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Logarithmic Functions

Here are the steps to solve the homework problems: 1. log 7 x/2 = log 7 5 Use the power property of logarithms: log 7 x/2 = 1/2 log 7 x = log 7 5 2 x = 5 x = 5/2 2. log 4 4x - 2 = 2 Use the power and constant addition properties: 4x - 2 = 2 4x = 4 x = 1 3. log x 169 = 2 Use the definition of logarithms: x = 169
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
61 views

Logarithmic Functions

Here are the steps to solve the homework problems: 1. log 7 x/2 = log 7 5 Use the power property of logarithms: log 7 x/2 = 1/2 log 7 x = log 7 5 2 x = 5 x = 5/2 2. log 4 4x - 2 = 2 Use the power and constant addition properties: 4x - 2 = 2 4x = 4 x = 1 3. log x 169 = 2 Use the definition of logarithms: x = 169
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Logarithmic

Functions
Mr. Ericson V. Magapan
Objectives
At the end • Represents real-life situations using
logarithmic functions M11CM-Ih-1
of the • Distinguishes logarithmic function,
lesson, the logarithmic equation and
logarithmic inequality M11GM-Ih-2
students will • Solves logarithmic equations and
be able to: inequalities M11GM-Ih-i-1
Let 𝑎 and 𝑏 be positive real numbers such that 𝑏 ≠ 1.
The logarithm of 𝑎 with base 𝑏, denoted by log 𝑏 𝑎, is
defined as the number such that 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑎. That is,
log 𝑏 𝑎 is the exponent that 𝑏 must be raised to
produce 𝑎.
Exponential Form VS Logarithmic Form
Exponential Logarithm

𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 log 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥

Where y is the value, b is the base


and x is the exponent.
Exponential Form VS Logarithmic Form
Exponential Logarithm

𝑦 = 𝑏𝑥 log 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥

Where y is the value, b is the base


and x is the exponent.
Transform the following exponential to logarithmic
form.

2 5 = 32 can be rewritten as log 2 32 = 5 .

log 2 32 = 5 is read as “the logarithm of 32 to base 2


equals 5.” or “The log base 2 of 32 equals to 5.
Transform the following exponential to
logarithmic form.

5
2 = 32 can be rewritten as log 2 32 = 5 .
0
5 = 1 can be rewritten as log 5 1 = 0 .
4
3 = 81 can be rewritten as log 3 81 = 4 .
In general,
▪ Common logarithms are
logarithms with base 10
such as
log10 100 = log 100.
▪ Natural logarithms are
logarithms with base 𝑒
such as
log 𝑒 100 = ln 100.
The number e, also
known as Euler's
number, is
a mathematical
constant
approximately equal
to 2.71828 that can
be characterized in
many ways. It is
the base of natural
logarithms.
Exponential and Logarithmic Forms
Logarithmic form: log 𝑏 𝑎 = 𝑐
𝑐
Exponential form: 𝑏 = 𝑎
Logarithmic
Functions,
Logarithmic
Equations and
Logarithmic
Inequalities
A logarithmic
Logarithmic equation is an
Equations equation
involving
logarithms.
Examples
• log 2 𝑥 = 4
• log 3 𝑥 = 2
• log 5 𝑥 = 3
Logarithmic is an inequality
Inequality involving
logarithms.
Examples
• log 2 𝑥 > 4
• log 3 𝑥 ≤ 2
• log 5 𝑥 > 3
A logarithmic
function is a function
Logarithmic of the form
Function
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑏 𝑥
Where 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1.
Examples
𝑓 𝑥 = log 2 𝑥
g 𝑥 = log 3 𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 = log 5 𝑥
Basic Properties of Logarithms
1. log 𝑏 1 = 0
𝑥
2. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑥
3.If 𝑥 > 0, the 𝑏 log𝑏 𝑥
=𝑥
Let’s try: Use the properties of logarithms to find the value of the
following logarithmic expressions.

1. log 10
3
2. ln 𝑒
3. log 4 64
1
4. log 5 125
log5 2
5. 5
6. log 1
Laws of Logarithm
Let 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1 and let 𝑛 be any real
number. For 𝑢 > 0, 𝑣 > 0, then

1. log 𝑏 𝑢𝑣 = log 𝑏 𝑢 + log 𝑏 𝑣


𝑢
2. log 𝑏 𝑣 = log 𝑏 𝑢 − log 𝑏 𝑣
𝑛
3. log 𝑏 𝑢 = 𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑢
Change-of-Base Formula
Let 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑥 be positive real numbers,
log𝑎 𝑥
with 𝑎 ≠ 1, 𝑏 ≠ 1. Then log 𝑏 𝑥 = .
log𝑎 𝑏
Summary of Properties and Laws of
Logarithms
• If b, 𝑢, and v are positive real numbers 𝑏 ≠ 1, and x is any real
number.

1
1. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1 because 𝑏 = 𝑏
0
2. log 𝑏 1 = 0 because 𝑏 = 1
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3. log 𝑏 𝑏 = 𝑥 because 𝑏 = 𝑏
4. Product Law/Property
log 𝑏 𝑢𝑣 = log 𝑏 𝑢 + log 𝑏 𝑣
5. Quotient Law/Property
𝑢
log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 𝑢 − log 𝑏 𝑣
𝑣
6. Power Law/Property
𝑥
log 𝑏 𝑢 = 𝑥 ∙ log 𝑏 𝑢
7. One-to-One Property
log 𝑏 𝑢 = log 𝑏 𝑣 implies that 𝑢 = 𝑣
8.Logarithm of each side Property
𝑢 = 𝑣 implies that log 𝑏 𝑢 = log 𝑏 𝑣
9. Inverse Property
log𝑏 𝑥
𝑏 = 𝑥 (for 𝑥 > 0)
More Examples
2 2
1. log 𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
= log 𝑏 𝑥 + 2 log 𝑏 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦
2. log 𝑏 = log 𝑏 𝑥 2 𝑦 − log 𝑏 𝑧 5
𝑧5
2
= log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦 − log 𝑏 𝑧 5
1
= log 𝑏 𝑥 2 + log 𝑏 𝑦 − log 𝑏 𝑧 5
2
1
= 2log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦 − 5log 𝑏 𝑧
2
3. ln 2𝑥 = ln 2 + ln 𝑥
Applications of
Logarithms
Applications of Logarithms
In 1935, Charles Richter proposed a logarithmic scale to measure
the intensity of an earthquake. He defined the magnitude of an
earthquake as a function of its amplitude on a standard
seismograph. The following formula produces the same result but
is based on the energy released by an earthquake.
The table below shows the following descriptions of various
earthquake magnitudes:
The table below shows the following descriptions of various
earthquake magnitudes:
Example 1: The magnitude R
Suppose that an of an earthquake
Sample earthquake is given by
Problem released 2 𝐸
approximately 𝑅 = log
3 104.40
1012 joules of
energy, calculate
the magnitude
on Ritcher scale.
The table below shows the following descriptions of various
earthquake magnitudes:
The table below shows the following descriptions of various
earthquake magnitudes:
Now try these:
Solve the magnitude of an earthquake on a
Ritcher scale if it releases the following amount of
energy as listed below.
The magnitude R
13
1. 10 Joules of an earthquake
17
2. 10 Joules is given by
2 𝐸
𝑅 = log 4.40
3 10
Logarithmic
Equations and
Inequalities
Some strategies for Solving Logarithmic Equations
• Rewriting to exponential form
• Using logarithmic properties
• Applying the One-to-One property of logarithmic
functions
Find the value of x in the following equations:

1. log 4 2𝑥 = log 4 10
2. log 3 2𝑥 − 1 = 2
3. log 𝑥 16 = 2
Property of Logarithmic Inequalities
Given the logarithmic expression log 𝑏 𝑥 ,

➢ If 0 < 𝑏 < 1 , then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if


log 𝑏 𝑥1 > log 𝑏 𝑥2 .
➢ If 𝑏 > 1 , then 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 if and only if
log 𝑏 𝑥1 < log 𝑏 𝑥2 .
Find the value of x in the following
inequalities.

1. log 4 2𝑥 > log 4 10


2. log 0.2 𝑥 < 3
3. log 5 𝑥 ≥ 2
Homework
𝑥
1.log 7
2
= log 7 5
2. log 4 4𝑥 − 2 = 2
3. log 𝑥 169 = 2

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