SECOND SEMESTER PROJECT REPORT
ORGNIC FARMING
PROJECT II- ORGANIC MANURE MAKING
MOOC COURSE
Submitted By
ASWIN RAJ
REGISTER NUMBER:200021059875
COURSE: BCOM FINANCE & TAXATION
2020-2023
ST. KURIAKOSE COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT AND
SCIENCE, KURUPPAMAPADY
affiliated to
M.G UNIVERSITY ,KOTTAYAM
RENU JOSEPH GITTU JOY V.PGANGADHAR
ANNAIR
MENTOR MOOC COORDINATOR PRINCIPAL
INDEX
Sl.No HEADING TOPICS PAGE NO.
01 Chapter 1 Introduction to Organic Manure
Preparation
02 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods
03 Chapter 3 Observations / Result
04 Conclusion
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
Organic manure is nutrient derived from organic sources like animal waste, vegetable
compost, agricultural residues, human excreta, etc. Basically they are natural materials that
decay and get mixed with the soil thereby increasing its fertility. They increase the organic
matter in the soil which in turn releases the plant food in available from the use crops.
Organic manures enable a soil to hold more water and also help to improve the drainage in
clay soils. They even provide organic acids that help to dissolve soil nutrients and make them
available for plants. Generally organic manures is to be applied once in three years to
maintain the organic content of soil, besides providing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in
the form of organic fertilizers to the crop.
Mixed-up wastes always mess up environment. In other words, kitchen waste, cluttered with
other types of dry waste, amounts to double work to the sanitation workers. If we could keep
the kitchen waste aside from other types of wastes, we are facilitating the beginning of a
scientific practice in waste management. Composting is one of the easiest ways to manage
kitchen waste. ‘Reduce the creation of wastes in the first place’ is one of the principles of
waste management.
Composting is simply the process of breaking down the organic matter (food waste) in the
presence of air and water, using micro-organisms and small insects present in nature. The end
product is called compost which is rich in readily usable plant nutrients forming a part of
healthy soil. The compost made out of your kitchen waste goes back to the soil enriching the
quality of the soil.
BENEFITS OF ORGANIC COMPOST
• Prevents Soil Erosion
• Assists in Stormwater Management
• Promotes Healthier Plant Growth
• Conserves Water
• Reduces Waste
• Combats Climate Change
• Reduces Project Maintenance Costs
• Improves Soil Healt
1. SOIL
Building up soil organic matter revolves around how much solid material is returned to the
soil. Because of this, all manure is not created equal. Even if equal amounts of manure are
applied, there will be differences in organic matter production depending on the manure
type. Organic manures are applied to the soil as a source of fertilizer nitrogen should contain
about 1.5 to 2.0 per cent of the dry weight of the manures in order to meet the needs of the
soil microorganisms, otherwise little or no nitrogen will be released for the use of plants.
Role of soil in plant growth
Soil water plays very important role in the plant growth. Plants absorb a small quantity of
ram water and dew directly from their surfaces but most of water absorbed by them comes
from the soil. Soil water maintains the soil texture, arrangement and compactness of soil
particles. Soil provides a large number of nitrogen for plant growth and development. In
addition, the content of potassium and phosphorus in soil is far from the demand for plant
growth. However, the recognition of soil functions beyond plant nutrient supply and the role
soil as a medium of plant growth required the study of the soil and its properties in light of
broader ecosystem functions through a multidisciplinary approach. This allows scientists to
view processes from landscape to regional and global levels.
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL HEALTH
Soil health is presented as an integrative property that reflects the capacity of soil to respond
to agricultural intervention, so that it continues to support both the agricultural production
and the provision of other ecosystem services. The major challenge within sustainable soil
management is to conserve ecosystem service delivery while optimizing agricultural yields.
Impacts of agricultural practice on soil health To maximize yields of food and fibre, a variety
of agricultural management processes are imposed on the ecosystem, including artificial
inputs such as chemicals and tillage.
Soil management is fundamental to all agricultural systems, yet there is evidence for
widespread degradation of agricultural soils in the form of erosion, loss of organic matter,
contamination, compaction, increased salinity and other harms. This degradation sometimes
occurs rapidly and obviously, for example when poor soil management leads to gully erosion.
Often degradation is slower and more subtle, and may only impact on agricultural production
and the wider environment over years.
2. FERTILIZERS
Fertilizer is a natural or synthetic substance that is applied to the soil or the plants to improve
growth and productivity. They provide nutrients to the plants. The phosphorus fertilizer is
beneficial for the growth of roots of the plants. Organic fertilizers are natural fertilizers
obtained from plants and animals. It enriches the soil with carbonic compounds essential for
plant growth.
The Role Of Organic Fertilizer In The Soil
It enriches the soil with carbonic compounds essential for plant growth. Organic fertilizers
increase the organic matter content of the soil, promotes the reproduction of microorganisms,
and changes the
physical and chemical properties of the soil. It is considered to be one of the main nutrients
for green food.
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS
Organic fertilizers which are naturally produced and contain carbon that can be added to soil
or plants, in order to provide nutrients and sustain growth. Typical organic fertilizers include
mineral sources, all animal waste including meat processing, manure, slurry, guano, plant
based fertilizers, such as compost, and bio solids.
Example of naturally occurring organic fertilizers include manure, slurry, worm casting,
pest, sea weed and guano. Green manure crops are also grown to add nutrients to the soil
Example of manufactured organic fertilizers include compost, blood meal, bone meal, neem
cake and seaweed extract
INORGANIC FERTILIZERS
The name "inorganic fertilizer" may seem to suggest that the fertilizer is not natural. This
type of fertilizer actually also contains natural compounds. The difference is that the formula
is put together in a refinery, rather than composed by nature as it occurs with organic
fertilizers. For example, manure is a type of organic fertilizer. Inorganic fertilizer also
contains beneficial chemical and mineral deposits and supplies the nutrients necessary to
grow plants. This type of fertilizer can be bought at most gardening supply stores.
BIOFERTILIZERS
Biofertilizers is a substance contain micro-organisms which, when applied to seeds, plant
surface, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promote growth by
increasing the supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant. Biofertilizers add
nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation, solubilizing phosphorus, and
stimulating plant growth through synthetic of growth promoting substance Rhizobium,
azotobacter, azospirillum and blue green algae (BGA) have been traditionally used as bio
fertilizers.
3. COMPOST MANURES
Process of making your organic manure or organic compost from manures. Manures are the
organic materials derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain plant
nutrients in complex organic forms. Naturally occurring or synthetic chemicals containing
plant nutrients are called fertilizers.
Composting with manure is not a new concept, though the various types of manures for
composting may be, and there are many. Composting manure piles is a great way to produce
healthy soil which produces healthy plants.
Compost Preparation For Waste Management
Waste management is all about how to dispose of all the things you don't want on the farm.
Composting is a sustainable waste management practice that converts any volume of
accumulated organic waste into a usable product. When organic wastes are broken down by
microorganisms in a heat-generating environment, waste volume is reduced, many harmful
organisms are destroyed, and a useful, potentially marketable, product is produced. Organic
wastes may include manure from livestock operations, animal bedding, yard wastes, such as
leaves and grass clippings, and even kitchen scraps.
In order to facilitate composting, a suitable environment must exist. The
microorganisms which degrade organic wastes use carbon for energy, and nitrogen for
protein. Organic matter contains carbon and nitrogen in varying amounts and ratios. A
Carbon:Nitrogen (C:N) ratio of 30:1 is considered ideal for composting. Too much carbon or
very large particle size slows the process down. When too much Nitrogen is present, the
compost may become too hot, killing the composting organisms.
Compost Preparation For Rotation Of Bio Cycle
Rounding out this referred to as rotary digesters, the term rotating drum more precisely
describes the metallic barrels or drums widely used in aerobic composting. Since bacterial
digestion takes place in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, it is important to further
define the following systems as aerobic rotating drums. Most drum systems include blowers
to maintain aerobic conditions and minimize excessive temperatures, with one technology
injecting oxygen.
Rotating drums are the most common in-vessel composting technology applied to mixed
municipal solid waste in North America. The reason is that the combination of pulping action
and biological degradation taking place in the drum breaks down the organic materials in just
a few days to a rough compost that then can be separated from inorganic materials by a 1- to
2-inch screen opening. Even with the more gentle pulping action of a rotary drum, glass and
plastic contaminants have plagued the compost produced at mixed waste, as well as source
separated, composting facilities.
Putrefaction
Putrefaction is the decay of the organic matter by the action of microorganisms resulting in
the production of a foul smell. It occurs between 10 to 20 days of the death of an organism.
Putrefaction involves the decomposition of proteins, breakdown of the tissues, and
liquefaction of the organs. The body is decomposed by the action of putrefying bacteria and
fungi which releases certain gases that infiltrate and deteriorates the body tissues and organs.
Putrefying bacteria play a major role in recycling nitrogen from the dead organism. The time
taken for putrefaction depends upon various factors such as temperature, moisture, light, age,
cause of death, etc.
4. OBJECTIVES OF COMPOST PREPARATION STUDY
• Generally, the main objective of composting is to increase the nutrient density and nutrient
availability of manure with minimal mechanical processing and odour via the control of a
biological process. This process assists storage, transport and reuse.
• The benefits of compost include providing nutrients to crops as fertilizer, acting as a soil
conditioner, increasing the humus or Humic acid contents of the soil, and introducing
beneficial colonies of microbes that help to suppress pathogens in the soil.
• Objective of Organic Manure in Agriculture: - The following are the primary functions of
organic manure. Organic manure provides natural way of nutrients in the soil. Organic
manure provides to retain the soil ability to store water. Organic manure balances soil Ph
value.
• Composting adds nutrients and fosters the growth of beneficial microorganisms, insects and
earthworms. It also helps to minimize wind and water erosion both by holding onto
moisture in the soil and by encouraging healthy root growth.
CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Compost From Kitchen Waste
• Composting of organic manure preparation started with collecting waste of the vegetables
i.e., the outer layer of the Vegetables it was peeled off after washing the vegetable so that
when added to soil it may turn wet and convert with the soil so that it makes the soil worm to
decompose it easier.
• Not only vegetable peels were used but also the egg waste was also used including the
coconut husk powder
Separation
Separation was done by separating the kitchen waste from vegetable peels and onion waste
and egg waste.
Preparation Of Containers
Container was prepared by taking a plastic water container of 15 litre.
Holes were added to the container in the top and the bottom parts of the container for
the smooth circulation of air
Container was stored in a dry and cold surface under the sun shade and was kept away
from rain.
Preparation Of Inoculums
Inoculums preparation involves obtaining the organisms in an optimal state that is
compatible with inoculation into cell culture, tissue culture, media, and fermenters.
The prime objective is usually to achieve a high level of viable biomass in a suitable
physiological state for use as an inoculum.
In the preparation of organic manure making the soil worms were added to soil which
were obtained from the near by garden area near my house.
Process Of Laying Waste And Application Of Inoculum
Process of laying waste
1. Go through your kitchen waste. Vegetables and fruits peelings are the number
one food
remnant you should keep aside
2. Add other organic materials to the compost
3. Collect some garden waste
4. Create the compost
Application of inoculum
Biofertilizers are substances which contain living microorganisms which, when
applied to seed, plant surface, or soil, colonize the rhizosphere or the interior of the
plant, and promote growth by increasing the supply or availability of primary
nutrients to the host plant.
Maintenance of Bins
Bin was maintained throughout the process of manure preparation,from the top to the bottom
part of the bin there were 12 holes (6 on the middle part of the bottle and 6 at the bottom) for
smooth circulation of air
Compost From Garden Waste
One compost was used from garden wastes and it was dry brown leaves which was secured
from the nearby garden area.
Separation
Separation of garden waste was not that easy work to do, the leaves must be dry
and brownish and not be green or fresh. The leaves must be taken from
the soil or garden area
Preparation Of Ground/ Pit
Ground was prepared by the soil acquired from the near by garden area the soil which was
used from the manure preparation was dark brownish in color and was wet.
Preparation of Inoculum
The worms which were used for inoculum process was acquired from the soil itself which
was obtained from the garden area near by my house.
Process Of Laying Waste Application Of Inoculums
Inoculation is performed via mechanical wounding or grafting. Mechanical inoculation
includes cutting, slashing, and rubbing, and is the only procedure for fulfilling Koch's
postulates.
Maintenance Of Area
Maintenance of area was not an easy task as the process was done in
the bottle, the first stage was the cleaning of the area outside the bottle
and then the second stage was to clear the muddy water which was
dropped out from the holes of the bottle.
CHAPTER 3 OBSERVATION/RESULTS
Compost from kitchen waste
After 2 days
After 10 days
CONCLUSION
Compost From Kitchen
Compost from kitchen waste was prepared from useless waste vegetables and vegetable
peels
.
Concluding Remarks
Compost of kitchen waste were performed together in a single container and it took about
4-5 weeks for the final outcome of decomposition and manure preparation process.
Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the
environment, human health and supports economical development for the better quality of
life. The productivity of agricultural land and soil quality needs improvement.
The poor farm management technique and improper use of agro-chemicals has also resulted
in both soil quality and environmental degradation. Vegetable waste provides good amount of
nutrients for inhabiting microbes, they are neither pathogens nor concerned with human
health. However, they are prone to strong odours during decomposition.
The aim of the study is to convert kitchen waste into a useful product for better
growth and quality of crops and thus this low-cost technology has economic, environmental
and societal relevance.
No chemicals are used in the production process. Do not have any residual effect after
application.
