai trai cay dac san c6 kha nang canh tranh cao Bang &Ric trong
rat nhigu tai tinh B6n Tre, tap trung a cdc huyen Cho Ldch, Chau Thanh,
M6 Cay va root phan ngoai 0 thi xa Ben. Tre. Gid bu'ai da xanh hien nay luon
cao gan gap doi so vai gia bu'd'i Nam Roi va cao gap 3 Mo. 5 Fan so vai cdc
gi6ng bu'ai dia phaang. Hien tai, Ben Tre co 1.544ha bu'ai da xanh trong do
dien tich thu hoach hun 340ha, san lu'ong khoang 4.760 tcinIncim.
Bu'ai da xanh d 13k Tre co lei th6 ve chat lacing cao hurl bu'eti da xanh
a cdc tinh khdc. 'rep btfai mat, h6ng d6, 136 chat, dA tdch ra khoi trai, nhieu
nuac nhiing khong dinh tay. Ty 10 thit trai tren 55%, it hot. Dich ep co vi
ngot, hau nha khong chua, ham lacing chgt kho khoang 9,5÷12°Bx, mut tham.
Ng6i vitamin C, A, B1, B2... baai da xanh con CO cdc chgt khoang rat tot cho
sic kh6e.

Thai gian thu hai bitai da xanh khoang 210+216 ngay sau khi dgu trai
khi co nhCtng bidu hien ben ngoai nhii cac hat tinh dgu teen vo na to, va san
sin. Dung tay an nhe day trai se cam nhgn duvc d6 kin nhgt dinh.
Trai bttcii da xanh d6 bac, quan va co thd van chuydn trong thtli gian
dai, tit 2 den 3 thang vi vay tinh Ben Tre da du'oc BO Khoa hoc N/A Cong nghe
h6 trot clutong trinh phat trik 4.000ha buai da xanh d6n nam 2010.

Hinh 6.2 Btioi da xanh

4- Ruth Tan Trieu

Butch Tan Trieu not danh tit xu'a den nay IA loai baai co hu'ong vi tham
ngon, thanh ma khong chua, rat dac trong cua Wing Dong Nam B. Cu lao
Tan Trieu thuOc xd Tan Binh huyen Vinh Ciiu, D6ng Nai, Wing dat dutoc b6i
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 457

lgng bai phi sa thuvng ngu6n song D6ng Nai. Do th6 nht.tang kha (lac tiling,
do do met s6 loai buai nhu bu'ai dating la cam, bu'ai da lang, Wed Thanh Tra...
rat hop vai \Tung dgt nay. Xa Tan Binh có dien tich chuyen canh cay buai la
303ha, rieng cu lao Tan Trieu chieni tai Ilan 2/3 dien tich trong bltai Loan xa,
tren 200ha.
Trai huai Tan Tri6u to, tron d'eu, mau yang sang clop, va butai co min
tham nhe, mtli buai khong bi lep, Op to de'u, an rat ngon mieng. Cung vai
bu'ai Nam Roi, buai Tan Tri6u da chie'm link thi truing Thanh ph6 1-16 Chi
Minh va bait dau xugt khgu sang mot s6 nuac.
Tinh Deng Nai da xay dinig lang buai Tan Tri'6u gAn vai du lich sinh
thai vuan doc song D6ng Nai, CO dien tich hctn 250ha, k'et hop dOn khach du
Lich de'n tham quan va thuang thdc dac san cua lang. Bai vay, hiOu qua kinh to
cila ngh6 treing butai Tan TriAu da ggp nhie'u ran so vai tremg cac loai cay khac.

Hinh 6.3 Budd dung Id cam

t.
1 •%

eLZ t-711j'ir

Hinh 6.4 Brthi thank tra

458 CHL/UNG

5- Bu'oi Phae Traeh

Bu'ai Phdc Trach CO ten khoa hoc lA Citrus grandis Osbeck hoc Citru.
Maxima (Burn.) Meer. Bdai Ph& Trach chi c6 haang vi ddc trang khi duo
tr6ng a b6n xa Ptak Trach, Huang Trach, Huang Do va L6c Yen thu6c huyei
Huang Khe, tinh HA Tinh. Gi6ng baai nay da cluoc lay di tr6ng a nhigu no
va cung duccc chain sac rat cong phu nhang trai khong ngon du'oc nhu trot
dat Phdc Trach. Theo ket qua digu tra cda Vier' Nghien ecru rau trai va Si
Khoa hoc Cong nghe va Moi trdOng Ha Tinh, chinh loai dat set min, sau ph;
lan dat phu sa du'oc b6i dap hang nam, cong veri vimg tidu khi hau mat mE
khong h6 bi anh haang bai gia LAo, IA di6u kien ly wang de b6n xa not trel
tr6ng giong bocci ngon nay.
Trong vai nam dau, cay baai Phdc Trach cho nang suat trai Wang de
th6, nhang tit nam that 6 tra di luting trai thu dacic khd on dinh, 90+12
trciilcay. Trod sai nhat IA khi cay a dO tuo'i 11+15: Cay !Dual cal-1g gia trai can,
ngon, ngot dam.
Baai Ph& Trach n6i tieng nhei vi ngot thanh, pha chilt vi the m;
khong chua, khong long. Trai c6 hinh cau tron, va mat" xanh yang, tron.
lacing tit 1+1,5 kg/trdi, 14+16 mailtrcii, cep mau h6ng, nhi6u nate nhang ra
gibn, (16 tdch ra khai mtii va khong dat nhu' baai Doan Hung. Dich trai chier.
84+86% kh6i lacing tep, ham lacing chk kho 11,4+12,5°Bx, luong acid 1
0,5+0,7%, luong du ing là 7,7+8,3%, lacing vitamin C la 44+62mg% tinh tre:
phan an ducic.
Budi Phtic Trach chi co mot mita thu hoach vacs khoang thdng 7, 8 va '
am lich. San lu'ong thutng khong du cung cap cho nhu eau cda cdc tinh phi
Bdc. Trai c6 lap va dAy, ding nen van chuygn di xa rat it bi giap nat. Brie
tacii ngon rat lau ma khong can bat ky loai h6a chat bao quan nAo. Huon
Khe, snot s6 gia dinh chi can vizi buai vac) cat am hoc boi voi vao cu6ng rt'
de" a noi thodng mat IA c6 thd giit duoc 3+5,thang. Va trai co thd heti kh6 he
di, nhung chat lacing mai ben trong khong 116 suy giam.
Hien nay, dien tich tr6ng baai a Huang Khe len de'n 1.600ha, trong d
co khoang 950ha da cho trai , san ladng trai binh quan nhang nam gan da
dat 12+15.000 tcfninam.

6- Bu'ai Doan Hang

&red Doan Hung tit Mu da tra thanh ddc san n6i tie-ng khong nhang ci
trong nude ma con vocif ra ca nuac ngoai. Hien nay, dien tich tr6ng chi lien
cay baai, viing Doan thing cid c6 tai 749 ha vai 11 giong bu'ai khac nhau, tron
do n6i tie-ng nil& IA hai giong }Arai quY hie'm IA bu'ai Bang Luan va bu'ai Sin
D6 la hai giong bdai ddc san cila Doan Hung dat cdc chi tieu qu6c gia.
GAC Loy TRAI GAY CO DEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VleT NAM 459

Via qua, BO Khoa hoc va Cong nghe da chinh thdc cal) thuang hieu
xuat dia ly cho buiti trai Doan Iliing ding vai ba san phgm. n6i ti6ng khac
ca nil& IA "Mac mArn Phu Qu6c, ca phe D6c Lac, tra Shan tuydt Yen Bai.
Quyeet Binh ghi ro day lA tai san qu6c gia vo th6i
Bari phat tridn tren dal phis sa song LO va song Chay thuOc xa
Chi Dam, nhm tren tuye'n qu6c 1Q 2 di Tuyen Quang. Dat viing nay ca nhieu
cuOi trUng ga rat dm mat thu4n loi cho cay phat tridn. Baal Situ ea ngu6n
go'c
cach day gan 200 nam do lao tieing Phiing VAn Situ (ngutfi lAng Dam)
tuy6n gi6ng tr6ng va nhan ra ma thanh.
Trdi buai Situ có kith thu'efc• binh thuOng, hai nho cao a phan cueing.
06i hiOng trung binh m6i trai tit lkg den 1,1kg. Da buai rna'u yang xam,
khong dep ma. Mdi buai de tach, rnAu h6ng hoac trang phat, mong nttdc, ter)
nem Infong vi ngot mat.
TS, le phan an duqc 55%, hAm lacing chat kho là 8,72+10,92°Bx, lacing
vitamin C IA 55,81+82,Orng%. Khi buai chin, có huang vi thom da.c truing,
new not rat kho quen.
ra Chi Dam ngoAi gi6ng bah. Situ con ca giong bitch Kinh, thing thu
hoach vAo dip TeI Nguyen Dan. Trai vai ye ngoai heti 'du cua buai Sub, trai
bifai Kinh rat dep, top buai don ch6c, vi ngot

Hinh 6.5 Midi Salt va Hwang hiOu Bitai Doan Hung

Bitdi Wang Luan: ducfc tap trung a Id Bang Luan. Cay buifi Bang
Luan cao tif 6+7m, tan rOng 6,5+7,5m, nal-1g sual trung binh 300+400 tretilcasy.
Trai baai al clang hinh cAu, nh6 him buai Sure. Kh6i luccng m8i trai khoang
850+950g khi chin có mb.0 yang rom trong kha dep mgt. Mau thit trai trang,
tax trai dac, de" tach mtii, tep mem mong nuac ca mAu trung xanh, vi ngot
dam va thccm.
TS, le phan an &roc chi6rn 60+63%, ham lacing chat kho IA 10,25+11,54°Bx;
Itiong vitamin C 80,554-98,46mg%.
460 CHUONG 6

Hinh 6.6 Bttai Bang Ludn

Ca hai gi6ng bu'ai nay du co the bao quan hang each bpi voi vao cuag,
lot hi chu6i kho de trong chum kin gip iii 6 den 7 thing sau khi thu hoach.
Hien nay, liuyen Doan Ming da co 749ha buai, trong do co 300ha dang cho
trai \raj nang suit binh quan 13 tan trai/ha. San lacing bu'ai nam 2005 UUc
dat 3.850 tan cho gid tri sin phalli hang hoa 11,5 tY' demg, la met trong
nhang ngu6n thu chinh cua nong dan nth day.

6.1.3 Trong Intai a VW Nam

Bu'ai là cay an trai thuec nhom co mai du'ac trong ph6 Wen va lau d?ii
tai cdc tinh mien Deng Nam Be, v6i nhung Wing tr6ng buck n6i tieng nhti
Tan Trieu, Ph& Trach, Doan Hung... Buai de tr6ng, de bao quan, la loai cay
tr6ng có tti6i tho cao, chu ky khai thac kinh doanh keo dui hang chyc nam.
Bali da tra thanh met trong nhang cay chu yeti duac chon de phut trien a
D6ng Nai. Dieu quan trong han het là trai bucsi du'ac tieu thu manh a trong
nurac va có ti6.m nang xuit khiu. Nong dan du'oc lai nhuan cao gap 2+3 Ian
(100 tri:eu. deinglha) so vai trong cay an trai khdc nhti xoai, chem chom, nhan.
Ngoai lai ich kinh te, trong bu'ai con g6p phan cai thi'en mOi truerng sinh
thai, thu hint du lich sinh thai cho dia phuang.
Cuec dieu tra, khao sat v6 cdc giCing buai tai Bien Hba do Trung tam
nghien cau cay an trai mien Deng Nam Be thqc hien nam 2003 da ghi nhan
(Iliac 25 gi6ng trong do co 14 giting duck trong ph6 bien, nhieu nhat la
bu'ai du'ang la cam, bttai Thanh Tra, bu'ai du'ang da lang. Bu'efi BiOii 116a n6i
tieng ye chat lacing duvc hat truyen qua nhieu the he, nghe trong btrai, san
xuat va cung cap nhi6u gi6ng bu'6i ngon dupe thi twang as chueng.

6.1.4 Tac dung dtidcy-q7 cita btaii

Buell cung cap vitamin C, kali, calcium, mu6i folate, sat, cdc chat
khodng khac, chat xcr va it nang lugng. Buai do hay buai hong con chaa beta
carotene la met loai tien vitamin A; bioflavonoids va rnet vai hop chat khac
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VleT NAM 461

c6 kith nang ngan ngifa benh ung tint va tim mach; lycopene, thu6c nhom
carotenoid, la chgt ch6ng oxy h6a c6 khd nang lam-"giam tS, le mgc benh ung
thou tuydn tin lit noi dan 6ng.
Nhang thanh phgn khac tim thgy trong bYeri bao g6m acid phenolic,
limonoids, terpenes, va monoterpenes, gidp cho qua trinh sinh tong hyp cac
loai enzyme.
Nhigu ngtfai tin rang An burn gitip cho bet map vi no c6 khd nang
chuyen h6a, lipid trong cu the. Tuy nhien co the tac dung giam can cua Wed
c6 phan nao vi chda it nang lacing va nhigu chgt xa. Pectin c6 nhigu trong va
x6p ctia btferi la mot loai chgt 'xa hoa tan c6 tac dung lam gidm cholesterol
trong mau.
BaCti gitip chong to An ngon, kith thich sit tieu hoa vi tang cueing sit tidt
met va tidt dich vi. Ming bu'ai vao bu6i sang Ide bung doi c6 tac dung lyi tieu
va tdy chgt do, c, gidp loc mau, thdi nhang chat Mn va dOc to & then. va gan
ra ngoai.
Hesperidin va naringin la hai chgt flavonoid co trong btfai gidp bac, ye
tinh dan h6i ciia mach mau, ngifa xa cung dOng mach, gian tidp ch6ng chdng
cao huydt ap va tai bidn mach mau nao.
Cac nha khoa hoc Ba Lan nghien cdu va nhen thgy hyp chgt chidt xugt
tai hat bliefi chaa nhidu chgt choeng oxy h6a manh ca the gidp lanh cac vet. loet
da day. BYai con lam tang tuan hoan mau cidn cac vi tri loet.
Lycopene, limonoid va cac naringine gop phgn xoa diu cac trieu chang
do cam lanh va cac tai hien tim mach cung nllif ung tint Cac nghien eau
khoa hoc cho thgy limonoid lam gia tang ham lacing cila mot s6 enzyme c6
kha nang gidm d6c tinh va h6 try vii!c loci 136 cac tac nhan gay ung thu.
Cocktail Yon-Ka chd bidn tit bath, chanh, cam, hung tay, huang than,
dgu hat bi ngo... gidp gia tang ye tuvi tan cho len da, chOng lai sy ta-n tong
cua cac ydu too nhiem mai truang va giup bidu 131 can bang cac ydu to dinh
&fang. Ngoai ra, cac loai kem btferi cung c6 tac dung dung da.
La bit& &mg de tri cac chang dau dgu do phong, viem kherp; cbi bu'ai
chfra hen, !nth baai c6 tac dung chOng viem, chd qua trinh ngang tap tieu
cau va tai thien di) ben vUng thanh mach.
cai bdai: vi ngot dgng, tinh gm, tac d6ng vao ty, than va bang quang,
cong dung hoa dam, tieu thyc, ha khi va lam khoan khoai lOng ngyc. Cui bu'eri
clifac dung dd chaa cac benh sau: Chiang ho hen a nguai gia, dau bung do
lanh, thdc An dinh tre, them tieu, san khi, phu nif mang thai non nhigu.
Hoa c6 tac dung hanh khi, tieu dam, giam dau, dung dd chi-fa cac
chang dau da day, dau tdc ngnic vdi ligu tit 2÷4g, sac wing.
462 CHUCNG 6

Tinh dciu: lay tit va burai CO tac dung giai ruvu va lam t6c moc nhanh.
Hat bal.-1'i: chda 40,74% dau beo, c6 tac dung tri san khi. Ngoai ra, hat
btfai con china ch6c dau tre em.

6.2 CAM
6.2.1 Ngu6n goc - d4c diem tinic v4t
Cay cam da duvc biat clan tit rat lau khoang 2200 nam truck cong
nguyen a Trung Qu6c nhung mot s6 nguttti lai cho rang cay cam c6 ngu6n g6c
tii day Himalayas a An D. Cam du'oc tr6ng rat ph6 Wan a An DO, sau d6
duvc lan rOng ye phia dOng den ca vimg Dong Nam A. VA° khoang the ki aid
3 trtiac cong nguyen, cay cam &roc du'a den chat, Au va n6 lan ra tai ca viing
Dia Trung Hai. Sau do, cay cam du'oc Columbus mang den chau My. Nhiing
nam sau do, nhirng nguti lam vu tin a chau My va chau Au da dem cay cam
den chau Uc va chau Phi. Ngay nay cay cam duvc trong rat ph6 bian a rat
nhieu nli tren the giai.
Cam là loci cay an trai cling ho vbi bu'ai thuOc giai Plantae, nganh
Magnoliophyta, lap Magnoliopsida, phan lap Rosidae,b0 Sapidales. Loai cam
là mot cay lai dui is tr6ng tir xtfa, c6 the lai giong giiia loci bliai (Citrus
maxima) va quit (Citrus reticulata).

Hinh 6.7 Trdi cam

Cam sinh tru'ang va phat trign tot a nhiet do 23+29°C. Nhung \Tung c6
nhiet dO binh quan nam IA 15°C cling c6 thd Wing dutoc cam, quit. Cam
khong chiu dtioc ret, nhiet TO qua thap va keo dal cay se nen phat trien va
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN b VleT NAM 463

che't. Nhang ct nhiet dO cao qua tii 40°C trot len, cay ciing ngitng sinh twang,
cAnh Id bi kho heo. Cong c6 mOt s6 gi6ng cam chiu/du'qc nhiet dO cao. Su'
phut trier' cua cay cam cOng can du anh sang. 1\reu thie-u anh sang thi cay
cam sinh twang ya phut duc kem, kh6 phan h6a mum hoa, anh hdang Idrn
den nang suit \TA san
Cam là loci cay an trai aa gm. Lacing mita thich hqp hang num là
1000+1500mm. Tr6ng cam a nhirng nqi c6 dO am khong khi 70+80% cay se
cho trai to, deu, yO bong, nutic nhieu, phgm chgt trai tot, it bi rung. Loai dgt
thich hcip nhgt cho cay cam IA vimg dgt pith sa yen song, x6p, nhe, phi nhieu,
mAu ma. DO pH cua dgt khodng 5,5+5,6.

6.2.2 Thanh phAn holt hoc cull cam

Bang 6.1 Thanh pha'n dinh &tong cila cam titai (tinh tren 100g)
Ham tiring
Thanh phan Don vi
Mai V6

Nang hiring 37 — Kcal

NLidc 88,06 75,95 ok

•

Protein 0,9 — %

Tinh diu vgt 2,4 ok

Sacharose 3,59 1,22 %

Thanh phan chinh Glucose 1,25 3,49

Frutose 1,45 3,24

Acid hau cd 1,41 0,22

Cellulose 0,47 3,49

Pectin 1,41 0,22

,-
Ca 42 — mg%

Mu6i khoang P 23 — mg%

Fe ' 0,4 — mg%

A 0,09 — mg%

8-Carotene 0,4 0,09 mg%

B1 0,04 0,02 mg%

Vitamin
. B2 0,06 — mg%

PP 0,75 1,27 mg%

C 65 170 mg%
464 CHUONG 6

ThAnh phan dinh throng trong I OOg cam tu'oi du'oc trinh bay tren bang 6.19.
Cam IA ngu6n vitamin C, co the dat tai 150mg trong 100g dich, ho4c
200+300mg trong 100g va
La va vO cam con xanh co chaa I-stachydrin, hesperdin, aurantin, acid
aurantinic, tinh dau Cam rung (petitgrain).
Hoa chia tinh dau cam (neroli) co limonen, linalol, geraniol.
Tinh dau vO cam c6 thAnh phan chinh IA D-limonen (90%),
decyclicaldehyd tao nen inui them, cdc alcol nhti linalool, D,L-terpineol, alcol
nonylic, con c6 acid butyric, authranilat methyl va ester caprylic.

6.2.3 Phan loai cac giving cam

CO nhieu cach phan loaf calf' khac nhau thy timg quo'c gia va dia
phu'ong. Trong thuong mai, cam duoc chia lam hai loai, cam ngot (sweet
orange) va cam chua (sour orange). Cam chua thu'Ong dung trong san xuat
mat cam. Cam ngot g6m:

1- Cam trim
GiOng cam trot' ph6 Weil IA Valencia co ngu6n g6c tit dao Azores va B6
Dao Nha. Cay cam troll c6 kha nang thich Orng vOi nhcmg viing nOi dia, not c6
sq chenh lech sau sac ve khi hau giita ngay va dem c6 tac dung lam hoat hoa
he sac to ctia vO tao cho n6 mau sac hap dan.
Trai cam trot.' c6 kith ca nho tUi trung binh thich hop cho san xuat
tong nghiep. VO mong, da nhan, hat mau cam sang. Mui vi dich ep cam rat
thorn, ngot ngay khi con tutri hay sau khi da cluqc the bie'n thanh na6c ep.

Hirth 6.8 Cam Valencia

CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PRAT TRIEN b VleT NAM 465

Loai cam nay c6 hien Wong "regreen" trong thai tigt am. Khi trai chin
tr'en cay, v6 cam chuygn sang mau cam sang nhimg klf nhiet dg ming len va
hap thu lai chlorophyll W IA nen cam chin c6 mau xanh nhat.
Thu hoach chinh vu W thang 2 dgn thang 10. San pha'm sit dung chil
ygu de lam nut ep trai cay vi tS, le dich trai thu (bloc cao. Dich ep c6 mau
sam va bgn. Trai c6 it hat nen khong tao vi ding. Valencia cling c6 thg dung
dg ban clang tticli.

2- Cam Navel
Cac gigng cam Navel din hinh nhi.t cam Caracara, cam Washington.
Cac gigng cam nay duoc trong a Florida truck nam1835, a Brazil 1870, a
Trung Qugc. Thu hoach chinh vu tit thang 11 dgn thang 1.
Trai cam Navel to hon cam Valencia va cac loci cam .nget khac. Va trai
co mau yang dam sang cho tai cam, day va dg lot. Loai cam nay khong c6
hat, tS, le thu dich ep cao. Thai tigt lanh lam mau trai cang yang sang vi thg
trai c6 thg chin va van con mau xanh nhat tren da. Nhaoc digm cua loaf cam
nay la tao ra vi dAng nen khong dung de. san xuat inkic cam ep.

Hinh 6.9 Cam Navel

3- Cam Blood (cam mai do)
Gigng cam nay duoc xem la ngon va hiip clan nhat trong cac trai
mai throe tim thay dau tien a Dia Trung Hai. Kich thuac trai ca trung binh
yeti vo mOng co it hoAc khOng hat. Mlii va tep cam co mau do Om sang dep.
Dich ep nhieu, not, có mall do Om va it chua hctn cac loci cam khac. Nhu'oc
dim Ian 'that cila cam Blood la ham hong anthocyanins tao mau dO dam c6
khuynh haang bi nhat trong qua trinh chg bign va bao quail. Cam Blood c6
thg dimg clang tuoi hay nu'ac ep.
466 CHlfaNG 6

Hinh 6.10 Cay vci trai cam Blood

4- Cam ngot (acidless orange)

Loai cam nay nay tr6ng a Dia Trung Hai, cho nude ep c6 ham hfcIng
acid thgp khong du kha nang itc chet vi sinh vat, c10 ngot qua cao, vi vay
khong thich hcfp cho vi0c san xugt rnt6c cam ep.

Hinh 6.11 Cay cam Ngot

Cam Vi0 Nam duccc chia lam ba nhom: cam chanh, cam sanh va cam clang
- Cam chanh c613a nhom IA cam thydng, cam r6n va cam dO.
- Cam semh c6 vo day, san sui, runt yang do, huang vi thorn ngon.
- Cam eking chda nhigu chgt c6 vi long, chgt hfcrng khong cao.
 CAC LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN 0' VIET NAM 467

5. lifOt so" gang cam pia bien d Vift Nam

Cam Xa Doeii (Nghf An): cay Wang d6i cao, it canh, trong a xa DoAi,
xa Nghi Dien, huyen Nghi LOc, tinh Nghe An. Trai cam ngon, tham, c6 vo
mong va bong, vi ngot dam, it xa. Ling dung chti y6u trong san xugt ntrac cam
va mat cam.
Cam D(mg Dinh: cay to, la xanh nhat, tai IA to. Trai to, mau do tla.
nhieu nut c, heti chua, de" tr6ng, c6 su c ch6ng chiu, IA gi6ng lai giaa cam va
bad. Hien loai cam nay durgc tr6ng o Hai Hung.
Cam du?tng: haling vi gan gi6ng quit han cam. Cay cao 2+3m, tan
fOng, nhieu canh la, IA khong co tai. Kh6i luvng trung binh 100g/trdi, vo
mOng, mau yang d6 hay do sam, de b6c, mtii de chia.
Co ba loai cam dating là Cam gigy yeti cac giong Cam Canh (Ha NOi),
Cam 136ng Du (Hai Phong), Cam Ngoc cuc va Cam HAnh Thien (Nam HA);
Cam Bb, Cam Chua, de tr6ng sai trai, vi hoci chua, ph6 bi6n a Huang San (Ha
Tinh), Tuyen H6a (Quang Binh); Cam voi, trai to 300+350g lai gitia Cam bu
va Buai, tr6ng a Tuyen H6a (Quang Binh).
Cam sanh: c6 ten khoa hoc Citrus nobilis var. nobilis, ten Anh là
mandarin, king orange, ten Phap là Tangor. Cay cao 2+3m, phan canh thgp,
la c6 tai nho. Dang trai hui det, kh6i lu'ang tii 200+400g/trcii c6 v6 san sui va
min; vo day, khi chin c6 mau yang hay do sam, tuy dAy nhung de boc, runt
do, hat c6 mau nau luc, vi ngot, hori chua, huang vi tham ngon, thich hqp lAm
d6 hOp trai nude dating.
Viing chuyen canh a DBSCL IA Tam Binh, TrA On (Vinh Long); xa- floa
Hung, An Hau, My Luang, An Thai Dong, My Lqi A, My Mit Tay (Huyen Cai
Be), Chau ThAnh, Chq Gao (Tien Giang); My Khanh, O Mon (Can Tha)...
Dien tich trong khoang 2.413 ha, san lacing 48.000 tdninam, miza vu chinh
tit thang 7 d6n thang 12.
Gi6ng cam sanh ph6 bign là cam B6 Ha (cam King) tr6ng a bai phis sa
HA Bac teen dgt thoat ratac; trai det, nang trung binh 200+250g, mau yang
do dep chin vAo thang 11-12 qua den thang 1 nom sau va dip Tgt Nguyen
dan. Cam sanh con c6 ten IA Citrus nobilis Lour. Quit track day ciing dugs
xem IA mot till? cam sanh.
Cam sown: Citrus sinensis thuOc ho Rutaceae, ten ti6ng Anh IA sweet
orange, ten tieng Phdp là orangier, du'qc trong le to a DBSCL, c6 th6 co
aguon g6c tit vimg Phong Dien (Can Tha).
Cam soon co la xanh sam va to han cam Mat. Trai to, xanh Cing yang
thi chin, clang trai hinh cau, phan dutch trai co num d6ng tin lom vAo bAng
468 CHLICAIG 6

dAu ng6n tay. Cdc tep cam rdo nutc, vi ngot thanh, hap vcii khdu vi nguti
Viet va chat' A han khdu vi clan Au my.
Con nhimg,lcrai cam gdn yeti chanh c6 vo mang han nlidng kho boc, khi
chin matt yang. 0 ntiac ta, cam hdu nhut c6 quanh nAm nen c6 the dung trai
Ngttai ta cling thu?ing thu hai trai non rung a g6c cay lam chi thtic (mit
loci thu6c dung trong acing Y - Fructus Aurantii Immaturus).

Bang 6.2 Deic diem k9 thu4t cda cam, qu9t, chanh Vift Nam

Cam sanh Cam chanh Ouyt Chanh

Chi tieu
(B6 Ha) ()Ca Doai) (Li Nhan) (Hem Binh)

Kh6i ILIOng trai, g 260 240 40 64

DUong kinh trai, mm 88 80 45 5,1

D6 kilo, % 11,5 11,5 10 7,0

DO acid, 0,75 — — 0,75 —

pH 3,2 3,2 ÷ 3,8 — 2,5 4- 2,6

6.2.4 Thu hoach va bao quail cam

ei rid& ta, cam (lilac trong rOng rai tren khdp ca nutc de" lAy trai an.
Cay ra hoa quanh nam, thing c6 hoa vao thdng 1-2, c6 trai vao thdng 11-12.
Thai gian thu hdi thich hap là vac. khoang 212 - 221 ngay sau khi dAu trai.
Bie'u hien ben ngoai cua trai cam chin IA vo trai c6 mau yang nhat va
de clang tach ra khai thit trai, phAn vo x6p c6 mat' hai yang, chinh giaa day
trai xuAt hien d6m trim (co &tang kinh tit 1,5÷2mm), vi chua ngot hai hoa.
Neu thu hdi khi trai con qud xanh, va trai se c6 mat., xanh dAm, vi chua gat,
c6 hAu vi d6ng.
Thy theo gi6ng sam hay muon ma thai gian thu hoach khdc nhau. Thu
hdi dung dO chin khi 1/3 vo trai chuye'n matt yang. 'thong nen de trai chin
hoar' toan tren cay, trai se bi x6p, kho nttac. Chan ngay trai ndng rdc de" thu
hoach cam. Ming keo cat sat cu6ng trai, thao tdc can phai nhe nhang khong
dttac lam dAp tai tinh clAu ngoai v6 trait se de bi hong khi bao quan.

Bao (plan cam bang cat

Cdt x6p co tdc dung hifp thy am, nhiet, CO2 thodt ra tit nguyen lieu khi
bac, quan Ira ngan chi mOt phan sit xam nhAp cua khi 02. Nhlf v4y, cat co
tdc dung dieu chinh tit nhien cdc thong s6 ky thuAt bao quan. Rai mOt lap cat
kilo day 20÷30cm tren nen kho sach. Xep mOt lap cam len tren lap cat, sat;
do lai rai mOt lap cat dAy 5cm len tren lap cam. Cct nhu' vAy, lap cat reii den
 CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIP- NAM 469

Op cam cho den khi chieu cao &la difing cam dat yeu cau thi phti mot lap cat
on ding day 30cm. Trong thtri gian bao quan, ct moi thang kiem tra mot
d6 phat hien hu' hong. Bang each bao quan nay co the gill cam duac trong
3 thang. Phuang phdp bao quan cam nay chi thich hap cho bac, quan d quy
mo gia dinh.

Bdo quan cam bang hem chat

Sau khi thu hdi, cam du'ac lau chui sach se r6i mai xit ly bang haa
ff6a chgt thdang diing la Topxin-M. Trude tien nhang cam vao nuac voi bao
,hoa, vat ra d6 rdo nude trong khong khi. Khi co CO2 trong khong kill se tac
dung vdi Ca(OH)2 tao thanh mang CaCO3 bao quanh trai cam, han ch6 su b6c
hdi nuac, han ch6 sy h6 114, ngan ngita vi sinh vat xam nhap. Sau do nhung
cam vao dung dich Topxin-M 0,1% r6i lai vat ra, de rdo. Khi da rao nude,
cam dome goi tang trdi bang gi0 ban mem hoac dig trong tt_ii polyethylen
day 0,4mm. X6p cam vao sot va dda di bao quan a nth thoang mat a nhiet de
thdang hoac lanh.

Bang 6.3 Bdo qudn cam bang khi quyen dieu chink

Nhi4t (541 D§ gm 02 CO2

1,1 ÷ 7,2°C (phv thu0o vao tang loci) 85 ÷ 90% 10% 5%

Bang 6.4 Diu ki:en bdo quan cam

Loai cam Nhi4t4:10 Da dm Thai gian (tuan)

Binh thVong 6 ÷ 10°C 85 -:- 90% 16

Navel - Tay Ban Nha 3°C 85 ÷ 90% 8 ÷ 10

Navel - California 7,2°C 85 ÷ 90% 4 i- 8

6.2.5 Sau Nnh tren cam

1- Con trang
Bo cdnh aing (Chelidonium argentalum)
Con &zing- có ccinh Bactroccra dorsalis
Con trling duc 1(5 (Citripestris sogittifereela)
(Othreis fullonia)
Con trting hay nhdy nhd cao cao (Hypomeces squamosus)
Bo ray xanh (Toxoptera aurantii, Toxoptera citricidus).
470 CHLIONG 6

2- Benh hai
Berth seo (Ghe nham - Scab): do ndm Elsinoe fawcetti gay ra
Benh meic xanh (blue mold): do ndm Penicillium italicum gay ra
Benh bat (citrus canker): do vi khudn Xanthomonas campestris gay ra.

Binh 6.12 Benh seo tren trai cam

Hinh 6.13 Benh moc xanh - benh bat tren trdi cam

Hinh 6.14 Benh than thti - th6i cueing tren trai cam
CAC LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 471

6,3 CHUOI
6.3.1 Nguiln goc (lac diem th4c vat
1. Ngutin gicc
Cay chu6i thu6c b6 Scitaminales, ho Musaceae, ho phu Musoidae. Chu6i
co the dung de: an tuai thuOc nhom Musa sapientuin. Chu6i là loai cay nhiet
duac trong khap a An D6, nam Trung Qu6c, Malaysia, Viet Nam, cac
ou'ac Dong Phi, Tay Phi, My La tinh... Cdc loai chu6i hoang dai du'ac tim
tidy rat nhieu a cac nude Dong Nam A, do do c6 the cho rang DOng Nam A
là que hiking cUa chu6i.

2- Da c diem hinh thcii

: re chtim, c6 hai loai, re ngang va re thang.
.1?6 ngang mac xung quanh cu chu6i va phan b6 a lap dat mat tit
0+30cm, phan nhieu tap trung a dO sau 0,15cm, be ngang r6ng tai 2+3m.
Loai re nay sinh twang khoe, phan b6 Ong, do là loai re quan trong nhat de
htlt nude va dinh &fang nu& cay.
Rj moc o phia duai cu chu6i, an sau 1+1,5cm, tdc dung chil yeu
; gal cay thing viing. Re chu6i chda nhieu nude, Oki, mem, yeu de gay, sdc chiu
han, chiu ring deu kern so vai nhieu loai cay an trai khdc.
Than that: con duac goi IA di chu6i, co hinh tron det va ngan, khi
phdt tridn day du c6 the rOng 30cm. Phan ben ngoai, xung quanh chu6i
th.tqc bao bai nhung vet seo be Id co dang troll. 0 ddy m8i be IA deu c6
mot ch6i main nhung chi cac ch6i a phan giira di IA phat tridn duac, co
Ikhuynh hurling niec tr6i clan len. Cdc seo la moc rat gan nhau lam thanh
Ikhoang cdch long rat nen. Cu chu6i song lau nam, IA co quan chu yeti (14 tra
'chat dinh &fang, d6ng thai là nai de re, la, mam va cu6ng hoa moc ra. Do do,
Cu chuol to map la ca sa dam bao cho cay sinh truang nhanh, nang suat cao.
Xung quanh cu chu6i co nhieu marn ngu, sau nay se phdt tridn thAnh cay con.
Than gird vet lee: than cay chu6i là than gia, hinh try, do nhieu be ld
16ng vao nhau ma thanh. Khi main chu6i m8i moc len thi bat dau moc ra
nhung la vay (khong co than co tdc dung bao ye marn chu6i. Tiep d6 moc
To loai la dal va hep goi là "Id kie"m". Ve sau moc ra nhang ld to binh thuang
goi la Id that. Den khi marn hoa phan hoa thi moc ra mot la chot nho, ngan
co tac dung the char bung chu6i.
Ld chu6i phat tridn manh nhat tit thdng 5 den thdng 8, m6i thdng moc
To 3+4 la., phien la to, day, may xanh dam va bong. Tit thang 10 tra di, each
2+3 than mai ra 1 la mai, la thing mang, nha, mAu xanh nhat, sinh tru'ang
ch4m. Den thang 12+1 m8i thang chi moc ducic 1
472 CHUONG 6

Hinh 6.15 Ca' y chudi

Hoa chuol: cay chu6i con sau khi moc (hoac sau khi tr6ng) 8-10
thang bat dau hinh thanh mam hoa, sau do khoang mot thang bat dAu tr6
bu6ng. Hoa chu6i thu6c loai hoa chtim, g6m ba loai: hoa cai, hoa ladng tinh
Ara hoa

Hinh 6.16 Hoa chuoi

Hoa cai: tap trung a phia g6c cuO'ng bu6ng, phan nay dai nha
(50+100cm). Loai hoa nay net ra track tien, nhi cai phat trign, nhi dye thoa
hoa. Chi c6 hoa cai la phat trien thanh trai ducsc. Do do, khi tr6ng, chon lo
cay gi6ng tot, cham bon kip thari de hinh thanh nhi6u hoa cai la nhan ti
quan trong dam bao nang suat cao.
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEW d VIP.NAM 473

Hoa Nang tinh: nam a phan giiia bap chu6i, loai hoa nay khong nhieu
16m, v6 sau se rung, Wong thanh trai ddac.
Hoa chic: rihrn u phia dau bap chu6i, nhi cdi thodi hOa, nhi disc phat
trien, dai lAng nhi cai. Loai hoa dye khong the hinh thanh trai dude, sau
nay se tee va rung clan.
Trai chtai: bang 6.5 neu mot so' kich thu'dc va dac di6rn cong nghO
cua cdc loai chuol tieu, chu6i goang va chu6i born.

Bang 6.5 MAc diem cong ngh:e cua rn6t s6 loai chu6i
---r -
1061
1061 DO dai Ou'Zing S6 nAi S6 trai
Lc* Ti( 14 I u'Ong
lacing trai trai kinh trai inSi
chu6i ruOt (%) bu6ng fouling
OM (cm) (cm)
(kg)
Tieu 120 13 3,4 65 13 10 16
Goong 130 13 4,2 72 15 12 14
Born_,64 10,6 3,0 73 7 7 14

Ilinh 6.17 Buong chu6i, nai chudi

3- Dieu kin gieo trong
Nhift d?: Chu6i sinh true ng binh thaang a nhiet do 15,5÷35°C. Du'ai
15°C va tren 35°C heat Ong sinh truang cua cay bi giam nhanh. Nhiet dO
binh quan thich help cua chu6i la 24-:-25°C. Chu6i sa lanh, nhiet dO xu6ng
(lath 10°C keo dai, cay ngitng sinh trdang, nang sugt Ira phgm chat trai kern,
d4c biet ma qua xgu. o 5°C la, bat clau bi anh Intang, neu keo dai la bi kho
xu6ng den 0°C wan chu6i se bi hai nhieu, nhat la chu6i tieu.
d Viet Nam khong c6 hoac co rat it nhang nai c6 nhiet do thap c6
the lam chu6i che't. Tuy nhien, a mien Bac v6 mila ret, khi c6 arcing gia, c6
474 CHUUNG 6

thd lam cho chuoi yang Id hoac chdt nau là chuoi mai tr6ng. Cl nheing nal c6
nhigt dO qua cao tren 40°C thi snot s6 giong chu6i nhd chuol tieu se kh6
chin yang, thong nhao. Hon nfiia, nhiet va am cao thi trai to, vo dAy, khong
c6 misii them.
Anh sang: trong thai gian sinh twang ne-u c6 tren 60% s6 ngay nang
thi cay chu6i sinh tracing binh thd6ng. Thieu anh sang thi la phat trign
cham, quang hop kern. Anh sang qua manh lam giam tu6i tho ciia la, ram
cuo-ng bu6ng lAm cho chgt hong bu6ng chuoi kern. Chu61 tay chiu nang hon
chu6i tieu. Trong vain chu6i tieu, cdc tau IA the phi len nhau thi sinh truang
mai t6t.
Nuik: chuoi can nhigu nuac. Vimg trong chu6i thich hop phai c6 lacing
mua binh quan hang nam Ur 1500+2000mm. Phan b6 d6u cdc thing trong
nam. DO am. khong khi thich hop 75% tth len, han hay Ling ndeic deLL lAm cho
chuoi sinh trio ng khong binh thddng, nang suit va phim chat kern. Cay
chu6i chiu han ydu do r8 an nong va do sac hat nu& cua re thgp, chi co thg
but khoing 60% hong nu'ac c6 ich trong dat. Cho nen t6t nhat IA gift cho dO
am dat luon Won tie-p can dO am toe da, dac biet IA d6i viii chuoi tieu IA mot
trong nhang gi6ng chiu han ydu nhat. Han cif, thd ph6i hop vcti ret lAm cho
hoa khong tr6 bong duac. Khi cay chu6i ra hoa tr6 bu6ng, n'eu bi han thi
bu6ng chu6i ngAn lai, bi van veo, mat gid tri thdang pham.
Dalt: cay chu6i thich hqp vai &it d6i, dal ruOng, dat phi sa, dat bai, c6
dO pH Ur 4,5+7,5. 116 chuoi thuOc loci re chAm, mem, gap dd soi chin lai, r67
khong dam thing ma ngohn ngoeo, ton sac, cho nen dat tr6ng chuoi phai c6
kdt cau daft thuan, khong c6 soi dA, tang dat set an mat dat. Mat khdc,
chuoi tidt hui nu'cic manh, yeu cau phdi sinh nhigu min x6p, chlla du'uc nhik
ndoc. Cay chu6i lai sinh truang manh, lacing sinh kh6i cao cho nen dat tr6ng
chuoi phdi IA loai (tat t6t, thodt ndac t6t, di, pH tit 4,5+8,0, t6i thich tit 6+7,5,
mac natc ngarn nen sau hon 0,8+1m.

Phan bon: r6 chuoi sinh tracing lien tuc, do do can phdi chi 57 bon
phan cho chu6i. NgoAi ngu6n hiiu co nhu phan chu6ng, U them ram ra, can
phdi bon them phan h6a hoc. Cdc loai khoang chat trong phan bon co anh
hating rat ldn ddn sa phat trign ctia cay chu6i. Vi du, nito giLip cay sinh
tracing nhanh, tr6 bu6ng stem hon, dien tech là tang lam tang kha nang
quang hop, khoei lacing trung binh cua bu6ng tang va trai Ian. Thidu nito cay
chu6i se moc ye-u, cay nio, than mau luc nhat, Id co mAu yang nhat, de chili
it, it tr6 bu6ng, nang.-suit kern. Thita nito se lAm cay man cam hcm doe vii
cdc loci benh do nam va c6 thd lAm anh hang xau Uri phim chat trai. Cdc
load khoang khdc anh hung de-n ski phat trign va dau trai cua chu6i IA P, K,
Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, S...
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIAI a VleT NAM 475

63.2 Cac giting chu6i Vi'0 Nam

Chu6i dtioc tr6ng a khAp cac mien tren dgt miac ta, tuy nhien chgt
long va sari lu'ong chu6i a mien Nam cO phAn nao cao horn so v6i mien
Trung va mien BAc, do diet' kien khi hau mien Nam nOng va am, phu hap
cho ski phat tridn cua cay chu6i.
CO nhieu gi6ng chuoi, thong thii6ng dive phan bit data \Tao hinh clang
cay chu6i:
- Nhom chu6i Cau: than Wang d6i nho, la xanh nhat
- Nhom chudi Su: than cao, Id Wong d6i nha
- Nhom chudi Gia Cai: than cao, be h6ng, IA khd Ong.

1- Chuoi tieu (chit& gia)

Chu6i tieu duoc treing nhieu a cac viing d6ng bang song H6ng, song Cab
Long. CO ba gi6ng chu6i tieu, phan loai theo d6 cao dm than.
Chu& tieu fun: than cao 1,5+2m. Ld moc sit nhau, cu6ng ngan, la mau
xanh dam. Trod hoi cong, dai 14+16cm, du'ang kinh trai 2,5+3cm. Mori bu6ng
chu6i tieu lim Ong trung binh 14+18kg, cO bu6ng nang tren 20kg. Thit chtic,
thorn ngot. Cay sinh twang kh6e, chiu gib kha t6t.
Chuoi tieu nha: than cao 2+3m. LA dai horn gi6ng tren. Trai it cong horn
trai chu6i tieu lin, dai 15+18cm, &king kinh trai 2,5+3cm. Bung chu6i tieu
nhd nang trung binh 15+20kg, cO bu6ng nang 25+30kg. Thit có mau nhat
hat, mem lion chu6i tieu lun. Mui vi tong khong thorn ngon bang chu6i tieu
lin. Cay sinh twang khoe, nang suit cao.

Hinh 6.18 Trdi chu6i tieu

476 CHLIdNG 6

Chu6i tieu cao: than cao 3,5+4m. La to (Jai, moc thufa. Trai to, hcii
thang, dai 16+20cm, duktng kinh 3,5+4cm. Bung chu6i tieu cao nang trung
binh 20+25kg, co bung nang 35+40kg. Thit hai nhao, min vi kern nhat trong
ba giong chu6i tieu. Cay sink tritang khoe, nang sudt cao nhung ch6ng gio
bao kern. Bung trai Ong de bi gay d6.

2- Chuoi (chu6i Tay, chu6i xiem)

Hinh 6.19 Chu& sd

Chuoi sit chive trung ph6 bi6n d nhi6u nrti, cay moc khOe, cao to, la dai
rOng, cu6ng la có phan trung. Trai to, ngAn, map, yo mong, khi chin yang
vi ngot, kern thorn. Bu6ng Ong 15+20kg.
Chu6i su khong ken dat, chiu du'c!c han, Ling, dat xau va chiu ret cung
IKEA hon chu6i tieu. Do dO, chu6i sti thufa'ng duvc trong a cac viing trung du,
mien mii. Kha nang bao quail, van chuy6n kern.

3. Chuoi ngu

Hinh 6.20 Chu& ngit

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN 0' VleT NAM 477

Doc bit song Chau Ha Nam, nhieu ncci n6i tie-ng v6 trong chu6i no.
Nhang ngon nhaI, van la chu6i ngt lang chiem trong Dai Hoang (Ly
Nhan, Ha Nam). Cay chu6i ngki cao khoang 2,5+3m, la xanh mat, be cay
bong trong.
Khdc vdi cay chu6i trau, qua to, an nhat, chuoi nal thoc (hay con
goi la chu6i ngki mit) la loai du'dc chon tien vua. Cay chu6i ngki mit thala, trdi
nhd, cu6ng thanh, vO mai-1g mau yang 6ng, thit trai min, ben ngoai mau yang
nhat, trong runt mau yang Om, mini vi thorn va ngot horn ca chu6i tieu Um.

4- Chuoi mat (chudi /a)

Chu6i mat duvc trong rai rac khAp nori, cay cao ldn 3,5+4m.. Trai Idn, có
ba canh, vO day hai kho hoc. Thit trdi khi chin mau yang nhat, nhao, khong
thorn, ham ludng dui:mg tha'p, vi ngot pha chua. Cay sinh twang khOe, nang
Rat thap, the dng dadc dung de san xuat chu6i khO.

Chuoi cau (chu6i cam)

Than cay chu6i cau nho, trdi ngan, buong nho khong sai, vó day. Trai
chin an khong ng9t lam, hal chua.

Hinh 6.21 Chu6i sc7 - chudi cau - chu6i gia

6 - Chuoi hOt

Cay chu6i hOt cao ldn 4+5m, rnoc khoe. Trai có canh ro ret, vO day,
nhi6u hot. Khi chin vo khong yang nha cac loai chu6i khdc. Cay sinh
twang khOe, chiu dude han, ret, it sau benh. co nhi6u h6t, nen chu6i h6t
thOng chi duvc dung dd lam rau trong cdc mon an, hay dung lam thu6c
chiTa berth.
478 CHONG 6

Hinh 6.22 Trdi va budng chudi

6.3.3 Thanh phan h6a hoc cua chuol

Chu6i la loai trdi cay giau chgt dinh &Ong. Trai chu6i chin chda
70+80% flack, 20+30% chat- khey, chi ye-u IA during, trong do, &ging khd
chi6m 55%. Ham locing protein th'ap (1+1,8%) g6m 17 acid amin, chu ye-u IA
histidin. Lipid khong clang kg. Acid hull cq trong chu6i chi vao khoang
0,2%, chi ye-u la acid malic va oxalic, vi the chu6i c6 d6 chua diu. Chu6i
chtia it vitamin (carotene, vitamin B1, C, acid panthotenic, acid folic,
inositol) nhang ham lacing can d6i, ngoai ra con c6 mu6i khodng, pectin va
hqp chgt polyphenol. Bang 6.6 gidi thieu thanh phan h6a hoc &la mot s6
loai chu6i hic chin.

Bang 6.6 Thanh phdn hod hoc mot s6 gang chuOli

Thanh phgn Chu6i ngi/ Chu6i tieu Chu6i tieu Chu6i born Chu6i stI
hifia hoc Nam Dinh Phil Th9 Hai Du'Ong Dong Nai D6ng thap

Ntidc, % 75 76,5 78 70,5 78

Lipid, % 0,2 0,07 0,1

Protein, % 1,8 1,8 .1,09

Tinh VA, % 1,1 0,8 0,7 1,1 - 2,8

Diking tong, % 17,1 18,4 16,2 17,2 17,3

Saccharose, % 10,4 11,2

Fructose, % 3,7 2,3

Glucose, % 3,1 3,8

Acid hilu ca;, % 0,1.-" 0,15 0,1 0,23 0,14

Tro, % 0,8 0,8 1 1,1 0,8

VitaminC, mg% 90 65 80 95 58
CAC MP TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIP- NAM 479

Chu6i luc con xanh co ham lacing tinh bOt khd cao, nen a mot s6 nu'ac
chat' Phi, chu6i daac xem la ngu6n thuc pha'm cung call) tinh bOt. Thanh phan
glucid cUa chuoi thay doi clang ke theo d6 chin. Bang 6.7 cho thay dieu do.

Bang 6.7 Srt thay ddi thanh phdn hoa hoc chuo'i tieu theo d'ci chin

Chi tieu Chuai xanh Chuai u'dng Chu6i chin

Tinh bOt, % 6,0 3,52 1,95
Fructose, % 0,32 3,42 5,69
Glucose, % 0,12 . 0,48 4,81
Saccharose, % 1 6,2 5,98
Cellulose, % 0,59 0,58 0,5
Pectin, % 0,8 0,82 0,84
Tannin, % 0,21 0,2 0,18
Acid hiiu cd, % 0,79 0,51 0,36

Nha da not a tren, than chu6i moc tren mat da't la than gia, la do
nhiing Id be cu6n lai tao thanh, do do thanh phan dinh daang child trong
than chu6i cung clang cha y. Than chu6i du'oc dung de lam thac an gia stk.
Bang 6.8 trinh bay thanh phan dinh daang cila than chu6i. Thanh phdn nay
gan nhu' tu'ong &rang yai thanh phAn cua trai chuoi chin.

Bang 6.8 Thanh phan dinh &tang có trong than thy chu6i

Thanh phan dinh du'ang Ddn vi 100(g) an dudc

Nang luring Kcal 13
Nang Wong KJ 54,3
Nudc g 64,8
Protein tong s6 g 0,6
Lipid g - 0,2
Glucid tong so g 2,0
Cellulose g 1,9
Tro g 0,5
Calcium (Ca) mg 40,0
Phosphor (P) mg 40,0
480 CHUONG 6

6.3.4 Thu hoach va boo quan chuoi

Thu hooch: chuoi chin cay khong ngon, vi chua, nhat, khong thorn, vo
hay bi ndt, khong.chin d6ng boat ngay tren ciing mot bung va khong chiu
dudc van chuyen, ton trit lau. VI the, chu6i dudc thu hai khi chua chin nhung
phai phat trign day du, vo chu6i có mau luc dam, ger canh troll hcrn khi xanh,
mit có mau tit trAng nga den yang nga, khi be th0 td nhua, vi con chat.
Day la pinking phdp cam quan xac dinh d6 thu hai, cho cgn nay van la cd
cho cac each xac dinh khac.
Trong di6u kien sinh twang va khi hau tot, thdi gian khi tr6 bung
den khi cat d6i vai chu6i tieu la 85+95 ngay. Cj mien Nam thdi gian do la 90
ngay, thy theo mOa. Ngoai ra, con có cac cach xac dinh d6 gia, d6 chin data
theo mot vai ye'u t6:
Theo do day: can cup theo ti le gia kh6i ludng trai (P, kg) va chi'eu dai
runt (L, cm), thudng thu hoach chu6i khi ty le PIL dat 7,9+8,3.
Theo ti trong cua chit& (d): gia tri d tang clan trong qua trinh sinh
truang va khi chin d dat 0,96.
Theo do chtic cua trai chuoi: d6 chgc giam theo qua trinh chin.
Theo ham luong clueing vet tinh bOt: ham ludng tinh b6t giam dan va
ham ludng ding tang len trong qua trinh chin.
Theo mew vo: theo thang mau.

Bang 6.9 DO chin ctia chtdi du'a veto thang mau vo

Bi6n d6i tinh bOt - diking

D6
Mau vii chu6i Da'c digm
chin Tinh b6t % DUcling

1 Xanh dam Cang, chgc, chua chin 21,15 ÷ 19,5 0,1 ÷ 1,2

2 Xanh CO cham yang Xanh gia 19,5 ± 16,5 2÷5•

3 Xanh yang tidng 18 ÷ 14,5 3,5 -:. 7

4 yang xanh Chdm chin 15-9 6 ÷ 12

5 yang 2 dau xanh Chin, khd ID& 10,5 ÷, 2,5 10 + 18 .

6 yang hoan toan Chin, ch&c, de !Doc yo 4 4- 1 16,5 + 19,5

7 yang cham nau . Chin hoan toan, thdm, 2,5 ± 1 17,5 + 19

--' runt mere
8 yang rnang nau Qua chin, runt rat mem, 1,5 ÷ 1 18,5 ÷ 19
thim, rat thdm
CAC LOA! TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN a VleT NAM 481

Din tra' lctnh: Khi dat c10 gia, chu6i dadc chat ca bang va chuygn can
than ve kho. Khi van chuygn, chu6i thigc in& then chi'eu clang hoac nam tren
cac dOm rem. Tai kho, chu6i dude phd thanh tang nai, loai be cac nai qud to,
cac nai bi khuyet tat, trai chin. Nai chu6i dadc raa trong be nadc ce phen
chua, hong kho r6i xela vao thimg. Chu6i can ditqc yen chuye'n bang xe lanh
11+13°C, bao quan a nhiet dO 12+14°C, do am 85+95%. c5 che dO nay chu6i
toi xanh khong bi chin trong 2 tuan.
D6i vdi loai chu6i vita chin tai, v6 chu6i ce mau yang nhang dau, duoi
qua con xanh, runt chaa mem ban, neu chua tieu thy kip thi phai cat rdi tang
trai, xetp vao khay, r6i dua vao kho lanh cd nhiet di) 11+13°C, do dm 85+95%.
Vdi dieu kien nay, ce the bao quan chu6i trong 3+4 ngay ma chgt lacing
Wong giam.

Xt(1 bang Topsin- M: Topsin-M do NhAt Ban san xu‘t, IA chA diet
lam vA vi sinh vat manh nhang it dec NIA khong anh haling de'n da ngadi.
Khi xur l3'r chu6i xanh bang dung dich Topsin-M n6ng TO 0,1+0,2%, phan ldn
ngm m6c trong chu6i tieu bi diet hoac tic chg, du lacing con lai tren trai cay
sou ton trQ IA 0,002mg/kg, chi bang 10% so yeti lieu lacing quy Binh cea FAO.

Bang 6.10 Hieu qua sit dung Topsin-M ci6i voi he ndm tren chu6i

HiOu qua Topsin-M d61 vdi nong dO %

Chong vi sinh vat
0,4 0,2 0,1 0,05 0,025 0,015
1. Alternaria citri Fg Fg Fs 0 0
2. Aspergilus niger Fg 0 0 0
3. A,awamori 0 0 0 0
4. A,fumigalus Fg Fg Fg Fg Fs
5. A,versicolor Fg Fg Fg Fs 0
Fg 0 0 0
6. A,amstelodami
Fg 0 0 0
7. A,flavus
Fg Fg Fg 0 0 0
8. Botrylis cinerca
0 0 0 0 0
9. Dematium .Sp
Fg Fs 0 0 0
10. Fusarium zambicilum V,min
0 0 0
11. F,sporotrichiella
0 0 0 0 0
12. F,corymbifcrum 0 Fs .0 0 0
13. F,italicum Fg Fs 0 0
14. F,digitatum Fg
0 0 0
15. Philophora Sp 0
PI,: diet ndm; Fs: tic che ndm; OrkhOng có tdc dung
482 CHUMG 6

Ngu danh gid kha Wing bao quan cCta chu6i bang OA han tST le htt h6ng
chugi khi bao quan IA 10+15%, thi vao mua nang khong the bao quan chu6i qua
5 ngay, vao mira lanh thii gian nay cung khong vdat qua 15 ngay. Khi xit
chu6i bang dung dich 0,1% Topsin-M, tS, le chugi con tea, dat 88,5% sau 15 ngay
mira n6ng, tST le Wang ang la 91,5% sau 30 ngay mint lanh. Chugi sau khi 2r61
va bao quan van chin binh thuttng, littcrng vi khong thay d6i so v6i. chu6i tuai.
Hieu qua bdo quan chugi se con doge tang len Lieu kgt hap ca hai
philang phap xi 1ST dung Topsin-M va diet' kien lanh, nhiet dO bdo quan
trong khoang 15+20°C, th6i gian bao quan chugi la 5 tudn; nhiet dO bao quan
trong khoang 11+13°C, th6i gian bao quan chugi se Ice° dai dgn 2 thong

Chien xvi: day la phut ng phap m6i duvc s6 dung trong th6i gian ggri
day de bao quan trai cay ttici. Hien nay do chi phi khd. cao, 'thong phai ca sa
nao ding thurc hien dole va nhgt la nhang anh httang phu c6 the xay ra cho
rau trai sau khi chigu xa.
Chigu xa of i lieu hang 0,3Krad se giup chu6i tieu c6 dO gia 80+90%
Ire° dai th6i gian bao quan len them 10 ngay a nhiet do finking va 10+14
ngay 6 14°C. Chu6i tieu c6 dO gia 65+80%, a nhiet de, 19°C, lieu Wang chigu
xa 200Krad se gidp tang th6i gian bao quan len 44 ngay; con with lieu hang
chigu xa IA 400Krad th6i gian bao quan se IA 57 ngay. Ngu chu6i qua gia, bdt
&Au chin hoac churii qua non thi xut 1y chigu xa khong cho kgt qua t6t.
Ram chuoi: chu6i dat dO trttang thanh tit 80% c6 the thu hoach va bao
quan. De chu6i c6 dO chin d6ng deu, phai tign hanh rein chin bang nhiet (10
hay kgt hap nhiet dO voi khi ethylen. PhOng rem chu6i thd6ng dole phan
thanh nhung phong nh6 de dg dieu chinh nhiet dO, Ittu litang khi vao ra, va
c6 the tign hanh ram u nhang dieu kien khac nhau.
Phitang phew rthn kith thich qua trinh chin &la chu6i bang each
tang nhiet dO va dO om mai truttng. Sau khi xgp cdc bu6ng chu6i vao phong
rem, ming nhiet dO trong phong len 22°C v6i t6c di) 2°C/h. DO dm 'thong khi
duy tri 6 90+95%. Sau 24 giO duy tri nhiet dO 22°C, ngti2ti to giam xugng
19+20°C va gift a nhiet dO d6 cho dgn khi chuyen ma, the IA chuyen mau v6
chugi tit xanh sang yang, d6ng th6i tang cueing thOng gib va giam dO em
xu6ng 85% de tranh lam nhun trai. Bang tech dieu chInh nhiet des phong
ram c6 the lam cho chugi chin nhanh hoac chin cham.
Khong nen ep chu6i, chin nhanh qua bang each nang nhiet (10 cao.
Nhiet dO cao c6 the lard-chu6i chuyen ma sam nhang lai lam cho trai nhun,
hdang vi kern.
Phtiang phdp rdm nhOt - Ethylen: khi if dung ethylen thi chu6i chin
d6ng lost va nhanh han, chgt lacing chu6i t6t hcm. Phong rem bang ethylen
CAC LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN 6' VIET NAM 483

phai that kin, c6 det quat trOn khi a giiia, ca cita ng6 de quan sat nhiet dO,
cli) am va tinh trang ben trong phong. Tram c6 Ong thai khi. Sau khi xep
chu6i vao phong rem, dang cita, bet quat, ma van cho khi \rho phong qua 6ng
clan. Khi da khi thi clang van, duy tri nhiet do phong a 22°C, dO am 95%. Mai
ngay nap ethylen, thong gi6 2+3 Ian.

Phu'cmg phdp rdm thu cong: data teen phan img cua (let den trong
khong khi
CaC2 + H2O C2H2 + CaO
Cac bluing chu6i xdp citing thing hoec treo, Mai bu6ng chu6i cho 2 g6i
(let den (m6i goi 15+20g, trong giey bac)). Cac lo chu6i rang khoang 2m, chidu
dai thy theo kho va lu'ong chu6i, co chita 16i di. Mai ten chu6i can khoang
4+5kg dat den. Trong qua trinh rem can kidm tra to chu6i, ndu nguOi IA do it
dal den hoec khong day kin, nen qua nong lA do c6 qua nhieu dat den hay
lap phu quA kin, khi c16 can 'cif 1ST ngay cid lo chu6i c6 nhiet di) vita du.

6.3.5 Sau Nnh teen chuici

1- BOnh et cay chua
Bfnh Panama: benh nay do nem Fusarium oxysporum gay ra. Nem
gay benh xam nhep qua ra va Cu, tit d6 lan len teen lam tat cdc mach darr-
nhoa, lam cho IA he°, along ru xuong, nen con goi IA benh chu6i heo. Cat
ngang than cay se they a be chu6i c6 cAc vet yang hoc yang nau. Bien phap
chaa tri hieu qua nhet IA thay gi6ng Grosmiseu man cam bang cac gi6ng
1thAng Fusarium. O Viet Nam nhiing giong chu6i trong ph6 bien nhu chu6i
tieu, chu6i sit c6 sitc chong chiu tot nen khOng bi thiet hai do benh nay.
13fnh chuoi tan: day lA mot loaf benh do virus gay ra. Cay chu6i bi
lim, la yang, c6 nhang vach xanh t6i da dAi khoang 5cm tren song Id. La
nen khong wan ra khoi ngon thAnh cum, cay chu6i nha bi khong ra hoa
duqc. MOt cay benh se lan ra ca bui chu6i. Virus ton tai trong dat trong va se
tidp tuc gay benh cho cay chu6i mai trong. Con trill1
- g truy6n benh IA loci rep
song teen chu6i Pentalonia nigronervosa. CO thd bao ye chu6i bang cach phun
thu6c trit rep nint Methyl parathion 50 ND, BAM 50 ND nhu'ng quan tron4
horn lA phai chon can then, chi trong cAc gi6ng cay khong benh. Khi c6 cay bi
benh phai dAo ca g6c va dem hay xa \van chu6i. Chu& tieu man cam nhet
vai bOnh nay.
B-Onh Sigatoka: benh nay do nem Mycosphaerella musicola gay ra.
BAo tit nem nay mam, xam nhap vAo Id gay nen nhung vet )(Am a gifta \fang
xung quanh. Kha nang quang hop giam them chi khong ra duoc hoa. LA. non
bi hai nang han IA giA. Benh thuang nang a nhiing nal nhieu sung ma.
Chu6i tieu van IA giong chu6i bi anh twang caa benh nay nhidu nhet.
484 CHONG 6

2- Werth tren treti chuoi

Benh dli'M yang: do nam Colletotrichum musae hay Cercospora
musarum gay ra. Khi trai bi benh, xugt hien cdc Ong tron den nho a nai
chu'6i, dau ngon trai chu6i. Cdc yang nay se rig ra, an sau vao v6 va c6 thg
th6i den ca trai. Benh tr& nen tram trong khi ram chu6i, chuyen char. De
phong benh nen phun thu6c Benomyl va Thiabendazole laic trai mai ra, trai
con xanh va track trOri mita cho trai tot.
Thom kim: do Deigtoniella torulusa gay ra, lam vo chtdi c6 chain den
nho nhti dau kim.
Ro my: do Piricularia grisea gay ra. Cac chain tren v6 chu6i it hart,
nhang to hcm N/A an sau han tham kim.
Thoi dciu trai : do Verticilliuin theobrornae hay Trachysphaera
fructigena gay ra. Ddu trai bi th6i den. VO chit& c6 the mit ne nhu'ng trai
th6i kho thay vi mem nhim.
BOnh doM trdng (benh than tint) do nam Gloesporium
musarum (cook) va Massel gay ra, gay ra nhang vet thin tren v6, lam xdu v6
trai, anh hung dgn chat lacing chu6i arcri xugt khdu ma khong anh hu'ang
dgn pham chat ihit trai. Benh thin:mg xugt hien trong qua trinh ram chin.
Chi c6 chu6i tieu mai mac benh nay. Dg ngan ngita can tranh dg trai bi say
xat hoAc bi am trot lac ram ding nhut laic van chuydn, bac. quan.
13fnh dont den: do nam Macphonia musae (eke) Berl, et Vagl, gay ra,
cung chi lam hitt hai v6 ma khong anh twang dgn chat luvng trai, lam giam
pham chat xugt khau. Benh thtiOng phat sinh nhieu vao mita mita benh.
BOnh nett vo: day la loai benh sinh 13'r. Nguyen nhan IA do trong thtii
gian dau phat tridn, trci han han, sau d6 lai c6 mu'a, rut trai vi thg se lar
nhanh, lam nut vo. Thit trai a ch6 nth se bi thol, ngu tigp tuc mu'a, hoAc b:
kilo ding lai, ngu lai bi kho han, lam giam chat lticrng chu6i.
BOnh th61 trai: do vet thtiang CC giai trong khi thu hoach, van chuygr
gay ra. Cdc nam benh nhtt: Colletotricum musae, Fusarium sp... xam nhAi
vao vet thuang lam cho trai bi th6i den, mem 'than va rung khoi nai, c6 kb
can lam th6i ca cuong bu6ng.

6.4 Da HAU
6.4.1 Ngu6n gdc - 446 digm flap vat
1- Ngu6n gro-c
Dia hgu c6 ten khoa hoc la Citrullus lanatus, thu'Oc ho bau t
(Cucurbitaceae). Ngu6n geic ducic xac dinh IA khu vtic nhiet dai Trung Ph:
CAC LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 485

rn6t phan phia Bac sa mac Sahara, dila hgu dtigc nguti chau Au trong ph6
bieln tut the kSr VI, san lacing dila hang nam teen thg gith khoing 30 tri0 tan
yeri diOn tich canh tac 2 tri*eu hecta, trong dO 50% din tich san luvng thu6c
simg Dong Nam Chau A.

2- D¢c tinh sinh hoc

Dua hgu rat da dang v6 hinh dang va mau sac. Hinh clang durqc xem
xet vii mat phang cat ngang tit cu6ng trai den duoi trai dua. Cd cdc dang
chinh la dang thuon dai, dang trai oval, clang trai tron. W mau sac trai dua
hgu c6 mau do, mau h6ng, mau yang, mau cam va ca mau trong. Hat dua
cung rat da dang v6 kich ldn, trung binh, nho. Mau hat co mau den, mau
nau, mau trong.

Hinh 6.23 Trcii dila hdu

Hinh 6.24 Trai dua hdu có hinh clang la

486 CHUCAIG 6

Dtia hau thuOc nhom cay nggn ngay, có yeu cau cao ve nhiet dO trong
suat qua trinh sinh truang, phat tridn. Nhi'et dO thich hap nhat cho hat nay
marn la 304.35°C, can cac giai doan sau do IA 25÷30°C. Cl nhiet dO du di 15°C
cay ngiing sinh twang, phat tridn, t5r le dau trai thap va trai 16n rat cham.
Do c6 ngan Wig tit viing sa mac nhieu nang nen data hau can nhidu
anh sang ngay tit khi xuat hien la mam cho den khi kat thtic sinh twang.
Nang nhieu ding vai nhiet de thich hqp la hal yeu to ngoai canh co ban lam
tang nang suat va chat Wang trai.
Data hau thuOc nhOm cay chiu han, be) re data hall 16c phat tridn nhat
dat 3÷4m chiu sau va 5÷8m dutng kinh. Tuy vay, do he s6 thoat nuac Mn
nen can thiat gilt am dat cho cay that ng xuyen nhgt la giai doan dgu. Dtia
hgu yeu cau nude nhidu nhung chiu ting kern. Khi trai gan chin, can giam
ltiqng nuesc turdi de trai tich lOy nhigu during, ngon ngot han.

Hinh 6.25 Gay va hoa data hfiu

Du'a khong ken dat nen c6 thd trong tren nhidu loai dat, tit dat cat dart
dat set min. Dal co co cau nhe, tang canh tac day, khong chua (pH = 6,2+6,5)
la thich hqp nhgt.
Phan bon coy nghia quan trong trong vikc tang nang sugt va phgni
chgt dua hgu. Phan dam duy tri ski binh thutng trong sinh twang phat tridn
ctia cay. Phan lan gitip he thong re phdt tridn manh giai doan dau, cay sdm
ra hoa, de dau trai, trai lan, thit chat. Kali giiip than la ming, tang kha nang
ch6ng chiu dia cay, th6c day qua trinh chuydn hoa du.cng trong trai khi chin.

6.4.2 Cag giong ditIhau Vikt Nam

Cac vimg trong data hgu truygn th6ng ra Hai Hung, Nghg An, QuanE
Nam - Da Nang, Quang Ngai, Tign Giang, Long An... hang nam cung cal
met khol luting data Ian cho tieu dung not dia va mot phan cho xuat khau.
CAC LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT MIEN d VIET NAM 487

CO nhieu gi6ng dila hau khac nhau nInt Dinh Cao (Hai Hung), data
Hitting (Hug), dila Go Cong (Tien Giang)... Song de phuc vu xu‘t khdu, cac
gi6ng sau day (lucre sit dung nhieu:
Giong Sugar baby: c6 ngu6n g6c tit My dude Vien Khoa hoc Ming
nghiep mien Nam chon loc, nang suit trung binh 15+25 thin/ha. Giong thu
phan tit do, du'dc trong lau ddi, cho trai trap, nang 3÷7kg, ruOt do, de bong
ruOt, v6 den, vo mong clitqc chuyen chd xa, thdi gian sinh &tang 65+70 ngay.
Giong lai Fl so 1: do Vien cay Wang thitc va cay dick phdm lai tao, co
nAng suit 20+30 tan/ha.
Gang lai Ming Lu'ang: do ang ty TNHH TM Trang Nong tuyk
chon IA giong lai Fl, cho nang suet trung binh 40+45 tan/ha. Gi6ng lai H6ng
Luang cO thdi gian sinh twang 65+70 ngay, trai trap, vO xanh nhat vdi soc
xanh dam, ruOt clO, An ngon, nang suit cao.
Gang lai An Tiem: giong lai trong nit& do Cong ty giong Cay trong
mien Nam san xua. Cdc gi6ng An Tiem deu sinh trailing manh, thich nghi
rOng, ch6ng chiu binh tot, de To hoa, dau tad, nAng suit cao N/A phdm chat
ngon. Cac gi6ng data hgu lai An Tiem dang clan clan thay the giong Sugar
baby a nhieu viing san xuat data.
An Tiem 94: thu hoach 70+75 ngay sau khi tr6ng, trai trap, nang
6+8kg, vo soc xanh dam, ruOt do, thit chic, An rat ngot, thdi gian bao quan
sau thu hoach khi dai.
An Tiem 95: thu hoach 70+75 ngay sau khi trong, trai trim, nang
7÷9kg, vo den có soc mc1, ruOt do dam, thit chic, ngon ngot, thdi gian bao
quan sau thu hoach dai.
An Tiem 98: thu hoach 65+70 ngay sau khi tr6ng, trai trap, nang
7÷9kg, vo soc xanh, ruQt do, ngon ngot, ch6ng chiu benh than thu'
An Tiem 100: thu hooch 65+70 ngay sau khi tr6ng, trai tem, nang
2+3kg, vo soc xanh, ruQt yang, ngon ngot.

Gang kitting kit Happy Sweet: do Cong ty An Dien va Cong ty

Syngenta cung cap, tuy CO gia tri kinh t6 cao nhung quy trinh tr6ng trot phdc
tap nen it ditqc ngadi trong ti6p nh'dn.
Tren the gidi co nhieu nude trung dad ha:u va cac chting loci data rat
phong phi, dui vao hinh dang, mau vO, mai thit trai, co the xep cac gi6ng
data hau vao b6n nhOm:
Allsweet: trai data trbn, kh6i luting khoang 9+11kg, vo mau xanh d4m,
co hay khong co soc, thit trai mail do.
Ice-box: trai data trap, kh6i khoang 2,5+7kg, v6 mau xanh sang,
thit trai mail do hodc yang.
 488
CHUCING 6
Seedless: trai hinh oval, kh6i lacing khoang 5+11kg, va mau xanh nhat,
c6 soc xanh dam, thit trai mail do hoac yang.
Yellow flesh: trai du'a hinh oval, kh6i hfang khoang 5+13kg, vO mau
xanh nhat, c6 soc xanh dam, thit trai mau yang hoac cam sang.

a) b) c) d)
Hinh 6.26 Ccic nham dila hdu
a) Allwseet; b) Icebox; c) Seedless; d) Yellowflesh

6.4.3 Tharth phan hoa hoc ctia data hSu

Mira hau duac menh danh la vua caa cdc loai trai. Duca ha-u co gid tri
dinh during cao khong kern cdc loai trai cao cap khac. ChSt lacing cua trai
data duac xac dinh bai cdc thanh phen ben trong hap lai nhu mau cua thit
trai, cSu tao cua to bao, de ngot, s6 lacing hat.
DO ngot là ye-u to chu ye-u guy& dinh chSt Wang trai va de ngot thi c6
lien quan den tong ham lacing chat kho hoa tan du'ac do bang de Brix.
Theo tieu chugn ctia My danh cho data ha-u taxi dang thu'crng phSm
(The U.S. Standards for Grades of watermelon), data hau cluac clan nhan
là c6 chSt luang tot neu t6ng ham luang chat kilo boa tan la 8%. Tuy
nhien ngay nay, da c6 nhie'u gio-ng du'a ha-u c6 t6ng ham lacing chSt khe
hoa tan cao ban, 10+12%.
Ham Wang vitamin A, C &la dila ha-u tutting d6i cao, Kali c6 trong dua
ha-u gitip viec diet, hoa huySt dp, ngan ngila va mach mau.

Lycopene IA hap chdt carotenoid tut nhien tao nen mau do dac truing caa
cdc loai trai cay. Ngu6n nguyen lieu giau lycopene là dua ha-u, ca chua, cay
buai do, 6i... Dua h‘u la loai trai cay cd• ham luong lycopene nhi6u han cdc loai
rau va trai cay khdc. Lycopene là met chSt c6 kha nang thong oxy h6a manh
va ngan ngira benh. N6 c6 tac dung loai b6 cdc g6c ty do gay hai cho to bao
lanh. Truac day, ca chua thuang duac sit dung trong viec nghien cdu lycopene
nhung gan day nguai t4,da khan' phd ra rang trong dud haii c6 nhiL lycopene
han. C6 khoang 6300+6800pg lycopen/100g thit trai du'a hau met &O. Du'a hau
c6 ruet yang thi chda 370+420pg lycopen/100g thit trai. Ham lacing lycopen
giam 10% sau 7+10 ngay tru a 2°C d6i vdi data tau sau thu hoach.
CAC LOA/ TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 489

Bang 6.11 Gia tri dinh ditang tren 100 gam cho phcin an claw
dia dita heiu [USDA, 2005]

Thanh phgn Ddn vi Thanh phgn/100g thjt trai

Ntidc g 91,45
Nang Iticing kJ 127
Protein g 0,61
Lipid tong g 0,15
Sucrose g 1,21
Glucose g 1,58
Fructose g 3,36
Calcium mg 7
Iron. mg 0,24
Magnesium mg 10
Phosphorus mg 11
Potassium mg 112
Sodium mg 1
Vitamin C mg 8,1
Thiamin mg 0,033
Niacin mg 0,178
Pantothenic acid mg 0,221
Vitamin B-6 mg 0,045
Vitamin A UI 569
Vitamin E mg 0,05
Vitamin K pg 0,1
Phytosterol mg 2
Tryptophan g 0,007
Threonine g 0,027
Lysine g 0,062
Valine g 0,016
Proline g 0,024
Arginine g 0,059
Glutamic acid g 0,063
Glycine g 0,01
Carotene, beta pg 303
Cryptoxanthin, beta pg 78
Lycopene pg 4532
490 CHONG 6

RuOt dtra hiu co nhidu dating, vitamin, khodng chit va cdc host chit
sinh hoc khdc. Vo du'a ciing chila nhidu vitamin va mu6i khodng, ngoai tdc
dung giai nhidt con có kha nang ngan than ski lang dong cua cholesterol tren
thAnh mach, ch6ng xct vim do, ng mach. Hat data co chit boo, acid hub cd, cdc
loci enzym co ich cho host ang sinh lST cua cd the. Theo mot s6 nghien cat
gdn day, hat du'a hitt 'chtla nhang chit co tdc dung ha huydt dp va lam giam
bat cdc tridu ctia bdnh viem bang quang cap tinh. Ld va re data hiu
n6u dem sac u6ng co tdc dung di6u tri nhit dinh doi vai bdnh viem ruOt.

6.4.4 Thu hoach va bao quern data- ha/u

1- Thu hoach
DLia thadng phdm duccc thu hoach khi co dO chin 70+80%0 dd khi dila
ddn tay ngutti tieu dung chin hoan toan. Cdc diu hieu nhdn bidt thai didm
thu hoach dila co the kd ra nhii sau:
- Trai lin dat kith thudc t6i da cua giong, vO trdi thd hien fa mAu sac
cua gi6ng, mat vO dong nhidu phin trang va nai tidp xLic vdi dat tra
nen yang
- Day, id data va &Au tua berm o ngay dOft trdi bat clau chuydn yang
- Ding tay go nhe len trod có tidng keu tram cinc •
- Didm tidp xLic cua vo trdi vai dit n6u chuygn mAu yang.
Khi thu hdi, cang gill du'ac trang thdi tar nhien cua data hitt nhLi khi
chling con tren cay me thl cang co ldi cho qua trinh bao quern.

2- Bdo quern dita heiu

Xu hdang ngay nay, nguta ta trong data dai nhidu han dua trOn, vi data
dAi co lap vo ngoai day nen bao quern dadc lau ham data trop. Vo ngoAi dua
troll mOng nen de bi hit hong trong qud trinh van chuydn, bao quern. Them
vao do dO chat, dO ngot cua dua tron clang 'thong bang dila dai. Data troll
khong gill dtiac lau de bi x6p han data dai. Duca hiu IA trdi khong có dinh h6
hip, nen vide xac dinh thdi didm thu hoach rat quart trong,
nudc ta, nguicti nong dan bao quern data hiu bang *long phap
ding. Khi trdi vita Tau 7+10 ngay, se du'oc bao boc Tsang mang bao ch6ng
su' phd hai caa con trimg, dua hiu lon là ngu'di ta da bat dau lot ram a dud:
dat, de tranh cho trdi khoi bi Ling, data hiu sau khi thu hoach xong, ng15i
chit dong u ngoai trOi l,Trtfdc khi thu hoach IA có ngtidi thu mua ddn ru'Onl
data xem trudc nen niu-di nOng dan kitting phai bao quern lau, ho chi can ha
xong IA co xe ddn chef di lidn.
Nhiet do bap quern data hitt 10+16°C, thdi gian bao quern co the keo da
khoang 2+3 tuan.
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRA a VIP- NAM 491

6.5 MIA
6.5.1 Ngudn gde - dac diem dap vat
Data là met loai cay an trai nhiet ddi c6 ten khoa hoc IA Ananas
comosus, thuec ho tam gai Bromeliaceae, rat du'ac via chuong a phu'ang Tay,
va ding vai xoai, dda dac menh danh IA "vua hoa trdi". Data co da nhiing
dac tinh caa met loai trai ngon theo tieu chugn cua ngdai phdang Tay mai
dda manh, hgp dan, de ngot cao va Won di doi vai met do chua khong bao
gilt thieu.
Ngu6n g6c cay dila là W Nam Mk, trong khu \Tut td gide bao gem Wing
phia Nam Brazil va Bac Argentina, Paragoay, nai ngtkri da do ban xd da
tuydn chon va trong trot dda lau dari. D6i vai nhang ngudi a cu'u lac dia thi
lich sur trong dila bat dau tit ngay 4/11/1493 - khi Christophe Colomb dO be
len dao Guadeloup da phdt hien vg an this trai data dau tien, tit do trai dila
tra nen phO bie'n khap nai. Ngay nay dila dude tr6ng phO bien a tat ca cac
nude nhiet dai va met s6 nude a nhiet dai c6 rniia &Ong gm, tap trung nhgt là
Hawai (33% san lacing the giai), Thai Lan (16%), Braxin (10%), va Mehice
(9%). ei mien 136c Viet Nam, dda co nhieu d Vinh Phu, HA Bac, Tuyen Quang,
LAo Cai, Yen Bai, Thanh H6a va Nghe An.
Cay data thuec loai cay song lau nam. Sau khi thu hoach trai thi chei
nach tren cay me lai tiep tuc phdt trien thanh met cay mdi va co
thadng be horn vu track. Nhieu the he not ti‘p nhau se lam cho vi tri g6c caa
nhiirng cay dei sau cao clan len, 1.6 kilo tigp )(de yeti dat. Do là nguyen nhan
chinh lam cho vu tin dila thong tan. Vi vay nhang \rung tr6ng dila tap trung
chi nen thu hoach 2+3 vu trai, Ice° dAi hem nda thi nang suit thgp, trai nho
dgn, chgt Wang kern, sau benh phat trien nang.
Than cay dila hinh bdp mang, dai 20+30cm thy gi6ng va di:6u kien canh
tic. LA data the kin than cay nen kho trong thgy dude. Than cay chia lam hai
phan, than teen mat dgt: Wang d6i non mem, than ngam gia hem, có nhie'u
marn co the dung de nhan gieng. Than to map N.& hien cay sinh twang
khae, than dAi va nho thi cay sinh trotting kern, nang suit thgp, chi moc ra
ding yea.
LA dila moc day va theo hinh xoan 6c, la hep dai giong hinh lurai
kigm. La data phan b6 (Mu, xoe ra b6n phia theo hinh hoa thi, c6 thd hang
nhang giot mita nho va ca giot suang. Ld data dai W 85+200cm, rang tit
4+10cm. Moi cay c6 khoang tit 20 Id tra len. Gi6ng data hoa m6i cay c6
khoang 10+50 Id, data to vg dela doe binh moi cay c6 60+80 id. Ld mau xanh
nhat, xanh yang, xanh pha deo hay xanh than'. Vien Id co gai ngAn (loai co
gai) hoac khong c6 gai (loai khong co gai nhang d dau la co met it gai). M6i
Id co met lap phgn trang.
 92
CHLIcJNG 6

Hinh 6.27 Gay dila

Hoa data la mot loai hoa chilln. 11/16i mOt chum hoa c6 rat nhiL hoa
nho, boc quanh mot cuCing hoa chung. Gi6ng d'Oc binh trung binh m6i chum
c6 100+150 hoa nh6. Cac giong dila ta va dda hoa trung binh m6i chum c6
40+150 hoa. S6 hoa (sau nay la mat dda) cang nhieu thi khol luvng trai cang
ldn. Khi cay data da ra hoa thi s6 mat se c6 dinh, khOng tang them rata. VI
vay bon phan day du va lioan thanh trade giai doan phan hoa mam hoa c6
•tac dung quye't dinh d6i vdi khoi lacing trai va nang suit dda. Thai gian tit
1Lic ra hoa rho de-n khi trai chin cila giong data hoa tit 120+150 ngay, giong
data ta va gi6ng do, c binh tit 135+165 ngay. Sau khi tr6ng, tit 94-24 thang thi
ra hoa. 1\16u tr6ng bhng ch6i ngam moc len, thai gian ra trai se sam. Tr6ng
bhng ch6i ngon trai ra chdm.

Hinh 6.28 Hoa di a

Trai daa la mot trai kep. Khi trai chin, vo trai t1( mail tim tha-m tra
sang tim xanh, dan dan mot vai hang nho a phia chili bie-n yang va sau ding
than ca trai &et.' mau yang hay mau yang c16. Trai ldn hay nh6, hInh clang
 CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN VIET NAM 493

mau s6c cling thy theo m6i gieing dila ma khdc nhau. Cimg mot gifing dtia
nhung nhiet do cao hay th6p, th6i gian sinh tru'ang dai ngAn, cay manh hay
ye'u ding anh hating de'n trai ldn nho khac nhau. Trdi dda sinh tramg trong
thdi kSr nhiet do cao, dO am lan thi thtti gian sinh tru'ang ngAn horn th6i ky
khO han va ret.

Hinh 6.29 Trdi dila

Hinh 6.30 Thit dda

Dtia la cay nhiet ddi nen thich nhiet do cao. Nhiet do thich hcip nhk la
nhiet do binh quan hang nam tii 21÷27°C, nhiet do binh quan thang tha/p
nhk khong dati 15°C va thOng cao nhk khong qud 35°C. Ne'u nhiet dO qua
cao, nhat la khi gap tr6i 6m, ngoai viec khong c6 lqi cho viec tich 1uy chk
trai daa con d6 bi mat trdi doi hang. Nhiet a qua thgp gay anh hdang
xgu dgn trai va lá.
494 CHLICIVG 6

Luring mita trung binh hang nam tif 1200+2000mm la thich hap nhat
d6i v8i sinh traang va phat trien caa cay dila. Nhu cau nil& hang ngay caa
cay dila tiling during vai mot lu'ang meta tit 1,25+2mm, tiic la tit 12,5+20m3
rutoc/ha. Sau khi trong, cay dila da ben re neu gap han keo dai 4+6 thing thi
thtli gian sinh traang se keo dai them, nhi.tng it anh haang den nang suit.
Trai lai track va trong giai doan phan h6a hoa ma thiefu flack thi nang suit
dila se giam slit ro ret. DO am khong khi trung binh hang ndm can thigt tit
75% trot len.
Vu' an dela c6 du anh sang thi nang suit tang, ham lacing thing cao, vo
trai b6ng dep, thich hap cho viec xuat khdu trai tu'ai va chg biefn. Thieu anh
sang thi nang suit se giam, vi chua va ham luring du'ang thap, vO trai co mau
xam t6i. Nhung anh sang qua manh se gay ram trai, la nga mau yang do.
Cac gi6ng calla hoa va data dee binh can anh sang nhieu hctn. Trai lai, cac
gi6ng dila to va dila mat lai can c6 cay cao to nha lira, tram the bong mat
theta that. Noi chung cay dila can anh sang tan xa.
Cay dila khong ken dat, dat tai x6p va thoat nude nhanh deu c6 the
trung daa.. saim d6i, ang rung hay nhang ncci c6 cac loci co tap, nhieu
cay co m.oc, rang non deu co thd tr6ng chive dura. Nai dat trung khong thoat
mierc, dat chat cang, pha sa qua nho, dat c6 nhieu Mn, voi deu khong thich
hap de tr6ng dila. Dat tr6ng dila tot nhat la daft cat pha, dat do mai khai
pha, dat sau, nhieu chat mau va c6 du chat sat, de pH tai 4,5+5% la thich
hap nhat.

6.5.2 Thanh phAn hoa hoc ciia clifa

Trai dila c6 72+88% nude, 8+18,5% &fang, 0,3+0,8% acid, 0,25+0,5%
protein, khoang 0,25% mu6i khoang. 70% difOng dila la saccharose, con lai la
glucose. Acid nhieu nhat trong thanh phan acid hal ca ctia dila la acid citric
(65%), can lai la acid malic (20%), acid tatric (10%), aacid succinic (3%).
Dila con chila enzyme thay phan protein IA Bromelin. Ham lacing
bromeline tang clan tit ngoai vao trong va tit cladi go'c len tren ngon.
Bromelin duck san xuat bkpg each trich ly tai vO va cua dila. Ham lacing
vitamin C khoang 15+5,5flig%, vitamin A 0,06mg%, vitamin B1 0,09mg%,
vitamin B2 0,04mg%.,:'
Thanh phan hoa hoc dm dila cling nha cac loai rau trai khac thay doi
theo gi6ng, dO chin, thin vu, dia diem va dieu kien trong trot.
CAC Lail TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PRAT TRIEN VI(T NAM 495

Bang 6.12 Thanh phcin hda hoc ciia mOt so gidng drla

DO kh6 Dudng kha Saccharose DO acid

Giong daa, ndi trong
% ok % pH
%

Dua hoa Ph6 Tho 18 4,19 11,59 0,51 3,8

Dira hoa Tuyen Quang 18 3,56 12,22 0,57 3,8
Dila Victoria nhap not 17 3,2 10,9 0,5 3,8
Dia Ha Tinh 12 2,87 6,27 0,63 3,6
Dia mat Vinh Phu 11 2,94 6,44 0,56 3,9
Dia Caien Phii Qui 13 3,2 7,6 0,49 4,0

Dia Caien Cau Hai 13,5 3,65 6,5 0,49 4,0

KhOm D6ng Nai 15,2 3,4 9,8 0,31 4,5
KhOm Long An 14,8 3,3 8,6 0,37 4,0
KhOm Kien Giang 13,5 2,8 7,5 0,34 4,1

Bang 6.13 Sit thay ddi thanh phdn hda hoc

clia dzia hoa Phu Tho theo thang thu hoach

Thang thu D6 axit Acid ht/u Dudng tong D6 kho Vitamin C Chi s6
hoach % cd ft/ do % s6 % % mg% dtiang/acid
1 0,9 0,71 13,5 23,7 51 15
2 0,87 0,74 12,7 22 • 50 14,6
3 0,75 0,62 14,8 21,4 42,7 19,7
4 0,75 0,67 17,9 19,6 35,5 23,8
5 0,7 0,58 19,5 21,2 28,2 27,8
6 0,78 0,56 18,1 20,5 33,3 25,8
7 0,7 0,6 17,5 19,3 40 25
8 0,8 0,6 16,7 18 29,5 23
9 0,72 0,5 18,4 21,4 44,9 25,5
10 0,72 0,5 18,5 20,8 52,5 25,7
11 0,9 0,7 17,2 22,1 42,1 19,1
12 0,95 0,75 13 23,5 37,6 12,6
496 CHUOVG 6

Bring 6.14 Su thay dei thanh pha'n hoa hoc ctia dda Victoria theo do chin

DO chin
Chi tieu'
U'dng Chin tdi Chin
•
DO kt5, % 13 . 15,1 17
DUong tong so, % 10 11,2 14,1
Diking khir, % 2,4 3,3 3,2
Saccharose, % 7,6 7,9 10,9
Cellulose, % 1,8 1,6 1,6
Pectin hoe tan, % 0,13 0,1 0,08
Protopectin, % 0,12 0,1 0,1
DO acid, % 0,48 0,52 0,5
DO tro, % 0,48 0,39 0,37
Ham ludng K, mg% 250 240 230
Ham ludng P, mg% 45 50 48
Ham lildng Ca, mg% 26 20 18

6.5.3 Phan 100 cac gi6ng

Dia ca tat ca khoang 60+70 gi6ng, nhtmg co the grip chung thttnh ba
nh6m chinh:

1- Nhorn chi'a Hoeing he* (Queen)

Hinh 6.31 Dila Queen Hinh 6.32 Dila Victoria

 CAC LOA/ TRAI CAY C6 TIN NANG PRAT TRIEN 6' VIET NAM 497

Trdi data Queen Wang d6i nho, kh6i lacing trung binh mOi trai 0,8+1,6
kg/trai, mgt 16i, clang tru troll khd d'eu. Thit trai yang dam, gion, twang dda,
vi chua ngot dam da. Nh6m nay CO chat lacing cao nhat, tren the gidi thu'Zing
dang dd An tuai va xuat khdu. Data hoa, data tay, data Victoria,. khom cung
thuOc nhOm data nay. Nhom dila Queen duac trong nhigu nhat trong ba nhom
o ViOt Nam.

2- NhOrn dila Cayenne

Data Cayenne cho trai Idn nhat, kh6i hang trung binh 1,5+2,5 kg/trdi,
mat phang va nong. Trdi c6 dang tru con, ldn a clued g6c nha clan a dau num.
Thit trai kem yang, nhi4u nu'dc, it ngot va kern tham han dda Queen. Data
dOc binh, dda tay thuOc nhOm nay. Vi phi hap Arai the bi'an ding nghi0p,
nh6m Cayenne dole trong a hdu het cdc Wing dda Ian tren the gidi (Thai
Lan, Ha Oai, Philippin...). C1 ViOt Nam dang c6 nhiing dot an ddy manh trong
dad Cayenne thanh quy mo len, nhang yi'ec sit dung loai data nay qui chu'a
thOng dung lam.

Hinh 6.33 Di ta Cayenne

3- Nhom dila Tay Ban Nha (Spanish)

Trai data Spanish ldn han dda Queen, mat to va sau. Thit trai yang
nhat, c6 ch6 trung, vi chua, it mni tham nhu'ng nhi6u flack han dda hoa.
Dila ta, (Ida mat, dda thuOc `nhom data Spanish. NhOm nay c6 chat lacing
kern nhat, duac trong lau do i va tap trung a khu vac Lik San (Tam Duang,
Vinh
498 CHUGWG 6

Hinh 6.34 Dila Spanish

6.5.4 Trdng chta d viot Nam

Cdc gifing dita dati tien du nhap yao Dong Deicing tit cac chuy6n du
hanh cua ngabi B6 Dao Nha ya An D6 dau the k5r 16. Nganh tr6ng dila ch6
bien d mien Nam thktc ski phdt trien ke tit 1936 do sit thanh lap nha may ch6
biefn dtla &rig h6p ct Sai Gbn - Chq Lon, kern theo cac nghien citu lira chola
giting du nhap.
Cac Yung tr6ng dila n6i tigng a mien Nam la Disc H6a, Dtk Hue (Long
An), Cau Duc (Kien Giang), Bit° L6c, Disc Trong (Lam D6ng). C1 mien bac có
cac Wing Vinh Phd Tuyen Quang, Nghe An, Ha Tinh. Hien nay loci
Queen la chu lye cho cong nghe the bien, dtkrc tr6ng tap trung a Long An,
Kien Giang, Hau Giang ya ngoai thanh TP H6 Chi Minh.

Bang 6.15 134c die'm tong ngh? cua mot so gidng dila

Kh61 Chidu Daling V6 Mat Ou'eing

Gi6ng daa, not tr6ng lacing tral, cao, kinh tral, day, sau, kinh 161,
g cm cm cm cm cm

Dina hoa Phu Thp 500 10 8,5 1 1,2 2

Daa hoa Tuyen Quang 490 10,5 8,7 1 1 2,35

Kh6m Long An 900 15 10,5 — — 2,1

Daa Caien Phu Qui ,3150 24 15 0,3 1 4,5

,i-'
Daa caien PhO HG -- 2050 17,5 13• 0,25 1 2,5

Dila to Ha Tinh 750 13 10 1 1,5 2

Dila mat Vinh Phi., 1300 15 11 1,5 1,5 2,6

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIET NAM 499

Trdi data co gia tri kinh to rat cao vi de trong, khong dad hai dgt tot,
the trong tren cde vimg d6i soi dd lan cdc vimg dgt phen c6 pH = 3+3,5 mau
thu hoach, nang sugt cao, tit khi trong dgn khi an trdi trung binh khoang
12+14 thdng, nang sugt trung binh tren 80 tdrilha, gid tri dinh clueing cao va
chaa nhi6u bromelin, mOt loai protease c6 nhieu Ting dung trong ding nghiep
duvc va thye phgm.

Bang 6.16 Bac tinh chung cda cdc gang dila trong chd yeu a WO Nam.

Nhom Cayenne (1) Nhorn Spanish (2) Nhorn Queen (3)

Tan cay )(doe tudng d6i rdng Ten hdp hdn Cayenne Xoe tong d6i rdng

Ch61
ChOi cu6ng Thy gi6ng ma c6 hay S6 lUdng, kith thUdc Thuong It phat tri4n.
khong. toy gi6ng.
ChOi nach Co vai chOi nach. Co vai choi nach. Rat nhieu choi nach.

La Tuong d6i ngan, r6ng Dai va hep Ngan va hep

Chi co gai a non la Thuong co gai can c6 Rat nhieu gai va gai tong
Chan le mau lyc nhat nhu kh6ng. dang m6c cau.
Chan le mau luc hdi do Chan le mau hong hdi do

Cuffing trai TUdng d6i ngan Dai hdn 6 nh6m 1 Tuong doi ngan

Hos Mau hoa ca Mau rUc rd hdn nh6m1 Mau hoa ca

Trai
Kh6i long Cao Thap hdn Cayenne Thap
Hinh clang Hinh Ong Hinh Wet) cau Ong, chap cut
Mat To va bet To hdn Cayenne Be hdn Cayenne va 161
Mau v6 chfn yang da cam yang hdi do yang
Thit Hdi trong, kh6ng xd, Hdi trong, xd, mau hdi Mo duc, don, mau yang
mau yang nhat trang
VI Not va chua Vi khong not bang 1 Kh6ng chua bang 1
DuVing kinh 101 Trung binh To hdn 6 Cayenne Be hdn 6 Cayenne
Khang banh Rat man cam it man cam veil tuyan It man cam hdn veil
heo tuygn trung Cayenne vdi benh heo
triing

Cach sit dyrig Lam do hdp Chi., yeu da xugt tad Xugt tudi •
!rat Xugt tudi Tieu thy ndi dia Tieu thy nQi dia
Tieu thy ndi Oa
500 CHUCAIG

Bang 6.17 Ke't qud phan tich Ft* s6 chi tieu phdm chdt
ctia ba loai dila ph6 bien o mibt. Nam

Chi tieu Vitamin C Acid hat' cd DUdng klieg Dtidng t6ng Diking

Gi6ng mg/100g mg/100g % % t6ng/acid

Ben Liic 27,28 0,7 2,07 11,26 16,34

Kien Giang 22,88 0,59 2,56 10,80 18,42

Minh Hai 29,04 0,6 2,2 9,0 14,51 _

6.5.5 Thu hoach va bao quail dila

Thy theo vi dO a nai trong, dila hoa thu hoach ty nhien vacs thdng 3, 4
5 va 6; dila Cayenne thu hoach vao thang 6, 7, 8; dila ta thu hoach vao thanj
6, 7. Trong nhilng nam gan day do c6 tign hanh xit ly dila hoa bang dAt den
nglidi ta c6 the bat dila hoa 10'1 trai van bat ky It c nao, c6 nghia la c6 the till
hoach quanh nam.
Da tii lau nhan dan a vting dila Tam Duting (Vinh Phd) da thu hoacl
dila ta bang each dap g6c, vu dila nay thing duac goi IA dila chiem. Do ra
vu dila nhu the nen san xuAt va the Wen dila deu cd lcsi. Tuy nhien d6i
cdc tinh phia bac, do nhit dO cdc thang 11, 12 lam anh hitting xSu den sin:
tniang cay dila, lam cho chSt luting trai thu hoach trong thdng nay c6 chb'
lacing rat kern, khong c6 ldi y6 mat kinh to - ky thuat. D6i vdi cdc tinh t
ThuAn Hai tra vao, vi nhit di) khong khi trong thang nay khong thAp ne
dila van cho phdm chAt tot.
Dila IA loai trai khong c6 dinh ho hal) nen khong the thu hoach khi co
xanh nhit cdc loai trai khdc ma phai thu hoach luc trai chin. Do 416 dula sa
khi thu hoach rat de bi dap, gay cu6ng, lath anh hitting den chAt
Mat khdc dila cling nhit cac loai trai cay nhit ddi khdc rat nhay cai
vdi nhiet dO. Neu nhit dO qua cao, lam trai dila bi heo, main, va mau khan
con tifai. Dila bi "cdin lan/i" do tdc dung cila nhit do thSp. Mac dO cam lan
thy theo nhit dO, dO chin cua trai, gieing dila... Dtta xanh bi cam lanh ngay
9÷10°C, con dila chin a 4÷6°C. Khi bi "ccim lanh" dila bi nau den a lOi va la
dan ra phia ngoai.
Dila rat changAii hang do ho hAp yem khi. Neu bao quan dila trot
kho kin, am ntidc thi rat d8 lam th6i Vic tha dila tr8n muting (tap quJ
thu hoach dila a mien Nam) lam cho dila chong bi
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO DEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 501

DO chin thu hogch eau cia'a

Theo Vien Khoa hoc Nang nghiep mien Nam, ngotti ta danh gid do
chin cUa theo 5 mitt sau day:
DO chin 4: 100% va trai c6 mau yang sArn, tren 5 hang mat ma.
DO chin 3: Khoang 4 hang mat ma, 75+100% v6 trai c6 mau yang tutai.
DO chin 2: 3 hang mat ma, 25+75% vo trai c6 mau yang tutri.
DO chin 1: trai van con xanh (bong), mot hang mat ma.
DO chin 0: trai van can xanh (sAm), mat chaa ma.
Tai cac nong trtiOng, di.a thating duck thu hoach khi dO chin tai ruOng
la 1 va 2, se co mau sang dep, khoang 4+8 ngay sau dung de an ttiai hay
the bign dgu t6t. Trai a de? chin 3, 4 tai rung se de clang bi hong sau khi
thu hoach.

Bang 6.18 Cac chi tieu cam quan danh cho dila tuai xudt khd'u

Cac chi tieu Yeu cau k9 thugt

Trang thai Trai dOa phai có hinh clang phat then to nhien, con nguyen van choi ngon
ben ngoai (trit dila ta) va cu6ng. Choi ngon chigm 25% so vdi kh6i Wong toan trai.
Cuong trai cat bang, dai 2 ÷ 3cm.
Khong duoc lam dap, nidc va gay cu6ng.
Trai dila phai tudi sach, khong bi Lidt, kh6ng barn gigp, khong co vet th6i.

Trang thai Thit trai phai aing chgc, kh'n.g con nhdt, khong dodc Ong hoc kho ruidc,
ben trong khong bi tham loi.

MOi vi Trai dila bgt dau co mOi than nhp, vi heti ngot: khong ditdc phep co rnOi
Ong, mui WO.

DO chin DO chin 1: v6 trai da chuygn sang xanh nhat, hai hang mat phfa g6c da ke
thu hoach yang. Thit trai khong con nhdt va co mau phdt yang, chigm dign tfch so vdi
mat cat ngang khong nho hdn 1/3 d61 vdi dila mua he, kh6ng nho hdn 1/2
d6i vdi dila rn0a clang.
DO chin 2: va trai da có 1 - 3 hang mat, phfa gOc chuygn sang mau yang,
thit trai có mau yang tren mat cat ngang.
DO chin 3: Cac hang mat tit g6c dgn ngang nita trai TA chuygn sang mau
yang, thit trai da co mau yang.
DO chin 4: cdc hang mat tit g6c den qua nem trai (2/3 trai) co mau yang,
thit trai mau yang.
502 CHWNG 6

Thu hoach daa bang each dung dao cat cu6ng. Can phai thkfc hien thu
hoach nhe nhang, tranh lam barn giap, gay ngon hoac gay cueing. Cat trai
kern theo met doan cu6ng dai 2+3cm. Vet cat phai phang, nhan, khong dace
dap cu6ng. Thu hoach vao ngay tanh rao, tranh thu hoach ltic dang mda. Khi
can lgy ch6i ngon de trong hoac be di deli phai dung dao cat, khong dive be
vi vet 16m vao trai se gay mau th6i trai. Sau khi hai de dtla tifng trai nhe
nhang vao bao bi, hay gia, thiing tre va chuyen sang thimg gO cher di. Ghia
cac trai nen den vat mem de tranh co sat.
Thu hoach xong phai van chuyen kho ngay, khong ducfc chgt
d6ng ngoai nang. Kho chtia phai cao, thoang, sach. Nen kho, dao, sot... phai
sat trimg bang formol n6ng do 3+5% de tieu diet nem th6i Thielaviopsis
paradosa.
Chon trai lanh lan, vat be la bac a g6c trai, cat bang cu6ng tech g6c
trod 2+3cm. Chai hoac diet rep sap. Deng g6i nhanh, data vao kho mat
gilt de nhiet 7+8°C, de dm 85+90%. Thai gian tit hie thu hoach cho den khi
dua vao kho mat khong qua 24 gig!t ve miia he WI khong qua 36 gill ve vu
(long xuan. Van chuyen bang tau lanh hoac xa lan lanh.
Khi bao quan dila de chit the bien, sau khi thu hoach xong phai dua
nhanh dila vao kho mat nhiet de 10+12°C dei vai dila con xanh va 7+8°C d6i
voi dim bat dau chin, de am trong kho 85+90%. Thtfi gian bao quan d(ra xanh
3+4 than le va dila chin 2+3 tuan le.
C6 the dimg chgt Cfc the qua trinh chin c6 ngu6n g6c hormon thkfc vat
IA dung dich NAA (Anpha - Napthalen Acetic Acid) n6ng de 150ppm phun len
mat trai data thu hoach kic mai ma mat. Sao quan a nhiet do thudng dtfctc
khoang 4 tuan le. Ta cOng c6 the tang aging hieu qua bao quan bang each su
dung cac loci bao bi co kha nang them thgu chon loc.

Bang 6.19 Ccic chi tieu ve kho'i lacing

Kh6114ng trai nhe nh‘t (g) Chd thfch

GI6ng
Da)c cap L0411 1 L0012 Loaf 3 Rieng gi6ng dila hoa
Nam bt) chUa có tieu
Dila hoa 650 ,- 550 450 350 chub phan loai
.,,
Dila to 1000 800 500

Oita thy 1200 900 600

CAC LORI TRAI GAY CO DEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIET NAM 503

Hinh 6.35 Bao bi thing gai trai dila tuai

6.5.6 Situ benh teen di.ia

Bei veri data xuet khu dniti clang trai ttidi kh6ng duoc phep c6 rep sap
(d6i Wong kiem dich quific te) va benh tham 16i. Data sau khi thu hoach
tinging bi met s6 benh do vi sinh vat va sau benh gay ra:
- Rep dila
- Benh thin mat do Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium funiculosum
- Benh kh3 mat do nhigm nhieu did vi khuan chtia xac dinh ro. Benh
rat kho phOng trit, thdOng pha hoai vao cac thane nong nhtit. Deka Queen it
bi horn dila Cayenne.
- Benh thei do Thielaviopsis paradoxa (clang truang thanh la
Ceratoslonella paradoxa) xam nhap qua vet cat, chi) &tip. Day la benh chu
yeti cua dila trong qua trinh van chuyen, bao quoin.
. - Ngtkii to con phat hien cac that benh do Cuvrulia eragres tidits, C.
maculan, Pseudomonas ananas, Niigrospora spbaenca, Botryodiplodia sp,.

6.6 DILA
6.6.1 Ngu6n gac - &tic diem tInic vat
Cay dila c6 ten khoa hoc la Cocos nucifera L, thuec nganh Hien hoa bi
nh6m Dan ta diop, bo Spacidiflorales, ho Palmae, chi Cocos, lotti Nucifera.
Ne diem cila be nay la than trOn, sueng, khong nhanh, c6 mo bao 16y ghat
hoa. Hoa duck mang teen met gie to, goi la bang, hoa chic rieng, hoa afti
rieng nhang tren ding met cay.
C6 met s6 gia thiet cho rang dim c6 xu& xit tii khu vtic dong nam chau
A, trong khi nhiing gia thiet khac lai cho rhng n6 c6 ngu6n gee a mien tay
504 CHUaNG 6

bAc Nam My. Nhung khong phu thuOc vAo ngu6n g6c dm no, dila da ph6 bign
khap \rung nhiet &6i. Cay dila dttac tr6ng vA moc hoang 6 nhidu ncti trong
nhCtng Wing nhiet d6i, gan 1)6 bidn hay cdc hai dao.
Cay dila là cay tong nghiep dai ngAy, song trong \rung nhiet dai, thich
nghi de clang tren nhidu vung sinh thai khac nhau. Dita là loAi it ken chon
da, c6 thd moc tren nhidu loai dgt khdc nhau: dgt cat ven bidn, dgt set
nang yen bidn, da phu sa yen song, dgt gi6ng cat, dgt quanh vting th6
Nhiet dQ thich hap nhgt cho cay dila pita trign IA 27+29°C; nhiet dO
20°C keo dAi se lam giam nang sugt diia, nhttng ngu nhiet dO thgp han 15°C
se lAm dila bi r6i loan sinh ly, gay rung trdi non. D6 gm khong khi thich
hap cho dila vAo khoang 60+90%, khi d6 am thgp clued 60%, dila se bi rung
trai non vi qud kho hen. NgoAi ra, diia IA cay lila sang, nen ngu tr6ng trong
bong ram thi se lau cho trai. Dila se moc vA cho trai tot khi c6 t6ng s6 gitt
chigu sang trong nam t6i thidu là 2.000 gia.

Hinh 6.36 Cay dela non vet cay dela da ra trdi

Trill, dila IA mOt trai nhan cuing thin marn, bao g6m mot gdo ding bao
boc phan cam dila ben trong; ben ngoAi IA lap )(a dila dAy. Cgu tao cat ngang
trai dila gilt tit ngotti \Tao trong g6m c6 hai phan, là lap bidu 131 vet hat. Phia
ngotti là lap bidu bi nhAn, c6 sap; kg den IA lap trung bi (v6 tali giiia) chi:fa xa
mAu nau, trong cling là lap go mAu yang nau rat cuing, goi là lap nOi bi (v6
trai trong hay gao dital. Midi lap not bi là hat dila. Cgu tao cda hat dila nhu .
sau: ben ngoAi IA v6 hat (lap mang ming mat' nau do, dinh chat vao gdo);
ben trong chola phoi nhu (con goi la cam dila) trAng b6ng, day 1+2cm vA rut&
c6 matt trong duc, chigm 3/4 long gao.
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN 0' 1/10- NAM 505

Hinh 6.37 Budng dila - hoa dela

M6t trai dila khi chin c6 thanh phAn trung binh nhu sau (theo phan
tram kh6i lucmg trai): corn dira (30%), vo dila (33,5%), gdo dila (15%), va nticfrc
dila (21%).

NUOc dila
Com dila
LO thong khi
Marn dila
L6 MQC MaM (than + la)

L6 thong khi

V6 ngoai

R6 --
Va trong, V6 giCia
bao quanh hat (xd)

Hirai 6.38 Cd'u tao trdi dila

Hinh 6.39 Trai dila non - cam dela non

506 CHUONG 6

Hinh 6.40 Trcii, dila gia - can diia gia

6.6.2. Thanh phAn hoa hoc ctia diia kho

Ngtali to thu hoach dita khi do tu6i cua nO du'oc 10+12 thang, goi là dim
Trong thanh phan cua trai difa kilo, coin dira la phAn cd gid tri dinh
du'ang nhgt. Thanh phan h6a hoc cUa cam dim thd hi'01 trong bang 6.20.

Bang 6.20 Thanh phan h6a hoc ctia cam dila

Thanh phgn Ham Dicing (% kh6i Wog)

N Lift 44,0 -: 52,5

Protein 3,0 -: 4,3

Carbohydrate tong 9,0 < 10,0

Cellulose 2,1 ÷ 3,4

Lipid 34,7 :- 38,2

Tro 0,8 -., 1,3

Bang 6.21 Thanh phcin h6a hoc curt si?a dita (khong 66' sung ntioc khi ep)
theo ccic tac gici khcic nhau

Nathaneal Popper va cong Jeganathan Anon

Thanh phgn
(1954) ski (1966) (1970) (1984)

Do dm (%) 50,0 54,1 50,0 53,9 _

-
Lipid (%) 39,8 32,2 40,0 34,7

Protein (N x 6,25) (%) 2,8 4,4 3,0 3,6

Tro (°/0) 1,2 1,0 1,5 1,2

Carbohydrate (%) 6,2 8,3 5,5 6,6

CAC LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIP- NAM 507

Sara dim hay con goi la nu& cot dila, c6 clang nha Wong, mall trAng duc,
nhdn ducic khi ep coin dila Wed nao nhuien trong diet' kien c6 hay khong b6
sung nuac. Thanh phan h6a hoc trong sda dia khi ep tit cam dila tuoi thay
deli thy theo gi6ng dila, vi tri dia ly, dO chin ctia trai dila, phuang phdp trIch
ly va mdc de sit dung dung mai (dial:mg la nutdrc) de trich ly. Bang 3.21 the
hien cac thanh phan hoa hoc trong nu'ac c6t dia duoc ep true tiep tit cccm dila
ma khOng 136 sung nu'ac.
Carbohydrate trong seta dila chti yeu la du ng (phan Ian la saccharose)
va tinh bet. Nhetng chat khodng chinh trong nuac cot g6m cd phosphorus,
calcium va potassium (theo Anon, 1984). Ngoai ra, trong nude c6t dila mai ep
con chda met luring nho vitamin B va acid ascorbic.

6.6.3 Phan loai cac giting dila

1- Phan lout theo phu'ofng phew thu plan
C6 the chia thanh ba nhOm dila sau: dila cao, dila lim va dila lai. Ddc
tinh cua cac nhorn dila duoc the hien trong bang 6.22.

Bang 6.22 Dac diem cdc gang deta

Dila cao Dila lin Dila lai

Than cao 18+20m, a phan g6c Than nha, cao khoang 5 m, Than cao trung binh, cao
cach mat dal 50cm co phgn khong c6 phan phinh 6 hdn dia lin nhung thap hal
phinh ra, tan la nhidu (38+40 Ia) g6c, tan Id It (20+22 Ia). dim cao, g6c cd phan phinh
Dia xiem, dila Tam Quan, ra.
Dila ta, dia It'ia, dila nhim,
dila eo... dila dia, dila num... Dila dau...

Cho trai muOn (sau 5+7 nam Cho trai Om, song khoang Thdi gian cho trai xap xi
tong), song lau (90+100 30+40 nam. nh6m &fah:In.
nam).
Trai to, phgm chat cdm, xd, Trai nhe, cay cho nhieu Com, ddu dila tat nhY nhOrn
day dila t6t. trai, nhLtng chat ludng corn, dila cao, nhang cho s6 trai
dau, xd dila khong t6t bang va san Ric:Mg cdm dila cao
nhom dila cao. hon.

Thy phan chdo. Ty thy phan. Thy phan nhan tao.

Ch6ng chit., &roc didu kiln Khong chiu dudc dieu kidn Man cam vdi sti thay d6i d6
kh5c nghidt cud khi hail, dal khac nghidt dm kill hau, gm cua ddt, nhung khang
dai, khong khdng dudc cac dat dai (dd bi kin vuong, duoc cac bOnh nguy him
bdnh nguy him nhu Lethal clueing phd hogi), nhYng nht.i Lethal yellow, Cadang.
yellow, Cadang cadang. khang dirdc cac bOnh nguy cadang.
him nhil Lethal yellow,
Cadang cadang.
—
508 CHUONG 6

2- Phan Logi theo hiOu qua kinh te-

a- Dita cao: nhom dila co hieu qua kinh to cao
Day la cac gi6ng cho nang stag, va ham Wang dau cao, pha'm chatt cam va
xa dila t6t, thich hap cho cong nghi'ep &du va xa dila, bao g6m cac giong sau:
Dela Ta: thu6c nhOm dila cao, trai cot trung binh, 3 khia ro ret, cam day
1,1+1,2cnz, sau khi trong 5 nam chi cho trai, khoing 4.000+4.500 trai cho
1 tan cam dila kilo. Dila ta ch6ng chiu rat Oft yeti cac digu kien khAc nghiet
dm khi hau, da't dai. Thy theo mau sac &la v6 trai, ta c6 gi6ng dila Ta xanh
va Ta yang.
Dela Lita: thu6c nh6m dila cao, ca trai trung binh den to, clang trai
troll. San loang cam dila Wang &tang v6i giting dila Ta.
Dela Nhim: thu6c nhom dila cao, clang trai hai dai, c6 3 khia r6 ret, &du
c6 num, trai tit nh6 den trung binh, cam day 1,1+1,2cm. San lacing xgp xi giong
dim Ta. Thy theo mau sac v6 trai, ta c6 gi6ng Nhim xanh va Nhim yang.
Dita Dau: thu6c nhOm dicta lai, trai c6 hai nho, clang trai troll, 3 khia
khong r6. Trai tuy hai nho nhang xa mong nen ham Wang cam dim trong trai
Mid cao, d4c bit ham liking d'Au cao nhSt trong cac gi6ng dicta hien nay
(66%). Dita Dau trong t6t m8i nam cho 14+16 buo'ng, m6i bu6ng tit 10+15 trai,
khodng 4.500+5.000 trai cho 1 tan cam dim kilo. Thy theo mau sac dm v6
trai, ta c6 cac gifing dila Dau xanh, Dau do va Dau yang.

b- Dila nh6m dila cho nu'ac dila Wai

Go'm cac gi6ng cho trai nh6, hang cam dim th‘p nhung nude rat nget:
Dita to: thu6c nh6m dila cao, ca. trai nho nhgt trong cac gi6ng hien
nay, m6i bu6ng cho 30+50 trai.
Dew Xiem: thu6c nhom dila Run, m6i nam cho 16+18 bu6ng, trung binh
m8i bang 20 trai. Thy theo mau sac v6 trai; ta co cac gifing Xiem xanh va
Xiem do.

Hinh 6.41 Trcii clew xiem

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIE7N b VIET NAM 509

Deta Tarn Quan: thuOc nhom dila lin , trai c6 kich thadc trung binh.
Trdi c6 mAu yang nga.

c- Dila lai: nhOm c6 hi0u qua kinh to thgp

G6m cdc gi6ng c6 luvng cam dila thgp, t,S, 10 (tau trai thap, it c6 hi0u
qua kinh Dim Dila (hay Dim Bong), Dila Sap (dila dAc runt, khong c6
nude), Dia Dang, Dila Bi.
Trong cac gi6ng dila du'qc trong a Viet Nam, giong dila Ta IA giting dirge
tr6ng nhieu nhat (chigm 65+75% dien tich), hem nifa, chting cho san lu'ang
cam dila cao ding nha chat Wang cam dila tot nen phis hap de san xugt bOt
sila
Dila Dila chi thay c6 tr6ng 6 vimg Cho Gao (Tien Giang) vA vai ncti
rai rac or Tien Giang. Nu'dc dila Data ngot, hcli c6 nhieu bot khi va c6 mui
tham nhe nhu' mui Id Dim.
Dim Dim Clic( Gao that:mg bi lai tap, m6i buong dila chi vai trai IA c6
mui dila. Dim Dim dm Thai Lan la cay gi6ng d6ng hop tit nen cdc trai dila
(long nhat, hau iihu deu c6 min dila, rat tien bdn cho dan du lich \TA ho da
xuat khAu dila Dila sang nhieu flack. Vien nghien cau Cay an trai mien Nam
da ket hop vai mot s6 hq nong dan trong .gi6ng dim Dila Thai Lan, ket qua
ding kha kha quan.

IIInh 6.42 Tryii dila nude

Dila 'nide IA loai cay ding ho vai cay th6t not, c6 gia tri kinh to cao
trong the Wen lAm dulling, vi mfac tit trai dila flack rat ngot, beo, twang vi
dam (IA, hurl han cay mia vA cu cai &ging. Nhung tit lau, cay dila nude bi lang
quer' trong ngAnh the bik cong nghiep. Gan nhu' da s6 nhan dan chi khai
510 CHUOVG 6

that dila nude v0 ldy la lop nha, ldy cay dung vach, Idy trai dd an tuai, chit
chua thdy ai tan dung nudc tit nhua hoa cay dim nudc tigt ra de co dac, tinh
chg &ring. Dim nudc dan tra thanh cay moc hoang, moc lan tran a eldt, bai
bai met cach tit nhien, khong cham sok, bon phan, tang khong dude quan
tam dgn viec chon gieng gieo trong thich (mg theo khoa hoc Icy thuat.
\Tung deng bang song Cdu Long rat thich nghi cho cay dila nudc sinh
soi, phat tri4n vi do IA ndi ddt bai do thily tridu len xueng hang ngay. Deng
Thar) Mucci, Cai Be, Cai Lay - Thu Thira, Tan An, Bgn Lac, Ba Cum, dgn
\rung Nam Can, Gid Rai Minh Hai, Bai Xao SOc Trang Miet Thu', Rach Gia.
Go Cong, Tra Vinh, Bgn Tre, My Tho... cay dim nudc moc thanh vutn bai,
then ldn nhau hang tram cay s6.
Cl cac nutc Ding Nam A, Malaisia, Philippin... dila nude la cay cong
nghiep dude coi trong hang ddu. Ho trong thanh vutn nhu nude ta trong dim
Bgn Tre, Vinh Long. Ho bao quan, charn sOc chu dao, chon gieng tot gieo
trong, nham ldy nude nhura tit hoa dila dimg chg bin thanh dudng trting. San
ludng dating dila nude trung binh 20,3 thin/ha cao Iron so vdi dudng mia,
khoang 5 dgn 15 tan/ha. DO IA chua kd cac phu phdm lchac nhu rticru con,
gidm, nude giai khat, banh keo, khoang 7.000 dgn 8.000 lit tit nude dim. CS
Philippines, 93% con va rudu clutc san xudt dui ygu tit dim nude.
Cach ldy nude nhua that dun gian. Vao thdi didm cay tr6 hoa, ngtibri ta
cat cueng hoa, nude nhua tit tit chay ra, ldy 6ng nylon gdn vao cueng hoa va
nude nhua chay tit cueng hoa theo &rig nylon dAn xueng binh dat ben &Jai de
chtia nude nhua, ti a nhu each* nude th6t not.
Dila sap: dim dac met hay con goi la dim sap, dila kern thuec gieng
dila cao, thy phdn cheo. Khi be doi trai dim, ben trong 16p cctrn dila IA chdt
long se'n set nhu kern, sap. Dim dac "runt xuat hiOn tai Viet Nam rat lau
nhu ng mdi dude quan tam trong vai nam tra lai day. Dila (lac met dude phat
a KO, tinh Tra Vinh. Do s6 lacing dila dac met qua
hien dal.' tien tai huyen Cu
it Oi, deng thdi m6i quay dila chi CO vai trai dac met nen ngudi trong dila cho
do la san phdm cua sit det bign nen khong quan tam. CO lac, hang loat cay
dila 'lac met bi chat 136. Mai dgn khi Vien nghien cdu Dau thitc vat (TP
HCM) phat hien va nghien citu, nguti dan mdi chrl y dgn gieng dila nay.
Trong khi dO, tai Philippines, dila dac met lai IA met san phdm nei
tigng. Ngudi Philippines goi dim dac met la Macapuno. Dila Macapuno dude
sit dung rat nhigu trong chg bien thut phdm, tubing lieu, my phdm. Keo dim
lam tit dila dac met la met. trong nhitng san phdm ngon nei tigng a nude nay.
Hien nay, Philippines Ong san xudt gieng dim nay bang nuoi cay mo.
Trong diAu kin binh Uiting, tS, 10 dac rut chi chigm 20÷25%/quay
dim. TS, le dac runt/quay thdp la do dila clac met trung chung vdi nhang cay
 LOAI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VleT NAM 511

:hong ddc ruOt. Cdy ddc ruOt se thy phgn vdi cay khong ddc ruOt se cho ra
ay c6 tS, le ddc ruOt thgp. Ngu trong vutin dita, tat ca d6u thing gi6ng dixa
idc ruOt thi tS'r le dac ruOt se cao hctn rat nhigu, c6 the dat tai 100% trai
Lac ruOt.
Dim sap c6 hAm lacing lipid cao, min Intang dac trtmg Ilan so vai cac
Dai di a khdc. TrA Vinh hien c6 khoing 7.000 cay dila sap tap trung tai cac
d Hod Tan, floa An, thi trgn Cau Ke thuOc huyen Cau Ke. Trong d6 c6 1.000
ay dang cho trai, 5.000 cay 2+3 nam tu6i, 1.000 cay mai trong. Cf nhang cay
[Eta sap dang c6 trai thi ty le trai sap dat 20+25% (Wang &tang 75 trai
dp/cay/nam), nhiing trai con lai teen bung dita tuy khong cho sap, nhung tS'e
do, day dm cam dita va ham 'yang lipid cao han dita thadng.
De' nhdn bigt dita sap, ngudi ta lac manh trai Neu nghe ben trong
igng keu rat nhO thi da chinh la dim sdp.6rc ben trong gan nhu bi co dac
ai, tao cho phk cam dira tra nen rat day nhung khong ding nhu cam dim
Inittng. Dgy chinh là lSr do khign cho dila sap tra thanh man sinh to an rat
ham ngon.

Hinh 6.43 Deta sap

i.6.4 Tning dita % WO Nam

Dim dole trong nhieu cac cac nuac nhiet dai thuOc chau A, chdu Phi va
:hdu MS, La tinh nhu Indonesia, Phillipine, Malaysia, An DO, Viet Nam,
Vlexico, Cote d'Ivoire... Trong da, Indonesia va Phillipine IA hai qugc gia c6
>an Wang dila nhieu nhgt thg gidi.
Cf mietc ta, cay dita dttqc trong nhieu a Bgn Tre (d6ng bang song Cil'u
Long) va cac tinh yen bin mien Trung: Binh Dinh, Phil Yen, Khanh
mac gi6ng dita cUa Viet Nam c6 nhung gi6ng data rat t6t, khong kern g-1 cac
;•ieing dim t6t tren the gi6i. O d6ng bang song Cita Long.
512 CHUCING

Theo khao sat caa Vien nghien cal Ddu thcfc vat, tinh den nay tong
dien tich dila caa ca nu'ac IA 220.000ha, tap trung chit yeu a cdc tinh phia
Nam, nang suat dila binh quan mai dat tit 38+40 trdilcdylnam. Theo cdc
chuyen gia, de ngh6 trong dila tiep tuc on dinh, phat tridn lau dai vA c6 ch8
clang tren the giai phai giai quyet ngay nhang ton tai ca ban v6 khau gi6ng,
khau canh tdc vA ve ding nghe the bie'n cdc san phdm tii dila.

Ben Tre: di6u kien th6 nhuang a Ben Tre rat thich hap cho sit phdt
trign caa cay data, nhat IA a Wing nuac la nai ha lull, cay dila cho trai dAy
cam, ham Luang lipid cao. Chinh vi vay, cay dila tra thAnh cay (lac san hang
ddu cua Ben Tre, dua Ben Tre &An ddu ca nuac v6 dien tich vA san lacing dila:
35.018ha vai trung binh 221 trieu trai m8i nam.
Cac gi6ng dim du'ac tr6ng ph6 bign u Ben Tre là dila ta, dila xiem, dim
lira, dila Tam Quan... Ben Tre con n6i tigng v6 d4c san keo dila. NgoAi keo
claa, a day con c6 nhang x6m lAm keo chu6i, banh da, bdnh ph6ng, bdnh

Tien Giang: theo th6ng ke, toan tinh Ti6n Giang hien co tren
10.000ha dila, cay dila xiem chiem 20% dien tich tren. Dila xiem d6 tr6ng,
sai trai, nuac ngot dam. Nhang nam gan day, khi hoat Ong tham quan du
lich phat tri6n, nhu cAu giai khdt tit m.t6c dila xiem tang nhi6u.

6.6.5 Thu hoach va hi() quan dila

Hdi dila khd nguy hi:ern vi nguai hdi phdi leo len cay, clAng dao chat
dat but-ing dila, cot \PA dila ca bu6ng dim xu6ng. Cl root s6 ndi ngubi ta da huan
luyen khi hdi dila dd giam. thieu tai nan cho ngudi hdi

Hinh 6.44 Hdi dila

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY C6 TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN 0' VIET NAM 513

Cj 0°C, d6 dm 90%, diia c6 the bao quan trong. khoang 2 thang. Con a
nhiet d6 W 5÷25°C, chi c6 the bao quail dira trong Ong 2 tuAn. Hinh 6.123
bidu din cdc quy trinh xii1S7bao quan dim tutti nharn tieu thy trong nuac hay
xuat khdu.
C Dila

NUdc maii 2% Rua

Got v6 too hinh

Acid
Ngam Ngam Acetobacter Ngam
acetic
(t = 1±2') (t= 14-2') Xylinum (t = 1+2')
2%

Bac) guar) Rut bolt nil& Boo mang

(t° thUong) (10%)

Bao quan Bao quan

(t = -15±-20°C) (e phong)
2÷3 ngay
(phuong phap acid acetic)

6 thang ÷ 1 nam 4 tun

(phildng phap lanh Bong) (phtiong phap mang
cellulose vi khugn)
Hinh 6.45 Sa do xiZ 15, bao qucin dela tuoi

Dim thing dutc xuat khdu bang nhi6u phito'ng tien nhu tau thtly, tau
lira, xe tai va may bay. Litu y tren cdc phitang tien van chuyen luon phai c6
kho lanh va dutc cung cap khong khi lien tuc.

6.6.5 Siftu bgnh tren dila

- Benh do'm Id Pestalotia: do nam Pestalotia palmarum gay ra

- Benh d6m la Helminthosporium.
- Benh chay mu than
- Benh chgt dot (kho dot)
- Benh rung trai non
- Benh yang chat dot
- Benh teo ngon.
 514 CHLIONG 6

6.7 MANG CUT

6.7.1 Ngutin gac - (lac diem thuc vat
Mang cut c6 ten tieng Anh IA mangosteen, ten tieng Phdp IA
, mangoustanier, thuc chi Beta (garcinia) g6m hem 400 loai trong do có 60 loai
ngu6n g6c chau A, dai da s6 la cay nhiet doi va a nhiet diti. Rieng ViOt Nam c6
ba loai naa tr6ng, naa dai, rat ph6 bien a cac Wing Phu Tho, Lao Cai, Yen Bai:
Garcinia multiflora Cham. - cay dpc: nha la, mat' xanh nhat, trai
c6 num, hat to, khi chin vo mau yang, nau canh lay vi chua va hat ep (tau,
lay dau de dial) den (dau doc).
Garcinia loureiri Pierre - cay tai chug: nhd, than thang, trai hinh
cau. Cling tr6ng chi yeti dd lay trai nau canh cho c6 vi chua. Trai chin c6 thd
thdi mang phai kho ciing clan.
Garcinia oblongifolia champ. - cay bra: thap, trai to nhu trai
mang cut, khi chin mall yang, vo khia tang mai. Hat c6 ao xung quanh la
phan an dole. Day thuc sit la mOt loai trai rang nhung c6 trai chua, trai ngot.
Cay mang cut g6c a Malaysia va nhung dao viing xich dao, ke can of i
Indonesia. Nhung nuac tr6ng nhieu nhat la Viet Nam, Thai Lan, Indonesia,
Campuchia, Nam Philippin, An DO, Srilanka. chau Phi ciing da tr6ng thi
nghiem a Congo, Mangat.
Mang cut la loai trai cay duac nhidu ng111i eta chuOng va duac xem nhu
la nit hoang caa cay An trai nhiet d6ri bai le clang trai dep va chaa nhieu chat
b6 duang.

Hlnh 6.46 Ca), mang cut Hinh 6.47 Hoa mang cut
;Ac LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIET NAM 515

Cay mang cut, ngay ca khi khong c6 trai ding rat dep, than cao
.0+25m, du'ang kinh khong lin lam 25+35cm nhung thang, gfic to ngon nh6
Lan. CAnh each nhau deu tren than. G6c canh va than to, dau canh hai ru
:tang, nhin ngoai vao tan cay day clAc, la, kha to dien hinh &la ho bda tic IA
;an cap hai not len, song hang deu dAn nhu kidu long chim.
La mang cut hinh thoi, mau hai da khi con non va xanh dAm khi
rtiang thAnh, mat teen la xanh den, mat clued xanh nhat. Hoa ra dem dOc
ioac Bing (led a dgu nhang canh 1, 2 tuOi kha to dating kinh 5+7cm, canh
nau xanh yang phot hang a tam.
Trai mang cut moc timg chum tii 2+6 trai. Trai non xuat phat tit thanh
)en trong noan sacs. V6 trai mat' nau, rat dAy nhang mem, chda nhieu
annin. Phan cam An cittac ben trong chia ra 4+8 mid, c6 tit 2+5 hot, cam mail
rang, mill vi rat dogrc tia chuang.
Cay mang cut là cay nhiet dai dien hinh nen yeu cau d6i vai da gm ca
rong daft va trong khong khi cao. Nhiet dO thich hap cho cay mang cut phat
ridn a vao khoang 25+35°C va am clO khong khi thgp nhat là 80%. MAng cut
t tia nting, can phai c6 bion phap the khoang 60% anh sang cho cay. Mang
at c6 th4 sinh truang ct nhi4u loai daft khac nhau nhung t6t nhgt la daft set
;iau hcru ca, tang canh tac day, do pH daft a khoang 5,5+7,0; thoat nttac t6t
ngu6n nuoc turdi.

Hinh 6.48 Trcii Wing cut

F.2 Thanh phAn h6a hgc vela rating cut
Bang 6.23 Anh huenig cua kich thithc den cheit lacing trcii

Tref to Tral trung binh Tral nho

Chieu day va (mm) 9,8 9,0 6,6
S6 hat trung binh 1 trai 1,42 1,18 0,53
S6 mil trung binh 1 trai 6,3 6,2 5,9
Kh6i Wog trai (g) 150,0 127,0 - 87,0
516 CHLICNG 6

Bang 6.24 Thanh phdn cdc hap chat cd trong trdi mang cut

B§ ph#n Thanh phtin

Thit trai Hexyl acetate, hexenyl acetate, hexenal, hexanol, a-bisabolen, a-copaen,
furfuryl methylceton, phenyl acetaldehyd, hexanal, pyridin, xylen,
benzaldehyd, d-cadinen, aceton, ethyl cyclohexan, toluen, a-terpinol,
methyl butenol, guaien, valencen, furfuryl methylceton, furfural, ...

V6 trai Xanthon: mangostin, a-mangostin, b-mangostin, g-mangostin, isomangostin,

normangostin, trioxyxanthon, pyranoxanthon, dihydroxy methyl butenyl
xanthon, trihydroxy methyl butenyl xanthon, pyrano xanthenon.
Garcinon A, B, C, D, E, mangostinon, garcimangoson A,B,C, gartanin,
egonol, epicatechin, procyanidin
Benzophenon glucoside

La mang cut Protein, tannin, trihydroxy methoxy methyl butenyl xanthon, ethyl methyl
maleimid glucopyranoside
Triterpenoid nhtt cycloartenol, friedlin, b-sitosterol, betulin, mangiferadiol,
mangiferolic acid, cyclolanostendiol, hydroxy cyclolanostenon.

Thanh phgn &Ong cua mAng cut bao gam saccharose, fructose, glucose
va c6 th6 cu maltose. Vu chidm den 2/3 kh6i luong trai va rat chat vi chtla tai
13% tannin.
T6 hop hang mAng cut g6m khoang 50 chdt trong s6 da c6 han 30
chSt da dttoc xac Binh nhtt hexenol (27,27%), octan (14,76%), hexyl acetate
(7,87%), a-copaen (7,28%), aceton (5,65%), furfural (4,89%), hexanol (4,38%),.
methyl butenon (4,34%), toluen (2,80%), nhfing chdt khac d6u du'ai 2%. Hai
chgt duroc xem nhu' la chdt nen cila httong mang cut la hexyl acetate va
hexenyl acetate.

6.7.3 Thu hooch va him quail mang cut •

Cay mAng cut phdt trign rat chdm. mi6n Nam, vimg Lai Thieu cay
mAng cut phdi mat 7+8 nam tit khi trong mai c6 trai, b Srilanca, 8+9 nAm
con a Mangat, 10+15 nAm. Cd bit c6 cay phai chi dgn 20 nam sau mai c6
trai, nhttng bu 14i tu6i tho ctia cay mang cut rat cao, tren 50 nam.
Mang cut tr6 hoa vac) thang 1 ddn thdng 2 durang lich va bgt dau thu
trai tit thdng 5 ddn thdng 8 duong lich. Cay c6 khuynh huang cho trai cacti
nam. Cay 7 nam mai Wc6 d6 10 trail (1kg), cay 8 nam c6 40 trai (4kg), cay
9 nam c6 100 trai (10kg), cay 15 tudi c6 60134800 trai (60+80kg). Nang sudt
nay tang mai cho den nam this 50 nhttng bgt dau tit tiara did 30 trai da be
din va thliting 3 nAm mai c6 mOt nam sai trai.
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN ' VIET NAM 517

Di) chin dm mang cut dacic phan thAnh 7 cap dO, data \TAD do chuyen
mau ciia v6 trai:
DO chin 1: tren v6 trai xugt hien vai chgm d6 tim (diem son)
DO chin 2: mail do tim chie'm 1/5 vo trai
DO chin 3: mau do tim chie'm 2/5 vo trai
DO chin 4: mkt do tim chiem 3/5 v6 trai
DO chin 5: mau do tim chie'm 4/5 vo trai
DO chin 6: vo trai c6 mau tim (16
DO chin 7: v6 trai c6 mau tim den them.
De cung cap trai tutu cho thi truting gin thi nen thu hai trai ct dO chin
5, 6, 7. D6i yeti thi truing xa thi nen thu hai di) chin 3, 4. Trai dung de
(ugt khdu nen thu hai 6 di) chin 1, 2.
Bien phap thu hai hien nay là did ding, hai ca cu6ng con xanh. Hai
;rai hie trai c6 matt hang, khi hai phdi that can than va tranh sir va cham
nanh tren trai nharn gitim den mac thgp nhgt sit xay xat. Nen dung dung cu
:6 tui vai de hai trai, tranh de trai raj tu' do tren mat dgt lam xay xat vo
;rai...
Trai mang cut dat tieu chudn ngon nhgt thie't phdi khong bi arcing,
chol Wang tren 80gItrcii, khong bi tray xu'ac, dinh mu va c6 mau sem. Trai bi
;acing là van c16 nan giai vai nhieu nha vuttn trong mang cut, nhgt IA vain
nang cut con trai trong mita mita. Mu6n khdc phut sufang trai, cach tea, nhgt
a phai thu hoach trai trade mita mica.
Neu bac) quail 0 nhiet de binh thating, th6i gian bao quail chi keo dai
chodng 7 ngay, kh6i lacing gidm 3,3%, tSr le th6i hong cao, 23,9%. Neu bac)
wan a digit kien lanh, 5°C trai mang cut hdu nha khong bi gidm trong lacing
la chi 11% se; trai bi thol hang sau khi bdo quail nhieu tuan 16. Trong to
anh, do nhiOt d6 cao han 5°C va d6 dm cao, trai mang cut c6 the bi ram nau
igoai v6.
Dung bao PE c6 duc 16 va nhiet dO 13°C, th6i gian bdo quan mang cut
;6 lA 28 ngAy. Nhiet do 2°C giiip bac) quan mang cut chaa trong bao PE duc 16
?,1 ngay. Khi khOng duc 16 bao PE thi c6 the bdo quail trong 49 ngay.
Bao bi Oxygen Transmission Rate (ORT 2000), la loai bao PE c6 thgm
chi 02 v6i luu hang 2.000inlInt2Igia d6ng th?ii gidm Wang ethylen den mitt
iho nhgt, giir khi CO2 trong bao bi va gift. di) dm Wang d6i trong bao bi luon
in dinh o khodng 90% khong phu thuOc moi truting ben ngoAi.
Trai mang cut bdo quail trong bao 131 ORT 2000 c6 va trai mem han so
rth bdo quan bang cac loai bao g6i khac (PE 20 16, 40 16) va khong xit 13-7
518 CHUMIG 6

mang bao. Chg dq nhiet bao quan thich hap nhgt vii ORT 2000 cho mang cut
là 10°C trong thtri gian 2 tuan, sang tuan thd 3 va 4 (khoang 30, ngay) trai
khong con gilt gid tri cam quan nhu ban dau, chgt lacing c6 kern di, song van
gid &Plc di) ve cank va diem cam quan cao nhgt, ding nhu gid tri dinh clueing
tot han so vai d 5°C va 15°C. Khi cluqc bao ye trong mang bao ORT 2000, tali
mang cut co tST le thoat hai thgp, do da trong lacing trai khong hao but nhieu.

Hinh 6.49 Mang cut trong thong carton

6.7.4 San bOnh tren mang cut

Sciu duc Sau va Wain c6 kith tit& nha khoang 5+6mm nen
kh6 phat hien. Sau duc lon gida hai lap bieu bi Id lam ph6ng dOp Ira IA
bi chay. Sau thuting xugt hien vao mua mua.
Sang, moi
Benh nd'm la khO canh do nom Collectotrichum Sp
B'enh nam hdng lam kilo Id, canh.

6.7.5 Trang mang cut I Vi8t Nam

Truac day, mang cut dating nhu IA loci cay An trai chi tr6ng duqc tren
dgt warn "dc.3c quy6n" Ldi Thieu thuOc tinh Binh Duang. Mqt vai dia phticrnf
lan can cfing tr6ng le to gi6ng cay kh6 tinh nay. Kg' tit khi tr6ng dgn lac tin
hoach duqc cang mgt tai 10 nam. Sau da cay ra trai mai mua, su6t han nag
muai nam. Do vay, mang cut thuOc loci trai guy', higm tren thi tracing.
Theo udc tinh cua Vien nghien cite cay An trai mien Nam, hien toar
Nam BO c6 khoang 5.500 ha mang cut a Binh Duang, D6ng Nai, Binh Phtfac
Sac Trang, Ben Tre,-fan Tha, I-14u Giang. S6 lacing vtitin "kio" tren 100 tub?
rot it. Phan lan con lai IA vuon "to." mai tr6ng. Gan phan niira dien ticl
chuyen canh dang cho trai. Ap Tan Quy I, xa An Ph6 Tan, huyen Cu A Ke,
mei trueing tut nhien khd thuAn lqi, rat thich nghi cho cay mang cut phi
CAC LORI TRAI GAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN a VIET NAM 519

tridn, trai c6 mat" sac dep, k.h6i lacing c6 tlid dat gan 200g1trcii, c6 dO ngot
cao, vo mang nen nhidu ndi da dgn thu mua d6ng g6i xugt khdu sang thi
trutng Nhat Ban va Trung Qugc.
Mang cut là loci trai cay c6 gia tri kinh to cao, tuy nhien vd mat cam
quan, trai mang cut Vidt Nam chua duvc hgp clan lam. Trdi to, trai nha
'thong d6ng ddu, sac vo mau nau met, thutng c6 nhiing vet nhila ma yang,
cu6ng trai d8 heo. Mai mang tot c6 vi ngot thanh, nhung c6 nhung trai bi
sticing mot phan hay than phan, phan thit cang chat hoAc ting nribc chua...
Do th6i quen cdu tha khi cham sac, thu hoach, van chuydn va bao quan
sau thu hoach caa nha vtian, nen tS, lg hao but do trai bi m6p me°, barn dap,
cam quan kern hgp dan nen mang cut Vidt Nam thutng mgt gia teen thi
truang qu6c

6.8 NHAN
6.8.1 Ngu6n gdc - d4c diem thtic vat
Nhan thuOc gigng Euphoria ho Sapindaceae. Gi6ng Euphoria c6 7 loci.
Nhan ding ho vai cay vai, chOrn chom, ph6 bin IA gib/rig nhan Euphoria longana.
Nhan c6 nguem g6c tit An DO. Nhan con dudc treing a Trung Qu6c, Thai
Lan, Malaysia, Vidt Nam, Philippin. Sau thg ki 19, nhan ddac nhap vac,
treing a cac ntiac Au My, chau Phi, Australia trong viing nhidt ddi va a nhidt
&h. Trung Qu6c va Vidt Nam là hai nuttc c6 din tich nhan tren
80.000ha, lan nhgt thg giai. Thai Lan c6 din tich trOng nhan IA 32.000ha,
phat trign theo hiking san xugt hang hoa xugt khdu. Thai Lan cha ygu trong
giting Ido, là gi6ng nhan not tigng thg giai ve chgt hiarig, mau ma N/A kha
nang bao quan tu'ai

Bang 6.25 Cac nit& san xudt nhan 16.n nil& tren the gidi

Ntick/vOng DiOn tich Gi6ng thuting moi

STT Vimg san xat tOp trung
phan b6 (ha) ph6 bi6n

Nhan Long, nhan Ciii, D6ng bang sang H6ng, Bong

1 ViOt Nam 80.500 Tieu da bb, Xu6ng cdm bang song Ciiu Long, mien
yang, nhan Long Dong Nam B6

Si
a 6 Vien, Thach hi,p, Quang Bang, Quang Tay, Phijc
2 Trung Qu6c 80.000 Fuyan, Hgc Long Dinh, Kign, Tit Xuyen, D6ng bang
HAc vudng, Tra Luang song Chau Giang
Ido, Daw, Dang, Chiang mai, Lamphun, Lampang
3 Thai Lan 42.000 Chompoo, Biew kiew, va mOt s6 tinh Song bac
Baidum, Haew.
 520 CHLICNG 6

Ve hinh thdi cay nhan rat giong cay vai va cay chew' ch6m. Cay cao tit
5+10m, moc thang. V6 than thugng san sui, go gion, la c6 cuo'ng, c6 4+9 cAp
• la chtt 71'4 horii doi nhau tren truc cua no.

Hinh 6.50 Cay nhan

Co hai loci hoa nhan, hoa Kiang tinh va hoa dkic. Cdc loci hoa phat
tridn g6i len nhau tren mOt phdt hoa, hoa due na trutc hoa luting tinh na
sau. Hoa nho c6 mau yang nau Igt, co 5+6 canh hoa. Nhi dut co long to,
nhung khong c6 bao phdn, bAu noan chia hai, c6 khi chia ba phan.

Hinh 6.51 Hoa va trai nhan non

AC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIA VieT NAM 521

Trai nhan thulic loci trai hach laic con non co mau xanh, khi chin co
iia.0 yang duc, chiim trai c6 the mang den 80 trai. V6 trai nhan tang, mang
fa dai. Com trai c6 mau trang trong, it dinh vao hat. Hat tron den kich
then gieing.

Hinh 6.52 Cham nhan va trai nhan

Nhan can rat nhieu dnh sang, rigu anh sang chigu &toe vac, ben
trong tan 16., cay se phdt tridn tot va thutIng sai trai. Anh sang gitip cho
trai dau tot, vo trai bong Idng va hiking vi them ngot. Lang mua hang
nam thich hqp cho nhan la 1000+2000mm, cay can nhieu nu'dc nhat vao
thbi ki dau trai va a giai doan phat tridn ctia trai. Cay nhan u'a dgt cat
pha, dat thit nhe, nhang it thich hop tren dat thit nang, dgt qud gm ofit,
PH thich hqp la 4,5+6. Nhan chiu nong va chiu ret kha hctn vai, nhiet do
binh quan nam 21+27°C la thich hqp cho cay nhan sinh truang va phat
trim. Dg cho cay phan h6a mArn hoa duoc tot mua long can co 'WA thdi
gian co nhiet di) thgp.

6.8.2 Thanh phAn hoa hoc ctia nhan

• Trai nhan c6 ham Wong cacbonhydrat cao. Lacing vitamin C trong
nhan khoang 20+60mg%. Ngoai ra, trong thanh phan trai nhan con c6
protein va cac khoang chat rat can thiet cho co thg. Do ngot nhan cao, hqp
khgu vi. Do kilo rat cao 22+23%, it thgy o cdc trai khdc. Trong phan an daqc
cua nhan c6 gia tri calo cao do chi a nhieu dating, khd giau khodng chat.
522 CHUGING 6

Bang 6.26 Thanh phdn h6a hoc clia 100g nhan alai vet say kho

Thanh phfin Nhan tu'dI Nhan kh6

Calo 61 286

Nubc (g) 82,4 17,6

Protein (g) 1 4,9

ChM beo (g) 0,1 0,4

Cacbonhydrat (g) 15,8 74

Cellulose (g) 0,4 2

Tro (g) 0,7 3,1

Ca (mg) 10 45

Photpho (mg) 42 196

Sit (mg) 1,2 5,4

Thiamin (mg) — 0,04

Vitamin C (mg) 6 28

6.8.3 Cac giCing nhan a ViOt Nam

1- Nhan xming cern yang
Nhan xu8ng corn yang c6 ngu6n g6c a thanh ph6 Vung TAU, duvc trgng
bang hat. Trdi tren chum to, deli nhung khong sai, cUi day mau yang, it nude
nhung ngot va than' Ilan tieu da bo, dung de an ttfoi la chinh, a gift cu6ng
va trai c6 mot ranh nhe, hai ben dau nho len gi6ng nhu' chigc xu6ng nen goi
la nhan xu6ng. Ddc diem dg nhan dien IA trai c6 dang hinh xu6ng, trai chaa
chin gen cu6ng c6 mau do, trai chin yO trai c6 mau yang da bb.

Hinh 6.53 Nhan xu6ng cam yang

CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 523

Nhan xueing cum yang thich hop teen vimg dgt cat, n6u trung teen dgt
Chit hay set nhe nen ghep qua g6c ghep IA gi6ng tieu da 136.

2- Nhtin ldng
Trai nhan 16ng thLaing to hun cdc gi6ng nhan khdc. Kh6i lacing trung
binh trai dat tit 11÷12g/trcii, kich did& trai khd d'eu. Cui nhan bong nhan,
hat nal' den. TS, 10 dat trung binh lA 26,7%, cao hun cac gi6ng nhan
trii nhan cid disc. Trai chin an gib!' ngot, v6 trai day.

Hlnh 6.54 Nhan Mng

3- Nhtin btu) ham

Nhan bac) ham c6 trai to bang nhan 16ng, kh6i Wong trung binh IA
11+13g1trcii. Tron trai hui veo, vai trai g6 glie% cid day, kilo, it nuac, an c6 vi
ngot nhat, pha'm chgt tali kern hun nhan

4- Nhcin citi
Kh6i lacing trai tit 7÷11gItrcii, trai hinh cau hui dep, v6 day mau yang
nau, khong sang, it nii6c, d'6 ngot va hu'ong them kern nhan Ming NIA nhan
dating phen, cui day khodng 4,7mm. TS, 10 ciii/trai dat 58%. Tieu bidu cho
gi'Cing nay là nhan Hung Yen (thi xa va yi -1g chung quanh), dAc bit IA nhan
Ph6 Hign xu'a kia dung dd lien vua (goi IA nhan Nhan cui chu yeu dung
dd say kho lam long nhan.
524 CHIJCNG 6

5- Nhan du'ang phen

Nhan during phen cO mau sAc vO trai va kidu chOm trai tutng tit nhan
Mng, song trai tron hen va nhO hen nhan 16ng. Kh6i luting trung binh tit
7=12g/trai. Vo trai mau nau nhat, day, gien, ham lacing nu'ac trong cui nhieu
hen nhan 16ng. COI Wang d6i day, tren mat cui cO root u nho nha cuc du'6ng
phen. Ty 10 cui/trai IA 60%. Mui them, có vi ngot d5m da, chin muOn hen
nhan cid tit 10+15 ngay.

6- Nhiin nitric
Trai nhan to, kh6i luting trung binh la 6,15g1trcii, hat to, va ming, cui
mong, vi ng9t. DO day cui la 2,7min, tSr 10 cui/trai la 31%. Ham lacing du6ng
trong trai th5p 11,7%. Logi nhan nay thutng dd say kh6 dd lam long nhan.

7- Nhiin cui die'e

Gi6ng nhan nay có d5c didm gi6ng nhan dal song hat ctia no rat be
(trung binh IA 0,6g/hat), kh6i luting trung binh cila trai IA 8,6g/trai. TS, 10
la 74,7%.

8- Nhan tieu da be)

Nhan tieu da bo (nhan tieu Hue!) cO kh6i luting trai trung binh IA
t,S1 10 cui/trai khodng 60%. Cul day, hat nha, rao nur6c, d6 ngot vita
phdi, it them. Khi chin cif) mau yang da 1346 sArn hen.

Hinh 6.55 Nhan tieu da bo

CAC LOA! TRAI GAY GO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 525

9- Nhan long •
Kh6i lacing trai nhan long trung binh IA 15g/trdi. Vo trai mau yang
sang hoc yang nga c6 daang rap vo. Hat mau den da s6 c6 dating nut a vo.
Cui trai mem, mang, tS7 10 ciii/trai la 30%, nhigu nUOc an ngot va them, it
dung de an tacii ma de say IA chinh.

Binh 6.56 Nhan long

10- Nhan long tieu du?ing

Nhan long tieu dating cho trai cUi day, nhie'u ngot, thorn, cui trai
d6u, diing de an taai là chi' yeti.

11- Nhcin ging da be

Loai nhan nay dagc trong nhie'u tren ddt cat ging a huy0n Vinh Long,
Vung Tau, Tign Giang, Long Hai. Trai kill chin c6 mau da bo hoc yang
sang, cui day, dai, tSr 10 cUi/trai khoang 65%, it them. Nhan ging da bb tuy
an 'thong ngon song co au diem thich nghi of i yang dat xdu, ddt co anh
hating man.

12- Nhan thoc

Nhan th6c hay con goi la nhan trot, nhan co. Gi6ng nhan nay co dAc
trung ca ban gi6ng nhan Khoi lacing trai trung binh dat 5,238/trai. TS,
10 cUi/trai rat thdp chi 27,4%. Day IA loai trai co phdm chdt keni,nhdt trong
cac loai nhan.
526
CHLiONG 6

Bang 6.27 Dac diem mot s6 gang nhan

Gi6ng nhan
Ddc d4m
Super Tieu da bb Tieu la bdu Xu6ng corn yang

4 8 4- 10 4•: 6 15 4 20
Tu& cay

Ndng suat 120 ÷ 180 60 ÷ 90 100 ÷ 140

30
(kg/cay/nam)
2 vulnarn 3 vu/2 narn 3 vu/2 nam 1 vu/ndm
S6 vu thu hoach/nam
kha rat manh rat manh kha
Kha nang sinh twang

Thdi gian tit ra boa den 5 5 4 - 4,5

4
thu hoach (thang)
tij nhien phai xt:t Iji ti,1 nhien tu, nhien
Tap tinh ra hoa
cao rat cao rat cao Trung binh
Kha nang d5u trai
10 -: 14 8 ± 12 9 4.- 14 16 ÷ 25
Trong lifting trai (g)
5-: 8 4±5 4÷5 5,5 ÷ 6,2
Be day thit (mm)
trang, hdi trang duc trang duc trang, hdi yang
Mau sac thit
yang

rao, don rao, dai rao, it dai rad, dai, don

Cdu trOc this
21 25 20 -4- 23 23 ÷ 26 21 4- 24
Ti/ le thit (%) 4-

ngot, it ngot trung rat ngot, it

ngot, kha thorn
Mui vi binh, it thorn thorn
thorn

6.8.4 Treing nhan ii ViO, Nam

Han het cdc tinh DBSCL có tr6ng cay nhan, tuy nhien dien tich nhan
tap trung vao cdc tinh Tien Giang, Ben Tre, Vinh Long, Do'ng Thdp.

Bang 6.28 Phan b6 san xueit nhan trong wick

Ging thudng mai i

Nu'dc/vOng Din Vung
\gi sdn xual tap trung
STT pho bi'en
phan b6 tich (ha)

1 Viet Nam 78.500

.. Hung Yon, Hai Dung, Ha Tay,
Nhdn Long, nhan Cul, Nam Ha, Thai Binh, Ha N6i, Hai
2 Mien Bdc 28.000
nh5n During phen Phong, Ha Bac, Lao Cai

-_ " Tieu da bo, Binh DUong, Binh PhUdc D6ng

3 Mien Song 10,.-000 Nai, Ba Ria - Vung tau
Xu6ng corn yang

Tieu da bb, nhan Long, Tien Giang, Vinh Long, Ben

4 DB Song
40.500 I Tre, Dong Thap
ClfU Lon° Xu6ng corn yang
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN VIP- NAM 527

Mien Bac Viet Nam c6 gi6ng nhan L6ng Hang Yen rat ngon va dep
ma, song viec nghien cite dd data ra dien rung chu'a dadc dau ter. Mien Nam c6
giong nhan Tieu da ho cho Jiang suit cao va chit dOng mita vu nhang chit
lacing chaa dap Ting nhu eau thi truing ve nhieu mat.
Gi6ng nhan Xu6ng cam yang c6 tridn vong ve kich ces trai nhang hat
to, cam nhieu ntioc, qua ngot, de rung cu6ng, mau ha va Warn dating ra v6 sau
khi hai khoang 5+7 ngay.

Bang 6.29 Nhan xet ctia thi trztang mai ddi v6i mot so" giong nhan cua DBSCL

Nhang Uu diem am nhan VN Nhang nhu'ac diem cda nhan VN

1- Co trai tudng doi tat 1-Hot to
(Xu6ng cdm yang CO trai rat tat) 2- Qua ngct
2- Mau v6 trai tudng d6i MI 3- Com sung nUdc
(mau v6 TiOu da bb tot hdn Xu6ng 4- Mau rung cuong va xu6ng ma
Cam yang) 5- V6 m6p moo va tUdm &Song ra ngoei v6
3- DO trac kha (Xu6ng Cam yang) (sau thoi gian thu hai
ya bay ban qua nggn)

6.8.5 Thu hogich va boo quern nhan

1- Thu hooch
Cl mien Bac nhan chin vao trung tan thang 7 cho don het thang 8. di
mien Nam nhan chin rai roc han su6t tir tilting 6 den cu6i nom. Khi chin v6
nhan khong ddi mau 1.6 ret nen nguti to danh gia data vao cac tinh chit sau:
Mew sdc v6: khi chin vo trai chuygn tit mau nau hai xanh, mat trai xu
xi sang matt nau sang, mdt trai nhan. Nam ban tay n6u con xanh thi trai
ran, khi chin thi trai mem do v6 trai mong han, cui nhieu nutc hdn.
B6c v6 xem het: trai xanh thi hat trang yang hoAc nau nhat, trai chin
thi hat nau den va khi mau hat chuydn sang mau nau den dgn chin con vai
titan lg Khi chin, cid nhan nhieu nude c6 miai tham, vi ngot va day la chi
tieu ro rang nhit. Nhang trai chin de lau tren cay thi rung, do d6 phdt hien
trai nguyen ven ma bi rung thi c6 thd thu hoach dadc.
NM hai nhan vao buoi sang /Loft biz& chi& tranh bu6i trim qud nong.
Heti ca chum khong nen dd 14i cu6ng trai anh hating den viec ra hoa trai nom
sau. Dung thang 3 chan hodc treo len cay 10 cau hem keo canh nhan xu6ng,
&mg keo cat titng chi= trai cho vao sot c6 lot la chu6i, nhe nhang ha xu6ng
clit. Hai trai xong 'thong nen de ngoai miing ma nen cho vao chi!) ram, neli
china chuyen di kip thi nen rgti mang ra, khOng nen xe-p thanh timg d6ng trai
se bi hip hal ch6ng hong. •
528 CHLICNG 6

2- Bit o quoin
Trai nhan thuOc loci khong c6 dinh ho hdp, khong chin sau thu hodch.
Trai sau thu hoach c6 the ngot them doi chat nhang mid kern di. De bao
quan nhan ngutri to dung Benlate voi n6ng c16 0,1%, nhiing trai vao dung dich
r6i vet ra, hong kilo a nai ram. Sau xit 1ST va bao gai san phdm se duac bao
quail lanh a nhiet dO 5+10°C. Khi van chuyen nhan den cac nth UAL' thu nen
dung phuang tien lanh c6 nhiet dO khoing 10°C.
Thad gian bao quan nhan se keo dai hctn trong digu kien nhiet dO thdp
khoang 3+5°C va dO aim khong khi tren 90%. Trong die'u kien nhti vdy
c6 the bdo quan &Jac tren 30 ngay, t'ST le hao but 5+7%.
Neu khong c6 phuang tien van chuyen lanh, ma mu6n van chuyen di xa
thi phdi sC dung bien phap )(Ong khi SO2 diet ndm, vi sinh vat va con trimg
hay dung cac phutrng phap thay d6i thanh phan moi truang bao quan. Cong
nghe nay c6 the bdo quan nhan URA iliac 15+16 ngay, tSr le hao but 10+12%,
c6 the van chuyen di xa tit cac tinh Nam BO ra mien Bdc.
Bao bi dyng nhan c6 the la tai gidy, hOp carton, hodc sot tre, horn go
thita de bao quan. Trong d6 dung nen lot gidy PE day 0,02mm de ch6ng dm.
M6i tai c6 the chi a tai 1kg den 10+15kg trai. Dung sot tre, nda, thUng g6
(doing tiing thanh) c6 gig thanh thdp nhung tST le ddp nat, th6i nhan cao.
Ming tilling carton c6 duc 16 thoat dm, gia thanh tuy c6 cao hen, song tS,' le
hao hut, cidp nat, th6i it horn nhigu nen hieu qui cu6i ding van cao.

6.8.6 Sau 1:34nh teen nhan

- Sau due gan la
- Sau due trai
- B'o xit
- Rep sap.

Hinh 6.57 Sdu - ngeti tren trcii nhan

 LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PRAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 529

Hinh 6.58 Kier?. - Sau tren cay nhan

Ngoai ra nhan con bi cdc besnh hai sau:

- Benh th6i trai do ngm Phytophthora.
- Benh phgn trgng do ngm Oidium.
- Benh dom IA hong do ngm Meliola sp.
- Benh kho chdy hoa do ngm Phyllostica sp ho4c Pestalotia sp.

Hinh 6.59 B'enh tren cay nhan

SAU RIENG
1 Ngu6n g6c - cl4c digm thtic vat
Sgu rieng có ten khoa hoc IA Durio zibethinus L., con co cdc ten thong
Jng a mot s6 dia pinking nhit Civet cat tree vb. Civet fruit a An DO, hay
ian a Anh, Phdp, Stinkvrucht a HA Lan, Doerian a Malaysia... ngutsi
ner goi IA Turen con ngutri Vie't goi IA sAu rieng.
530 CHL!CNG 6

Cal ten Durian c6 le b6t nguOn tit tieng Indonesia (ncri &roc coi la "que
quart" cua sau rieng): duri c6 nghia IA gai, durian c6 nghia la c6 nhidu gai.
Stiu rieng la-mat cay an trai nhi6t ddi kha clac bi6t, c6 the goi IA (lac
san ve hai phtfcrng di6n, mat là doi hoi nhiTng didu kin nang va am kha chat
che, mat kidu khi hau rimg ma ngay ca a cdc \rung nhi6t dal n6ng khong phai
la dau cling c6 the tr6ng dtioc, hai la vd mat cha lu'ong, ngtidi da an quen thi
cho la "tuy0 vai", con nhang ngtidi chu'a quen thi kh6ng chiu &roc mui therm
qua manh caa no, den d6 a cac noi ding Ong nhidu noi cam khOng cho mang
sau rieng vao.
SAL' rieng co nguOn g6c & Dong Nam A va moc dai trong rung Malaysia:
Sumatra va Kalimantan. Chi Durio gdm nhidu loci, khOng it loci c6 cui
quanh hat an cltioc nhang loci sau rieng tr6ng hiOn nay all day va huong vi
t6t thi kitting tim tidy trong rang, do \Tay ngudi to cho rang sau rieng da
&roc thuan h6a tit lau, a nuac nao thi chula rO.
Sau rieng phan b6 chit ygu a Indonesia (Nam Durcmg), Malaysia (Ma
Lai) va Brunei, tuy nhien cluing c6 the moc a moi noi cal didu ki6n khi hau
tticrng tai. Cac \Tung Ithac ma sau rieng c6 the moc IA Mindanao, Thai Lan,
Philipin, Queensland a Uc, Campuchia, Vi6t Nam, Lao, An DO, Srilanka va
mat phan caa Hawaii. Thai Lan la mfac xugt khdu sat' rieng lan nhgt. An
D6, Srilanka va Brunei ddu coi sau rieng IA cay c6 tridn vong nhung chug
tr6ng nhidu.

Hinh 6.60 Coy sdu rieng

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY C6 DEM NANG PHAT TRIeN d VIET NAM 531

Cay sau rieng cao khoang 20+30m, tan ld theta, hgt mua mua va khi
mila kho Uri thi hInh thanh mgm hoa. Cay sau rieng cho trai sau 8+10 nam.
Tuei dui cay sau rieng thdeng tit 80+150 nam nhurng cluing c6 the chit sam
hen do anh hdOng cua gib, anh sang, benh, vi sinh vet, con ngdei... Mdc du
s6 Wong trai bi giam khi cay giA, nhung chgt lacing trai lai c6 xu hating tang
len ding tuei tho.
Hoa sau rieng phdt trik thanh titng chinn, s6 lacing nhigu khoting
1+45 hoalcharn teen cdc canh to hodc nh6, it khi & dgu canh. Hoa sau rieng
rat them, dai tit 2+3 inches (50+70mm). Cay sau rieng with hoa mau yang
nhat se cho trai mau yang, thit ran chAc, trong khi nhiiing hoa trgng hodc
canh hoa hcci do se cho trai trkg hodc heti do. Thing chi c6 mOt hodc hai
trai phdt tridn tit mOt chtim hoa.

Hinh 6.61 Nu vex hoa sdu rieng

Trdi sau rieng thuOc loai trai nang, c6 mat.' xanh den nau, c6 hinh troll
hodc thuon, c6 nhigu gai nhon bao quanh, kith thu'ec toy thuOc vac) chung
loai, hat gieo trong. Trdi g6m 5 intli va net ra thanh 5 phan khi chin, mOi
phan child nhileng hat mau nau dale bao quanh Uri lip thit trai day, beo, mau
yang. Tit khi hoa ner dgn khi trai len t6i da IA 12+13 tuAn, 15+16 tun the
trai chin. Thy theo gi6ng, digu kin the phgn c6 hat to (dai 5cm, rQng 3+4cm)
c6 hat lip. Phan an ddec cila sau rieng &a/c tao thanh sau 4 tuan ke,td ngay
the phgn, no bgt (Liu la phgn trgng bao boc toan IDO hat, r6i sau do tit tit
chuyen mau thy thuOc \Tao giong (thureng là mail yang kern, cam...).
MOt ddc diem naa cua trai sau rieng lA trai chin chi rung vac) mOt
thei diem nhgt Binh trong ngay, trai rung nhigu nhgt vac) lac giaa dem (tit
0 Uri 1 gift) v d mOt s6 it vac) giiia Ulla (12 tai 13 gift), nhiing gift khdc khong
c6 trai rung.
532 CHLIONG 6

Hinh 6.62 Trdi va cam sdu rieng

Sat' rieng eta khi hau n6ng va dm, nhiet de 'thong qud cao hoac qua
thgp, de am cao va On dinh, it khi c6 nang, bac xa 'thong qua len. Mien bac
nurac to khong tr6ng sau rieng dot is vi c6 gib mita &mg bac, mita (long qua
lanh con mita he thi lai qud n6ng vi c6 gi6 lao, thaang dat tai nhiet dO
39÷40°C. Sau rieng ding as am nhang là am dttai rang giA, dat dm nhang
khong dong mtac, kitting khi finking xuyen dm. Sall rieng chiu han rat kern,
tia dnh sang vita phai va cay sa gi6, can im, mOt IA vi cay yeu, g8 don, de
gay, bi bat gek ne-u c6 gi6 to, hai là nhieu gi6 thi la sau rieng tiet nu& nhieu,
do de phai trung h nai kin gi6 va nett can, trung cay than gi6. Dat do Bong
Nam BO, Tay Nguyen, dat phis sa ven song Tien, song Hau là nhang nai
thich hap de tr6ng sau rieng nhang can chd y b6i dat, len lip ngu dgt thgp.

6.9.2 Thanh phein h6a hoc ctia sau rieng

Sau rieng là mot loai trdi c6 gid tri calo, ty le cacbohydrat, protein,
lipid, chat khodng deu rat cao so voi cdc trai khdc tuy hAm lurcmg vitamin chi
trung binh.

T6 kip mai hutmg sdu rieng

Cdc ester chie'm tS% s6 ldn nhat trong cdc hap chat de bay hai
(49+58%), trong de phan lan IA ethylpropanoat va ethylbutanoat, IA nhang
chat nang mOi nhat trong s6 nhang chat khOng chaa luru huynh. CO 7 ester
khong bdo hoa la ethyl (E)-but-2-enoat, ethyl (E)-2-methylbut-2-enoat va
nhang chat hiem thay: ethyl (Z,Z)-, (E,Z)-, (E,E)- deca-2,4 dienoat, ethyl
(3Z,6Z)-decadienoat vA,ertityl (E,E,Z)-decatrionat. Miti Inking dam da, ngao
ngat ctia sau rieng chit ye-u tao thanh tii cdc loai ester nay. Chiem ham
lacing it han IA cdc hap chat thuOc loai hydroxy ceton, nhieu nhat là
3-hydroxy butan-2-on.
CAC LOA/ TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIET NAM 533

Bang 6.30 Thanh phdn dinh dztang cda trcii sdu rieng,
tren 100g phdn an &tot

Thanh phgn Ham Wog

Thanh phgn cc ban

NUOc 64,99 g

Nang luring 147 kcal

Protein 1,47 g

Toting lipid 5,33 g

Glucid 27,09 g

Chgt xo 3,8 g

Khoang chgt

Ca 6 mg
Sgt 0,430 mg

Mg ' 30 mg
P 38 mg

K 436 mg

Na 1 mg

Kern 0,28 mg
D6ng 0,207 mg

Mn 0,324 mg
Vitamins

Vitamin C, ascorbic acid 19,7 mg

Thiamin 0,374 mg

Riboflavin 0,2 mg
Niacin 1,074 mg

Pantothenic acid 0,23 mg

Vitamin B-6 • 0,316 mg

Vitamin A, IU 45.000 IU

Vitamin A, retinol 5.000 pg

Hai hcip chat 2-hydroxy pentan-3-on va 2-hydroxy pentan-2-on, chigm

tj'r 1i nho nhat, IA c6u chat cua butrng thcrm ca One, yaourt, ph6 mai va gan
heo n6u chin.
534 CHUCIIIG 6

Nha'ng kip chat lam cho mai sew rieng tra nen MO ngai
- 4 ester c6 chaa hujmh: S-ethyl thioacetate, S-propyl thioacetate,
S-propyl thiQpropionate va ethyl methyl thio acetate
- 4 thioalcool: methan thiol, ethan thiol, propan thiol N/A 1-(ethylthio)
ethan thiol;
3 hydrocarbon: cis va trans-3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolan va 2,4,6-
trimethy1-1,3,5-trithian;
10 sulfite: dimethyl, diethyl, ethylpropyl sulfite, methylethyl,
methylpropyl, ethylhydro disulfite, diethyl, methylethyl, ethylpropyl
trisulphite va diethyltetrasulfite.
Tit het sat' rieng chigt duOc khoang 65,4% dau, ddu nay chaa met s6
cac acid beo ca \Tong cyclopropen ca kha nang ngan gay vo sinh khi lien kit
of i protein tao nen. Dem sau rieng chaa nhieu nhdt lA steraric, 45,84%,
palmitic, 26,75%, oleic, 14,95%, linolenic, 12,46%. Dec biet acid arachidic c6
nhieu trong vo trai hai mua he.
Trai sau rieng con chaa vitamin, flavanol, acid caffeic cung v&f nhang
chdt antihistamin ben nhiet. Tit vo trai, nguti to da chit xuit duroc met s6
polysaccharide co kha nang ac chg hoat &Ong ctia hai chimg vi khudn
Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli va hai chting nam men Candida
albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

6.9.3 Cfic giang sau rieng of ViOt Nam

Co han 100 loai sau rieng nhung chi ca mot s6 trong chting throe trong
va cho hieu qua kinh tg. .
Sau rieng IA met loai trai cay n6i tigng xua nay & cu lao Ng-a Hiep. Cu
lao Ngii Hiep, can goi cu lao Nam Then, nam giaa song Tien thuec dia phan
huyen Cai Lay. Theo cac lao 'long trong vung, cay sat' rieng xuit hien a day
tit thap nien 60. Ong Hai Ton (tip Tan Deng) IA met trong nhung nguesi (tau
tier' tr6ng loaf sau rieng khO qua xanh. Nhieu nam sau da, Ong Tu Tay (tip
Hba Thinh) tr6ng duqc gi6ng sau rieng hat lep. Cu6i thap nien 80, cay sau
rieng duqc nha vudn ura chueng, dua vat) ke hoach cai tao vu'an tap, len li‘p
lap vuan cay an trai mai tit nhang nen ddt ltia kern nang sudt. Do thich hqp
vai th6 nhuang, khi hau cung nhu gia tri kinh to cao nen hien nay he flat)
cung trong sau rieng, chiein hcfn 90% dien tich vutn cay an trai & \rung d‘t
phi nhieu nay.
Khoang 70% sau rieng a cu lao Ngu Hiep lA gietng sau rieng dia phucmg
nha kh6 qua xanh, la queo, hat lep Tu Tay, of i phan Ian la ea>, teen midi
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 535

ndm tu6i. Con lai nha vtkrn tr6ng cac gi6ng meri nhu sau rieng Chin H6a,
Ri6, Monthong... h"au h.& la cay to duori 10 tu6i, cho trai rat sai. Ser di ba
gi6ng sat.' rieng nay ducic chon de d'au tu, phat tridn vi day la loci sau rieng
cao cap cUa Thai Lan va Vi0t Nam da qua qud trinh lai tao, cay ghep cho
nang suat cao va chat lacing trai rat thorn ngon duvc thi truOng tta chuO'ng.

Bang 6.31 Nhang gi6ng sdu rieng ph6 bie'n

Gi6ng Tdn th6ng thtiong Ngu6n g6c DOc diem

D24 Bukit Merah Trai hinh oval, kfch thiidc trung binh, n5ng

Reservoir, khoang 1-2,8 kg/trai. Va cd mau xanh dgn

Perak xanh nau, gai nhdn va nho. Thit trai yang,
day va ngdt.

D99 Kop Thai Lan Trai hinh tr6n, kfch thadc trung binh, nang
khoang 1-2 kg/trai. Vo mau xanh dgn xanh
nau, gai ngan, ben. Thit trai day, hdi yang,
mem, ngdt

D123 Chanee Thai Lan Trai hinh oval, Idn, nang 2-4 kg/trai. Va co
mau xanh dgn nau, gai Idn, thit trai yang
dam, day, mem, ngot.

D145 Berseral Beserral Trai kfch thtidc trung binh, nang 1-2
Mek Kuantan kg/trai, hlnh Von va hdi nhdri a phan cu6i.
Gai dai, On nhau. Va mau xanh. Thit trai
Sat., rieng xanh Pahang
yang dam, mem va ngdt.

D158 Kan Yau. Thai Lan Trai kfch thLidc trung binh, n5ng 2-4
kg/trai, hinh oval, dai khoang 15-17cm. V6
mau xanh nau. Thit trai yang dam, ngot.

D159 G6i yang Thai Lan Trai idn, nang 4-6 kg/trai. Trai dai, hinh
oval va cong a cu6i. Gai mau nau. Thit trai
yang dam, day Va ngdt.

D169 Kelantan Trai kfch thildc trung binh, nang 1-2

kg/trai. Trai hinh oval dai vdi vo mau xanh
yang, gai nhdn ben. Thit trai yang, day,
mem, vi ngdt lim.

1- Seru rieng cum yang seta kit lep

Loai sau rieng nay cho trai khd to, 2,6÷3,1kg/trai, clang cgu can cl6i, v6
trai mau yang long khi chin, cum trai mau yang khong xcl, killing sucing, vi
rat beo ngot, min tham, tST' 10 thit trai 28,8%, cam hoi nhao ne'u thu muon.
536 CHtlaNG

Hinh 6.63 Sdu rieng saa hat lep

2- Sdu rieng Ri-6
Trai c6 kh6i ldang trung binh 2÷2,5kg, dang trai hinh elip, yo mau
yang khi chin, atm trai mau yang dim, khong xa, cgu trim thit rdo, vi beo
ngot, them nhigu, tSr 10 cam cao, 33%. Giong sat' rieng RI-6 c6 xugt xd a Cal
Man, rot dg trung, dg chant s6c, dg dau trai. Thtti gian xu6ng gi6ng bang g6c
ghep d'Sn khi ra trai khoang 36 thang, thich nghi yeti khi hdu dia phuctng.

Hinh 6.64 Sdu rieng RI-6 Hinh 6.65 Sdu rieng Mon Thoong

3- Sciu rieng Mon Thoong

Gi6ng sgu rieng Mon Thoong cung c6 ddc dim gi6ng nhi.i dal rieng RI 6
nhang it ngot hctn RI-6 ya uu digm cua trai la c6 tSr 10 hat lep dat 60%, trong
lacing trai binh quan tily,÷4kg.
Gi6ng salt rieng kh6 qua xanh caa Ngu Hi'ep n6i tieng yg nang sugt
cao, hi0u qua kinh to lern. Trung binh, mei ha sau rieng c6 thg dat nang sat
dgn yai chuc ten.
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN OF VIP- NAM 537

6.9.4 Tning sau rieng d ViOt Nam

Track day, Viet Nam c6 hai gi6ng "sdu rieng ma" NS lap cam mAu trang
'cam nhti mu va "sdu rieng &tang" c6 lap cam mat' yang nhu dating mia. Hien
nay, c6 khoang 70 gi6ng sau rieng, trong d6 giong "sdu rieng &tang khong
hat" c6 trign vong va du<gc giai tieu thu u'a chung hcm het. Phan loai nay
daqc gay giong dAc biet a Thai Lan NIA Viet Nam c6 cam ngot, khong c6 hat
hoAc hat lep.
Sau rieng a Viet Nam trolc day trong nhieu ar Ldi Thieu, nhang sau
chitin tranh vi0c tr6ng sau rieng da duac phat trien manh tren dgt (16 Wang
d6i mita nhieu tit Di Linh, Bao LOc va cdc tinh mien Tay nhu Vinh Long,
Tien Giang, Ben Tre. Cdc vimg dot do a Song Be, D6ng Nai cang thich hap
vai sau rieng, neY mUa nang khong keo dai qua ba thong (meta it han 60mm
met thAng ducic kg là thAng nAng). Neu trong o Nha Trang hay Tay Ninh thi
nen Wai miac mita ming cho sat" rieng moc tot.
Sau rieng IA mOt trong nhang loai trdi de tieu thu nhat, mac du daqc
ban vai gid cao so vai trdi thong thdang khdc chu6i, 6i, du dd.
NAm 2003, tong dien tich tr6ng sau rieng IA 11.838ha, san prang
khoang 53 ngan tan. Trong (16 cdc tinh mien Dong Nam BO chie'm khoang
55%, cdc tinh mien Tay Nam BO chigm 45%. Nhin chung sau rieng a flack to
cluia c6 giong c6 lqi the n6i tr6i v6 san lurang. Sam rieng gi6ng kh6 qua, xanh
cila Viet Nam, trai nh6 nhu'ng sai trdi hien dticic dan cluing rat thich. Chi
Loch (Ben Tre) hay a Tien Giang c6 gi6ng sau rieng hOt, lep duac nha Yuan
tia chuOng. KhOng chi a ca lao Ngu Hiep, hien nay nha vuidn a cdc xa Ian can
nhu Tam Binh, Long Khdnh, Long Trung, HOi Xuan clang nhan giting tr6ng
sau rieng, hinh thAnh vung chuyen canh cay sau rieng cda huyen Cai Lay.
Bang 6.32 Dien tich ua san luring sdu rieng cdc anh Nam BO ndm 2002

Dien tich San Wong

STT Tinh
ha % tin %
1 T6ng s6 11.838 100,0 53.288 100,0
2 D6ng Nai 2.723 23,0 8.744 16,4
3 Binh Phtioc 1.614 13,6 1.246 2,3
4 Vinh Long 1.509 12,7 22.629 42,5
5 Tien Giang 1.281 10,8 12.263 23,0
6 Binh Dicing 748 6,3 985 1,8
7 Ben Tre 639 5,4 543 1,0
8 TP HCM 500 4,2 1.800 3,4
' 9 Cdc tinh khdc 2.824 23,9 5.078 9,5
538 CHUONG 6

6.9.5 Thu hoach va boo quan situ rieng

Sem rieng laAt dau cho trai khoang 8+10 nam sau khi trong. NI& nam
cay sau rieng cho trdi tic 1 den 2 vu, thy dieu kin th6i tiet thuan lai. Nang
suet tang clan theo s6 nam tu6i, 10+40 trai vac) nam dau tien cho trai, 100
trai cho 6 nam kg tigp. Nang suet c6 the dat tai 200 trai sau 10 nam ke tit
khi cay bat dau ra trai.
Situ rieng se to rung khi chin tai. Trai sau rieng chin khong deng deu
ngay tren ding mot cay. Mi6n Nam sau rieng chin tit thang 5 den thAng 7. di
Bao LOc, Di Linh sau rieng chin muon hem, vao thAng 8+9. De thu &Ric trai
sau rieng chat lacing cao can phai thu hoach sat' rieng dung vac) ltic chin.

Ccic each nkin bat stu rang chin:

- Tinh s6 ngay tit khi hoa nit den khi trai chin lA 90+135 ngay thy theo
gifting, thai tiet nhung chi tieu nay khong &lac sit dung vi khong the
ddnh cl6u timg trai va lai th6i gian nit hoa thirsting lan han 1 thang. •
- Dai trai rung ty nhien, thai gian nay Ice° dai 4+5 tuan le, nhigu nhat
vac, tam le thif 3.
- MAu sac trai va gai: khi trai tit mau xanh chuyen sang mau xdm
yang hoc yang Om sang yang nhat thi sau rieng dd chin. Cj nhieu
giting khi chin dal' gai chuyen sang mail nau t6i, trai of i chan gai
mail sang han.
- Ranh giera cdc gai ma /*Ong ra N/A sam mau khi trai chin.
- Cu6ng trai to han va de utin han.
- Dau gai deo c6 the uoen ditac.
- Khi go c6 tieeng ring "bich bich".
- Nhya tit cueing trai chin trong va ngot con khi trai xanh thi dinh vac)
nem tay va khong ngot.

Cac cap coq chin era trai:

- Trai chin ndu (chin qud): dat 90% dO chin sinh ly, c6 the hoc khong
the th6y dau hieu thit trai bi mem. Bao quan trong 3+4 ngay.
- Trdi vita chin: dat 80+90% do, chin sinh 1$7, dude xem IA di) chin
thuang mai. Bao quan trong 5+8 ngay, hoAc 10+12 ngay clea vai trai
chin kem han.
- Trai chug chin, cOn non: dat 75% dO chin sinh V. Neu hdi xueing, trai
khong the tiep tuc chin niia. DA thit trai c6 mem nhung chtit lacing
kern, gia thanh thdp.
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d vrei- Aoki 539
Co hai phaang pita!) thu hai sau rieng:
De trai fit rung: theo cach nay bao dam thing dO chin nhitng trai nhi8u
khi bi dap, thitang ap dung d6i vai nhiing cay qua cao, khong the leo len
der c. De tranh sau rieng rung xu6ng nen da-t, ngu'ai nOng dan se cot trai vao
nhanh cay bang day thitng.
Treo len cay cat lay trai: khi can thu hai vai s6 lacing lftn, nha vu'an ca
the chi Ong hai trai. Track khi hai can quan sat toan 130 trai tr8n cay va
chon trai can hai, thing thang treo len cay, cat trai va cho vao gi6 hoac thing
sao, tren dau sao dau ca day kem that nut de trong qua trai va gist.

Bang 6.33 A/Ma till thu hoach sew rieng a cac ntidc Dong Nam A

'ang
VOng tr6nghnidc
1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Tay Malaysia

Dong Malaysia

Thai Lan

Indonesia

ViOt Nam

Lao

Campuchia

philippines

Brunei

Myanmar

Singapore

Bac Queensland

Bac Uc

Sau khi hai, trai sau rieng chtqc xep vao gia nhu'a hay gio tre, tranh cdc
con trung gay hai ca the lam hit hong trai trong qud trinh .van chuyen va
phan ph6i.

Sau rieng duac phan lam ba loai:

- Loai 1: trai lan, dep
- Loai 2: trai nho, dep
- Loai 3: trai suang, cang, khong an duac, thing de lay hu'ang vi.
540 CHLICNG 6

Sau khi hai, sau rieng se &Jac chai va rita sach nhang dat bdn teen trai
bang rut& va hong khO, sau d6 xdp \Tao can xe hoac sot day lot la., ram, phai
xen ke lap xuoi, lap nguac.
Khi chuyen chit, phai dung gigy hoac IA c6 kh6 lan boc quanh titng trai
dd tranh xay xat, khong dAng sot qua lan hay qua nha, bao dam sit thong
thodng, khong bi ming khi van chuy'e'n.
Bao quan sau rieng ncli kho rao N/A thodng khi (3+6 ngay), dung day
kern rang duoi trai gidp nU''a va mong phong ngita nut vo. Khi bao quan a 5°C
sau rieng c6 thd gift duac chat lacing tot sau 3 thang. Ciii sau rieng xit ly &Ong
lanh a -24°C c6 thd gift dttac 3 thang khong mat mAi.

rf,4"
ter

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mom:! ^A
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s .91- . k? 4••• „
. , • 4,,,,,,At
•• , • ••••
. el :„{—e74,174* ' • I• s6 .
Tr"
.••
;;;'•;.:‘

Hinh 6.66 Kho bdo qudn sdu rieng

6.9.6 Sau bOnh tren sau rieng

C6 bdn nhom con trAng gay hai chinh tren cay sau rieng:
- Rdy nhdy
- Sdu cluc trai IA con trAng hien dien 100% inian tai Tien Giang va 64%
vtidn tai Ben Tre, tuy nhien mitt de thiet hai theta cao.
- Sdu an bong la loai hien diOn Wang ddi phd bidn tai Tien Giang co
vttan trai cay loai nay hien dien tren 50%, c6 nhieu nth gay hai kha
nghiem trong
Sdu duc canh: da duac ghi nhan tai mOt se■ vattn cay a ddng bang
song Cau Long dung rai rat va tac hai khong dang kd.
- 13"Onh thoi g6c chciy mu: do nam Phytophtora palmivora gay ra
- 130h thdi re: do nam Pythium complectus gay ra
- 130h than tha: do nam Colletotrichum gay ra, kha phd Hen
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIAI VIET NAM 541

Hinh 6.67 Rciy nhay - sau duc trcii

fOnh che't non: do nam Rhizoctonia gay ra

- Berth sau rieng suctng con goi là chin khong d6ng deu, c6 khi chi c6
mot vai hat slicing, c6 khi sung ca trai, nhieu it thy giong nhung thYdng trai
to de bi sung hon tali nh6. Nguyen nhan IA do dinh dung khodng khong
can d6i, thieu Ca, Mg, do viec cung cap nirac va ca nhiing yeu to ciia moi
tracing song.

6.10 THANH LONG

6.10.1 Ngutin go-c - dac diem thurc vat
Cay thanh long c6 ten tieng Anh IA Pitahaya, hay con goi IA Dragon
fruit, thu6c ho =mg rong, co ngu6n g6c a cdc Nring sa mac thu6c Mehico va
Colombia.
Thanh long IA cay c6 ngu6n g6c nhiet dai, chiu han gioi nen &A/c tr6ng
a nining viing nang. M6t s6 loai chiu dole nhiet dO tit 50+55°C, nhung lai
khOng chiu dude gid lanh. Sit phat tridn cua cay can c6 cuing d6 anh sang
manh, vi the he bi the nthig, than cay se 6m yeu va lau cho trai.
Cay thanh long moc chive teen nhi6u loai dal khdc nhau nhu dat xdrn
bac mau (Binh Thuan), dat phen (TP HCM), dgt do latosol (Long Khamh)...
va ding c6 kha nang thich dng voi cac d6 chua ciia dgt rat khac nhau. Kha
nang ch6ng chiu man ciia cay thanh long rat kern.
Thanh long cung la loai cay nhanh cho thu hoach. Chi sau mot nam
tr6ng la da c6 the thu hoach trai tic cay thanh long. San lucmg trai trung
binh khoang 20+30 tdraha chinh vu va 20 tan/ha trai
Re thanh long khong mong nuUc nen no khong phai la ncti tich trii
nude giup cay chiu han. Cay thanh long c6 hai loai dia sinh va khi sinh.
Re dia sinh phat tridn tit phan lOi a g6c . hom, nhang r6 lan dat diking kinh tit
1+2cm. We dia sinh c6 nhiem vu barn vAo dgt va but cdc chgt dinh dating
nuoi cay. Re phan b6 chu yeu a tang dal mat (0+15cm). RA khi sinh moc doc
542 CHUMIG 6

theo than cay pha'n tren khong, bam vao cay ch6ng de gitip cay leo len gid
da. Nhdng re khi sinh am gan d6t se di dan xu6ng dgt.
Thanh long trong o nikcc to c6 than, canh trudn 136 tren try dd, trong
khi d mot s6 nit trong loaf xdong rang than cot. Than chda nhieu nU6c nen
no co the chiu han mot filth gian dai. S6 Dicing canh tren cay tang theo
cay: cay 1 tu6i trung binh co dO 30 canh, 2 tu6i dO 70 canh, 3 tu6i d6 100
canh, 4 tu6i dO 130 canh, a cay 5+6 tu6i chi duy tri 150+170 canh.

Hinh 6.68 Gay thanh long

Hinh 6.69 Hoa thanh long

Hoa xuat hien OM nhdt vao gida thang 3 va keo dai tdi khoang than;
10, rO nhgt tit thang-75 tdi thang 8. Trung binh c6 tii 4+6 ddt ra hoa rO me
nam. Hoa thodng nit tap trung tit 20+23 gid dem va &Ong boat trong vddn. T
nd den tan keo dai dO 2+3 ngay. Thdi gian tit khi hoa thy phdn tdi thu hoar.
tit 22+25 ngay.
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN O' VIET NAM 543

Trdi thanh long hinh bau duc, c6 nhigu tai la xanh do phien hoa con
lai, dgu trdi 'Om sau tao thanh "h6c mai". Thit trdi c6 mui vi thorn diu, ngot
vita phai, it cung cap calo. MOi trdi c6 rat nhigu hqt nho mau den nam trong
kh6i thit trdi mau trAng. Do hOt nha va mem nen khong lam phign nguti an
nhu' mOt s6 loci trai khdc. Mac du cdc hat be xiu dtioc an ding vai thit cua
rut trai nIumg chting cung khong bi tieu h6a. Vo thanh long chie'm tit 5+7%
Ich6i lacing trdi.

Hinh 6.70 Trai thanh long

6.10.2 Thanh phAn hoa hoc cua thanh long

Bang 6.34 Thanh phcin /Oa hoc chung cua thanh long

Thanh phSn Trong 100 g an dude

Brix (t6ng s6 chit h6a tan) 13

°Yong khei (g) 6,1

DUong t6ng s6 (g) 11,5

Acid hitu cd (g) 0,13

Protein (g) 0,53

.
K (mg) 212,2

P205 (mg) 8,7

Ca (mg) 134,5
Mg (mg) 60,4

Vitamin C (mg) 9,4

Xd (g) 0,71
544 CHUONG 6

6.10.3 Cac giong thanh long trong tic ViOt Nam

Trai thanh long duoc phan biet qua sy' khdc nhau caa runt va vo trai.
C6 the ke den IA cdc loai:
- Hylocereus undatus thuOc chi Hylocereus, runt trying vai vó hang hay do.
- Hylocereus polyrhizus thuOc chi Hylocereus, runt do hay hang vai vO
hang hay do.
- Selenicereus inegalanthus thuOc chi Selenicereus, runt trdng vai
vo yang.
Giong thanh long tr6ng cha yeu tai Viet Nam là loai runt trdng va do,
n6i tieng nhdt vai &mg thanh long Binh Thuan NIA Cho Gao (Tien Giang).
Nam 1994, Vien Nghien cab Cay An Trdi Mien Nam da nhap W Colombia
gi6ng thanh long rut da. Ngoai cdc giong tren, vien nghien cub cay An trai
Mien Nam con du nhap 6 gi6ng thanh long tit DM Loan IA Al, Bl, VN,
C1A15. C1A6, mit do va dal duoc tr6ng khdo sat tai vu'an tap doan Vien
Nghien cdu Cay An trai Mien Nam.

1- Thanh long Binh Thutin

Thanh long Binh Thuan c6 cal-1h phdt tri6n manh, to va dai, trai c6
dang hod trop, kh6i luring 300+500 gltrai, v6 mong, dO day v6 2+2,5cm, gai net
to, vO c6 may dep, TS, le thit trai chiem 68+72% so yeti kh6i Wong toan trai.
Thit chAc, gion, vi ngot thanh. Hat nhO, kh6i luting 1000 hat IA 1,1+1,2g.
HAm luting chdt khO 13+14%, pH dich ep 4,8+5,0.
Thanh Long Binh Thuan ngoai loai v6 do, hien nay da c6 loai vo xanh
dAnh cho nhu cAu xudt khdu.

2- .Thanh long Chv Gao

So vai thanh long Binh Thuan, thanh long Cho Gao vo mOng, trai Ong
300+450g WI c6 huong vi khdc han mot ti. Ngatri tr6ng thanh long vimg Cho
Gao it dimg try san de da, ma thay vao c16 cho thanh long deo len than cay
%Tong nham tao ra ski khdc biet v6 htiong vi.
So sanh chit lilting giita hai loai thanh long, vA mat cam quan thi thanh
long Binh Thuan dep han, vO day han nen thai gian bdo quail va gift mau sAc
keo dai han, thuAn loi trong van chuyen den nai tieu thy. W chi tieu hoa hoc,
thanh long Binh Thuan c6 ham lacing protein, vitamin C, Ca, P, Mg, Na cao
han thanh long Cho Gao nhung c6 ham luting glucose, fructose thdp han.
•V•
Ca hai dong thanh long Binh Thuan va Cho Gao deu tr6 hoa theo mba,
tit thdrig 5 den thdng 10 duong lick, ra hoa ding theti diem vai nhau va tS,' le
&au trai tren hoa net IA 100%.
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN (' VIET NAM 545
3- Thanh long ruOt do
Thanh long runt do cling da tra thanh thaang phdm, trai c6 mau do
h6ng, gai ming thang, rut do, WA den. DO ngot va ham lacing Vitamin C deu
cao han thanh long Binh Thuan va thanh long Cha Gao. Kh6i Kiang trung
binh khoang 300+450 gltrcii. Lan nhat dat 800 g/trdi.

a) Binh Thuan b) Chq Gao c) RuOt do

Hinh 6.71 Cdc loci thanh long Viet Nam

6.10.4 Triing thanh long a vivo Nam

Thanh long daac nguti Phap dem vao trung a Viet Nam tren 100 nam
nay, nhang mai daac data len thanh hang h6a tit thap flier' 1980. Viet Nam la
nu& xuat khdu thanh long Ion nhat the giai, c6 bon Wing san xuat thanh
long lan la Binh Thuan, Long An, Tien Giang, Tay Ninh.
Binh Thuan la "trung tam thanh long" cila ca nutc vai 7.500ha, san
lacing 140 nem tan, dat gid tri xuat Ithdu 10 trieu USD. Dieu kien thai tit
tai Binh Thuan hdu nhti nong nhat trong ca nude, dac tru'ng cho khi hglu
nhiet dai, khO nAng, nhiet dO cao phi hap cho viec canh tac cair thanh long.
Cay thanh long &tac tr6ng chi" yetu tren vimg dat xam va dat cat pha, tap
trung 6 cac huyen Ham Thuan Nam, Ham Thuan Bdc, thanh ph6 Phan Thigt,
Bdc Binh, Ham Tan va Tuy Phong.
San lacing trai vao chinh vu dat 30 kg/cay, trai vu dat 20 kg/cay turang
duang vai khoang 20 tan/ha. San !dung thanh long cang ngay cang tang, nam
2004 dat 94.760 ten, tang 9% so vai 2003, WA tang 117,6 % so vai nam 2000. LS,
do IA ngtiai nong dan da bi6t chong den a xit li ra hoa trai vu. Tit khi chong den
de cho mua trai vu, san laang binh quan tang cao tit 30+40 teinlhalnam.
Thanh long Viet Nam xuat khdu sang Trung Qu6c, H6ng Kong, Dai
Loan, Malaysia, Ha Lan, Dix va al Thai Lan dadi dang trai turai. Rieng thi
twang Nhat do ski kiem dinh thLtc vat r6t, khdc khe trong yid nail' -fan day,
chi nhap thanh long duai dang clang lanh.
546 CHUC1NG 6

Thi phan xuat khdu sang Dai Loan, Hang Kong chiem 53%, Malaysia:
20%, Singapore, Indonesia vA mOt s6 cdc nude chau A khdc: 29%, chau Au: 1%.

Bang 6.35 Luang xudt va vet gici tri xu6t khdu thanh long Binh Thu4n
tit 2001 de'n 2004

Wong xuat % [(Jong xuatit6ng san Gia tri GIS trung binh
Nam
(tan) lu'ong thanh long (1.000 USD) (USD/ tin)
2001 3.494 6,05 2.000,50 572,42
2002 7.828 12,02 4.790,77 621,00
2003 16.682 19,18 5.979,50 358,44
2004 25.000 26.38 8.961,00 358,44

Thanh long thacmg pha'm cua Viet Nam thddrig ducic phan thanh ba loai:
Logi figt mu 'c clO xuat khdu: trai ndng khoang tit 300g + 1kg, trai
d6u, tacti, cang troll, bong dep, can dii gai, rnAu do d6u, khOng bi xit xi, khong
bi sau. Thy theo nudc xuat khdu ma yeu cAu v6 kho'i luring khdc nhau:
Ccic nithc chau A: phan ldn chuOng trai idn (500g + 700g). Rieng
Singapore, yeu cAu vg trong lacing 16n, nho IA 50/50. Gia xuat chau A khoang
0,5 USD/kg.
Cac rut& cheiu Au: thd6ng nhip trai nho hcm. 7008 (nhieu nhat IA 300g
+ 500g). Gia xuat trung binh 1,5 USD/kg.

Logi tot nii dia: thy thuOc vao dia phu'cmg tieu thy.
Ha .N6i: trod to tren 500g, tudi, con du gai, mAu do d6u, hodc hai da
(hai maxi hang, xanh), gid ban khoang 2500+4000 d6nglkg.
TP 1-16 Chi Minh: trai nho hcrn , khoang 300g, bao g6m thanh long
nhin (h6ng dim, trai nho bang ridm tay ngueri lfln, cdc yeu cthi khac thi
gi6ng nhti loai ra HA Nqi. Gid khoang 1500+3000 d6riglkg.

Bang 6.36 Phan hang chit litong thanh long a Binh Thudn

Hang trai Ty It' Trung Itictng Dal trung Trung Day vo Phan an du'Oc
(g) (%) trung binh (g) binh (cm) binh (cm) (mm) (g)

< 330 20 270 12,5 11 4,8 170

330 - < 500 65 410 13 12 4,6 315

500 - <700 12 565 15 12 4,5 400

_'.. 700 3 750 16 13,5 3,8 550

.CAC LOAI TNI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIP- NAM 547

Logi dgtla nhung trai con 14i, hodc nho han 300g, hodc ldn nhung
khong (tat them my (mit gai, khOng Gid ban si khoang
1000+1500 anglkg.
Tier' chudn cam quan thanh long xudt khdu:
Chit hidng trai thanh long thiiang mai IA do mau sec va hinh dang
lisp dan cent trai. De dat UAL' chutin xuit khdu trai thanh long can dot cac
tieu chudn sau:
• Kh6i lacing trai: thy thi trtidng nhap khdu:
- Thi truting chau Au: 250+300 g/trdi
- Thi tradng Trung Qu6c: 400+600 gltrdi
- Thi tradng Singapore: 300+500 g/trdi
- Thi trtidng Hang Kong: > 400 gltrdi.
• Trai khong bi vet cua nirn hay con Wing gay hoL
• Trdi sach dang hinh dep, vo c6 mau do dau tren 70% din tich trai va
lang. Khoang mai khong sau qud 1cm va trai khong c6 mai nao lai len.
• Tai thang, ceng, xanh va dai tren 1,5cm (d6i vdi thi trtiting Trung
Qu6c tai trai cang dai ding t6t)
• Thit trai c6 mau trang va ct ng, 114 mau den.
• Trai khong c6 vat ton thdang cd hoc hay cho bi tham va khong c6
d6m xanh hay vet chay do nang hay do phun thu6c hda hoc.

6.10.5 Thu hokich Va bao quitn thanh long

Thanh long &roc thu hooch bang phtidng phap cat. Cu6ng trai ddoc cat
UN. g6c, khong lam tray xttoc de c6 the bao quan trai trong thdi gian dai va
khong lam tan hai de'n cay. Khoang thdi gian thu hooch dm mOt mita c6 the
keo dai thy thuOc vao ngudi mua. Ngutsi mua c6 the ddt coc nhung van gilt
trai cay trong vadn tai da 10 ngay ma chit Wong van dtioc dam bao t6t nhd
sy chain sac cila !tong dan.
Thanh long sau khi hal se dttoc lau kh6 hay lau neu la hang xuit
khdu doi khi thanh long cling dtiqc lau rail bang nu& ozone. Thanh long la
loci trai rat it bi hao but khi van chuyen nen niu chi de phan ph6i nOi dia,
cac vang Ian can, chting ddoc clang goi rat don gian, chi can xgp trai vao cac
can xe va sap x6p len xe tai tren nhung palette a Thanh long chat lacing
cao dung de xuit khdu hodc cung cap cho cac thanh ph6 Idn nini Ha Ni,
HO Chi Minh se ducrc dang gdi trong thing cactong. Cling c6 mOt vai flack
yeu cau d6ng thing go nhu' chau Au, Nhat.
548 CHONG

Hinh 6.72 Thu hooch va van chuyen thanh long ve kho

Doi vai thanh long xuat khu, hinh thtic bac) quan chti y6u hien nay 1:
sii dung nuac rua ozon dd rita. trai, nhting chitosan, sau do bao quan bang kh
lanh. Hi.0 nay, dung dich anolyte cang dtiac du'a vao sit dung dd bao qua:
thanh long a Binh Thuan. Tac dung ciia dich anolyte cling Wang tit ozone, 1
tieu vi sinh vet, tang cung hiO qua bao quan lanh.

Hinh 6.73 Dong goi va bdo qucin thanh long trong sot trc
cho thi &Jiang nOi dia

Hinh 6.74 Dong gdi va bdo queen thanh long trong tiding carton
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN a VIET NAM 549

Hinh 6.75 Ccich stip ace"p trcii thanh long trong bao bi carton

Neu sir dung bao bi IA PE, duc 20+30 18 kim, hAn kin bao, nhiet do bao
quern IA 5°C, do am khong khi 90% thi có the bao quern thanh long trong
40+50 ngAy.

6.10.6 S'au bOnh tren thanh long

MOt s6 con trung va berth hai ph6 bie'n tren thanh long nhu sau:
Kien: c6n, duc khoet hom, canh non, tai id, gay ton thuang va trai lam
mat gia tri thuang phdm.
Rdy mem: có nhieu loai gay hai tren hoa va trai thanh long, cluing
chich but nhua de lai vet chich nhO tren trai lAm trai khi chin bi mat
mau do tit nhien, mat gia tri xuat khgu.
Ru6i duc trai: g6m nhieu loai nhung ph6 bie'n gay hai tren hoa vA trai.
BOnh th0 ciciu canh: do cac loai nam ho Alternaria lam non chuyen
mAu yang sau dO bi thol.
1301h doM nau than canh: do nam Gloeosporium agaves d6m trOn
nhu mAt cua, ne-u tap trung keo dai thAnh vet tren canh.
BOnh nem carat: do nam Macssonina agaves. Tren than canh co mot
lap mAng mOng mAu xam tro, nham.

s.ii vAi
3.11.1 Nguo'n gdc - d4c diem thlic vat
ThuOc gidi Plantae, ngAnh Magnoliophyta, lap Liliopsida, bi) Arecales,
19 Arecacea, chi Cocos, loAi Nucifera, vai duqc xe-p vAo nhom trai cay a nhiet
loi. VP very, vai chi thich hcip vOi khi hau cua mien 136c Trung Bo va mien
36c. MOt s6 phan loai cua cay vai:
550 CHLICIVO 6

Litchi chinensis chinensis: Trung Qu6c, Dong Du'crng. La c6 4+8 la eh&

Litchi chinensis javanensis: Java.
Litchi chinensis philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh: Philipin, Indonesia. Là
vai 2+4 Id diet.
Cay vai c6 ngu6n g6c tut mien Nam Trung Qu6c. Hien nay teen thg gith
c6 tren 20 nut c trung vai nhu'ng San xudt vai quy mo cong nghiep thi chi c6 a
mot s6 mierc nhii Trung Qu6c, An DO, Australia, M. O mtac to vAng trung vai
chi" ygu là dOng bang song H6ng, trung du, mien nth bac bO. Nhitng ncci trung
nhieu nhur tinh Hai Durang, Bac Giang, Phu Tho, nong truang Dong Trieu, vttan
qu6c gia Cat BA... Ngohi ra con c6 wan vai gi6ng chin s6m doc song Day.
Cay vai IA loai cay than g6, kIch thutc trung binh, CO thd cao tdi
15+20m. Let vai thuOc loai la 'cep long chim Om 2+4 doi, Id eh& cung, dai, c6
chdt sung, cu6ng Id ngan, mat Id xanh dam, phan quang, lurng la mAu tro, c6
gan ma, mut Id nhon, g6c ld hai tu. Ltic ld mai nhti c6 mAu tim hong r6i
chuygn dan thanh mAu d6ng do Mil mAu xanh va xanh dam lA lac Id da-
twang thanh.
BO re an nong sau, rang hep thy thuOc cach nhan giong, ddt trung:
nu6c, phan ban, khong khi, chg di) nhiet dr, trong dat. Re cay vai c6 mot loai
ndm cong sinh tao thanh not khudn can. Ndm nay gip cho 130 re but dug(
rut& va cung cap chdt dinh dutng trong dieu kien kho han.

'firth 6.76 Cay yeti Litchi chinensis

Hoa vai nho, Mau trang anh xanh lac hoac trang anh yang, moc than'
cac chivy hoa dAi tai 30cm. Vai lA cay an trai c6 hoa dye va cai phan biet tree
cung mot cay. Tren cay, hoa cai c6 bau noan rat phat triel, se thu phdn
CAC LC,4I TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN a VIET NAM 551

tinh thi hinh thanh trai, tao ra san lacing trong nam. Ty 10 hoa cal so vdi
tang s6 lu'ong hoa khoang (lath 30%. Hoa cloc tai co bao pha'n day ddn, hat
ph6n. tot. TS/10 hoa cl
ic chie'm khoang 70%. Hoa lu'ang tinh có nhi doc va nhi
cal phat trien day EL Co kha nang hinh thanh tral, song s6 lu'ong hoa hang
tinh tren cay rat it. Ngoai ra cay val con tao ra hoa di hinh, s6 lacing tren
cay rat it, loai nay khong có kha nang hinh thanh

Hinh 6.77 Hoa va trcii yeti

Hinh 6.78 Trcii yeti

552 CHUGING 6

Trdi vai là loai trdi hach, hInh cdu hoac heti thuon, dAi 3+4cm va ding
kinh 3cm. Lap vo ngoai mAu do, cSu true sdn sui khong an dagc nhung de
Bang bac dugc. Ben trong là lap cdi thit mAu trong mar, no:A va giAu vitamin
C, vdi ke't cdu tutng.,ty nhu cua trai nho. Tai trung tam IA mot hat mAu nau,
dAi 2cm va dutng kinh car 1+1,5cm. Hat vai co dOc tinh nhe va khong nen an.
Trai chin \Tao giai doan tit thang 6 (cdc vimg gan xich dao) dgn tbang 10 (cdc
vimg xa xich dao), vAo khoang 100 ngAy sau khi ra hoa.
Nhiet dO có anh hu'ang Ian den viec ra hoa cua vai. Hoa vai na trong
di6u kien nhiet dO cao han 10°C; 18+24°C hoa nO rO, tren 29°C lacing hoa net
giam. De cay vai phat trign tot, trong nam phai co int thti ky nhiet di) ha
tha-p tao dieu kien iic the marn mica &mg, lam cho canh sung sac, tich luy
thigc nhieu dinh dung gidp xua-t tien qud trinh phan boa mdm hoa. Anh
sang day du lam tang kha nang dOng hoa cda cay, )(tic tie'n qud trinh phan
hoa mdm hoa, lAm tang mau sac cda vo trai va lam tang phdm ch& trdi, gio
nhe có lgi cho viec thong thodng cho cay trong vutn. Vai là loai cay khong
ken da't lam, da nAo cung trong duce vai mien IA co du phan bon va nut&
cho cay.

6.11.2 Thanh phAn hoa hoc ciia vii

Trong thanh phan cda ca vO, thit va hot vai, bang nluing phacing phdp
phan tich hien dai, nguriti to da xac dinh dacic sa co mat cda thanh phan va
ham lacing cua cdc loai polyphenol. VO trdi vai chaa mot lung clang k'd cac
polyphenol có ca-u true ortho-diphenolic, co kha nang oxy hoa rat cao.

Bang 6.37 Thanh phdn hda hoc chung cua trdi vdi
giong Litchi chinensis, Sapindaceae

Thanh phgn Gla tri Ddn v1/100g

Nang Wong 56 Kcal
NU& 84,2 9
Protein 0,8 g
Lipid 0,2 g
Glucid tong 14,3 g
Chat xci 0,5 g
Tro 0,5 g
Ca 8 mg
P 22 mg
Fe 0,4 mg
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN 0' WO NAM 553

Cac loai tannin chaa trong thit trai dttqc phan tich bang phuzing phap
sgc ky IOng cao Ai) HPLC, da so là cac tannin ngu'ng to chiein 4mg trong
thit trai vai tucti, tie-p theo ld epicatechin 1,7mglg va procyanidin A2,
0,7mg1g. Wing lactng anthocyanin tinh theo flavonol chigm khoang 0,4mg/g.
B6n loai mAu tren vo trai ducfc xac dinh IA cyanidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin
glucoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside (rutin), vA quercetin glucoside.

6.11.3 Phan loai cac giang vai

1- Viii than

-.
M.

Hinh 6.79 Trcii vdi Thihz

Hinh 6.80 Gay yeti Thiu

554 CHUdNG 6

Vai Thieu con goi IA yid Tau. Loai vai nay dtictc nhan gigng bang chiet
canh nen cac dac tinh ye sinh hoc, kinh to tticrng d6i On dinh, c6 do d6ng deu
cao, de nhan clang. Tan cay hinh troll bdn cau, la nhiS, phien Id day, bong
phan quang. ChUm hoa va nu c6 mau trang. Trdi nhO, kh6i luang trai trung
binh la 25+30 gltrdi, hat nho. TS, le an cittac cao 70+80%.
Vai thieu Thanh HA &lac nhan gi6ng tit cay vai t6 a than Thtiy- Lam,
xa Thanh Scm, huyen Thanh Ha, tinh Hai During. Cay vai Thanh HA sinh
trtfang t6t, tan hinh bdn du can d6i. Trait hinh du, khi chin c6 mau do tuai.
gai thita, ngan. Kh6i lacing trai trung binh 20,7 gltrdi (45+55 trdilkg), tST
phin An chicle trung binh 75%. HAm lacing chit kilo 18+21%, thit trai ch6c, v:
ngot .dam, tham. Nang suit trung binh cay 8+10 tu6i dat 55 kglcdy (8+1(
tdnlha). Thai gian thu hoach chinh vu tit 5/6 den 25/6.

2- Vcii chua
Cay vai chua moc khoe, trai to, kh6i Wang trung binh 20+50 gltrdi, hal
to, vi chua. TS, le an &Plc chiem• 50+60%. Dieu de phan biet la chi= hoa va
chua tit cu6ng den cac nu hoa c6 phu mot lap king matt den. Vai chua ra hot
&au trai deu N/A nang suit On dinh han vai thieu.

3- Vdi nhd
Vai nha c6 cay to hoac trung binh, tan cay dung thing, Id to. Chum hot
c6 do clai va lam trung gian giiia vai chua va vai thieu, c6 long matt del
nhung theta han vai chua, trong s6 d6 cung c6 cay chUm hoa c6 long mai
trang. Trai bang trai vai chua loai nhO, hat to, phgm chgt trai ken han va
thi6u. Khi chin vo trai van c6 matt xanh, ct dinh trai c6 mau tim do, an ngot
it chua.

4- Giong yeti Hang Long

Day IA giong vai oa hoc Viei
nhien, &l ac cac can b6 kh.
Nghien ctin rau trai phat hien N/A chon lac thanh cong tai xa Hung Lon€
huyen Doan Hung, tinh Phu Tho.
Cay sinh twang t6t, tan cay hinh ban ceu. Chum hoa to theo kieu hin:
thdp, cu6ng hoa c6 Mau nau den. Trai hinh trim, hai dal, khi chin c6 mau d
sam, gai thaa, noi. Kh6i lu'ang trai trung binh 23,5g (40+45 trai/kg), tSr 1
phin an dttac trung bpi & 72%, dO khO 17+20%, vi ngot, hcci chua nhe.
Nang suit trung binh cay 8+10 tu6i dat 80 kgIcay (10+15 tcinlha). Dfi
là giong chin sam, thai gian cho thu hoach tit 10/5 den 20/5.
 CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 555
5- Giong vcii lai Binh Khe
Day là giong vai lai tit nhien c6 ngu6n g6c tai xa Binh Khe, huyen
Deng Trieu, tlnh Quang Ninh. Cay sinh twang tot, tan cay hinh bdn cdu det,
la c6 mAti xanh t6i. Chum hoa to, phan nlidnh thua, dai, cueng hoa c6 mau
nau den.

Trai to, hinh trdng, khi chin co mau do thAm, ming vo, gai thua, ngan.
Kh6i lacing trai trung binh dat 33,5g (28+35 trai/kg), t,ST' le phan an dole
trung binh 71,5%, de khe 17+20%, vi ngot thanh.
Nang suit trung binh cay 30 tuOi dat 94,2 kglcdy (12+15 an/ha). Day
IA gi6ng chin sorra, thai gian cho thu hoach tit 5/5 den 15/5.

6- Giong vai lai Yen Hieng

Day cung là met giong vai lai tai nhien, c6 ngu6n g6c tai xa Deng Mai,
huyen Yen Hung, tinh Quang Ninh. Cay sinh twang khoe, tan cay hinh ban
du, la co mat' xanh hai yang. Chum hoa to trung binh, phan nhanh dAi,
cueng hoa c6 mAu nau den.
Trdi hinh tim, khi chin c6 mAu do yang rat dep. Kh6i Wang trai trung
binh dat 30,1 gltrcii (30+35 trclilkg), t5r 10 phan an dole trung binh 73,2%, de
kho 18+20%, vi ngot, hcti chua nhe.
Nang suit trung binh cay 20 tuOi dat 89,8 kgIcay (12+16 tan/ha). Day
IA gi6ng chin sam, tiled gian cho thu hoach tit 10/5 de'n 20/5.

6.11.4 Thu ho4ch va bac, quan vai

Tit 3,4 den 5 thing sau khi hoa na thi vai chin. Cl mien Bac Vi0t Nam
vai chin tit ha tuan thing 4 den trung tuan thing 6, chin sam nhgt là cac
giong vai chua, sau d6 là vai nha vA cu6i ding IA cac giong vai thidu.
Ve phu'ang dien sinh ly, vai là trai khong c6 dinh ho hgp. Nhung ngAy
an chin trai lain rat nhanh, khong nen thu hoach qua sam vi ne'u thu sam
3+5 ngAy co khi giam sin luang 10+20%. Han naa Arai khong chin them sau
thu hoach, hdi sam vai thuang c6 do chua cao. De muen khong thu hoach kip
thi thiet hai do sau bo, dcii, chuet, chim tang len, gdp mita, trai nat... nen mua
thu hoach vai thuang rat khdn truang.
Viec thu hoach vai cang phai can than horn cac loai trai khdc vi v6 till
khong chiu co xdt, chum trai phai kern theo la gia de den, sot, b6, thong, rO
phdi chic... Chon ngAy nAng rao dd hdi trai va hai vac) bu6i sang. Ngu phdi
van' chuyel di xa nen hai trai vAo lac vo trai mAu xanh yang bdt dau chuydn
sang mAu do than', lac nay phdm chgt trai cao nhgt.
556 CHUONG 6

Khi thu hoach chi nen be canh mang trai, khOng kern theo Id vi
khoang cach gita cdc canh vai phan la ddai canh trai c6 cdc mam ngu. Sau
hai trai, cdc inam nay se nay main do là dot canh thu c6 chic nal-1g lAm canh
me sau nay tren d6 se mot ra cdc canh trai.
To chdc viec thu hoach va van chuyen den nth tieu thu tang phai chu ciao
vi vai rat de thei dap, chi mot ngAy khong the day, hoac van chuyen khong nhe
tay IA vo trai da tham lai, mau do dia trai va mau xanh cila la mat di khi ban.
Phu'ong phdp bao quan to ra c6 hieu qua IA cdc phu'ong phdp dieu
khien thanh phan khi quydn, N/A bao quan lanh. VI thOi gian bao quail
ngan, dO ben bao quan kern nen de bao ve chat lacing sari phdm vai
phdong tien van chuyen thich hop nhat IA may bay. Van chuyen bang xe
tai hay tau thuyen c6 he thong lanh cung co the sit dung nhu'ng chat Wong
vai cung giam khd clang ke.
Dang hit hong chu yeu cua vai tdoi là mat mau do tren vo trai, hien
Wong nay nhd tren cid n6i là do phan itng oxy h6a cdc chat polyphenol tren
vo, phan dng nay xay ra rat nhanh elan den hit hong mat mau vo vai xay ra
chi sau 24+48 gid tit khi thu hoach, ding vth nhang t6n that khdc, ho hap,
bay heti ndetc, lAm cho vai mat gid tri cam quan.
MOt vai loai hormon thtic vat thuOc nhom kith thich sinh tru'ang ming
ditac dimg dd xit ly trai, track khi bao goi bang bao bi MAP va bao quan lanh
a 2+3°C.
NhA vdein vimg Quang Dong (Trung Qu6c) dimg Benlate neing dO 0,05%
a nhiet do 52°C, ngam trai trong 2 phtlt, sau do cho vao tui PE bao quan a
nhiet do 20+30°C, gift &roc 8+13 ngay, giam tST le trai th6i N/A Wen mau trai.
C1 Nam Phi, notii to )(Ong trai vai bang SO2 (d6t 100+150g S trong
phong kin) de gift mall sac cho trai vai nhu'ng neu )(Ong qua lau thi vai 'thong
khoi phut lai ddoc mau de sau khi long va ding khOng bao quan ddoc lau hon.
2 tuan re.

Hinh 6.81 Dong goi vai titoi xudt kluiu

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 557

6.11.5 SaubOnh teen vai

Nhang loai sau thing gap va gay hai lan IA bo xit vai, sau due trai, va
nhen long nhung. Ngoai ra con cc!, chau chgu, sau due canh, sau cu6n la, bo
dila, rep sap, sau ken, bo tri, sau do...

-401"

Hinh 6.82 Cdc locti sau - ngai - bo xit phd hai cay yeti

Hinh 6.83 Sau hai trcii udi

6.12 VU SIVA
6.12.1 Ngu6n gtic - (14c digm tinic v'at
Vu saa ten khoa hoc là Chrysophyllum cainito L, thuOc ho Sapotaceae
hay Sapodilla là mot trong nhung load trai cay rat ducic eta chuOng nha phdrn
chgt ngon va gia tri dinh diking cao. Vu saa co ngu6n ggc a vimg bign
Caribean va phan b6 trong viing nhiet dai toAn thg giai. Viet Nam va Uc
trong vu saa dg lgy trai trong khi a MY va nhung nal khac trong cay vu saa
chu ygu lAm cay canh lion IA cay an trai. Hai miac co dien tich trong vu stia
lan IA Viet Nam 2.000ha, trong do rieng Tign Giang dien tich trong vu sits
1.635ha va 1)c co 50ha.
558 CHUYNG 6

Bang 6.38 Phcin b6 tieing trong vii sact tren the giai

NUdc/ Khu vkfc DLO tich (ha) yang phan b6

ViOt Nam 2 000 Mien Trung, mien Song Nam bb, DB S CCM Long

Chau Uc 50 Phia bk New South Wales, Queensland Autralia

Jamaica, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador,

Chau My —
mien Nam Florida

Chau A - Thai Can, An DO, Philippin

Rieng DBSCL 1 800 Tien Giang 1635 ha, Vinh Long, Sac Trang, Gen Tho

Binh 6.84 Gay va'saa

Hinh 6.85 Trcii vu seta va he th6ng h.qt phan b6 kie'u hinh sa"
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY C6 TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 559

V6 Oa la cay than gO, luta nien, c6 chieu cao 25m, c6 nhya va tan la
day dAc. La dai 7+18cm, rang 5+8cm, hinh ellipse, mat tren IA c6 mau xanh
dim, mat dui la mau xanh nhat hon. Hoa nho, kin va tham. Trai tem, cd
du'ang kinh 5+10cm, trai chin c6 inau tim dAm lang b6ng, it rung. Thit trai
mem, ngot, nhao nhit saa, khi An phdi dung muOng m6c.
Cay vu sift' thich hqp vdi dieu kian nhiat ddi, nhiat da 22+34°C, chi ra
hoa t6t trong diAu kian c6 hai ntha mda nang phan biat va khong chiu &lac
gib to do cay c6 tan la day va re Hong. Vu saa doi hai &it phu sa yen song,
ddt thit nhe, thoat ntidc t6t, it chua, pH = 5,5+6,5, cao da khong qua 400m.

6.12.2 Thanh phiin Ma 119c vela vu sea

Ngoai cac thanh phiri chinh nhu glucid, protein, lipid... Vu saa con chaa:
MOt s6 hqp cheit clang oxi 11.6a thuOc nh6m polyphenols va anthocyanins
gam (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-gallocatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, quercetin
(c6 hoat tinh ch6ng oxi h6a cao quercitrin, isoquercitrin, myricitrin gallic
acid va cyanidin-3-glucopyranoside.
Terpenoids la hqp chgt bay hai chiein tS, le nhi6u nhdt. Nhang hqp
chdt a bay hai chinh g6m: (E)-2-hexenal (0,25mg/kg), 1-hexanol (0,09mg/kg),
limonene (0,17mg/kg), linalool (0,09mg/kg), a-copaene (0,13mg/kg) va
hexadecanoic acid (0,11mg/kg).
Ngoai ra con c6 cac hqp chdt aldehyde and ketope (20,1%); acids
(9,7%); ester (7,8%), alcohol (7,1%), hqp chit nita (1,3%) va mat s6 hap chdt
khac (17,5%).

6.12.3 Vu sea Le Ren

Vu saa LO Ren c6 ngu6n g6c la Long Hung, huyen Chau Thanh, tinh
Tien Giang. Day la gi6ng vu saa c6 nang sudt va hieu qud kinh to cao
nhdt, 1000+1500 trcii My I nam h cay tuOi tren 10 nAm, phim chdt trai rat
ngon, dtiqc thi tritOng trong ruidc ita chuOng va co gia cd cao nhdt so vdi
cac gi6ng khac.
Viing chuyen canh gi6ng vu siia LO lien tap trung a cac xa Vinh Kim,
Phu Phong, Kim San, Ban Long, Binh Tru'ng, huyan Chau Thanh. Dian tich
trong dat 1.400ha, sari litqng 20.000 tdn I ndm. Chinh vu la khoging thtti gian
tit thang 12 den thang 3.
Cay c6 dAc tinh sinh tritang manh, tan cay clang tem. La clang hinh
trung, clued la nhon, mat teen IA xanh dAm, b6ng lang, mat dudi mau nau,
nham. Cay chigt r u dttqc chtim sec t6t se cho trai sau 3+4 narn, thu hoach
tap trung trong thang 2 dgn thang 3. Wu ap dung xit l$7 ra hoa sam, mua thu
560 CHL(CNG 6

hoach se tit thang 12 den thang 1 nam sau. Thai gian tit khi ra hoa detn thu
hoach IA 9 thang. Cay cho nang suat cao (350+450 kg I cay I ncim, cay khoang
20 nam tu6i) va kha 6n dinh.

Hinh 6.86 Va saa Là Ren

Hinh 6.87 Vii saa tim

Trai kha to, trong lacing trung binh 300+350g, dang trai trap. Trai khi
chin mau xanh yang (co LIng tim a day trai), vo trai mong, bang lang, loi trai
nh6 (1,2+1,5cm). Chat lacing trai rat ngon, thit dai, m6m, nhi6u nutc, mai vi
them va ty le thit an duac cao (60+70%).
Thit trai c6 do kho Ian horn 13,5%, ham hicfng acid là 0,77-:-0,09%,
pH = 5,8+6,2, lacing acid ascorbic Ion hart 3mg/100g.

6.12.4 Tilling vu sita,i(ViOt Nam

D6ng bang song Cab Long c6 cac gi6ng vu saa La Ran, vu saa Vang, vu
seta Nau (hay Tim), vu seta Banh xe, vu saa Vu ba, •vd seta Ma. Trong d6 c6 vu
seta La 'Zen IA gieing n6i tigng nhat.
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 561

Gieing vu sita nau (tim) c6 clang trai va mau sac Wang d6i dep va chit
Wang ngon han vu sita nau nttctc ngoai, la giong c6 thd pita tridn muc tieu da
Bang h6a san pham cho nhu eau thi try ang mtac ngoai.

Bang 6.39 Ca edit mat hang Vd saa cling bang song Cult Long 2001-2002

San lacing thu San Wong hang ,

Mot hang Ty I0 (%) Ty lo (%)
hooch (t6n) hda (t6n)
VO sita Là Ren 24.260 97,6 22.000 97,8

VU silo V6 yang 357 1,4 300 1,3

Vt.) sita khac 252 1,0 200 0,9

To'ng cijng 24.869 100 22.500 100

Cac chi tieu phan logi vu siZa hang how

Kholi lacing trcii: ith6i lacing là chi lieu uL tien s6 mOt dung cho qua
trInh phan loai trai
DO chin cda trai va tinh trong vo trdi: chi tieu nay can nhung qua trinh
thu hai da duvc thtic hien viec ellen ltia. Loai (lac biet trai to c6 vo trai bong
dep, khong c6 clgu vet xam hai. Cac loai khac lay trong lacing lam chi tieu
dau tien va Ice/t hap mac d6 bi xam hai de xac dinh.

Bang 6.40 Tinh hinh phan loci vii sad hang hoa neim 2003

Trong Chieu Chreu dai Vong eo

Phan
STT !Ong njng TB TB trai TB kin
1°41 Tinh trong ve trai
(g) trai (mm) (mm) nhat (mm)

Sang mau, khong ca dgu con

Sac
1 > 300 76 ÷ 83 73 ÷ 82 260 ÷ 271 trung, khong ca dgu tray )(Lick,
Lick,
biOt
ca the c6 dgu map nho

Sang mau, khong ca hoac ca

dgu con trung me tong dian tich.
2 Looi I > 250 74 ÷ 81 63 ÷ 75 255 ÷ 265
1 ÷ 3cm2, ca the ca It dgu tray
xUOc, mar nho

Chap nhan tat ca cac mau va,

ca dau con trung mit, diOn tich
3 Loai II > 200 65 ÷ 74 62 ÷ 65 230 ÷ 260
Ian, ca the co dgu tray xt.Idc,
map nhe

Chap nhan tat ca cac mau va,

4 Loai III > 150 58 ÷ 65 56 ÷ 62 223 ÷ 228 co dgu con triing mO, diOn tich
Ian, ca dgu tray xUelc, mop nho
562 GIIUUNG 6

Data vac) cac chi tieu teen, c6 th'd phan thanh cac phan hang:
Loai clOc tieu thy u cac thanh ph616n nhti TP H6 Chi Minh, Wing
Tau, Hai Phong, HA NOi va mot s6 chq thi xa trong ca int6c.
Loai I, II: ngoai cac thAnh ph6 16n neu teen con fiat' thy 6 cac chq
huyen trong ca nutc.
Logi III: tieu thu 6 cac char nho, cac tinh khu vt,fcd6ng bang song Cali
Long Ara khu viic Ian can, kd ca TP H6 Chi Minh.
Thi trutng not dia tieu thu 98% san lacing vti saa hang h6a, town loO a
dang trai to 1i. Tit tieu thy thi ft-Wing khu vyt DBSCL va TPHCM, vu saa
phat tridn thi tracing ra nhieu tinh thanh trong nut c. Tieu thy manh nhat IA
thi tracing HA NO, Hii Phong, thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, DA Nang....
Thi tracing xuat khdu vu saa rat nh6 be. Kdt qui khdo sat tai cac vita
trai cay chq dau m6i Vinh Kim cho th6y san lacing vu saa dAt hang mat
khdu rat nh6. Sin lacing vu saa tong s6 tham gia xudt khu acct dat 250+350
ttinlnam Wong throng 1+2% t6ng san lacing thu hoach. Kh6 bio quail ttr6i, c6
nhieu hat, san ltfqng san xuatt xugt khdu nh6... la iihitng MI6 khan, tra ngai.

6.12.5 Thii hoktch va bito quan vu sita

Vu saa DBSCL cho thu hoach vacs cac thang 12, 1 va 2 va c6 thd keo dai
ddn thang 3. di mien Trung, vu saa cho thu hoach cham hcin 1 thang. T6ng
hqp mita vu thu hoach vu saa cua cac nude, to thgy mita vy thu hoach vii saa
dm Viet Nam khOng phai chiu dp 1kfc canh tranh maa vy thu hoach ctia cac
nu& khac. Thtii vu thu hoach vu saa triang vai thtri vu thu hoach nhieu loci
trai cay c6 khi nang thay the nhu'ng cac loci trai cay c6 kha nang thay thd
(h6ng va tao) san lacing nho nen vu saa khong chiu dp lac canh tranh.
Bang 6.41 TS, le san litcmg thu hoach vu saa
theo cac thang mzia vu a DBSCL (%)
Cac thang trong mila thu hooch 10 11 12 1 2 3
Nam 2001 - 2 20 53 17 5
Nam 2002 2 5 28 45 20 5
Nam 2003 4 6 30 40 15 5

Thing 6.42 M6i quoin he gia cd vac san lttorng vu sea

theo meld vu vao ncim 2001-2002
Thang trong mila
T.10 T. 11 T.12 T.1 T.2 T.3
thu hooch
T3/10 (%) san
2 20 53 17 5
Wog thu hoach
Gia trung binh 10.882
23,57 13,92 8,03 4,82 4,07
(1000d/kg)
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN VIET NAM 563

Bang 6.43 Moi quan he gici cci va scin lacing vu si?a

theo maa vu vao nam 2002-2003
Thang trong mini
T.10 T. 11 T.12 T.1 T.2 T.3
thu hooch
Tit 10 (%) sari
2 5 28 45 20 5
Wog thu hoach
Gia trung binh
17,14 10,71 6,96 4,82 3,85 11.175
(1000d/kg)

Theo kinh nghiem cua nha vutm trai chin tren cay dat c10 chin 85+95%.
Trdi chin duti 80% phan thit tieep giap vo trai se ming, do khong chin them,
sau it ngay trai bi heo mem, phAn an ditoc it va hutmg vi khong dat, bi loai
b6. Nha via luta trai chin > 90% bdn a thi tritting gan, trai chin 85+90% bdn
a thi trittmg xa.
Trai vu sda c6 v6 rat mang, rat de xay )(dem khi thu hal. Hien nay, nha
vii6n dang dp dung cdch hal vu sda bang sao kep hai ngutri hai. Duroc coi la
phdong phdp an toan nhit nhung khi kidm tra chit lacing trai hai theo cach
nay, tit ca cac trai ddu bi tdc dOng co gi6i, nhiAu vet dap nhe hay nang tren
vo trai, c6 khi cu6ng trai gay hay thut vao trai.
Khi thu hoach nen cat ca cu6ng trai dai 1+2cm, loai b6 trai c6 vet sau
benh, t6n thuting va bao trai bang cac loai bao giay nham tranh tray xur6t
trong qud trinh van chuyen.
Thing, gi6 chda trai phdi c6 16t dem bang giiy hoac cac loai vat lieu
x6p, kho. Khong nen chit qua 4+5 16p trai trong giO.
Thu hdi khi vittm cay vita tan sarong (trdi vu sda hai xu6ng trong tinh
trang khong c6 nude barn vao v6). Chon cac trai du d() chin 85+90%, hdi titng
trai bang sao kep, be canh mang trai data xu6ng cho nguti thd hai khi trai
con dinh tren sao. Ngutti thd hai cam cu6ng trai, tia canh la du', boc tai x6p
cho trai, cat doan canh cu6ng trai thita va dat vao thong giiy. Toan 130 thing
tac lam tai g6c cay tren vutn va tay nguti hai 'thong cham vao trai. Lam
(lucre nhii tren trai vu sda xuit kh.du can tuti tot 10 ngay sau khi hdi (3+4
ngay van chuydn va a quay mat tai cda hang tit 4+6 ngay).
Sau khi phan loai, vu sda ditIc d6ng vao cac thimg mop hinh kh6i chit
nhat 40 x 30 x 33cm. Nha thi6t k6 thUng da tinh todn ky theo don dat
hang sao cho chda dung 20kg trai vu sda, 4kg nu'ac mot s6 giay 16t,
giay boc trai. Day nap thimg lai, dimg bang keo clan tat ca cac khe ha canh
thong de gilt lanh. Phticing phdp nay se ti6t kiem chi phi do van chuydn
bang xe tai thong thutng, khong phdi dung xe lanh chuyen citing thing r6
nhua rat t6n kern.
564 CHLIO'NG

Hinh 6.88 Thu hdi vu sila

D6i vdi thi trutOng gan, each (long thing don gian hon. Giai phdp dim
hai thimg gidy trong vao nhau co thd dung 10kg, 15kg ddn 20kg, toy theo ye
cdu dong thimg cua khdch hang. Thiing vu sits xudt khdu sit dung thing mo
50 x 30 x 25, vdi trong lu'ong trdi vu sits trong m6i thimg IA 10kg. Sau kh
dOng thong, vu sita duvc van chuydn bang xe tai ddn cdc thi trubng tieu th
trong ca noire (100% san lacing) co tdc dung giam chi phi On chuydri.
D6i vai thi tracing xua't khd'u, vu sits duvc chuyen cher bang may ba
(dang tacti) hay cha bang tau (dang dong lanh). Tuy nhien, chi phi chuye:
cha bang phdong tien hang khong khd dat, gid thAnh san phdm cao.

6.13 XOAI
6.13.1 Nguo'n gac - d4c diem tinfc vat
Cay xoai thu6c chi Mangifera loaf M.indica, ho Dao 16n he
(Anacardiaceae). Trong chi Mangifera co tdi 41 loAi, co thd tin thy rai rd
khap cdc nude Wing Dong Nam A, trong do chi co xoai lA dude trong ion
rai nhdt.
Xoai co ngu6n g6c a Dong Bac An Do, Bac Myanmar, a vimg d6i ni
chan day Hymalaya va tit d6 lan di khap thd gidi, slim nhdt sang Don
Dozing, Nam Trung Woc va cdc nude khdc mien Dong Nam A. Tit the kS7. th
16 khi nguVi B6 Dao Nha tim ra &Ring bin sang Vin acing thi xoai (ILA
mang di trong khAp cdc vimg nhiet ddi teen thd gidi va caa cdc vimg bá
nhidt ddi nInt Florida, Israel.
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO DEM NANG PHAT TRIEN b VIET NAM 565

Inith 6.89 Cay xodi

Cay xoai co the cao den 40m, nhung thuidng cao 10+15m, c6 tan Ian va
c6 the sting den 100 nam. Thing teen dgt cao hay d6i ntli re do the moc sau
dgn 9m.
La non ra tren cdc chi mai, moc d6i xting, mot chum tit 7+12 la. My
thuOc vao gi6ng ma Id non c6 mau do tim, tim, mau h6ng phcin ph& nau. Ld
gia mau xanh dim. Ld non phat trier' du kich htdoc vao khoang 2 tuan sau
khi moc, nhung khoang 35 ngay sau khi moc thi la mai chuyen lye hoan
than. M-6i Ian ra la nhu vay canh xoai dai them ra khoang 50+60cm.
Xoai trong tit h6t se ra hoa sau 6+8 nam, cay thap chi ra hoa 3+5 nam.
Tai d6ng bang song Cub Long, xoai ra hoa tit thang 12 den thang 3 diking
lich. Hoa xoai nho. mau trAng hong, na thanh chum, phan lan la hoa du'c va
hoa luting tinh vai tSt le hoa Wang tinh chiem 1+36% thy giting xoai. Hoa xoai
thing thy phan cheo, nhd con trung Ilan la nhd ong mat de dau trai. NI&
chum chi c6 vai trai trttang thanh va chin. TS, le thy phgn cao khi triti ming
va
Trdi xoai h1nh tem den hai dai. Va trod chin co in&ti yang den dO.
HOt c6 vo ding, ben trong chtl'a 2 tit diep va phoi (mgm bOt). Cox giOng xoai
a Viet Nam thadng da phOi, mang 2+12 phoi ve, tinh va c6 the c6 1 hoc
khong c6 phoi hilu tinh. Nhd do, IVA xoai gieo Uniting moc 1+5 cay con va
cay con thudng vo tinh gi6ng cay me, ngu c6 cay hau tinh thi ciing ygu at,
de bi lgn at.
Xoai c6 the chiu dyng dive nhiet dO tit 4+10°C den 46°C, nhung se phat
trien tot nhgt a 24+27°C va nhiet dO trung binh thang lanh nhgt khong dual
15°C. Xoai c6 kha nang chiu han tot, nhung ding rat can nuac de cho san
lacing cao. Luting mua it nhgt 1000+1200mm vac, mita mita va 50+60mm vao
 566
CHtiONG 6

mua nang rat thich hdp cho xoai ra hoa, 101 trai. Xdai IA cay u'a sang trung
binh. Thai gian tr6 hoa cua xoai phu thudc de cao, t6t nhal tit 600m troy
xu6ng. Trong a dia hinh cang cao, xoai tr6 hoa cang muen, ca len cao 120m
(hay tang 1' vi cid) thi cay tr6 hoa tr6 ban 4 ngay.

Hinh 6.90 Hoa va ld xoai Hinh 6.91 Trcli xoai

Horn 8 cu6ng
Day qua Ma king
Day cu6ng

Cu6ng qua

MA byng

Xoang
Chieu day
MO -

Dinh qua

Chieu rOng

Hinh 6.92 Cau tao trdi xoai

Xoai moc tot tren nhieu loai dat, nhung tot nha-t IA dal cat hay thit
pha cat, thodt nudc to-tycd'murc nude ngdm khong sau qua 2,5m. So with nhung
cay an trai nhiet ddi khdc, xoai có le IA loai cay chiu Ling tot nha-t. Da-t nhe,
kern man mct gitip cay cho nhieu hoa va dau trai, trong hic dal mail ma,
nu'dc chi giLip cay phat trign t6t, nhung cho it trai. pH thich hap cho cay xoai
IA 5,5+7. Dat chua (pH S 5) lam cay phat tridn kern.
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN VIET NAM 567

X0 bung

Cu6ng Gan n6i voi cu6ng

Xc bung Bao citng

X0 king Bao mong mau yang

Gan
Bao mau nau

La mgm
X0 hOng

X0 king

Hinh 6.93 Cdu tao kit xoai

Chgt dam git.ip cai thien mau v6 trai chin. Thieu dam, xoai se ra it hoa
va rung nhieu trai. Dam con gitip cho cay tich lily du dinh du'ang cho mua
sa.u. Kali giup cai thien ca mau sAc va Inking vi trai. Thiel.' kali con lam trai
nho, c6 vi chat, nhung thica kali se lam trai bi mit. Trong trutng hop cldt qud
mau ma hay qud nhieu clam va kali, hoac do thieu canxi se lam trai bi
C6 the cung cap them phan vi lu'ong (ca chiia Cu, Mn, Zn, Mg) vac) giai doan
ra Id non de cay phdt trie'n tot.

6.13.2 Thanh phAn h6a hoc call xoai

Xoai chtla 76+80% milk, 11+20% dutng, 0,2+0,54% acid (khi xanh c6
the dat 3,1%), 3,1mg% caroten, 0,04% vitamin Bl, 0,3% vitamin PP, 0,05%
vitamin B2, 13%.

Bang 6.44 Thanh phdn /Oa hoc ctia xoai chin

Thanh phgn Ham It1Ong Thanh phgn Ham Wong

NU& 86,1% Cu 0,03%

Protein 0,6% Nang 'Ong 50 cal/100g

Lipid 0,1% Caroten 4800 I.0

Chat khoang 0,3% B1 400 mg/100g

Chat xcl 1,1% PP 0,3 mg/100g

Hydratcacbon 11,8% B2 50 mg/100g

Ca 0,01% C 13 mg/100g

K 0,02% Dieing 7,09 ÷ 17,2%

Glucid chit yeti la cdc loci ding saccharose, fructose, glucose, xylose,
arabinose, heptulose, maltose.
568 CHLICING 6

Acid hitu ccc chu ye'u IA acid citric, ngoAi ra con c6 acid tartric, malic,
oxalic, gallic.
C6 nhieu loai acid amin trong thAnh phan xoai, vai day du cac cac loai
acid amin khong thay the.
Chgt mttu cua xoai chu yell IA cac loai carotenoid. Xotti chin mOt phan
c6 14 loai carotenoid, xoai chin hoAn toAn c6 17 loai carotenoid. Giong xoai
Haden co mail do IA do sac to anthocyanin, peonidin-3-galactoside.
xoAi. do 76 loai harp chgt de bay hai tao thAnh, thuOc ba
nhOm d4c trang IA car-3-ene, a-capoene vA ethyldodecanoate.
Vitamin C c6 nhieu luc xanh, vA vitamin A lai tap trung vac) Itic trail chin.

Bang 6.45 Thanh phdn acid amin elk phdn thit xoai

Thanh phdn Ham lu'Ong, % Thanh phgn Ham lu'Ong,

Trytophan 0,008 Leucine 0,031
Threonin 0,019 Lysine 0,041.
Isoleucine 0,018 Methionine 0,005
Phenylalanin 0,017 Tyrosine . 0,01
Valine 0,026 Arginine 0,019
Histidine 0,012 Alanine 0,051
Acid Aspartic 0,042 Acid Glutamic 0,06
Glycine 0,021 Proline 0,018
Serine 0,022

Bang 6.46 Chdt xc cua hai gang xoai Tommy Atkins va Keitt

Chit xd Tommy Atkins Keitt

Cellulose, % 0,67 0,66
Hemicellulose, % 0,34 0,40
Lignin, % 0,53 0,33

C6 hai loai enzyme trong thanh phan xoai, d6 IA peroxidase, gain vai
phan 'thong tan caa me trai vA polyphenoloxidase, gay bie'n mAu nau. Ngotti
ra can ca: catalase, invertase, a-amylase.

6.13.3 Clic giang xoaizViOt Nam

Viet Nam c6 rgt, nhieu gieing xoai, thu hoach vao thang 4 là cac gi6ng
xoai a Nam BO, ho4c vAo thdng 7 IA cac giong xoai a Cam Ranh, Yen Chau.
Ngotti ra can co mOt s6 loai xoai dai flint
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIEM NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 569

Mu6m: trdi nh6 han xoai, vi chua.

Queo: trdi det, ddu cong nhu c6 mo, vi chua.
Nhinag loai trdi nay de'u c6 mui nhya thong ro, chdt lung thua xoai
Loai nay that:mg moc rdi rdc a cdc Wing align Bdc.

1- Xoai cat Haa LOc

Xoai cat Htia LOc IA mOt trong nhdng gi6ng xoai n6i tigng nhdt a thing
bang song Citu Long. Chdt luting xoai dayc thi trung trong va ngoai
ddnh gid rat cao.
Xoai cat Hba LOc &Tic tr6ng dau tien tai xa Hoa LOc, quan Gido Ddc,
tinh Dinh Toting nay la tip Hba, xa floa Hung, huygn Cdi Be tinh Ti6n
Giang, nen duvc mang ten IA xoai cat Ma LOc. Day lA viing ddt phu sa yen
song nen giau chdt dinh &fang, rat thich hqp cho xoai cat Hod LOc sinh
twang va phdt

Hinh 6.94 Xodi cat Hod LOc

Do chdt lacing ngon, hdong vi dam dA nen hign nay gigng xoai cat Ma
LOc dune trong vdi qui mo cong nghigp. Tuy nhien, c6 nhigu y
kin cho rang
xoai cat Ike LOc khi duvc tr6ng a nhdng nai khdc thi phdm chat khong ngon
bang tai nai xudt x( &la n6.
Hign nay, xoai cat Him LQc da dune trong a nhigu tinh thuOc dfing bang
Song Cilu Long va mOt s6 tinh mien dOng Nam BO nhu Binh Duang, Binh
Phudc, D6ng Nai, BA Ria - Wing TAu. Rieng tai Tign Giang, xoai cat HOa LQc
dive trong nhi6u a huygn Cai Be yeti khoang 1.600 ha, san Wang hang nam
khodng 22.000 tan, tap trung a 13 xa g6m Haa Hung, An Hdu, An Thai
Trung, Tan Hung, Tan Thanh, my Luang, An Thai acing, My Disc Tay, My
Ddc Dong, Thien Tri, floa Khanh, Hau ThAnh va Dong floa Higp.
570 CHUUNG 6

Xoai cat Haa LOc la loci xoai qui cho nAng suat cao, tuy nhien heti` kh6
trong, phai tharn canh, ra hoa kh6ng deu, 'thong trong bang hat phai ghep.
Do yo mang nen trai de bi dap, kho bdo quan, van chuygn dg xuat Ichdu. Cay
thttOng c6 tuol tho 15 - 25 nArn, nAng suat binh quan 100 + 250 kgIcaylnam.
Trai xoai cat Hba LOc co clang thuon dai, khi gia c6 phan trung phd
ben ngoai va dgm mau nau nh6 tap trung nhieu a phan ,giga va cu6ng trai.
V6 mOng, mau yang tdcti, cugng trai hcri manh, ddy trai CO hinh nhon. Kh6i
Kiang trung binh 400+500g/trai. Thit trai mau yang Wed, chtic c6 cdc to
bao dd nen tao cam gide c6 cat khi An, t.17., le phgn thit trai chigm khoang
77+82%. Huang tham, vi ngot thanh. Ham Wang chat khO la 19+21%, rat it
xa, ham Wang acid citric nho han 1,5%, vitamin C 25mm%.

2- Xoai cat Chu

Xoai cat Chu (Mangifera indica), cludc trong a thi xa Cao Lanh, tinh
D6ng Thdp. Sa di xoai cat Chu c6 ten "Chu" vi dau trai xoai, ndi c6 cu6ng
thaang chu ra. Cung c6 nguti not goi la xoai cat Chu vi mau thit va vo trai
khi chin c6 mau yang ang do nhu chu sa.
Thit xoai cat Chu it xa, mem ma hcli dai, 14i rat ligot va thdm. Tuy
kh8ng phdi la cay ho dau ma s6 lacing acid amin can thit c6 rat nhieu. Cay
cho trai tkt nhien vao khodng thAng 12 duang Lich nhu'ng cdc nha vtiOn
anteing xigt nutc cho cay ra hoa sam han, ra hoa truck tat 3-4 thdng dg tat
visa dgn thi trai xoai vita chin dg co xoai An tat. Trai xoai cat Chu chin chung
tren ban this trong rat dep nha mau do chu cila vo trai.
Cay xoai cat Chu c6 nAng suat rat cao, de trong, de ra hoa kgt trai, de
thich hip vii nhieu loai dat: dat phi sa yen song Cau Long, Mt phen a mien
Tay Nam BO hay dat cat go a mien Dong cay van cho trai tot.

Hinh 6.95, Cdy xoai cdt Chu

CAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN a VIET NAM 571

Hinh 6.96 Trai xoai cat Chu

3- Xoai Tiefing
Xoai Turfing IA gi6ng xoai ca hinh dang (Jai, thuon, có kh6i luvng
600÷800g/trcii, hat có nhi6u phoi. Trai xoai xanh có thit day, ch6c, giOn, it xa,
vi rat chua. Cay xoai Turfing rat Ian. Xoai Tung IA loai xoai rat ph6 bign
thuang chi an trai xanh chua chin. Luc chin, huang vi khong bang clic loai
xoai khac. Xotti 'racing con IA gi6ng xoai ca kha nang khang khutin t6t, tuy
nhien chung van bi tan cong bai cac loai con trung.

Myth 6.97 Trai xoai Thong

4- Xoai Burn

Hinh 6.98 Trai xoai Buefri

572 CHliaNG 6

Xoai Buesi hay con goi IA xoai "ghep" xuat xii tii vOng CC Be (Tien
Giang), IA mot dang xoai hoi, trai hoi githig xoai Cat nhiing nho horn, kh6i
lacing trai trung binh khoang 250+350g. Vo trai .day nen có the van chuygn
xa de clang. Min hoc ctia trai giam dan khi tu6i cay cang bia. Gi6ng nay cho
phdm chat kern vi thit nhao, hoi lat va hoi.

5- Xoai Thorn
Xoai Thom dirge tr6ng nhieu a Tien Giang, D6ng Thdp, Can Tha. Kh6i
lutang trai trung binh 250+300g. Giong xoai Thom den c6 vo trai mau xanh
sam, gi.6ng xoai Thom trung c6 va mau nhat hon. Trai c6 kich thole trung
binh, vi ngot, hu'ong rat thorn.

6- Xoai Khieu Sa Vo'i

Hinh 6.99 Xodi Klzieu Sa Voi

Hinh 6.100 Xodi thanh ca

Cay xoai Khieu Sa Voi c6 clac tinh sinh twang manh, tan clang hinh
thAp. LA clang hinh lutti mac dai, duoi IA nhon. Cay cho trai 30 thang sau khi
trung, ne'u dirge cham soc tot. Cay de ra hoa va dau trai, cho thu hoach tap
CAC LORI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN d VIET NAM 573

trung vao thang 3-4. N6u dp dung k9 thuat xii 1Sr ra hoa nghich, cho thu
hoach vao thang 1-2 dutng lich. Thdi gian tit khi ra boa cl6n thu hoach
105+110 ngay. Gi6ng nay cho nang sugt, cao, 50 kgIcasyladnz d6i yeti cay 5
nam tutii, va khd on dinh. Trai xoai khong ldn, trong lacing trung binh
250+300g, dang trai thuOn dai, vo trai mau xanh dam, trai khi gia c6 ldp
phgn pha ben ngoai vó. Chat Wang trai rat ngon, thit mau yang nhat, min,
ngot, gion, khong xa, hat nho dai va CS, 10 thit an clu'ac cao (78+80%).
Ngoai ra con c6 mot s6 gi6ng xoai khdc nha xoai Thanh Ca, trai c6
kich thu'ac trung binh, huang vi them ngon; xoai ma, trai nha, min mu; xoai
Nam Doc Mai, giting nhap tit Thai Lan, cling IA mOt loai xoai an xanh ngon
hctn chin. Mi.6n Bac can c6 cac loai xoai trdng, xoai hoi...

6.13.4 Thu hoach va bao quan xoai

i khi dau trai cho d6n khi trai chin can c6 mOt thi gian khoang
Ti
90+120 ngay thy gi6ng. Khong kd xoai trai vu, thdi gian xoai chin tap trung
tit thang 4 den thdng 6, a mien Nam trai chin som ham.
Thu hoach hic trai (la dat kich thadc t6i da, no trai, vo trai chuyen
sang mau yang, xung quanh trai ca ldp ph6n rang. C6 thd kidm tra di)
tru'ang thanh caa xoai bang cach dung kim ghim vao duoi xoai, n6u kim
khOng qua dutc IA hat xoai da cling, trai da gia, hai dtiac.
Dd danh gia d6 chin caa trai xoai c6 thd du'a vao nhiing tieu chugn sau:

Hinh clang va mau sac

- Trai non thi det va dau mim thang mOt hang mau xanh t6i. N6u dung
dao cat thang thi thit trai non mau trang
- Trdi gia thi vai trai vocit xa dau num, trai ph6ng len, chigu day tang
len, vo trai mau nhat va yang clan, thit trai gia mau yang da cam
- Khi mau yang da cam da hiOn ra ngoai v.6 va phang phal c6 min them
thi trai da dat chin t6i da.
- Dcti khi trai da bat ddu yang, thit da mem mai hai thutng khO ban va
van chuydn di xa. Phi quan sat xoai tai cay, n6u vai trai da ngang
bang yeti num chO trai ti6p xac vai cu6ng hoac cao hen mot chat, mau
trai da sang ra thi hai IA vita. Da'u hieu sap chin IA c6 vai trai sap
chin, tit rung.
Tu6i trai tinh tid ngay hoa nguti Phillipin hdi xoai scam nhat la 81
ngay sau khi hoa na. Nguti An DO hai trai khi tu6i trai dat 105+115 ngay.
Phan tich do diking, do chua, ty Ig chiit tan: chi hai khi trai dat
d6 kho t6i thidu la 7%, d6 chua nhO han 2,5%.
574 CHLICNG 6

Tinh trpng: khi tS7 trong dat 1,01+1,02 la ltic hai thich hcip nhgt.
Cach lam don gidn nhgt IA ngam trai xoai trong nurdc, nhang trai chim va lct
lung trong nu6c IA trai da gia có thg thu hai &Ale.

Nen thu hoach xoai vao trong khodng thtli gian tit 9 gid sang dgn 4
gitt chigu vi lac nay xoai it ma nha-t. Nen chon ngay ngng rdo, hdi vao ngay
khd nang bdo qudn va van chuygn tali se kern. Khong nen be sat
num trai ma be phia tren mOt chtit chiia lai mOt doan cu6ng khodng 2+5cm
vi net, be sat cugng se chdy nhtla lam den trai. Khi hal chiia cuthag cho trai
it chdy

Hinh 6.101 Dung vat hdi xodi

Hinh 6.102 NO in xoai trong nit& ant de' rad nhva mit
CAC LOAI TRAI CAY C6 TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN b VleT NAM 575

Trai xoai tren lap bdo hodc la kho cho rdo mu. Sau da xe'p xoai vao sot
c6 16t gigy lam hodc Id kho xung quanh va duti day sot, tranh lam mgt lap
phgn, tranh cu6ng trai nay dam vao trai khdc, va nen ddt sot xoai ncli bang
mat, tranh de ning roi tryc tip vao trai xoai.
Sau khi de tia bo het Id tren cu6ng de Ilan chg ma hai naac va loai bo
hgt cac trait bi xay xdt, ha th6i, dung gigy min lau sach vet ben, b6 hang tren
trai, tranh lau manh tay d6 lam ma phgn tren trai hay dung nit c phen
chua thgm vao vai mem de tay vet mu tren trai xoai. Cung c6 the ngam nutc
nang a 55°C trong 5 phut de tay nhya va ngan chdn benh than that.
Ngu duac thu hodch u cu6i giai doan truang thanh thi se c6 the bao
gain 1 thang a nhiet d6 7+10°C, d6 am 85+90%. Cung vfXi dieu hen d6, trai
thu hoach sam horn khi con xanh c6 the bao quan ail 2 thang. Nhiet do bao
quan qua thgp se lam trai bi dap do lanh. Neu set dung tai PE day 0,05+0,08
mm de bao tang trai xoai va bao quan a 10°C trong 3 tuin, sau (16 lgy ra kW:4i
bao va bao quan 64 a 22°C trong 1 tuan thi xoai vita chin tUi.
Xoai sau khi thu hoach, phan loai, rita sach r6i ngdm trong dung dich
CaC12 hodc Ca(NO3)2, n6ng d6 4-÷6%, vat ra de kilo a di6u kiOn ter nhien, sau
da bao goi trong tai PE c6 20 18 thoat aim tren tai, bao quail a nhiet d6
11+11,5°C la t6t nhgt, thai gian bao quan teen 30 ngay, xoai van gift du'qc
mau sic, chgt lurgng t6t.
Con mot phticing phdp bao quan to ra rat c6 hieu qua IA nhting xoai vao
trong sap nung chay hay dung dich chitosan c6 trOn them mot chat diet' has
sinh twang (MH), hodc c6 them thu6c frit nam, de trong tai PE c6 16, bao
quan a nhiet d6 thgp.

6.13.5 Satz bOnh tren xoai

Hinh 6.103 Ray hai b6ng xoai

576.
CHUONG

Rdy bong xoezi (Idioscopus spp.) gay hai tren hoa, dot non va la non.
Ray chich but lam la bi be tong, khong phat trier' hoa bi kho va rung,
tali non cling khong phat trign du'ac va rung sam. Sau khi chich but ray con
tie't ra mat ngot lam nam IA hong phat trie'n manh lam den bong va trai.
Ray se bi han the ne-u có ski xuat hien cila thien dich nha bo xit an thit, ong
k3'r sinh hay nam Verticellium leanii, Hirsutella san phdm.
Sau duc trai (Noorda albizonalis): sau non due a cu6ng trai, chui vac
trong an pha, lam trai bi th6i va rung.
Sau can la (Deporaus niarginatus): can hai la non va cay con.
RN) sap (Pseudoccoccus sp.): anh hi.t&ng den ch‘t nang sua ye
gia tri cam quan caa trai.

Hinh 6.104 Rep sap Hinh 6.105 B'enh doM den

tren trai xodi tren xodi

Hinh 6.106 Trdi xodi Hinh 6.107 Trcii xodi

bi be.nh than thzt bi ben.h thoi trdi
GAC LOAI TRAI CAY CO TIN NANG PHAT TRIEN VIET NAM 577

Ruoi due tresi (Batrocera spp.): ruoi de trang len vo trai sap chin. Au
trimg na ra, due sau vao trong lam tali hu va rung.
B"Onh cam den (do vi khugn Xanthomonas campestris pv.): )(ay ra teen
ld, trdi va ch6i. Cdc dthn benh mau nau den va Ian din, dinh lien lai vii
nhau thanh inet vimg benh.
B'Onh than that (do na-m Colletotrichum gloeosporioides): xua-t hien
an la non, teen hoa, canh va trai xoai. Bgt diu IA nhang do-m nh6 nhii diu
kin, mau nau sam den den, hinh clang khdc nhau. Din din cdc vet benh lan
len va dinh lai veri nhau, cdc to bac) benh se bi kho chai suing, th6i.
Bfnh theii trcii, kho dot (do na-m Diplodia natalensis): gay hal nAng
vao inCia maa. Tren nhAnh dot bi cdc d6m sam mau, lan din teen cdc cal-1h
non, cu6ng Id lam Id bi bie-n mau nau. Benh tan cong tren trai khi thu
hoach N/A sau thu hoach lam th6i phin thit trai nai an cuong, lan din lam
th6i ca trai.
B'enh duly la (do na-m Macrophoma nzangiferae).
B'enh dicm lei (do na-m Pestalotia mangiferae).
BOnh phdn trcing (do na-rn Oidium mangiferae): benh thurang gay hai
trong dieu kien thai ti6t nong am, hoAc có su'cing dem. Nam benh clang thanh
m6f, lap pha-n trang tren là non va trai non. Trai bi nhi'em benh se bign
meo mO, nhat mau, kho va rung sam.
B'enh ram hong (do n'4m Corticicum salmonicolor): diu tien tren mat
vo than hay nhAnh có to na-m trAng bó lan, sau do tao thAnh nhang ming
mau h6ng, hay nhang gai mau h6ng phat trim tit vet nut, tren vo. Nhanh va
than cay bi na-m tan cong se bi kho va ch6t.

"i •

Hinh 6.108 Trdi xoai bi benh bo tri

 578

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