FORMULA BOOKLET

Further Pure Mathematics

Topics
1. Surds, Indices, Logarithm
2. Algebra
3. Quadratic Equation
4. Alpha – Beta
5. Coordinate Geometry
6. Binomial Expansion
7. A.P. – G.P.
8. Calculus
9. Area & Volume
10. Trigonometry
11. Equation Graph
12. Vector
13. Kinematics
 SURDS, INDICES, LOGRITHM
Surds

= √ √180 = √3 × 2 × 5 = 3 × 2 × √5

=√ =√

√
√ × =√ ×√ =
√
√ √
= × = = ×
√ √
=
√ √
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

√ + ≠√ +√ √ − ≠√ −√

Indices

× = =

× =( × ) =

( ) = =1

= =

= √ √ = = √

( + ) ≠ + ( + ) = +2 +

Logarithm

log = >0 >0 ≠1 =

log + log = log log − log = log

log = log log = − log

log = log =

log =1 log 1 = 0

lg = log ln = log

2 log − 3 log + 4 log = log

= 10 = =
 ALGEBRA

( ) = …… ( + ) ( ) = …… ( + )
= (− ) = (− )
=0 ( + )
− + ( ),
( − 1) ( )
( − 4) ( )
( )= + + +
Step 1 (2) = 0, ( − 2)
Step 2 ( ) ( − 2)
Step 3 ( ) = ( − 2)( + + )
= ( − 2)( + )( + )

+ − + −

−1 5
− 1 3

−10

−1 5 −1 1 3
→ ( + 1)( − 5) = 0 → ( + 1)( − 1)( − 3) = 0
→ 2( + 1)( − 5) = 0 → 3( + 1)( − 1)( − 3) = 0
: ∴ ( ) = 2( + 1)( − 5) : ∴ ( ) = 3( + 1)( − 1)( − 3)

( ) = ( − )( − ) ( ) = ( − )( − )( − )
= + … … … … + (− )(− ) = + … … … … + (− )
 QUADRATIC EQUATION
❶ Completing Square

( )= ( + ) + ( )=− ( + ) +
( )= ( )=
=− =−

( )
= ( )
=
=− =−

❷ + + > + + <
= −2 5 = −2 5

+ +

−2 5 −2 5
− −
< −2 >5
−2 < <5

−4 ≥0 −4 <0

−4 >0 −4 =0

❹ Line and Curve

= ( )
= ( )
–
–
 = +
+ =9

+( + ) =9
⇒ ( + 1) + 10 + 16 = 0

Line doesn’t cut the curve

−4 >0 −4 =0 −4 <0
⇒9 − 16 > 0 ⇒9 − 16 = 0 ⇒9 − 16 < 0
4 4
∴ > <− ∴ =− = ∴− < <
3 3

= +6 + =− + +

−4 >0 −4 <0

ALPHA – BETA
❶ ( )= + + = ( )= + + =
( )=0 ( )=0
ℎ
+ =− = + =− =

−( )∙ +( )=0
❸

+ =( + ) −2 − = ( + )( − )

+ =( + ) −2 − =( + )( − )
+ =( + ) −2 =( + )( + )( − )
( − ) =( + ) −4 + = ( + ) −3 ( + )
> − =( − ) +3 ( − )
− = ( + ) −4

❹
25 −( − 40) + 16 = 0 + = 28√37 − − − − −( )
2
− β = 85 − 14√37 − − ( )
→
() ( )
=
16 () ( )
⇒ 2× =
25
8
∴ =
25
+ + =0 + + = 0, [ , 3 ]

+3 =−
×3 =

❺
( )= +
+ + =
2
( )=0

→ =
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
= ( − ) +( − )

= , ( , )
•
=

= , ( , )
− = ( − )
∎ To find gradient:

( , )
2

3 •
( , )

= = = m =

= × = −1

∴ =−

∎ To find equation:

= +
(3, 5)
• 5
• =5
⟶ =1 =
1

∴ = +1
= −2 =3 0

⟶ =1 = −1
−2 0 3
∴ =− +1

↪ How to know if a point lies on the line or not

• (4, 8)
3 + 7 = 18
=4 = (≠ 8)
•
( , ) • (6, 0)
=6 =0
− = ( − )
 ( , ) =
•

( , )
• = |( ↘ ) − ( ↙ )|

•
( , )

=0 =0
+ = + ( × 0) = ( × 0) + =
= =

For intersecting point ,

−−−−

−−−−

( , )

=−

Equation of tangent: − = ( − )
Equation of normal: − = ( − )
 BINOMIAL EXPANSION
= , , ,

( + ) = + ∙ ∙ + ∙ ∙ +⋯+ ∙ ∙ +⋯+ , ∈ℝ

=−
( ) ( )( )
(1 + ) = 1 + + + +⋯ −1 < <1
! ! !

(1 + ) → − < <
√ √

(8 + ) → −8 < <8

(1 + 10 ) (1 + 2 ) → − < <

( + + )( + + + )

+ + =( + + )

( + ) →

( + ) →

(3 + 2 ) = + + + +⋯

(3 − 2 ) = − + − +⋯→

∴ (3 + 2 ) + (3 − 2 ) = 2 + 2 +⋯

( − + )

= {1 + (−3 + 2 )}

=1+ ∙ (−3 + 2 ) + ∙ (−3 + 2 ) +⋯

( + ) =

∴ + = ± √46656 = ±6 → ±

Suitable value of
∎

(1 − 3 )
∎

(1 − 3 ) , √10 √10 = 5

∎
(4 − ) √399
(8 + ) √64.8
 Solution
∎ ∎

− < <

(1 − 3 ) = (2/5)

→ 1 − 3 = 2/5
(1 − 3 ) = (10) (1 − 3 ) = (2/5)
∴ = 1/5
→ 1 − 3 = 10 → 1 − 3 = 2/5
∴ = −3 ∴ = 1/5
(1 − 3 ) = 1 − − − ( ) ( ℎ )

ℎ = 1/5

(1 − 3 ) = 1 − − −
→ 1−3∙ =1− − −
ℎ = 1/5
∴ (2/5) = 0.6415
→ 1−3∙ =1− − −

∴ (2/5) = 0.6415

5(2/5) = 5 × 0.6415

∴ √10 = 3.2075

∎ ∎

√399 = (400 − 1) √64.8 = (64 + 0.8)

→ √399 = {100 × (4 − 0.01)} → √64.8 = {8 × (8 + 0.1)}
∴ √399 = 10(4 − 0.01) ∴ √64.8 = 2(8 + 0.1)

(4 − ) = (4 − 0.01) (8 + ) = (8 + 0.1)
∴ = 0.01 ∴ = 0.1

(4 − ) = 2 − − (8 + ) = 2 + − +

ℎ = 0.01 ℎ = 0.1

→ (4 − 0.01) = 2 − (0.01) − (0.01) → (8 + 0.1) = 1.02989

→ 10(4 − 0.01) = 10 × 1.997498 → 2(8 + 0.1) = 2 × 1.02989

∴ √399 = 19.97498 ∴ √64.8 = 2.0597

 A.P. – G.P.

+ +2 + 3 , …. , ….
= + ( − 1) =

= =

= +1 ∴ =

=
∴ = + ( − 1)

= − = − = =

= − =
=
= ∴ =

[2 + ( − 1) ] (1 − )
= =
2 1−
= ( + )

−1 < <1

For both A.P. and G.P.

, , …… , ……
→ = 10 = − ( )

→ = −
→ = −
→ = −
∴ = −
 (7 − 3)

(30 − 15) + 1 = 16
– (7 × 15 − 3) (7 × 16 − 3) ……. (7 × 30 − 3)
102 ……
= ( + )
– 2
16
∴ = (102 + 207) = 2472
2
 CALCULUS

Differentiation Integration

( + + )= + ∙1+0 ∫( + + ) = + + +

( + )
( + ) =( ( + ) ) ( + ) ( + ) = +
( + 1) ( + )

( )= ( )+ ( ) ( ) =

( )− ( ) =
=

=( ) ( + ) = +

cos( + )
sin( + ) = (cos( + )) ( + ) sin( + ) =− +

sin( + )
cos( + ) = (− sin( + )) ( + ) cos( + ) = +

tan( + )
(tan( + )) = sec ( + ) ( + ) sec ( + ) = +
Area & Volume
 TRIGONOMETRY
∎ Trigonometric Identities:

sec = sin + cos =1

tan =
❶ cosec = ❷ ❸ sec = 1 + tan
cot =
cot = cosec = 1 + cot

sin(180 − ) = sin sin(90 − ) = cos sin(− ) = −sin

❹ cos(180 − ) = − cos cos(90 − ) = sin cos(− ) = cos
tan(180 − ) = − tan tan(90 − ) = cot tan(− ) = − tan

❺ sin 2 = 2 sin cos cos 2 = cos − sin 1 − 2 sin 2 cos −1

∎ General Solution:

180° + (−1) 360° ± 180° +

+ (−1) 2 ° ± +

= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, … …

+ → + → − + = + + → −

− →− + − →− − − =− + − →−

180 − −180 − −360 +

180 + 360 − −180 + −

 EQUATION GRAPH
Basic Curve Sketching

= = =−
=

+ =

=0 =0

+ (0) = (0) + =

= =

= + +
6
= +5
=− +6 =0 =0
5
=
+ + =0 =
−3 =−
= −4
=− −3
= ,
−4

+ −

= + + + =− + + +
= =−
∎

= =

∥ = ∥ + =0

∥ + =0 =−

=− =0

=0

=0

− +

∎ ∎

= / /2
1

= 90°
= sin
= 180° 270°

−1

=− =− 1

= cos
∎ 90° 180° 270°

= log / ln / lg −1

= ln(− ) = ln

90° 180° 270° 360°

= tan

= −ln(− ) = −ln
 VECTOR
∥
⃗= +
⃗ /
| ⃗| = = = (constant)
+ ⃗ /
⃗ ∴ ∥
⃗ | ⃗|
∠ ⃗ tan =
+
⃗+⃗ = + =
+
⃗= = ⃗ /
⃗
= /
= (constant)
∴ ∥

=
o =
o =
⃗= ⃗+ ⃗ ⃗= ⃗+ ⃗
||
=
o = ⃗= × ⃗
o = ⇒ ⃗+ ⃗ = ( ⃗+ ⃗)
o = ∴ =
o Shortcut: = ∴ =
⃗
⃗= ℎ ⃗
(ℎ, )

o ⃗= ⃗− ⃗
⃗
o ⃗= ⃗− ⃗ ⃗
=

(3, 2) ⃗= 5
2 ⃗∥ ⃗
⃗
: = :
⇒ ⃗− ⃗= 5
2
⃗= 5 3 8
∴ + =
2 2 4

⃗= ⃗ : = 5: 3 ⃗ = ⃗+2⃗
∴ ⃗
⃗= ⃗ ⃗
⇒ ⃗
=
∴
⇒ =
∴ ⃗= +
 1 1
∆ ×2×ℎ ∆ 3 ∆ × 3 × 1 × sin
=2 = =2
∆ 1 ∆ 5 ∆ 1
×3×ℎ × 4 × 2 × sin
2 2

KINEMATICS
/

= =

= ⇒ =∫

= ⇒ =∫

/ =0 =0

=0

=0

=0 =0

=0 =0

− =0 ≠0

=3 =7→| − | =3

=7 =0

=3 =7→| − |+| − | =5

=3 =7 =0