Building modern Egypt in the era of

Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848).

"All the images, graphics, shapes and maps in this
PowerPoint are aids to illustrate the explanation"
• We concluded in the previous topic that the
French campaign had failed at all levels, but
it caused an intellectual and cultural shock
in Egyptian society. It was the beginning of
the end of the isolation imposed by the
Ottomans on the eastern societies, and
Egypt was in its midst.
• We also agreed that one of the most
important results of the French campaign
was the beginning of the conflict between
Britain and France over the strategic
location of Egypt, as it is the key to
controlling the East, because whoever will
control Egypt will be able to control the
main trade routes in the world, and from
here we will be facing a new phase of
conflict Major powers for control of Egypt
during the first half of the 19 century.
• But despite the nature of this conflict
between the major powers at the time,
Egyptian society was affected by the
trauma of the French campaign, and the
Egyptians exchanged and discussed the
nature of their conditions and the
reality of their position.
• The French technical superiority
showed the weakness of the Egyptian
society at all levels, and the people
understood that the Ottomans were
more weak than they had imagined, and
that the Mamelukes were no longer a
real force they could rely on.
• Likewise, the repeated insults suffered
by the sheikhs of Al-Azhar played a role
in crystallizing a position for the near
future, in order not to lose their position
among the common people.
• On the field level, Cairo had many military
forces, which can be summarized as follows
• The power of the Mamelukes, who returned
again to Cairo in an attempt to regain its
place and lost wealth at the hands of the
French.
• The Ottoman military divisions that the
Ottomans sent to Cairo under the pretext of
protecting it from any occupation attempt
• The Egyptians suffered from the crimes and
actions of both sides, whether the Mamelukes
or the Ottomans, especially since the
Ottomans were stealing and killing the
Egyptians under the pretext that Egypt was a
land of conquest and Islamic conquest again,
and the Egyptians had to pay the tribute,
while the Mamelukes were all concerned with
collecting taxes from the people
• Murad Bey, the leader of the Mamluks, had
died in Upper Egypt in 1801, and after the exit
of the campaign, his disciples (the Muradian
Mamelukes) competed with another great
Mamelukes, Ibrahim Bey, who entered Cairo
with the Ottoman Grand Vizier, and officially
became its ruler under the name of the
Ottomans.
• Among the "Muradian Mamelukes", the
dispute receded between two of his most
powerful Mamelukes, Muhammad Bey Al-Alfi
and Othman Bey Al-Bardisi.
• Al-Alfi saw cooperation with the British, and
indeed he would travel to London in 1802 for a
while and then return to Egypt in 1804, while
Al-Bardisi was seeing cooperation with the
French.
• In the middle was another Mamelukes commander
called Osman Bey Hasan, who saw no cooperation
with this or that, but rather cooperation with the
Ottomans and working to calm things down.
• This disagreement between the branches of the
Mamelukes had completely weakened them,
especially since their prestige and power had faded
from the eyes of the Egyptians, after they saw them
weak in the face of the French, and this division
between their groups was the beginning of their
political and physical end during several years later.
• The Ottomans had insisted that their forces remain
in Egypt after the exit of the French campaign, and
a governor was sent from Istanbul, because the
French delayed their exit from Egypt until 1802
after the signing of the Treaty of Amiens between
France and England, after which the British did not
withdraw from Egypt until 1803 after Napoleon
Bonaparte pressured the English in Europe and the
Mediterranean.
• With the departure of the British from Egypt, the rivalry and
conflict intensified between the fleeing Mamelukes in Upper
Egypt, and the Ottomans, led by the governor Muhammad
Khesro Pasha appointed by Istanbul on January 1, 1802.
• With the departure of the British from Egypt, competition and
conflict intensified between the fleeing Mamelukes in Upper
Egypt, and the Ottomans, led by the governor Muhammad,
who lost Pasha, appointed by Istanbul on January 1, 1802, but
Khesro Pasha failed for a year and a half in managing Egypt's
affairs, especially economic, which provoked the Ottoman
soldiers from the “Arna’uds” (the Albanians), because they did
not receive their salaries and gifts for a long time, so they
caused chaos throughout Egypt, which led to the expulsion of
Khesro Pasha from the government and the appointment of
Tahir Pasha, commander of the “Arna’uds”.
• The appointment of Taher Pasha was according to the opinion
of the sheikhs of Al-Azhar, but the Janissaries (Al’Iinkisharia
/ Ottoman forces) in Cairo killed him twenty days after his
assumption, which showed on the surface his deputy,
Muhammad Ali Bey, in command of the Albanian forces, and
the appointment of Ahmed Al-Jazairli Pasha as an Ottoman
governor in Cairo.
• Also, this was the competition between the
Ottomans, the Albanian forces and the
Mamelukes forces, if the power of influence of
the sheikhs of Al-Azhar who would play an
important role during that period appeared as
a result of the general weakness of the
Ottoman state and the instability of matters on
the one hand, and the slow correspondence
and decision-making on the other hand, and
the strength of their influence among the
Egyptian people in general, And their absolute
ability to direct, group and separate them.
• Muhammad Ali was born in the town of "Qula" in
northern Albania in the region of Macedonia in 1769, the
same year in which Napoleon was born, and Muhammad
Ali was proud of that. He grew up an orphan, but he faced
life's difficulties and worked in trade in the
Mediterranean, especially the tobacco and tobacco trade,
but by the coming The French campaign stalled trade in
the Mediterranean, so he was forced to join the Albanian
forces that had been gathered by the Ottoman Empire and
sent to Egypt to protect it from the British after the
departure of the French.
• Circumstances helped him because of the turmoil in Cairo,
as previously mentioned, and here Muhammad Ali allied
with the Mamelukes leader Othman Bey al-Bardisi against
the governor Ahmed Pasha al-Jazairli and the other Mam
Mamelukes commander Muhammad Bey al-Alfi, who
returned from England in 1804, and the two allies
succeeded in expelling Ahmed Pasha from Power after
only a day and a night of his assumption, as Bardisi faced
the Egyptians with heavy taxes, which made them go out
in demonstrations that carried the famous chant:
»‫• «إيش تبخد يب ثزديسي مه تفليسي‬
• Muhammad Ali abandoned his temporary ally Al-
Bardisi, and joined his Albanian forces to the sheikhs
of Al-Azhar and the masses of the Egyptian people,
which led to his fame and respect among them, and
there are those who saw them to be the new
governor, but Muhammad Ali preferred to send the
governor of Alexandria, Ahmed Khurshid Pasha, to
come to rule Cairo, which is was actually the fifth
ruler to take power in Cairo in less than three years.
• Muhammad Ali allied with Khurshid Pasha against
the Mamluks, who, as usual, fled to Upper Egypt,
and as soon as they moved away from Cairo, the
alliance between Muhammad Ali and the Ottoman
governor collapsed. And the shops, which made
people turn to the sheikhs of Al-Azhar and
demanding the dismissal of Ahmed Khurshid Pasha,
who refused to accept his dismissal request by
saying, "The farmers do not isolate me!“. Here the
rejection of Khorshid Pasha's presence abounded,
and the famous chanting spread:
‫• يب رة يب متجلي اهلك العثمىلي‬
• The Egyptians were not satisfied with that, but -
under the leadership of “Al- Sayyed” Omar
Makram, the leader of “Al- Ashraf”, they
surrounded the castle and prevented food and
drink from it.
• the sheikhs, led by Omar Makram Al-Assiouti
and Sheikh Abdullah Al-Sharqawi, met in the
judge’s house on May 13, 1805, and decided to
appoint Muhammad Ali Pasha as governor of
Egypt, provided that he do not do an order
except with their advice, and that he preserves
security and stability .....
• Muhammad Ali ostensibly refused, but he
accepted in the end, on the condition that he
would be a district governor until the decision to
take over as governor arrived, at a time when
Khurshid Pasha rejected these decisions, and
went up to the castle and did not leave it.
• All attempts by Khurshid Pasha failed for a
period of two months to break the siege on the
castle, and all his attempts to negotiate by all
means failed, on the contrary, the Egyptians,
led by the master “Hajjaj Al-Khudari”, were
slaughtering the soldiers who came down from
the castle seeking food and drink in a clear
message that they would not change their
minds.
• In the end, the letter of dismissal of Khourshid
Pasha arrived from Istanbul, and the Egyptians
received it with joy and pleasure and went out
to the castle to inform the Pasha of the decision
to dismiss him by the Ottoman Sultan.
• As Khourshid Pasha was leaving the castle, the
Egyptians walked after him, shouting a famous
chant:
.»‫• «ثبشب يب ثبشب يب عيه القملخ ميه قبلك تعمل دي العملخ‬
.»‫ ميه قبلك تدثز دي التدثيزح‬،‫• «ثبشب يب ثبشب يب عيه الصيزح‬
• After the dismissal of
Khourshid Pasha, he led an
attempt in 1806 to appoint
Muhammad Ali as governor
of Jeddah instead of Egypt
For a century and a half.
(Muhammad Ali Pasha
(1769-1849), (And he ruled
Egypt (1805-1848).
• These sheikhs were not satisfied with helping
Muhammad Ali Pasha to consolidate his rule in
Egypt with their influence over the masses of
Egyptians, but they also stood against the
English campaign against Egypt in 1807, known
as the "Fraser campaign“.
• While Muhammad Ali Pasha was fighting the
Mamelukes in Upper Egypt, an English military
campaign came to occupy Egypt. The Egyptians
confronted it under the leadership of Ali Bey al-
Silanikli, the governor of Rashid, and with the
support of Omar Makram and all the sheikhs
from Cairo.
• It was said that when Muhammad Ali learned of the
coming of that campaign, he thought about fleeing
Egypt so that nothing like what happened with the
Mamelukes at the time of the French’s coming would
not happen to him.
• The campaign ended with defeat in Rashid in northern
Egypt, and the British could not enter and occupy
Egypt as the French had done before, and when
Muhammad Ali returned from Upper Egypt, he signed
with the British a treaty of evacuation from Egypt in
Damanhur.
• And it was from the happiness of the Ottoman Sultan
Selim III, with the victory of the Egyptians over the
English, that he gave Muhammad Ali Pasha the rule
of: Alexandria, Rashid and Damietta, and this was for
the first time in the history of the Ottoman Empire.
• In January of 1807, the Mamluk leader
Muhammad Bey Al-Alfi, who was the strongest
competitor to Muhammad Ali and the strongest of
them, died. He was in London shortly before his
death, and he believed that the English campaign
came to Egypt in coordination with him, or
expecting to cooperate with him.
• The other Mamelukes leader, Osman Bey Al-
Bardisi, had died tow months earlier, and thus the
two most powerful leaders of the Mamelukes in
Egypt had been removed from Muhammad Ali,
which would pave the way for the disposal of the
rest after a few years.
• Also in the year 1807, the Ottoman army killed
Sultan Selim III, who wanted to build a new army
in the style of Napoleon's French army.
• With the death of Sultan Selim III, reforms were
halted in the Ottoman Empire for about twenty
years afterward.
• The Ottoman Sultans who
lived during the reign of
Muhammad Ali Pasha:
• Selim III (1789- 1808).
• Mustafa IV (1808).
• Mahmoud II (1808-
1839).
• Abdul Majeed I (1839-
1861).
• During their reign,
disturbances and
problems increased that
Muhammad Ali Pasha
used to his advantage,
and he was even a main
party in many of them.
• the dismissal of “Al- Sayyed” Omar Makram
from Cairo to Damietta (1809).
• Omar Makram was the one who chose
Muhammad Ali Pasha to rule Egypt until the
decision arrived from Istanbul, and at that time
he and other Sheikhs of Al-Azhar stipulated that
he “not do an order except to return to their
opinion.” Muhammad Ali agreed on that during
the first three years, especially that Omar
Makram was the main popular leader who helped
Muhammad Ali Pasha overcome all the obstacles
and problems he faced during that period
• But after the matter was settled, Muhammad Ali
Pasha did not want anyone to share his opinion, so
his decision was that Omar Makram Al-Asyouti
should get rid of him, and he decided to deport
him to Damietta, and there Omar Makram lived
for a number of years until Muhammad Ali
allowed him to return to Cairo shortly before his
death
• There were no longer real obstacles to Muhammad
Ali Pasha in Egypt except for the remnants of the
power of the Mamelukes, whom he had been
fighting, reconciling and appeasing throughout the
previous period since 1804, but he was never
confident in them, because he knew that they
would not be under his command, and he intended
to betray them when the opportunity arose.
• This opportunity came on the occasion of the exit
of Tosun ibn Muhammad Ali to lead a military
campaign against the Wahhabis in the Hejaz.
• Muhammad Ali deceived them and ordered them
to be killed as they passed a narrow lane. At the
same time his forces were flying the followers of the
slain, stealing their money and burning their homes
in Cairo, while the forces of Ibrahim Pasha Ibn
Muhammad Ali were flying the rest of the fugitives
in Upper Egypt, beyond the borders of Sudan.
• This event was called the Mamelukes Massacre, or
the Citadel Massacre in 1811, thus ending forever
the Mamelukes system that ruled Egypt and the
Amin Bey escapes, "the only survivor of the castle massacre"
• Muhammad Ali was one of a number of Ottoman governors who
benefited from the components and features of their provinces to
form a hereditary rule for him and his children after him, as he
was not different from the models that prevailed in his era, but he
was able to exploit the circumstances surrounding him to be the
most prominent and most famous of those models.
• We can summarize the most prominent reasons that made
Muhammad Ali reach this position in many of the main reasons,
including, for example:
• Egypt is a financially and humanly rich state with a strategic
location, which the administration of Muhammad Ali succeeded
in exploiting and benefiting from.
• He had conditions that helped him greatly, as he succeeded in
taking advantage of all the opportunities that came to him,
especially since he did not control emotions in the decisions he
made.
• Significant weakness and corruption in the Ottoman
administration system, with his brilliant awareness of how to
manage that corruption and pay bribes to senior men of the
Ottoman state.
• Europe is distracted from what is happening in the East because
of the Napoleonic wars.
• And finally, the length of time Muhammad Ali spent in power.
• "Codia of Al-Zar“.
• Yussouff Effendi
Yussoufian.
• Hussein Shalabi Ajwa.
• Al Kahwajia in the
Palace.
• The most prominent changes brought about by the regime of
Muhammad Ali Pasha, and it will have an impact not only in
Egypt, but in all the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, was the
abolition of the "commitment system" .
• In the year 1525 the law “Namet Misr” was issued, which
authorized management of state affairs and tax collection to the
employees of the Ottoman Empire. Later, many joined this work
and became agents of the state, such as Bedouin tribal sheikhs,
some Al-Azhar sheikhs, Turkish military leaders, Mamelukes
leaders , merchants, and others.
• And notables and others, and the most important condition for a
person to join this system was that they pay money in advance to
the Ottoman state in order to be "agents for it" in collecting those
funds from the people in the states, in exchange for the Ottoman
state giving them all the power that helps them collect it from the
people.
• With the end of the eighteenth century, all lands were transformed
into fiefdoms, some of them transformed into hereditary, in
exchange for paying the “Helwan” tax to the corrupt Ottoman
pasha, and these "powerful new influential people" gained
absolute power within the country, which had serious
consequences in the collapse All public utilities, health systems,
education, production and progress, because these people only
cared about their narrow private interests and not the public
interest.
• The changes that Muhammad Ali Pasha
introduced to this system were gradual, in
order to avoid the expected problems,
especially in Upper Egypt, which was still
under the control of the Mamelukes, who
themselves made up half of the number of
adherents estimated at about six thousand in
all of Egypt, while the Mamelukes owned
two-thirds of the lands according to this
system.
• Also, many of the sheikhs of Al-Azhar owned
land according to this system, so Muhammad
Ali wanted to gradually participate in the
rent, which made these sheikhs seek the help
of Omar Makram, who helped them and
mediated for them with Muhammad Ali
Pasha, and that was a direct reason for his
expulsion of Damietta, and the beginning of
abolishing the commitment system, and
replace it with the monopoly system.
• It is ironic that all Egyptians were supportive and
happy with the measures taken by the pasha to spite
those oppressors who exploited them and mocked
them for their own interests, and all Egyptians did
not benefit from the product of their work on the
land, because they became working in the "lands of
the pasha" in return, and they would if they saw the
former committed came to them they say
sarcastically:
‫ احىب صزوب فالحيه‬،‫ أيبمكم قد اوقضت‬،‫• «أوتم إيش ثقبلكم في الجالد‬
.»‫الجبشب‬
• The new monopoly system allowed Muhammad Ali
Pasha to gradually take the lands from the former
obligors, so that all or most of the lands of Egypt
became the property of Muhammad Ali Pasha, his
family and those close to him.
• At the end of Muhammad Ali Pasha’s rule, most of
the Egyptian lands were distributed among his family
and “the benefactors ‫ ”المحبسيت‬in a way similar to
what existed at the time of the commitment system,
but for the account of the pasha and not for the
account of the Ottoman state, and the pasha had to
pay bribes to Istanbul according to a system he was
good at dealing with.
• All of these policies had long-term consequences in
Egyptian history, because they will bring about a great
social movement in Egyptian society, which will enable
new social classes to gain influence and power in place of
other classes that have been eliminated, such as the
Mamelukes.
• It is true that the Egyptians were the last to benefit from
these changes, due to the intention of the Muhammad
family to marginalize their role in order not to control
their country, but Muhammad Ali soon discovered the
weakness and corruption of the Turks who brought them
to take over the administration in Egypt, so he had to seek
the help of distinguished Egyptians in administrative
matter As well as their recruitment into the modern army,
which had an impact on those social changes and national
trends during the next generation of Egyptians during the
Urabi Revolution.
• Also among the results of those policies was the creation of
a good administrative system, which would enter Egypt
into the clique of modern states, after it was a remnant of
the Middle Ages under the backward Ottoman regime.
• The interest in education, industry, taxation and statistics,
and building a strong army were the most prominent
updates of this new system.
• The establishment of the Egyptian army was
the most prominent achievement of the period
of Muhammad Ali Pasha’s rule, and it should
be noted that Muhammad Ali Pasha’s vision to
establish a strong army was not aimed at the
national army, but rather was to protect the
interests and great achievements he had
achieved in Egypt internally, and attempts to
expand outside its borders in In the future at
the expense of the other Ottoman provinces in
the Levant.
• That idea was not new in Ottoman history.
Rather, it was among the foundations of
Ottoman rule, which encouraged competition
and warfare between the Ottoman governors in
Egypt, the Levant and Iraq to ensure "the
balance of power" under Ottoman occupation.
• At the same time, Napoleon's successes in
Europe, and the reputation of the French army
dominated the minds at that time, and so a
powerful person like this Pasha decided to
build this new army in the French style.
• A good opportunity came to Muhammad Ali
Pasha after the defeat of Napoleon in Europe and
the demobilization of the French army, so he
brought in a number of French officers, the oldest
of whom was Colonel Seve, who famously
converted to Islam and called himself "Suleiman
Pasha“.
• Muhammad Ali Pasha had eliminated the
Mamelukes in the massacre of the castle, and he
had also sent his fellow Albanians and Arnautites
to fight the Wahhabis in the Hejaz, and he did not
want to repeat the experience of the Mamelukes in
buying new slaves who would pay them money, as
well as he was very aware of the complete
weakness of the Ottoman divisions, who do not
know any form of discipline or soldiering, and
therefore he decided at first to bring black slaves
from South Sudan to serve in this new army, but
they did not succeed in getting used to the system
of soldiers and discipline.
• And due to his need for soldiers to be the
strength of his new regular army and his
modern fleet, he was forced to recruit the
Egyptians according to several criteria and
conditions, and the Egyptians succeeded in
dazzling him and the whole world in a short
later stage.
• The interest in the army was the main reason
for the interest in modernizing many things in
Egypt, because of the desire to modernize the
army, scientific missions were sent to Europe,
and many factories were built to provide for
the needs of the army, and many modern
schools and colleges were established for the
same reason, such as the College of
Engineering (Al-Muhandiskhana); medicine
(Qasr al-Aini) and translation (Al-Alsun), in
addition to the introduction of modern
agriculture and industries specifically to serve
the army.
• The collapse of all facilities during the
Ottoman era, the decline of life in everything,
and the intellectual shock that the French
campaign brought about made many in the
Arab and Islamic world question their status
among the world's civilizations, and the
Wahhabis in Najd were among those, where
they linked Between this cultural decline and
cognitive backwardness under the rule of the
Ottomans, and between the distance from
religion and the Sunnah.
• That is why they succeeded in forming a
strong army from the irregular Bedouins, but
they were united by the ideas of the Wahhabi
movement, and their name was "the
monotheists ‫ "الموحدون‬and whenever they
controlled a town they believed that God
would support them because they follow the
way of the first Muslims, and they re-spread
Islam in which heresy and superstitions
spread, and they continued to do Until they
enter Mecca and Medina.
• The Wahhabis were nomads from the desert, nothing changed
their social system or their economic level throughout the
period since their entry into Islam until the end of the
eighteenth century, and they also lived uninteracted with even
the Islamic peoples who were more civilized than them in
Egypt, the Levant and Iraq.
• Therefore, they believed that the simplicity of their lives is the
same as the teachings of the Islamic religion, and that they are
only the ones who preserve the origin of the teachings of the
Islamic religion, and that anything that contradicts this simple
life is also contrary to the religion (from their view).
• Consequently, they saw that the adornment, dome and
decoration on the grave of the Prophet Muhammad (and all the
graves in general) was not part of the religion, so this grave
(from their view) was a "bid'ah ‫ "ثدعخ‬that contradicts the
Sunnah, and that the state of joy and happiness that the Muslim
pilgrims bring to the Hejaz is among those that contradict the
Sunnah, and that they destroyed and prevented all Those
practices by force.
• These practices had the effect of disrupting the annual Hajj
pilgrimage for a period of time, and caused the Ottoman Sultan
to be in great embarrassment due to the exit of the holy places
from under his control, because one of this Sultan was: "The
Protector of the Two Holy Mosques ‫“ الحزميه الشزيفيه‬.
• The Ottomans had assigned the
supervision of the Two Holy Mosques to
the Mamelukes in Egypt, and in both
Cairo and Damascus the position of "Emir
of Hajj" appeared, and this task was
granted to Egypt in general for most of the
historical periods since the reign of the
second caliph, "Omar Ibn Al-Khattab”.
• However, the turmoil and chaos that
occurred in Egypt since the French
occupation had a direct impact on the
inability of the Egyptian state to control
security and order in the Hejaz., which led
to the rapid occupation of the Holy Places
by the Wahhabis, so they thought they
were supporters from the God “Allah”,
especially since they succeeded in
defeating all the forces that was sent from
Syria and Iraq by order of the Ottoman
Sultan Mahmud II.
‫نموذج لوثٌمة من دار الوثائك المومٌة‬
‫بالماهرة‪ ،‬ترجع إلى العام ‪ 1265‬للهجرة‪،‬‬
‫المٌالدي‪.‬‬ ‫‪1849‬‬ ‫للعام‬ ‫الموافك‬
‫وهً عبارة عن مخطوط إداري خاص بشونة غالل مٌناء‬
‫المصٌر على البحر األحمر‪ ،‬وفٌها ٌثبت أمٌن الشونة أن‬
‫ورد للشونة ‪٦١٤‬‬‫المورد للحنطة (الممح) «السٌد راجح» لد َّ‬
‫إردبًا من الحنطة حصة صدلات أهل مكة‪ ،‬وٌخصم منها عجز‬
‫مسموح به تسعة إردبات ٌصبح الصافً ‪ ٦٠٥‬إردبًا‪ .‬ووزن‬
‫إردب الممح ‪١٥٥‬كٌلو جرام‪ ،‬أي أن الكمٌة تساوي ‪ ٩٣‬طن‪،‬‬
‫و ‪٧٧٥‬كٌلو‪ ،‬وحصة المدٌنة من الحنطة الواردة للشونة‬
‫‪ ٧١٠‬إردبًا‪ٌ ،‬خصم منها‪ ١٠‬إردب مسموح‪ٌ ،‬تبمً ‪٧٠٠‬‬
‫إردبًا ألهل المدٌنة على ساكنها أفضل الصالة والسالم بما‬
‫ٌعادل ‪١٠٨‬طن و ‪ ٥٠٠‬كٌلو جرام‪ ،‬أي أن جملة اإلرسالٌة‬
‫‪١٣٠٥‬إردب تساوي ‪٢٠٢‬طن و ‪٢٢٧‬كٌلو‪ ،‬وذلن ٌوم ‪٥‬‬
‫صفر ‪ ١٢٦٥‬هجري فً عهد الوالً عباس باشا حلمً األول‬
‫بن أحمد طوسون باشا بن دمحم علً باشا‪ ،‬فً عهد السلطان‬
‫عبدالمجٌد بن محمود‪.‬‬
‫دعوة رسمٌة لحضور االحتفال بعرض الكسوة المشرفة والمحمل الشرٌف ‪.1938‬‬
‫ومراسم االحتفال بانطالق موكب المحمل وعودته مرة أخرى للماهرة عام ‪.1911‬‬
‫مسٌر المحمل الشرٌف «شعبًٌا» فً شوارع الماهرة «المحروسة»‪.‬‬
‫«اللوحة للرسام الروسً ماكفوسكً كونستنتٌن بتارٌخ ‪ 1870‬من منطمة بٌن المصرٌن (شارع المعز اآلن)»‬
‫إحباط تهرٌب أربع لطع من كسوة الكعبة من‬
‫مٌناء دمٌاط للمغرب نوفمبر ‪.2018‬‬
‫المحمل فً مكة ‪1886‬‬
• Several times after the request of Sultan Mahmud II,
Muhammad Ali Pasha agreed to send a military
campaign to the Hejaz under the leadership of his son
Tusson, after he obtained from Sultan Mahmud II the
title of "pasha".
• There were multiple reasons that called the governor of
Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, to agree to this mission,
including sending his old colleagues to the Wahhabi war
in the desert, and this is why the modern Egyptian army
did not participate in the Wahhabi wars, because the
modern Egyptian army was established in 1821.
• It is not correct what is said that Sultan Mahmud II
ordered from the Pasha of Egypt to disintegrate his
power, because that power had not yet appeared.
• Among those reasons was also the desire to restore the
Two Holy Mosques from the Wahhabis, which would
give the name Muhammad Ali Pasha a great position in
the Islamic world.
• but the most important reason was that the idea of the
Wahhabi war was the great trick to gather the
Mamelukes in the castle and kill them.
• As soon as the Egyptian campaign to the
Hejaz arrived in 1811, the Wahhabis were
expelled from it and Mecca and Medina were
restored in 1812, and the Wahhabis quickly
fled to the Najd region, where they were
established and their headquarters, and
Muhammad Ali Pasha made the Hajj that
year.
• When he was in the Hajj, he was brought
back the Hashemite family to rule the Hejaz
again, and the safety of Hajj returned again,
which had great significance and value to
raise the name of Muhammad Ali Pasha high.
• The joy of Muhammad Ali Pasha was only
broken by the death of his son Tusson Pasha
with disease, which made the Wahhabis
return to attack the forces sent by the pasha
in Hejaz.
‫خطاب من السٌدة (الست) أمٌنة هانم (خانوم) إلى زوجها دمحم علً باشا عام‬
‫‪ 1813‬حٌنما ذهب بنفسه لمساعدة ابنه أحمد طوسون فً محاربة الوهابٌٌن‬
‫بعد الدٌباجة‪" :‬ربنا هللا سبحانه حفظ وجود دولتكم الباعث‬
‫لحٌاتنا السرمدٌة من جمٌع آفات الدهر‪ ،‬وجعل كافة آرائكم‬
‫الرزٌنة وأموركم العالٌة ممرونة بتوفٌمه اإللهً‪ .‬ولد اتخذنا رفع‬
‫تلن الدعوات إلى لاضً الحاجات أورادا ً وأذكارا ً لنا فً األٌام‬
‫واللٌالً واألسحار‪ .‬وبٌنما نحن كنا نترلب سنوح فرصة العرض‬
‫ذلن [أي إرسال هذا الخطاب] إذ ورد كتابكم الكرٌم المرسل‬
‫تفضال منكم إشعارا عن وصولكم بعناٌة هللا تعالى من السوٌس‬
‫إلى ٌنبع البحر فً ستة أٌام بالٌُمن واإللبال‪ .‬فسبحانه بأعٌننا‬
‫ووجوهنا واشتغلنا بالدعوات لكم تكرارا على التكرار‪ ،‬وهللا‬
‫تعالى من علٌكم بالتوفٌك والسالمة‪ .‬فجارٌتكم هذه فً الصحة‬
‫والعافٌة مع جمٌع من فً هذا الطرف‪ ،‬وال ٌوجد شًء ٌكدر‬
‫صفو الخاطر أصال بحمد هللا سبحانه وتعالى‪ ،‬ولٌس لنا فكر وال‬
‫ذكر غٌر الدعاء لكم لٌل نهار‪ .‬وصاحبة العصمة السٌدة كرٌمتكم‬
‫الصغٌرة‪ ،‬وصاحبة العفة حضرة الست الشمٌمة وجمٌع من هنا‬
‫ٌمبلن ٌدي دولتكم‪ .‬فٌا موالي إننا نرجو بعد اآلن أٌضا أن تسروا‬
‫للوبنا الحزٌنة بإرسال خطاب كرمكم الذي نحن فً حاجة شدٌدة‬
‫إلٌه‪ ،‬فاألمر والكرم فً هذا الشأن لموالي‪ .‬فً ‪ ٢١‬المعدة‬
‫‪ .١٢٢٨‬الختم‪ :‬أمٌنة‪.‬‬
• Ibrahim Pasha took over the Hejaz campaign in 1816 after the
death of Tusson Pasha. He fought the Wahhabis in Najd and
entered their capital, "Dir'iyah" and destroyed it from the last,
and sent their prince Abdullah bin Saud to Istanbul, where Sultan
Mahmud II executed him.
• Ibrahim Pasha also succeeded in reaching the shores of the
Arabian Gulf, and he re-installed the families that the Wahhabis
had spent on their influence in Al-Qatif and Al-Ahsaa.
• On the shores of the Gulf, Britain tried to obtain his help to
destroy the AL -Qawasim fortresses in Raas al-Khaimah, but
Muhammad Ali refused "so that he would not be written about in
the history that he helped non-Muslims against Muslims", while
the Wahhabis were allied with Britain "because they are from the
People of the Book and it is not permissible to fight them!”, While
Muhammad Ali Pasha was in their view an "infidel!”.
• In the end, by order of Sultan Mahmud II, due to pressure from
the governor of Baghdad, Dawood Pasha, as well as Britain, which
feared Egyptian influence, the campaign was exited from the
Hejaz in 1818, while preserving the Hejaz and securing the Hajj.
• After the Pasha forces returned from Najd and left
a garrison for the Hejaz, Muhammad Ali Pasha
directed a campaign to southern Egypt, to Nubia,
Sennar and Kordofan, which would be the
beginning of the formation of what was known as
the "Egyptian Sudan”.
• This campaign was led by Ismail Kamel Pasha
(Muhammad’s Ali son), and its objectives were
clear, including obtaining slaves for his new army,
which he wanted to build in the modern style. As
well as getting rid of the rest of the old colleagues
of the Albanians who did not die in the Wahhabi
wars. As well as tracking the rest of the fleeing
Mamelukes to the far south. As well as the pursuit
of a rumour that that Sudan has abundant
mountains of gold.
• Despite the military success of the campaign, and it
included all of those areas in Sudan, Ismail Pasha
and his entourage were massacred, which had a
great psychological impact on Muhammad Ali.
• In 1821, a revolution took place in Greece against the Ottoman
Empire, something Muhammad Ali Pasha did not care about
anything, but the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II asked him to put
down that revolution in exchange for giving him a "Crete", and
Muhammad Ali Pasha agreed to try his new army. "The Egyptian
Professional Army”, led by Ibrahim Pasha, as well as the force of
his new professional fleet.
• Indeed, the Egyptian army and fleet succeeded in putting down the
Greek revolution, so the sultan offered the pasha to rule southern
Greece, "the “Murrah” Peninsula" with the same conditions, and
appointed Khesro Pasha (Muhammad Ali's old enemy) as
commander of the Turkish fleet.
• Despite the disagreement that existed between Ibrahim and Khesro,
the Egyptian army and fleet were successful in return for the
Turkish failure, which is what the Major European countries were
not satisfied with in front of that Egyptian force.
• Russian Tsar Nicholas II was against a great hostility
with the Ottomans, and he wanted to intervene in the
interest of the Greeks (the Orthodox like the
Russians), but the major European countries did not
want that so that the Russians would not be alone in
controlling Istanbul and the straits.
• Therefore, the European countries united against the
Egyptian and Ottoman fleets in the naval battle of
Navy Navarin / Nawareen in 1827, and the two fleets
were largely destroyed, and Ibrahim Pasha was
besieged in the “Murrah” Peninsula.
• The Europeans signed an agreement with
Muhammad Ali in the year 1828 stipulating his
withdrawal from Greece, and not to continue
pursuing a policy with the Ottoman Sultan,
otherwise they would fight him in Egypt.
• This was the first time that Muhammad Ali entered
into a job that he did not gain from, but rather lost a
number of ships and other material and human
• Those losses were the reason why Muhammad Ali
Pasha asked Sultan Mahmud II to rule the Levant to
compensate him for the losses in Greece, which was
rejected by the Sultan strongly, because Turkey's
traditional policy is to make the Levant a barrier
between it and Egypt, in addition to their severe fear
of the strength of the Egyptian army.
• That is why Sultan Mahmud II was working to
improve the strength of his army in the Egyptian
style, and indeed he carried out the "Janissary
massacre ‫ "مذثحخ اإلوكشبريخ‬in 1826 exactly as
Muhammad Ali did with the Mamelukes in 1811,
and for this the Sultan was awaiting the day when he
would enter a war against his ruler in Egypt.
• No evidence of this is his appointment of Khesro
Pasha - Muhammad Ali's old enemy - the new
commander in chief of the new army, then the
Grand Vizier in Istanbul.
• At the same time, Muhammad Ali Pasha had strong
relations with some rulers in the Levant, most
notably Bashir al-Shehabi, Emir of Lebanon.
• Muhammad Ali Pasha took advantage of the enmity
of his ally, Bashir Al-Shehabi, with the governor of
Akka, Abdullah Pasha, the governor of Akka.
• The Pasha of Egypt accused the Pasha of Akka of
sheltering and protecting Egyptians fleeing the
army, and he sent the Egyptian army led by Ibrahim
Pasha to the Levant in October 1831, and here
Sultan Mahmoud II announced that his ruler over
Egypt had disobeyed, and removed him from his
position in Egypt
• By the end of 1832, this Egyptian army had defeated
the Ottomans in all the battles in which it faced
them, and it turned out that the reforms undertaken
by Sultan Mahmud II were not serious, and the
Ottomans did not have an army bearing a combat
doctrine like the Egyptian army, and here was
Ibrahim Pasha, who was at the gates of Anatolia
either ended the Ottoman Empire or installed his
father as ruler of Istanbul, but Muhammad Ali
Pasha was careful for fear of European countries
interfering against him.
• The Russian Tsar - the archenemy of the Ottomans - hurried with
the help of the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II, who was defeated by
the Egyptian army, and indeed he sent the Russian fleet to Istanbul,
because the Russians never wanted their southern neighbor to be a
strong person like Muhammad Ali Pasha, and they preferred a
failed sultan like these Ottomans.
• On the other hand, the English and the French, especially British
Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, did not want the Russians to seize
the straits, and so they tried to reach a settlement between the
governor and the Sultan so that Russia would not find a reason to
intervene.
• Those negotiations ended with the approval that Muhammad Ali
Pasha over the whole of the Levant, in exchange for the withdrawal
of the Egyptian army from Anatolia, which was signed in the
“Peace of Kutahya 1833” and thus Muhammad Ali Pasha - who was
previously deposed by the Sultan, would be ruler from the Ottoman
Empire over Egypt, the Levant and Sudan. And Crete and Hejaz,
that is, the borders of historical Egypt during the Mamelukes.
• During the six years that Ibrahim Pasha spent as the governor
of the Levant, Egypt paid tribute to the Ottomans in a
disciplined manner. Ibrahim also made large fortifications in
the Levant, and took his headquarters in Antakya because of
its proximity to the Turkish border in Anatolia, as everyone
knew that “Kutahya agreement” would end before the ten
that they set as a period for the armistice.
• On the other hand, Muhammad Ali Pasha conveyed the
experience he did in Egypt to the Levant in the fields of
education, health, economy, industry, agriculture and others,
which will have an important impact in the future.
• At the same time, the Ottomans were working to stir up
problems against this Egyptian rule in the Levant, especially
in terms of taxes imposed by the Egyptian regime and the
compulsory conscription of soldiers, and indeed there were
several rebellions that Ibrahim Pasha had eliminated.
• In April 1839, the Ottomans violated the armistice after six
years, not ten, and their forces crossed the Euphrates River
heading to Syria, and in June 1839 the Ottoman army was
defeated in the battle of "Nazib" or "Nusaybin", as the
commander of the Ottoman fleet handed over his fleet to
Muhammad Ali in Alexandria, and Sultan Mahmud II died on
the first of July, thus showing the "Eastern Question".
• Sultan Abdul Majeed I was appointed as the successor to his deceased
father, Mahmoud II, who was a child in sixteen-year-old, and he wanted to
agree with Muhammad Ali Pasha, but the major European countries
(England, France, Russia, Austria and Prussia "Germany") met and
ordered him not to try to reconcile with the Pasha of Egypt on the issue of
The Eastern Question.
• Although each of these countries had special interests different from the
other, and each of these countries was not willing to let the other run
matters in their interests, all of them agreed that the strong Muhammad Ali
Pasha would not replace the weak Ottoman Sultan, and that it was
necessary. The survival of the Ottoman states on this state of weakness
without change.
• Here, they met and issued a sharp and strong memorandum against
Muhammad Ali, and negotiations ended with the 1840 London Treaty, and
the subsequent London Agreement of 1841.
• The summary of what was in them for Muhammad Ali Pasha to grant
Egypt a hereditary rule and Akka for life, provided that he pay the annual
tribute, and not Egypt has a foreign policy far from the Ottoman Empire,
determining the number of the army, and not striking the currency in the
name of Muhammad Ali Pasha.
• If the Pasha does not accept these conditions within ten days, Akka is
withdrawn from the offer, and if he refuses for another ten days, the
European state together will have done what it appropriate, and indeed
they sent two fleets to the Levant and attacked Akka and fell several Syrian
cities, which made Muhammad Ali Pasha accept the order in principle
while guaranteeing the state of Egypt genetically.
• After Muhammad Ali Pasha agreed to that offer, the new Sultan
Abdul Majeed I rejected it, especially the point of hereditary rule in
Egypt, and announced the removal of Muhammad Ali from power.
• But by pressure from European countries on the Sultan, he
retreated from his position and issued a decision of 1841 agreeing
that the rule of Egypt be hereditary in the family of Muhammad Ali
Pasha, the oldest, and if the male offspring becomes extinct, the
children of women do not have the right to this hereditary rule.
• All of this is taking into account the conditions previously taken,
which are the annual tribute, the lack of external representation
and the application of all the treaties signed by the Ottoman Empire
since 1839 in Egypt, and the most important clause that the number
of the Egyptian army does not exceed Eighteen thousand, and not to
grant the highest military ranks.
Palmerston 1784-1865 Statue
 ‫شكرا لحضراتكم‬
ً

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