Welcome to

Trigonometry
 Table of contents

Session 01 03 Session 04 108

Angle 05 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound 109
Angles ​
System of Measurement of Angles​ 07
Transformation Formulae​ 127
Circular System 10

Relation between Degrees and 15

Radians
Session 05 138

Trigonometric Ratios for Acute Angles 20 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple 141

Angles
Trigonometric Identities 22

Session 06 164
Session 02 35
Extended Compound angles ​ 173
Sign of Trigonometric Ratios​ 36
Conditional Identities​ 175
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles ​ 42

Session 03 58 Session 07 186

Maximum and Minimum Values 189
Graphs of Trigonometric functions ​ 61
Of Trigonometric Expressions​
Periodic Functions ​ 66
Sine and Cosine Series with 198
Graphical Transformation​ 97 Angles in A.P.​
 Session 1
Angle Measurement & Trigonometric
Identities.

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 𝟓
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎° =
𝒙
𝟓
𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟑𝟔 =
𝒙

𝒙 = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟖 feet

𝒙
𝟓 feet
𝜽 = 𝟏𝟎°
 Angle:

It is the amount of rotation of a revolving line with respect to a fixed line.

𝜃
Vertex 𝐴
𝑂 Initial side

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 Sense of an Angle:

𝐵 Vertex Initial Side

𝑂 𝐴
Terminal Side 𝜃−

𝜃 Terminal Side
𝑂 𝐴
Vertex Initial Side 𝐵

Anti-clockwise Clockwise

Positive Angle Negative Angle

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 System of Measurement of Angles:

System of Measurement of Angles

Sexagesimal System
Circular System (Radians)
(Degrees)

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 Sexagesimal System:
1 𝑡ℎ 90𝑜
𝑜
1 right angle = 90 1 =
𝑜 of a right angle
90

1𝑜 = 60′ 1 𝑡ℎ
(60 minutes) 1′ = of 1𝑜 1𝑜
60

1′ = 60′′ 1 𝑡ℎ
1′′ = of 1′
(60 seconds) 60 1′

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 A ray 𝑂𝐵 rotates in a counter-clockwise sense at an angle of 88.58° with
respect to another ray 𝑂𝐴 and then in clockwise sense at an angle of
107.32°. Determine the final angle between the ray 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵.
Solution:
𝐵 1° = 60′ (60 minutes)
Angle between 𝑂𝐴 & 𝑂𝐵
= −18.74𝑜
1′ = 60′′ (60 seconds)
= − 18 + 0.74 ° −107.32𝑜
88.58𝑜
° °
= − 18 + 0.74
𝑂 𝐴
Now 0.74° = 0.74 × 60 ′ −107.32 + 88.58𝑜
𝑜
A −18°44′ 24′′
= −18.74𝑜
= 44.4′
𝐵
= 44′ + 0.4′ B

Also, 0.4′ = 0.4 × 60 ′′

C
= 24′′
∴ Angle between 𝑂𝐴 & 𝑂𝐵 = −18.74°
D
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= −18°44 24′′
 Circular System:
One radian (1𝑅 or 1𝐶 ) = measure of an angle subtended at the center of a
circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.

𝑟 𝑟

𝑟
1 rad

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 Circular System:
One radian (1𝑅 or 1𝐶 ) = measure of an angle subtended at the center of a
circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.

2𝑟

2 rad 𝑟

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 Circular System:
One radian (1𝑅 or 1𝐶 ) = measure of an angle subtended at the center of a
circle by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle.
3𝑟

𝑟
3 rad 𝑟

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 Circular System:

Angle subtended 2𝑐
3𝑐
Arc length 1𝑐
(in radians)
𝑟
1𝑟 𝑐
1

2𝑟 2𝑐

3𝑟 3𝑐

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 Circular System:

𝑙 = 𝜃𝑟

Arc Length 𝑙
𝜃 =
Radius 𝑟

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 Relation between Degrees and Radians:

Arc Length 𝑙
𝜃=
Radius 𝑟

Angle subtended
Arc length
(in radians)

𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑐

𝜋 radians = 180𝑜

180 𝑜 𝜋 𝐶
⇒ 1 radian = ≈ 57𝑜 (OR) 1 degree =
𝜋 180

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 Convert 195° into radians.

Solution:
𝜋 𝑐 = 180°

or, 180° = 𝜋 𝑐

𝜋 𝑐
⇒ 1𝑜 =
180

𝜋 𝑐
⇒ 195° = 195 ×
180

𝑜
13𝜋𝑐
⇒ 195 =
12

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 7𝜋 𝑐
Convert into degrees.
18

Solution:

𝜋 𝑐 = 180°

𝑜
𝑐
180
⇒1 =
𝜋

𝑜
7𝜋𝑐 7𝜋 180
⇒ = ×
18 18 𝜋

7𝜋 𝑐
⇒ = 70°
18

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 Fill in the boxes with degree measure against radian measure or
vice-versa:

Solution:

Radians Degrees 𝜋 𝑐 = 180°

2𝜋 360°

𝜋
45°
4
𝜋
90°
2
3𝜋
135°
4

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 Find the angle between hour hand and minute hand in circular clock at
04 ∶ 04 hrs ?

Solution:
4 61
Between 00 : 00 and 04 : 04, time span covered in hours = 4 + =
60 15

Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hrs = 360°

61 360 61
⇒ Angle traced by it in hrs = × = 122°
15 12 15

Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min = 360°

360
⇒ Angle traced by it in 4 min = × 4 = 24°
60

∴ Required Angle = 122° − 24° = 98°

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 Trigonometric Ratios for Acute Angles:

Opposite 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = =
𝐵 Hypotenuse 𝑟

𝑟 Adjacent 𝑥
𝑦 cos 𝜃 = =
Hypotenuse 𝑟
𝜃
𝐴 Opposite 𝑦
𝑥 𝐶 tan 𝜃 = =
Adjacent 𝑥

1
cosec 𝜃 = , sin 𝜃 ≠ 0
sin 𝜃

1
sec 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
cos 𝜃
1
cot 𝜃 = , tan 𝜃 ≠ 0
Return to top tan 𝜃
 Trigonometric Ratios for Certain Angles:

Degrees Radians sin cos tan

0 0 0 1 0

𝜋 1 3 1
30∘ 6 2 3
2

𝜋 1 1
45∘ 4 2 2
1

𝜋 3 1
60∘ 3 2
3
2

𝜋 Not
90∘ 1 0
2 Defined
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 Trigonometric Identities:

➢ sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 ➢ 1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃 ; sin 𝜃 ≠ 0

Alternate forms:
2 2
➢ 1 + tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 ; cos 𝜃 ≠ 0
• cosec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1
Alternate forms:
• sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1 • cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 cosec 𝜃 − cot 𝜃 = 1

1
• sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃 = 1
• cosec 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 =
cosec 𝜃 − cot 𝜃
1
• sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃

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 Prove that sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = | tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 |

Solution:

sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃 + 1 + cot 2 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃

cosec2 𝜃 = 1 + cot 2 𝜃
= tan2 𝜃 + cot 2 𝜃 + 2 tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃
2
2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
= tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃

= | tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 |

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 Prove that sin6 𝜃 + cos6 𝜃 = 1 − 3 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃

Solution:

cos6 𝜃 + sin6 𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 3

+ sin2 𝜃 3

= cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 2

+ sin2 𝜃 2
− cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

= cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 2

− 3 cos 2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃

= 1 − 3 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃

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 3
If 0° < 𝑥 < 90° and cos 𝑥 = , then the value of
10
log10 sin 𝑥 + log10 cos 𝑥 + log10 tan 𝑥 is:

Solution:

3 A 0
cos 𝑥 =
10

1 1 B 1
sin 𝑥 = , tan 𝑥 =
10 3

1 3 1 C −1
log10 sin 𝑥 + log10 cos 𝑥 + log10 tan 𝑥 = log10 ⋅ ⋅
10 10 3

1 D 2
= log10
10

= −1

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 tan 𝐴 cot 𝐴
The expression + , can be written as:
1 − cot 𝐴 1 − tan 𝐴
JEE Main 2013
Solution:

tan 𝐴 cot 𝐴 A sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐴 + 1 B sec 𝐴 ⋅ cosec 𝐴 + 1

+
1−cot 𝐴 1−tan 𝐴

sin2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
= +
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴−sin 𝐴
C tan 𝐴 + cot 𝐴 D sec 𝐴 + cosec 𝐴
1 sin2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
= −
sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

1 sin3 𝐴−cos3 𝐴
= ⋅
sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 sin2 𝐴+cos2 𝐴+sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

=
sin 𝐴−cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

1+sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
= = sec 𝐴 ⋅ cosec 𝐴 + 1
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴

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 Trigonometric Ratios as Circular Functions:

Trigonometric ratios for any angle 𝜃 ∈ ℝ.

𝑌

𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
1
𝜃
𝑋
0 𝑀

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 Trigonometric Ratios as Circular Functions:

Trigonometric ratios for any angle 𝜃 ∈ ℝ. Abscissa of point 𝑃 𝑥

cos 𝜃 = = =𝑥
𝑌 Radius 1

Ordinate of point 𝑃 𝑦
𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 sin 𝜃 = = =𝑦
Radius 1
1
𝑦
𝜃
𝑋
0 𝑀
𝑥

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 Trigonometric Ratios as Circular Functions:

Trigonometric ratios for any angle 𝜃 ∈ ℝ.

Abscissa of point 𝑃 𝑥
𝑌 cos 𝜃 = = =𝑥
Radius 1

𝑃 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 Ordinate of point 𝑃 𝑦

sin 𝜃 = = =𝑦
Radius 1
1
𝑦
𝜃
𝑋
0 𝑀
𝑥

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 Value of Trigonometric Ratios at Quadrantal Angles

𝑌 When 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 is at 𝐴 1, 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 0
𝐵 0, 1
Abscissa of point 𝑃 1
cos 𝜃 = = =1
Radius 1

Ordinate of point 𝑃 0
sin 𝜃 = = =0
𝐶 −1, 0 𝜃=0 Radius 1
𝑋
0 𝐴 1, 0

𝐷 0, −1

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 Value of Trigonometric Ratios at Quadrantal Angles

𝜋
𝑌 When 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 is at 𝐵 0, 1 ⇒ 𝜃 =
2
𝐵 0, 1
Abscissa of point 𝑃 0
cos 𝜃 = = =0
Radius 1

𝜋 Ordinate of point 𝑃 1
𝜃= sin 𝜃 = = =1
𝐶 −1, 0 2 Radius 1
𝑋
0 𝐴 1, 0

𝐷 0, −1

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 Value of Trigonometric Ratios at Quadrantal Angles

𝑌 When 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 is at 𝐶 −1, 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 𝜋
𝐵 0, 1
Abscissa of point 𝑃 −1
cos 𝜃 = = = −1
Radius 1

𝜃=𝜋 Ordinate of point 𝑃 0

sin 𝜃 = = =0
𝐶 −1, 0 Radius 1
𝑋
0 𝐴 1, 0

𝐷 0, −1

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 Value of Trigonometric Ratios at Quadrantal Angles
3𝜋
𝑌 When 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 is at 𝐷 0, −1 ⇒ 𝜃 =
2
𝐵 0, 1
Abscissa of point 𝑃 0
cos 𝜃 = = =0
Radius 1
3𝜋
𝜃= Ordinate of point 𝑃 −1
2 sin 𝜃 = = = −1
𝐶 −1, 0 Radius 1
𝑋
0 𝐴 1, 0

𝐷 0, −1

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 Value of Trigonometric Ratios at Quadrantal Angles

𝑌 When 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦 is at 𝐴 1, 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 2𝜋
𝐵 0, 1
Abscissa of point 𝑃 1
cos 𝜃 = = =1
Radius 1

𝜃 = 2𝜋 Ordinate of point 𝑃 0
sin 𝜃 = = =0
𝐶 −1, 0 Radius 1
𝑋
0 𝐴 1, 0

𝐷 0, −1

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 Session 2
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles

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 Sign of Trigonometric Ratios:

We know that any point 𝑃 on the circumference of unit 0, 1

circle will be of the form cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃 . 𝑃 cos 𝜃 , sin 𝜃
Sign
Position of 𝑃
Convention
𝜃
cos 𝜃 > 0, −1, 0 𝑂 1, 0
Quadrant 𝐼
sin 𝜃 > 0

cos 𝜃 < 0,
Quadrant 𝐼𝐼 0, −1
sin 𝜃 > 0

cos 𝜃 < 0,
Quadrant 𝐼𝐼𝐼
sin 𝜃 < 0

cos 𝜃 > 0,
Quadrant 𝐼𝑉
sin 𝜃 < 0
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 Sign of Trigonometric Ratios

𝑦
To memorize:
2 Quadrant
𝑛𝑑 1𝑠𝑡 Quadrant
Add Sugar To Coffee
𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0
𝑆 𝐴
sin and cosec All are positive
are positive
𝑥′ 𝑥
0
3𝑟𝑑 Quadrant 4 Quadrant
𝑡ℎ

𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0

𝑇 𝐶
tan and cot are cos and sec are
positive positive
𝑦′
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 3
If cos 𝜃 = − , where 𝜃 is in second quadrant, then find the other five
5
trigonometric ratios.

Solution:
3 1 5 sin 𝜃 4/5 4
cos 𝜃 = − ⇒ sec 𝜃 = =− tan 𝜃 = = =−
5 cos 𝜃 3 cos 𝜃 −3/5 3

We know, sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1 cot 𝜃 =

1
=−
3
tan 𝜃 4

9
⇒ sin2 𝜃 + =1
25

9 16 4
⇒ sin2 𝜃 = 1 − = ⇒ sin 𝜃 = ±
5
25 25

But sin function is positive in second quadrant

4 1 5
∴ sin 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 = =
5 sin 𝜃 4

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 Complementary Angles:
Examples:
Two angles are said to be complementary when their sum
𝜋 15° and 75° 120° and −30°
is equal to a right angle or radians.
2
15° + 75° = 90° 120° + −30° = 90°
Any angle 𝜃 and the angle (90° − 𝜃) are complementary.

Supplementary Angles:

Two angles are said to be supplementary when their sum Examples:

is equal to two right angles or 𝜋 radians. 120° and 60° 210° and −30°
Any angle 𝜃 and the angle (180° − 𝜃) are supplementary.
120° + 60° = 180° 210° + −30° = 180°

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Two angles are said to be allied if their sum or difference is either a 0 or a
multiple of 90∘ .

Angles allied to 𝜃 are:

−𝜃 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 ± 𝜃 ⋯
±𝜃 𝜋±𝜃 ±𝜃
2 2

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 𝑌
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Angle = −𝜃 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
1
Here, − sin 𝜃 = −𝑦 Here, cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝜃
𝑦 𝑋
sin −𝜃 = − = − sin 𝜃 𝑥 𝑂 −𝜃
1 cos −𝜃 = = cos 𝜃
1 1
Taking reciprocal both sides, Taking reciprocal both sides,
𝑃′ 𝑥, −𝑦
cosec −𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃 sec −𝜃 = sec 𝜃

sin −𝜃 −sin 𝜃
tan −𝜃 = = = − tan 𝜃
cos −𝜃 cos 𝜃

Taking reciprocal both sides,

1 1
cot −𝜃 = = = − cot 𝜃
=cot −𝜃 𝜃 tan −𝜃
− cot − tan 𝜃

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 𝑌
Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Angle = −𝜃 𝑃 𝑥, 𝑦
1
sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 𝜃
𝑋
cosec −𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃 𝑂 −𝜃

cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃 1

sec −𝜃 = sec 𝜃 𝑃′ 𝑥, −𝑦

tan −𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
cot −𝜃 = − cot 𝜃

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 sec −𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − cot(−𝑥) is equal to:

Solution:
A sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 − cot 𝑥
sec −𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − cot(−𝑥)

= sec 𝑥 + tan(𝑥) − (− cot(𝑥)) B sec 𝑥 1 + cosec 𝑥

= sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥

C sec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − 1

sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 + +
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 D sec 𝑥

sin2 𝑥+cos2 𝑥
= sec 𝑥 +
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1
= sec 𝑥 + = sec 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 (1 + cosec 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝑌
Angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ sin 𝜋 − 𝜃 = + sin 𝜃

Any trigonometric ratio of angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ 𝜋−𝜃 cos 𝜋 − 𝜃 = − cos 𝜃

(where 𝜃 is acute) is numerically equal to the 𝜃

𝑋 tan 𝜋 − 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃
𝑂
same trigonometric ratio of 𝜃, with sign
depending upon the quadrant in which the
𝑌
terminal ray lies.
sin 𝜋 + 𝜃 = −sin 𝜃
𝜋+𝜃
𝑋 cos 𝜋 + 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃
𝑂
tan 𝜋 + 𝜃 = +tan 𝜃

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
Angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

𝑌 𝑌
2𝜋 − 𝜃
2𝜋 + 𝜃
𝑋 𝑂 𝑋
𝑂

sin 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = −sin 𝜃 sin 2𝜋 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜃

cos 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = +cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜋 + 𝜃 = cos 𝜃

tan −𝜃
cot 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = −tan 𝜃 tan 2𝜋 + 𝜃 = tan 𝜃
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 Evaluate the following: 𝑖) sin 120° 𝑖𝑖) tan 1035°

Solution:
𝑌
𝑖) sin 120° = sin 180° − 60°
sin −𝜃
cot 𝜋 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
= sin 60°
120°
3
= 𝑋
2 𝑂 45°

𝑖𝑖) tan 1035° = tan 1080° − 45°

tan 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = −tan 𝜃
= tan 3 × 360° − 45°
= − tan 45°
= −1

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 5𝜋 8𝜋 3𝜋
The value of sin + tan + cos is
3 3 2

Solution:
3 3
A
2
5𝜋 8𝜋 3𝜋
sin + tan + cos
3 3 2

3
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 B
= sin 2𝜋 − + tan 3𝜋 − + cos 2
3 3 2

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3 3
= − sin − tan + cos C −
3 3 2 2

3
=− − 3+0 3
2 D −
2

3 3
=−
2

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 Note:

Angle = 𝑛𝜋 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

𝑌
sin 𝜃 = sin(2𝜋 + 𝜃) = sin(4𝜋 + 𝜃)

4𝜋 + 𝜃
Note: The values of trigonometric ratios
𝜃 2𝜋 + 𝜃
𝑋 repeat after an interval of 2𝜋.
0

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝜋
Angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
Co-functions of trigonometric ratios:

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

tan 𝜃 cot 𝜃

sec 𝜃 cosec 𝜃

𝜋
Any trigonometric ratio of angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
(where 𝜃 is acute) is numerically equal to the co-function of 𝜃.
Sign depends upon the quadrant in which the terminal ray lies.
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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝜋
Angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
𝑌
𝑌

𝜋 𝜋
−𝜃 +𝜃
2 2

𝑋 𝑋
𝑂 𝑂

𝜋 𝜋
sin − 𝜃 = + cos 𝜃 sin + 𝜃 = + cos 𝜃
2 2

𝜋
cos
𝜋
− 𝜃 = + sin 𝜃 cos + 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
2
2
𝜋
tan
𝜋
− 𝜃 = + cot 𝜃 tan + 𝜃 = − cot 𝜃
2
Return to top 2
 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:
𝜋
Angle = 2𝑛 + 1 ± 𝜃, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
𝑌
𝑌 3𝜋
+𝜃
3𝜋 2
−𝜃
2
𝑋
𝑋 𝑂
𝑂

3𝜋 3𝜋
sin − 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃 sin + 𝜃 = −cos 𝜃
2 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
cos − 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 cos + 𝜃 = +sin 𝜃
2 2

3𝜋 3𝜋
tan − 𝜃 = +cot 𝜃 tan + 𝜃 = −cot 𝜃
Return to top 2 2
 8𝜋
Evaluate the following : 𝑖) cos − 𝑖𝑖) cot 570°
3

Solution:
8𝜋 8𝜋 𝑖𝑖) cot 570° = cot 720° − 150°
𝑖) cos − = cos
3 3

= co𝑡 150°
2𝜋
= cos 2𝜋 +
3
= cot 90° + 60°
2𝜋
= cos
3 = − tan 60° = − 3
𝜋 𝜋
= cos +
2 3

𝜋 1
= − sin =−
6 2

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 5
If tan 𝜃 = − ,𝜃 is not in the second quadrant, then show that
12

sin 360° −𝜃 +tan 90° +𝜃 181

=
− sec 270° +𝜃 +cosec −𝜃 338

Solution:
Since tan 𝜃 < 0, 𝜃 should lie in 4𝑡ℎ quadrant.

5 12
sin 𝜃 = − , cos 𝜃 =
13 13

5 5
sin 360° − 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 = − − =
13 13
12 12
tan 90° + 𝜃 = − cot 𝜃 = − − =
5 5
13
sec 270° + 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 = −
5

13 13
cosec −𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃 = − − =
5 5

sin 360°−𝜃 +tan 90°+𝜃 181

=
− sec 270°+𝜃 +cosec −𝜃 338
Return to top
 The value of
cos2 5° + cos 2 10° + cos2 15° + ⋯ + cos2 180° is:

Solution:

cos2 5° + cos 2 10° + ⋯ + cos 2 80° + cos 2 85° + cos2 90° 5° + 175° = 180° A 15

+ cos 2 95° + ⋯ + cos 2 175° + cos 2 180° 95° − 5° = 90°

B 16
2 2 2 2
= cos 5° + cos 95° + cos 10° + cos 100° + ⋯
+ cos 2 85° + cos 2 175° + 1
C 17
cos 90° + 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 cos2 90° + 𝜃 = sin2 𝜃
D 18
= cos 2 5° + sin2 5° + ⋯ + cos2 85° + sin2 85° + 1

= 1+1 +⋯+1 +1

17 times

Return to top = 18
 Find the value of
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋
tan + tan + tan + tan
10 10 10 10

Solution:

We know, tan 𝜋 − 𝜃 = − tan 𝜃

9𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
So, tan = tan 𝜋 − = − tan
10 10 10

Similarly,

7𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
tan = tan 𝜋 − = − tan
10 10 10

𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋 9𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋
∴ tan + tan + tan + tan = tan + tan − tan − tan =0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

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 Find the value of
3𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
sin + sin + sin + sin
5 5 5 5

A 1

B −1

C 0

D 2

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 Find the value of
3𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
sin + sin + sin + sin
5 5 5 5

Solution:

We know, sin 2𝜋 − 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃 A 1

7𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
So, sin = sin 2𝜋 − = − sin
5 5 5
B −1
Similarly,

6𝜋 4𝜋 4𝜋 C 0
sin = sin 2𝜋 − = − sin
5 5 5

3𝜋 4𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
∴ sin + sin + sin + sin =0 D 2
5 5 5 5

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 Session 3
Visualizing Trigonometric Functions
Graphically

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:

Allied angles and their

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
trigonometric ratios

𝜋
90° − 𝜃 or −𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃
2

𝜋
90∘ + 𝜃 or +𝜃 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − cot 𝜃
2

180° − 𝜃 or 𝜋 − 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − tan 𝜃

180° + 𝜃 or 𝜋 + 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Allied Angles:

Allied angles and their

sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃
trigonometric ratios

3𝜋
270° − 𝜃 or −𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cot 𝜃
2

3𝜋
270° + 𝜃 or +𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − cot 𝜃
2

360° − 𝜃 or 2𝜋 − 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − tan 𝜃

360° + 𝜃 or 2𝜋 + 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 tan 𝜃

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 0
𝑌 6 4 3 2
1 1 3
sin 𝑥 0 1
1 2 2 2

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
6 4 3
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 𝜋
𝑌 2 3 4 6
3 1 1
sin 𝑥 1 0
1 2 2 2

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 3𝜋
3
𝜋 2𝜋
2 3 4 6 2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions
If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 , then 𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ [𝜋, 2𝜋]
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
& sin 𝜋 + 𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
𝑌

𝑋
𝜋
0 3
𝜋 3𝜋
2𝜋
2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions
If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋 , then −𝜃 ∈ [−2𝜋, 0]
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
& sin −𝜃 = − sin 𝜃
𝑌

𝑋
−2𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2 2 2

−1
We observe that the values of Sine

Return to top function repeat after an interval of 2𝜋.

 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
𝑌

1 𝑦=1

𝑋
0
−4𝜋 −3𝜋 −2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 4𝜋

𝑦 = −1 −1

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 Periodic Functions

➢ A function 𝑓 𝑥 is said to be periodic function if ∃ a positive real

number 𝑇, such that

𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑇 = 𝑓 𝑥 , ∀ 𝑥 ∈ domain of 𝑓; 𝑇 > 0

➢ Here, 𝑇 is called period of function 𝑓 and the smallest value of 𝑇 is

called fundamental period.

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 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ

➢ Range = −1, 1

➢ −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1

Min Value Max Value

➢ sin 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ sin −𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑥 0 6 4 3 2
𝑌
3 1 1
cos 𝑥 1 0
2 2 2
1

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
6 4 3
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
𝑥 𝜋
2 3 4 6
𝑌
1 1 3
cos 𝑥 0 − − − −1
2 2 2
1

𝑋
0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 3 4 2

−1

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 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 , then 𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ [𝜋, 2𝜋]

& cos 𝜋 + 𝜃 = − cos 𝜃
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑌

𝑋
0 𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 4 2

−1
Return to top
 If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋 , then −𝜃 ∈ [−2𝜋, 0]
Graphs of Trigonometric functions
& cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑌
1

𝑋
−2𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋

−1

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 If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋 , then −𝜃 ∈ [−2𝜋, 0]
Graphs of Trigonometric functions
& cos −𝜃 = cos 𝜃
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝑌

1 𝑦=1

𝑋
−4𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
−2𝜋 4𝜋
−1
𝑦 = −1

Return to top
 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ

➢ Range = −1, 1

➢ −1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1

Min Value Max Value

➢ cos 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
➢ cos −𝑥 = cos 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

Return to top
 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥

sin 𝑥
We know, tan 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

⇒ tan 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if cos 𝑥 ≠ 0

𝜋
⇒ tan 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2

Return to top
Graphs of Trigonometric functions 𝑥 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
6 4 3 2

𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 1
0 3 1 3 N.D.
𝑌

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− − 0
2 2 2 2

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 𝜋 𝜋
If 𝜃 ∈ 0, , then −𝜃 ∈ − , 0
Graphs of Trigonometric functions 2 2

& tan −𝜃 = − tan 𝜃

𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
𝑌
Note:
𝜋 3𝜋
The lines 𝑥 = ± , ± , … are asymptotes
2 2
to the curve

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− − 0
2 2 2 2

Return to top
 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
If 𝜃 ∈ − , , then 𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ ,
Graphs of Trigonometric functions 2 2 2 2

& tan 𝜋 + 𝜃 = tan 𝜃

𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
𝑌

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− − 0 𝜋
2 2 2 2

Return to top
 𝜋 𝜋 −3𝜋 −𝜋
If 𝜃 ∈ − , , then −𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ ,
Graphs of Trigonometric functions 2 2 2 2

& tan −𝜋 + 𝜃 = tan 𝜃

𝑓 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
𝑌

𝑋
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −𝜋 − 0 𝜋
2 2 2 2

Return to top
 Observations

𝜋
➢ Domain = ℝ − 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ℤ
2

➢ Range = ℝ

➢ tan 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ tan −𝑥 = − tan 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 𝜋

Return to top
 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥

cos 𝑥
We know, cot 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

⇒ cot 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if sin 𝑥 ≠ 0
⇒ cot 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑌

𝑋
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
2𝜋
− − 2
2 2 2

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 If 𝜃 ∈ (0, 𝜋), then 𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ (𝜋, 2 𝜋)

Graphs of Trigonometric functions & cot 𝜋 + 𝜃 = cot 𝜃

𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑌

𝑋
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− − 2
2 2 2

We can observe that the values of cot

function repeat after an interval of 𝜋.

Return to top
Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 𝑌

𝑋
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 −
𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− 2 2 2
2

Return to top
 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ − 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ Range = ℝ

➢ cot 𝑥 = 0 iff 𝑥 = 2𝑛 + 1 𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
2
➢ cot −𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

➢ Fundamental period = 𝜋

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥

We know,

⇒ cosec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if sin 𝑥 ≠ 0

⇒ cosec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 𝑛𝜋 ; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

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 𝑌 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥 𝑥 0 𝜋
2
cosec 𝑥
sin 𝑥 0 1 0

cosec 𝑥 N.D. 1 N.D.

sin 𝑥

𝑋
−2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
− 2
2

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 𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 𝜋 , then 𝜋 + 𝜃 ∈ [𝜋, 2𝜋]
& cosec 𝜋 + 𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃

𝑋
−2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
− 2
2

Return to top
 𝑌
𝑓 𝑥 = cosec 𝑥
cosec 𝑥 If 𝜃 ∈ 0, 2𝜋 , then −𝜃 ∈ [−2𝜋, 0]
& cosec −𝜃 = − cosec 𝜃

𝑋
−2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
− 2
2

Return to top
 Observations

➢ Domain = ℝ − 𝑛𝜋; 𝑛 ∈ ℤ

➢ Range = −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

➢ cosec −𝑥 = − cosec 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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 Graphs of Trigonometric functions

𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥

1
We know, sec 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

⇒ sec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if cos 𝑥 ≠ 0
𝜋
⇒ sec 𝑥 ∈ ℝ if 𝑥 ≠ 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ℤ
2

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 𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 𝑌 𝑥 − 0
2 2

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 0 1 0

1 sec 𝑥 N.D. 1 N.D.

3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
𝑋
0
−1

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 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 𝑌

1 𝑦=1
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2
𝑋
0 𝜋
−𝜋
𝑦 = −1
−1

Return to top
 Observations

𝜋
➢ Domain = ℝ − 2𝑛 + 1 ;𝑛 ∈ℤ
2

➢ Range = −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞

➢ Fundamental period = 2𝜋

➢ sec −𝑥 = sec 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

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 𝜋 31𝜋
The number of roots of the equation cot 𝑥 = + 𝑥 in −𝜋, is:
2 2

Solution:

Note:

Number of solutions of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥)

is equal to the number of points

of intersection of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥).

Return to top
 𝜋 31𝜋
The number of roots of the equation cot 𝑥 = + 𝑥 in −𝜋, is:
2 2

Solution: Step 1 ∶ Graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥

𝑌
Step 2 ∶ Graph of 𝑔 𝑥 = 2 + 𝑥
𝜋

⋯⋯⋯

𝑋
3𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 31𝜋 16𝜋
− − 0
2 2 2 2

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 𝜋 31𝜋
The number of roots of the equation cot 𝑥 = + 𝑥 in −𝜋, is:
2 2

Solution:

From the graph, it can be observed that in [0, 𝜋], there is one intersection point.

So, in 0, 15𝜋 , there are 15 intersection points.

31𝜋
In 15𝜋, , there is one intersection point.
2

And there is one more intersection point in −𝜋, 0

So, number of roots = 17.

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 Graphical Transformation

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to left side by 𝑘 units (Horizontal shift)

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘 , 𝑘 < 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along 𝑥-axis to right side by |𝑘| units (Horizontal shift)

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 > 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along along 𝑦-axis up by 𝑘 units (Vertical shift)

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑘, 𝑘 < 0:

Shift graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 along along 𝑦-axis down by |𝑘| units (Vertical shift)

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 Graphical Transformation

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑘𝑥 :
In the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , divide every point on 𝑥-axis by 𝑘

(Horizontal Shrink or stretch)

Case 1: 𝑘 > 1
If 𝑘 > 1, then graph is horizontal shrink.

Case 2: 0 < 𝑘 < 1

If 𝑘 < 1, then graph is horizontal stretch.

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 Graphical Transformation

➢ For graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 :
in the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , multiply 𝑦-axis by 𝑘 (Vertical Shrink or stretch)

Case 1: 𝑘 > 1
If 𝑘 > 1, then graph is vertical stretch.
Case 2: 0 < 𝑘 < 1

If 𝑘 < 1, then graph is vertical shrink.

➢ If graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 is given then for 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , part of

graph below 𝑥-axis is reflected about 𝑥-axis.

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 Vertical Shift
The graph of cos 𝑥 shifts vertically
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2 downward along the 𝑦 −axis by 2 units.

1 cos 𝑥

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1

−2

−3

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 Vertical Shift
The graph of cos 𝑥 shifts vertically
𝑓 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 − 2 downward along the 𝑦 −axis by 2 units.

1 cos 𝑥

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1 cos 𝑥 − 2

−2

−3

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 Horizontal Shift
The graph of sin 𝑥 shifts horizontally
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 +
4 to the left along the 𝑥 −axis by units.
4

sin 𝑥
1

𝑋
−2𝜋
3𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 2 2

−1

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 Horizontal Shift
The graph of sin 𝑥 shifts horizontally
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 +
4 to the left along the 𝑥 −axis by units.
4

𝜋
1 sin 𝑥 +
4

𝑋
−2𝜋
3𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 4 2 2

−1

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 Horizontal Shift
The graph of sin 𝑥 shifts horizontally
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 +
4 to the left along the 𝑥 −axis by units.
4

𝜋
1 sin 𝑥 +
4

𝑋
−2𝜋
3𝜋
−𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− −
2 2 4 2 2

−1

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 1
Plot the following graphs: 𝑖 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 𝑥
2

Solution: Vertically stretches the graph of 𝑓(𝑥),

𝑘 times along the 𝑦 − axis
𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥

𝑌 2 sin 𝑥
2

sin 𝑥
1

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
−1

−2

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 1
Plot the following graphs: 𝑖 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 𝑥
2

Solution:
1
𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
2

𝑌 sin 𝑥
1
1
sin 𝑥
2
1
2

𝑋
0 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
1
−
2

−1

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 1
Plot the following graphs: 𝑖 2 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖 sin 𝑥 𝑖𝑖𝑖 cot 𝑥
2

Solution: cot 𝑥 ; cot 𝑥 > 0

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑓 𝑥 = cot 𝑥 cot 𝑥 = ቊ
− cot 𝑥 ; cot 𝑥 < 0

𝑌
cot 𝑥

𝑋
−2𝜋 3𝜋 −𝜋 −
𝜋 0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋
− 2 2 2
2

cot 𝑥

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 Session 4
Compound angles and transformation
formulas

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

Compound angle: An angle made up of the algebraic sum or

difference of two or more angles is called a compound angle.

Example

If angles 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given, then 𝐴 + 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 are compound angles formed by 𝐴 and 𝐵.

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

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 3 5
If sin 𝛼 = and cos 𝛽 = , then find sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 .
5 13

Solution:
3 4
sin 𝛼 = ⇒ cos 𝛼 = ± 1 − sin2 𝛼 = ±
5 5

5 12
cos 𝛽 = ⇒ sin 𝛽 = ± 1 − cos 2 𝛽 = ±
13 13

sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

3 5 4 12
= ⋅ + ± ⋅ ±
5 13 5 13

15 48 63 15 48 33
⇒ sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = + = sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = − =−
65 65 65 65 65 65

63 33
∴ sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 = or −
Return to top 65 65
 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

Replace 𝐵 by −𝐵

sin 𝐴 + −𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos −𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin −𝐵

⇒ sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

Replace 𝐵 by −𝐵

cos(𝐴 + −𝐵 ) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos −𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin −𝐵

⇒ cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

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 sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° sin 66°
The value of is
sin 21° cos 39° − cos 51° sin 69°

Solution:
A −1
Applying the formula,

sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

B 1
sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° sin 66° = sin 24° cos 6° − sin 6° cos 24°

= sin 18°
C 2
Similarly,

sin 21° cos 39° − cos 51° sin 69° = sin 21° cos 39° − sin 39° cos 21°
D 0
= − sin 18°
sin 24° cos 6°− sin 6° sin 66°
∴ = −1
sin 21° cos 39°− cos 51° sin 69°

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 Find the value of
𝑖 sin 15° 𝑖𝑖 cos 15°

Solution:

𝑖 sin 15° 𝑖𝑖 cos 15°

Applying the formula, Applying the formula,

sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 − cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 cos 𝛼 − 𝛽 = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽

We take 𝛼 = 45° , 𝛽 = 30° We take 𝛼 = 45° , 𝛽 = 30°

sin 45° − 30° = sin 45° cos 30° − cos 45° sin 30° cos 45° − 30° = cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30°

1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1
= . − . = . + .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3−1 3+1
= =
2 2 2 2

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 In a Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅, if 3 sin 𝑃 + 4 cos 𝑄 = 6 and 4 sin 𝑄 + 3 cos 𝑃 = 1,
then the angle 𝑅 is equal to
JEE Main Aug 2021
Solution:
Given that, in Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅

3 sin 𝑃 + 4 cos 𝑄 = 6 ⋯ 1

4 sin 𝑄 + 3 cos 𝑃 = 1 ⋯ 2

Squaring and adding 1 and 2 , we get

9 sin2 𝑃 + 16 cos 2 𝑄 + 24 sin 𝑃 cos 𝑄 + 16 sin2 𝑄 + 9 cos2 𝑃 + 24 sin 𝑃 cos 𝑄 = 36 + 1

⇒ 25 + 24 sin 𝑃 cos 𝑄 + cos 𝑃 sin 𝑄 = 37

1
⇒ sin 𝑃 + 𝑄 = ∵ sin 𝑃 + 𝑄 = sin 𝑃 cos 𝑄 + cos 𝑃 sin 𝑄
2

𝜋 5𝜋
⇒𝑃+𝑄 = or
6 6

5𝜋 𝜋
Return to top Since 𝑃 + 𝑄 + 𝑅 = 𝜋 ⇒ 𝑅 = or
6 6
 In a Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅, if 3 sin 𝑃 + 4 cos 𝑄 = 6 and 4 sin 𝑄 + 3 cos 𝑃 = 1,
then the angle 𝑅 is equal to
JEE Main Aug 2021
Solution:
5𝜋 𝜋
If 𝑅 = , then 0 < 𝑃, 𝑄 <
6 6

1 1
⇒ sin 𝑃 < , cos 𝑄 < 1 ⇒ 3 sin 𝑃 + 4 cos 𝑄 < 3 +4 1
2 2

11
⇒ 3 sin 𝑃 + 4 cos 𝑄 <
2
5𝜋 𝜋
A B
But 3 sin 𝑃 + 4 cos 𝑄 = 6, so 6 6

5𝜋
𝑅= is not possible. 𝜋 3𝜋
6
C 4 D 4
𝜋
∴𝑅=
6

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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 :
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵
As tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

⇒ tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Dividing the numerator and the denominator by

cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ,
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
+
⇒ tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
−
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 are not

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝜋
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 equal to odd multiple of
2
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Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 :

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 are not

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝜋
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 equal to odd multiple of
2

Replace 𝐵 by −𝐵,
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = tan 𝐴 + −𝐵

tan 𝐴 + tan −𝐵
=
1 − tan 𝐴 tan −𝐵

tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
=
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 − 𝐵 are not
tan 𝐴 − tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 − 𝐵 = equal to odd multiple of
𝜋
1 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 2
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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

cot 𝐴 + 𝐵

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 tan 𝜃 ⋅ cot 𝜃 = 1

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

1 1
1 +
= cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 are not equal to multiple of 𝜋
cot 𝐴 + 𝐵 1 1
1− ×
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵

cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐴
= cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵
cot 𝐴 × cot 𝐵 − 1
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵

cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐴
=
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1

cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1
cot 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐴 Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

cot 𝐴 − 𝐵
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1
cot 𝐴 + 𝐵 = where 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐴 + 𝐵 are not equal to multiple of 𝜋
cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐴
Replace 𝐵 by −𝐵

cot 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cot 𝐴 + −𝐵

cot 𝐴 cot −𝐵 − 1
=
cot(−𝐵) + cot 𝐴

− cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 − 1
= cot −𝜃 = − cot 𝜃
− cot 𝐵 + cot 𝐴
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 + 1
=
cot 𝐵 − cot 𝐴
cot 𝐴 cot 𝐵 + 1
cot 𝐴 − 𝐵 =
cot 𝐵 − cot 𝐴
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 3 5 𝜋
If cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 = , sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = and 0 < 𝛼, 𝛽 < ,
5 13 4
then tan 2𝛼 is equal to :
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
𝜋
0<𝛼+𝛽 < ⇒ 𝛼 + 𝛽 is in 1st quadrant
2 21 63
A 16
B 16
𝛼 − 𝛽 is also in 1st quadrant

3 4 63 33
cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 = C D
5 3 52 52

5 5
sin 𝛼 − 𝛽 = ⇒ tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
13 12

Now, tan 2𝛼 = tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛼 − 𝛽

tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 + tan 𝛼 − 𝛽
=
1 − tan 𝛼 + 𝛽 ⋅ tan 𝛼 − 𝛽

4 5
+
= 3 12 = 63
4 5 16
1− ×
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 cos 12° +sin 12°
If tan 𝜃 = , find 𝜃 in the first quadrant.
cos 12° −sin 12°

Solution:
cos 12° + sin 12°
tan 𝜃 =
cos 12° − sin 12°

Divide Numerator and Denominator by cos 12°

cos 12° sin 12°

+
⇒ tan 𝜃 = cos 12° cos 12° = 1 + tan 12°
cos 12° sin 12° 1 − tan 12°
−
cos 12° cos 12°

tan 45° + tan 12°

⇒ tan 𝜃 =
1 − tan 45° tan 12°

⇒ tan 𝜃 = tan 45° + 12°

⇒ tan 𝜃 = tan 57°

⇒ 𝜃 = 57∘
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 Trigonometric Ratios of Compound Angles:

cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴
Divide numerator and denominator by cos 𝐴,
cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴

cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
−
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴
+
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴

1 − tan 𝐴 𝜋
= = tan − 𝐴
1 + tan 𝐴 4

Similarly,

cos 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 𝜋
= tan + 𝐴
cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 4

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 Find the value of
𝑖 tan 15° 𝑖𝑖 cot 15°

Solution:
𝑖 tan 15°
Applying the formula,
tan 𝛼−tan 𝛽
tan 𝛼 − 𝛽 =
1+ tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽

We take 𝛼 = 60° , 𝛽 = 45°

tan 60° −tan 45°
tan 60° − 45° =
1+ tan 60° tan 45°
2
3−1 3−1
= =
1+ 3 2

=2− 3
𝑖𝑖 cot 15°
1 1
cot 15° = = =2+ 3
tan 15° 2− 3
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 Note:
𝜋
➢ If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = ,
2
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝐵 = − 𝐴 ⇒ tan 𝐵 = tan −𝐴
2 2
⇒ tan 𝐵 = cot 𝐴 or tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 = 1

➢ If tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 1,
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
⇒ =1
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
⇒ tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 = 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
⇒ tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 = 1
Adding 1 both sides,
1 + tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 = 2
⇒ 1 + tan 𝐴 1 + tan 𝐵 = 2

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 If 1 + tan 1° 1 + tan 2° 1 + tan 3° ⋯ 1 + tan 44° = 2𝑘 ,
then the value of 𝑘 is:

Solution:
Given, 1 + tan 1° 1 + tan 2° 1 + tan 3° ⋯ 1 + tan 44° = 2𝑘 A 22

On rearranging the factors, we get

B 23
1 + tan 1° 1 + tan 44° 1 + tan 2° 1 + tan 43° ⋯ 1 + tan 22° 1 + tan 23° = 2𝑘

⇒ 2 × 2 × ⋯ × 2 = 2𝑘
C 44
22 times

⇒ 222 = 2𝑘
D 46
⇒ 𝑘 = 22

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 Transformation Formulae

Product Sum
𝐼. 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Proof sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵

⇒ 2 sin 𝐴 cos B = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 − 𝐵

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 Transformation Formulae

Product Sum
𝐼𝐼. 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

Proof sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝐵
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

= 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

⇒ 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 − 𝐵

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 Transformation Formulae

Product Sum
𝐼𝐼𝐼. 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵

Proof
cos 𝐴 + 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝑩
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 − 𝐵
cos 𝐴 − 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝑩
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

= 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵

⇒ 𝟐 cos 𝑨 cos 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 + 𝑩 + cos 𝑨 − 𝑩

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 Transformation Formulae

Product Sum
𝐼𝑉. 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

Proof
cos 𝐴 + 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 ⋅ cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝑩
cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
cos 𝐴 − 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 ⋅ cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 ⋅ sin 𝑩
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

= 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

⇒ 𝟐 sin 𝐴 sin 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 − cos 𝑨 + 𝑩

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 The value of sin 70° × sin 50° − cos 85° × cos 65° is

Solution: 𝟐 cos 𝑨 cos 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 + 𝑩 + cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 3+1

A
4
° ° ° °
sin 70 × sin 50 − cos 85 × cos 65
1 𝟐 sin 𝐴 sin 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 − cos 𝑨 + 𝑩 3−1
= 2 sin 70° sin 50° − 2 cos 85° cos 65° B 4
2
1
= cos 70° − 50° − cos 70° + 50° − cos 85° + 65° + cos 85° − 65° − 3+1
2 C
4
1
= cos 20° − cos 120° − cos 150° − cos 20°
2
3+1
1 D −
4
= − cos(180° −60° ) − cos(180° −30° )
2
1 1 1 3 3+1
= cos 60° + cos 30° = + = cos 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽 = − cos 𝜽
2 2 2 2 4

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 The value of cosec 10° − 4 sin 70° is

Solution:
We have cosec 10° − 4 sin 70° A 0

1
= − 4 sin 70° 𝟐 sin 𝐴 sin 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 − cos 𝑨 + 𝑩
sin 10° B 1
1 − 4 sin 10° sin 70°
=
sin 10°
C 2
° °
1 − 2 cos 60 − cos 80
=
sin 10°

1−2
1
− cos 80° D 3
= 2
sin 10°

2 cos 90° − 10° 2 sin 10°

= = =2
sin 10° sin 10°

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 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2

Proof
We have,

𝟐 sin 𝐴 cos 𝑩 = sin 𝐴 + 𝑩 + sin 𝐴 − 𝑩

Let 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Then 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
2 sin cos = sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷
2 2
Return to top
 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼. sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2

Proof

We have,

𝟐 cos 𝑨 sin 𝑩 = sin 𝐴 + 𝑩 − sin 𝐴 − 𝑩

Let 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Then 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
2 cos sin = sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷
2 2

Return to top
 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼𝐼. cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2

Proof
We have,

𝟐 cos 𝑨 cos 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 + 𝑩 + cos 𝑨 − 𝑩

Let 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Then 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
2 cos cos = cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷
2 2

Return to top
 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝑉. cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2

Proof
We have,

𝟐 sin 𝑨 sin 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 − cos 𝑨 + 𝑩

Let 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐶, 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐷
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
Then 𝐴 = and 𝐵 =
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷

2 sin sin = cos 𝐷 − cos 𝐶 ⇒ cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

Return to top
 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼. sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼𝐼. cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝑉. cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2

Return to top
 Session 5
Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple
Angles

Return to top
 Transformation Formulae

Sum Product
𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼. sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼. sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos sin
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝐼𝐼. cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
2 2

𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
𝐼𝑉. cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = −2 sin sin
2 2

Return to top
 sin 𝐴+sin 3𝐴+sin 5𝐴+sin 7𝐴
Prove that = tan 4𝐴
cos 𝐴+cos 3𝐴+cos 5𝐴+cos 7𝐴

Solution:
sin 𝐴 + sin 3𝐴 + sin 5𝐴 + sin 7𝐴
cos 𝐴 + cos 3𝐴 + cos 5𝐴 + cos 7𝐴

(sin 𝐴 + sin 7𝐴) + (sin 3𝐴 + sin 5𝐴)

=
(cos 𝐴 + cos 7𝐴) + (cos 3𝐴 + cos 5𝐴)

2 sin 4𝐴 cos 3𝐴 + 2 sin 4𝐴 cos 𝐴

=
2 cos 4𝐴 cos 3𝐴 + 2 cos 4𝐴 cos 𝐴

= tan 4𝐴

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

If 𝜃 is an angle

𝜃
2𝜃
2

𝜃
3𝜃
Multiple Angles 3 Submultiple
of 𝜃 4𝜃
𝜃 Angles of 𝜃
4

⋮ ⋮

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:
2 tan 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃
Proof

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Putting 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝜃,
sin 𝜃 + 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

⇒ sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

sin 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃
⇒ sin 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 ⇒ sin 2𝜃 =
cos 𝜃 sec 2 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃
⇒ sin 2𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃
Return to top
 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
The value of 2 sin sin sin sin sin sin is:
8 8 8 8 8 8

JEE Main Feb 2021

Solution:
𝜋 7𝜋 2𝜋 6𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋
+ = 𝜋, + = 𝜋, + =𝜋
8 8 8 8 8 8
sin 𝜋 − 𝜃 = sin 𝜃
5𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋
sin = sin 𝜋 − = sin ⋯ 𝑖
8 8 8

7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin = sin 𝜋 − = sin ⋯ 𝑖𝑖
8 8 8

2𝜋 𝜋 1
sin = sin = ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖
8 4 2

6𝜋 3𝜋 1
sin = sin = ⋯ 𝑖𝑣
8 4 2

𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
2 sin sin sin sin sin sin
8 8 8 8 8 8

𝜋 3𝜋 1 1
= 2 sin2 × sin2 × ×
Return to top 8 8 2 2
 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋
The value of 2 sin sin sin sin sin sin is:
8 8 8 8 8 8

JEE Main Feb 2021

Solution:
1
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋 A 8 2
2 sin sin sin sin sin sin
8 8 8 8 8 8

𝜋 3𝜋 1 𝜋 3𝜋 1 3𝜋 𝜋 2
= 2 sin2 × sin2 × = sin2 8 × sin2 8
=
4
2 sin
8
× sin
8 B
1
8 8 2 4 2

2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

1
C
𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 6𝜋 7𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 2 8
2 sin sin sin sin sin sin = cos − cos
8 8 8 8 8 8 4 4 2

1
1 1 2 D
= × 4
4 2

1 1 1
= × =
4 2 8

Return to top
 1 1
The value of + is:
cos 290° 3 sin 250°

Solution: 2 3
A
1 1 3
+
cos 290° 3 sin 250°
1 1 B 4 3
= − 3
sin 20° 3 cos 20°
3 cos 20° − sin 20°
= C 3
3 sin 20° cos 20°
3 1
cos 20° − sin 20°
=4 2 2
D None
3 ⋅ 2 sin 20° cos 20°
cos 50°
=4
3 sin 40°

4 4 3
= =
3 3
Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

2 2 2 2
1 − tan2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃

Proof

cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

Putting 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝜃,

cos 𝜃 + 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 × cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 × sin 𝜃

⇒ cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 1 − cos 2 𝜃

⇒ cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − 1 − cos 2 𝜃

⇒ cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

2 2 2 2
1 − tan2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃

Proof
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

1 − sin2 𝜃

⇒ cos 2𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

⇒ cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

2 2 2 2
1 − tan2 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃 − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃

Proof
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃

⇒ cos 2𝜃 = =
1 cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃
Divide both numerator and denominator by cos2 𝜃

1 − tan2 𝜃
⇒ cos 2𝜃 =
1 + tan2 𝜃

Return to top
 𝜋
The value of cot is:
24
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 A 3 2− 3− 6
𝜋 cos 2 sin sin 2 ×
24 × 24 = 24
cot = 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
24 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2
24 24 24
B 2− 3−2+ 6
𝜋
sin
= 12 2 sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃
𝜋
1 − cos 2 × 24 C 2+ 3+2− 6

𝜋 𝜋
sin −
= 4 6 D
𝜋 𝜋 2+ 3+2+ 6
1 − cos 4 − 6

3−1
2 2 3−1 2 2+ 3+1
= = ×
3+1 2 2− 3+1 2 2+ 3+1
1−
2 2
Return to top
 𝜋
The value of cot is:
24
JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:
𝜋 3−1 2 2+ 3+1 A 3 2− 3− 6
cot = ×
24 2 2 − 3 + 1 2 2+ 3+1
B 2− 3−2+ 6
2 6 − 2 2 + (3 − 1)
=
8− 3+1+2 3
C 2+ 3+2− 6

6− 2+1 2+ 3
= ×
2− 3 2+ 3 D 2+ 3+2+ 6

= 2 6+3 2−2 2− 6+2+ 3

= 6+ 2+2+ 3 = 2+ 3+2+ 6

Return to top
 Important Deductions

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐵 − cos 2 𝐴

Proof Consider,
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

1
= [2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 ] 𝟐 sin 𝑨 sin 𝑩 = cos 𝑨 − 𝑩 − cos 𝑨 + 𝑩
2

1
= [cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐴 + 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐴 − 𝐵 ]
2

1
= [cos 2𝐵 − cos 2𝐴]
2

1
= 1 − 2 sin2 𝐵 − 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵
2

Return to top
 Important Deductions

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin 𝐴 − 𝐵 = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐵 − cos 2 𝐴

Proof
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵

= 1 − cos2 𝐴 − 1 − cos 2 𝐵

⇒ sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos2 𝐵 − cos2 𝐴

cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 = cos 2 𝐵 − sin2 𝐴

Return to top
 𝜋 𝜋 1° 1°
Evaluate: 𝑖 cos2 +𝑥 − sin2 −𝑥 𝑖𝑖 cos 2
7 − cos 2
37
4 4 2 2

Solution:

𝜋
𝑖 cos ⋅ cos 2𝑥 = 0
2

1
𝑖𝑖 sin 45° ⋅ sin 30° =
2 2

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles

Note
1 − cos 2𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = 2cos2 𝜃 − 1 cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 =
2
⇒ 2cos2 𝜃 = 1 + cos 2𝜃 ⇒ 2sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2𝜃
1 + cos 2𝜃
cos 𝜃 =
1 + cos 2𝜃 1 − cos 2𝜃 2
⇒ cos 2 𝜃 = ⇒ sin2 𝜃 =
2 2
1 − cos 2𝜃
sin 𝜃 2
1 + cos 2𝜃 1−cos 2𝜃 ⇒ =
⇒ = cos 𝜃 ⇒ = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 1 + cos 2𝜃
2 2
2

1 − cos 2𝜃
⇒ tan 𝜃 =
1 + cos 2𝜃

Return to top
 𝜋 3𝜋
If <𝜃< , then 2 + 2 1 + cos 4𝜃 simplifies to:
2 4

Solution:
A cos 2𝜃

2 + 2 1 + cos 4𝜃 = 2 + 2 2 cos 2 2𝜃
B 2 sin 𝜃
= 2 + |2 cos 2𝜃 |

𝜃
= 2 − 2 cos 2𝜃 C 4 cos
2

= 2 ⋅ 2 sin2 𝜃
D 2 cos 𝜃
= 2 sin 𝜃

= 2 sin 𝜃

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:
2 tan 𝜃
tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃

Proof
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Putting 𝐴 = 𝐵 = 𝜃,

tan 2𝜃 = tan 𝜃 + 𝜃

tan 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃

⇒ tan 2𝜃 = ⇒ tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan 𝜃 × tan 𝜃 1 − tan2 𝜃
Return to top
 2 sin 𝛼 1 1−cos 2𝛽 1 𝜋
If = and = , 𝛼, 𝛽 ∈ 0, , then tan 𝛼 + 2𝛽
1+cos 2𝛼 7 2 10 2

is equal to ______.
JEE Main Mar 2021
Solution:
2
2 sin 𝛼 1 2 sin 𝛼 1 1 2 tan 𝛽
= ⇒ = ⇒ tan 𝛼 = tan 2𝛽 = = 3 =3
1 + cos 2𝛼 7 2 cos 𝛼 7 7 1 − tan2 𝛽 1 − 1 4
9
1 − cos 2𝛽 1 tan 𝛼 + tan 2𝛽
= tan 𝛼 + 2𝛽 =
2 10 1 − tan 𝛼 tan 2𝛽

2 sin 𝛽 1
⇒ = 1 3
2 10 +
= 7 4
1 3
1 1− ×
7 4
⇒ sin 𝛽 =
10

1 =1
⇒ tan 𝛽 =
3

Return to top
 tan 155° − tan 115°
If tan 25° = 𝑥, then is equal to:
1 + tan 155° tan 115°

Solution:
1−𝑥 2
A
tan 155° − tan 115° 2𝑥

1 + tan 155° tan 115°

= tan 40° 1+𝑥 2
B
2𝑥
= cot 50°

1 1+𝑥 2
= C
1−𝑥 2
tan 50°

1 − tan2 25∘ 1−𝑥 2

= D
2 tan 25° 1+𝑥 2

1 − 𝑥2
=
2𝑥

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

sin 3𝜃 = 3sin 𝜃 − 4sin3 𝜃

Proof

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin 3𝜃 = sin 𝜃 + 2𝜃

= sin 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 + cos 𝜃 sin 2𝜃

= sin 𝜃 1 − 2sin2 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 ∵ cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃

= sin 𝜃 − 2sin3 𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃 × 1 − sin2 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 − 2sin3 𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃 − 2sin3 𝜃

⇒ sin 3𝜃 = 3sin 𝜃 − 4sin3 𝜃

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:
cos 3𝜃 = 4cos3 𝜃 − 3cos 𝜃

Proof
cos 3𝜃 = cos 𝜃 + 2𝜃 = cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 − sin 𝜃 sin 2𝜃

cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1, sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

⇒ cos 3𝜃 = cos 𝜃 2 cos 2 𝜃 − 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃

= 2 cos 3 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 1 − cos 2 𝜃

= 2 cos 3 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 2 cos 𝜃 + 2 cos 3 𝜃

⇒ cos 3𝜃 = 4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃

Return to top
 Trigonometric Ratios of Multiple Angles:

3 tan 𝜃 − tan3 𝜃
tan 3𝜃 =
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃

Proof
sin 3𝜃
tan 3𝜃 =
cos 3𝜃

3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃
=
4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃
Divide numerator and denominator by cos 3 𝜃

3 tan 𝜃 − tan3 𝜃
⇒ tan 3𝜃 =
1 − 3 tan2 𝜃
1
∴ 2
= sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
Return to top cos 𝜃
 Evaluate: 8 cos3 20° − 6 cos 20°

Solution:
A 1
𝐴 = 8 cos3 20° − 6 cos 20° = 2 4 cos3 20° − 3 cos 20°

Using the formula 4 cos 3 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 = cos 3𝜃 , we get B −1

𝐴 = 2 cos 60° = 1
C − 3

D 3

Return to top
 1
If sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = , then 16 sin 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 + sin 6𝜃 is equal to:
2

JEE Main Feb 2021

Solution:
1
Given: sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 16 sin 2𝜃 + cos 4𝜃 + sin 6𝜃 A 23
2

Squaring on both sides, 3 1 9

= 16 − − −
4 8 16 B −23
1
sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 + 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 =
4
= −23
1 1 3 C 27
⇒ 1 + sin 2𝜃 = ⇒ sin 2𝜃 = − 1 = −
4 4 4

9 1
cos 4𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin 2𝜃 2 ⇒ cos 4𝜃 = 1 − ⇒ cos 4𝜃 = − D −27
8 8

and sin 6𝜃 = 3 sin 2𝜃 − 4 sin3 2𝜃

9 27 9
⇒ sin 6𝜃 = − + ⇒ sin 6𝜃 = −
4 16 16

Return to top
 Session 6
Extended Compound angles and
conditional Identities

Return to top
 Multiple Angles Sub-multiple Angles
𝜃 𝜃
sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = 2 sin cos
2 2
𝜃
2 tan 𝜃 2 tan
2
= =
1 + tan2 𝜃 1 + tan2
𝜃
2
𝜃 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos 2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = cos 2 − sin2
2 2

𝜃
2
1 − tan 𝜃 1 − tan2
2
= =
1 + tan2 𝜃 2𝜃
1 + tan
2

𝜃
2 tan
2 tan 𝜃 2
tan 2𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
1 − tan2 𝜃 𝜃
1 − tan2
2

Return to top
 7 𝜃 𝜋
If sin 𝜃 = , then the value of sin , where 𝜃 ∈ 0, is
4 2 2

Solution: A
1
5
7
sin 𝜃 =
4
1
B 3
3 𝜃
⇒ cos 𝜃 = = 1 − 2 sin2
4 2
4
𝜃 12
C 7
⇒ 2 sin =
2 4

𝜃 1 1
⇒ sin2 = D 2 2
2 8

𝜃 1
⇒ sin =±
2 2 2

𝜃 𝜋 𝜃 1
Since ∈ 0, , ∴ sin =
2 4 2 2 2
Return to top
 𝐴 sin 𝐴 1
Prove that tan = and hence, find tan 22 °.
2 1+cos 𝐴 2

Solution:
𝐴
𝐴 sin 2
tan =
2 cos 𝐴
2

𝐴 𝐴
2 sin cos
= 2 2
𝐴
2 cos2
2

sin 𝐴
=
1 + cos 𝐴

1 sin 45° 1
tan 22 ° = = = 2−1
2 1 + cos 45° 2+1

Return to top
 𝜋 5 −1 2𝜋
Prove that sin = = cos
10 4 5

Solution: 𝜋
Let 𝜃 =
𝜋 2𝜋 10
sin = cos
10 5 𝜋
⇒ 5𝜃 =
𝜋 2
As 2𝜃 = − 3𝜃
2 𝜋
⇒ 2𝜃 + 3𝜃 =
2
𝜋
⇒ sin 2𝜃 = sin − 3𝜃 𝜋
2
sin 2𝜃 = 2sin 𝜃 × cos 𝜃 ⇒ 2𝜃 = − 3𝜃
2
⇒ sin 2𝜃 = cos 3𝜃 cos 3𝜃 = 4cos3 𝜃 − 3cos 𝜃

⇒ 2sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 4 cos3 𝜃 − 3cos 𝜃

⇒ 2sin 𝜃 = 4 cos 2 𝜃 − 3

⇒ 2sin 𝜃 = 4 1 − sin2 𝜃 − 3

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 𝜋 5 −1 2𝜋
Prove that sin = = cos
10 4 5

Solution:

⇒ 4 sin2 𝜃 + 2sin 𝜃 − 1 = 0
−2± 4+16
⇒ sin 𝜃 =
8

−1± 5
⇒ sin 𝜃 =
4

𝜋
Hence, sin
𝜋
=
5 −1
= cos
2𝜋
[ As sin 𝜃 > 0 ∀ 𝜃 ∈ 0, ]
10 4 5 2

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 Trigonometric ratios of Multiple Angles
1
Important deduction: sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin(60° + 𝜃) = 4 sin 3𝜃

Proof

Consider,

sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵

= sin 𝜃 sin2 60𝑜 − sin2 𝜃 3 sin 𝜃 − 4 sin3 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃

3
= sin 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
4

3 sin 𝜃−4 sin3 𝜃 1

= = sin 3𝜃
4 4
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 Trigonometric ratios of Multiple Angles

Important deduction:

1
sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃
4

1
cos 𝜃 cos 60° − 𝜃 cos 60° + 𝜃 = cos 3𝜃
4

tan 𝜃 tan 60° − 𝜃 tan 60° + 𝜃 = tan 3𝜃

cot 𝜃 cot 60° − 𝜃 cot 60° + 𝜃 = cot 3𝜃

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 The value of sin 10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70° is
JEE Main 2019
Solution:
1 1
° ° ° ° 1
sin 10 sin 30 sin 50 sin 70 = sin 10° × × sin 60° − 10° × sin 60° + 10° A 18
B 32
2

1
sin 𝜃 sin 60° − 𝜃 sin 60° + 𝜃 = sin 3𝜃
4 1 1
1 1
C 16
D 36
⇒ sin 10° sin 30° sin 50° sin 70° = × × sin 3 × 10°
2 4
1
= × sin 30°
8

1 1
= ×
8 2

1
=
16

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 Extended Compound angles

sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

Proof Consider
sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + 𝐶 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + 𝐶
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐵 sin 𝐶
= sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐶
Taking cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 common throughout, we get
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐶
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 − + +
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶

Return to top = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
 Extended Compound angles

cos 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐶 1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 − tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶 − tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵−tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶−tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

If 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , … , 𝐴𝑛 are 𝑛 angles, then

𝑆1 −𝑆3 +𝑆5 −𝑆7 +⋯

tan 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛 =
1−𝑆2 +𝑆4 −𝑆6 +𝑆8 −⋯

where 𝑆1 = sum of tan of angles taken one at a time

𝑆2 = sum of product of tan of angles taken two at a time

𝑆3 = sum of product of tan of angles taken three at a time

⋮

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 Conditional Identities

In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, sin 2𝐴 + sin 2𝐵 + sin 2𝐶 = 4 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

Proof sin 2𝐴 + sin 2𝐵 + sin 2𝐶

2𝐴+2𝐵 2𝐴−2𝐵 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
= 2 sin cos + sin 2𝐶 sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2

= 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐶 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

= 2 sin 𝜋 − 𝐶 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐶 ∵𝐴+𝐵+𝐶 =𝜋

= 2 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐶

= 2 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + cos 𝐶 = 2 sin 𝐶 cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 + cos 𝜋 − 𝐴 + 𝐵

= 2 sin 𝐶 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos 𝐴 − 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 + 𝐵

= 4 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶

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 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
In a ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 show that cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶 = 1 + 4 sin sin sin .
2 2 2

cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐶

cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃
𝐴+𝐵 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
= 2 cos cos + 1 − 2 sin2
2 2 2 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos cos
𝜋 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶 2 2
= 1 + 2 cos − cos − 2 sin2
2 2 2 2

𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶
= 1 + 2 sin cos − 2 sin2
2 2 2

𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴−𝐵 𝜋 𝐴+𝐵

= 1 + 2 sin cos − sin = 1 + 2 sin cos − sin −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝐶 𝐴 𝐵
= 1 + 2 sin × 2 sin × sin
2 2 2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2

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 Conditional Identities

In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶,
➢ tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
➢ tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

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 Conditional Identities

In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

Proof

As 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋,

⇒ tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = tan 𝜋

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

tan 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 =
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵−tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶−tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵+tan 𝐶−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

⇒ =0
1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵−tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶−tan 𝐶 tan 𝐴

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶

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 Conditional Identities

𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
In Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶, tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

Proof

𝐵𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 tan +tan +tan −tan tan tan
22 2 2 2 2
tan + + = 𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
2 2 2 1−tan tan −tan tan −tan tan
2 2 2 2 2 2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝜋
As 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋, 2
+ +
2 2
=
2
𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
So, 1 − tan tan − tan tan − tan tan =0
2 2 2 2 2 2

𝐴 𝐵 𝐵 𝐶 𝐶 𝐴
tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

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 In a triangle tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = 6, and tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵 = 2.
Then the values of tan 𝐴 , tan 𝐵 , tan 𝐶 can be:

Solution:

Since 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 𝜋,

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵 ⋅ tan 𝐶

So, 6 = 2 ⋅ tan 𝐶 ⇒ tan 𝐶 = 3

Substituting,

tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 = 3 and tan 𝐴 ⋅ tan 𝐵 = 2

Solving both equations, we get

tan 𝐴 = 1, tan 𝐵 = 2 ( or vice-versa )

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 Some more deductions
sin 2𝑛 𝐴
cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴 =
2𝑛 sin 𝐴

Proof

cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴

1
= 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 × ⋯ × cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴
2 sin 𝐴

1
= 2 sin 2𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴
22 sin 𝐴

1
= 2 sin 4𝐴 cos 4𝐴 cos 23 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴
23 sin 𝐴
sin 2𝑛 𝐴
Continuing like this, we finally get 2𝑛 sin 𝐴
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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The value of cos ⋅ cos ⋯ cos 10 ⋅ sin is
22 23 2 210
JEE Main July 2021

Solution:
1 1
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
A 1024
B 2
𝐴 = cos ⋅ cos ⋯ cos ⋅ sin
22 23 210 210

1 1
Put
𝜋
=𝑥⇒𝜋=2 𝑥 10 C 512
D 256
210

⇒ 𝐴 = cos 𝑥 ⋅ cos 2𝑥 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ cos 28 𝑥 sin 𝑥

sin 2𝑛 𝜃
We know, = cos 𝜃 ⋅ cos 2𝜃 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝜃
2𝑛 sin 𝜃

Here, 𝑛 − 1 = 8 ⇒ 𝑛 = 9

sin 29 𝑥
⇒𝐴= ⋅ sin 𝑥
29 sin 𝑥

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 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
The value of cos ⋅ cos ⋯ cos 10 ⋅ sin is
22 23 2 210
JEE Main July 2021

Solution:
1 1
A 1024
B 2
sin 29 𝑥
⇒𝐴= ⋅ sin 𝑥
29 sin 𝑥

1 1
𝜋 C 512
D
sin 29 10 256
2
⇒𝐴=
29

𝜋
sin
2
⇒𝐴=
29

1
⇒𝐴=
512

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 𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 16𝜋 32𝜋
The value of cos cos cos cos cos cos is
65 65 65 65 65 65

Solution:
𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 16𝜋 32𝜋
Consider 𝐴 = cos 65 cos 65 cos 65 cos 65 cos 65
cos
65

𝜋
Let 𝜃 =
65

⇒ 𝐴 = cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 cos 22 𝜃 × ⋯ × cos 25 𝜃

sin 2𝑛 𝐴
cos 𝐴 cos 2𝐴 cos 22 𝐴 ⋯ cos 2𝑛−1 𝐴 =
2𝑛 sin 𝐴

Here, 𝑛 − 1 = 5

⇒𝑛=6

2
sin 26 𝜃
5
⇒ 𝐴 = cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 × ⋯ × cos 2 𝜃 = 6
2 sin 𝜃
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 𝜋 2𝜋 4𝜋 8𝜋 16𝜋 32𝜋
The value of cos cos cos cos cos cos is
65 65 65 65 65 65

Solution:
2 5
sin 26 𝜃 A
1
⇒ 𝐴 = cos 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 cos 2 𝜃 × ⋯ × cos 2 𝜃 = 6 16
2 sin 𝜃
𝜋
∵𝜃=
𝜋 65
sin 64 × 1
= 65 B
𝜋 32
64 × sin
65
64𝜋
sin C
1
= 65 64
𝜋
64 × sin
65
𝜋 1
sin 𝜋 − D
= 65 128
𝜋
64 × sin
65
𝜋
sin
= 65 = 1
𝜋 64
64 × sin
65
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 Session 7
Range of Trigonometric Expressions
& Trigonometric series

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 Find the maximum and minimum values of 𝑦 = 2sin2 𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ.

Solution:

sin 𝑥 ∈ −1, 1 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

⇒ sin2 𝑥 ∈ [0, 1]

⇒ 2 sin2 𝑥 ∈ [0, 2]

⇒ 2 sin2 𝑥 − 3 ∈ [−3, −1]

Minimum value = −3

Maximum value = −1

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 Find the range of 𝑦 = 4 − 3sec 2 𝑥

Solution:
A −∞, 0

sec 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −1 ∪ 1, ∞ ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 ∈ 1, ∞

3sec 2 𝑥 ∈ 3, ∞ ⇒ −3sec 2 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −3 B 0, ∞

𝑦 = 4 − 3sec 2 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 1
C −∞, 1

D 1, ∞

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 Maximum and Minimum Values Of Trigonometric Expressions
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Proof
𝐴
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Dividing and multiplying with 𝑎2 + 𝑏2, we get 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝛼
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin 𝑥 × cos 𝛼 + cos 𝑥 × sin 𝛼 𝐶 𝑎 𝐵

= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 × sin 𝑥 + 𝛼

Since sin 𝑦 ∈ −1, 1 ⇒ −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 + 𝛼 ≤ 1

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 Maximum and Minimum Values Of Trigonometric Expressions
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 where 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ
Proof
𝐴
⇒ −1 ≤ sin 𝑥 + 𝛼 ≤ 1
Multiplying the inequality throughout by 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , we get 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑏
− 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 sin 𝑥 + 𝛼 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

⇒ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ≤ 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝛼
𝐶 𝑎 𝐵

Minimum value Maximum value

of 𝑓 𝑥 of 𝑓 𝑥

Thus, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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 The range of 𝑓 𝑥 = 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ is equal to:

Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2 A [−10, 10] B [−12, 12]

We know that 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

C [−8, 12] D [2, 10]
∴ − 62 + 82 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 ≤ 62 + 82

⇒ −10 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 ≤ 10

⇒ −10 + 2 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 10 + 2

⇒ −8 ≤ 6 cos 𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 + 2 ≤ 12

Hence, range of 𝑓(𝑥) is [−8, 12]

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 Maximum and Minimum Values Of Trigonometric Expressions

If 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 ?

Range of 𝑔 𝑥 is 𝑐 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑐 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

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 𝜋
The maximum value of 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 − for any real
6
value of 𝜃 is:
JEE Main July 2021
Solution:
𝜋
Let 𝜇 = 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 − 79
6
A 2
𝜋 𝜋
= 3 cos 𝜃 + 5 sin 𝜃 ⋅ cos − 5 cos 𝜃 ⋅ sin
6 6

1
= cos 𝜃 +
5 3
sin 𝜃 B 19
2 2

We know that 𝑎 sin 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos 𝜃 ∈ − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

C 31
2
1 2 5 3
∴ max 𝜇 = +
2 2

D 34
1 75
= + = 19
4 4

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 The maximum value of the expression
1
is:
sin2 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 5 cos 2 𝜃
IIT-JEE 2010
Solution:

Let 𝐸 = sin2 𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 + 5cos 2 𝜃

1−cos 2𝜃 3 5 1+cos 2𝜃
= + sin 2𝜃 +
2 2 2

3 4 cos 2𝜃
= sin 2𝜃 + +3
2 2

3 sin 2𝜃+4 cos 2𝜃+6 − 32 + 42 ≤ 3 sin 2𝜃 + 4 cos 2𝜃 ≤ 32 + 42

=
2

− 32 +4 2 +6 3 sin 2𝜃+4 cos 2𝜃+6 32 +42 +6

≤ ≤
2 2 2

6−5 6+5
Range of 𝐸 = , , i.e.
1 11
,
2 2 2 2

1
So, the maximum value of is 2
Return to top 𝐸
 The range of the function
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = log 5 3 + cos + 𝑥 + cos + 𝑥 + cos − 𝑥 − cos −𝑥
4 4 4 4
is: JEE Main Feb 2021
Solution:

𝑓 𝑥 = log 3 + cos
3𝜋
+ 𝑥 − cos
3𝜋
− 𝑥 + cos
𝜋
+ 𝑥 + cos
𝜋
−𝑥 A 0, 2
5 4 4 4 4

3𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 𝑥 = log 5 3 + 2 sin sin −𝑥 + 2 cos ⋅ cos 𝑥 B −2, 2
4 4

= log 5 3 + 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥

C 0, 5

We know that range of cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 is − 2, 2

1
D , 5
5
3 + 2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 ∈ [1, 5]

Then, range of 𝑓 𝑥 is 0, 2
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 The least value of the expression 9 sec 2 𝑥 + 4 cosec 2 𝑥 is:

Solution: A 13
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 sec 2 𝑥 + 4 cosec 2 𝑥
B 5
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 1 + tan2 𝑥 + 4(1 + cot 2 𝑥)

⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 13 + 9 tan2 𝑥 + 4 cot 2 𝑥 C 25
2 2
2
= 13 + 3 tan 𝑥 +
tan 𝑥
2 2 2 2
D 4
2
= 13 + 3 tan 𝑥 + − 2 × 3 tan 𝑥 + 2 × 3 tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥

2 2
= 13 + 3 tan 𝑥 − + 12
tan 𝑥
2
⇒ 𝑓 𝑥 = 3 tan 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 + 25

∵ The square of a real number is always non-negative,

2
Return to top ⇒ 3 tan 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 ≥0
 The least value of the expression 9 sec 2 𝑥 + 4 cosec 2 𝑥 is:

Solution: A 13
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 9 sec 2 𝑥 + 4 cosec 2 𝑥

⇒ 3 tan 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 2
≥0 B 5

2
⇒ 3 tan 𝑥 − 2 cot 𝑥 + 25 ≥ 25
C 25
or 𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 25
D 4
∴ The minimum value of 𝑓 𝑥 is 25

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 Sine and Cosine Series with Angles in A.P.
𝑛𝐷
sin 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
2
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 + sin 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 = sin
𝐷 2
sin
2

Proof
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 + sin 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷
𝐷
2 sin
2
= 𝐷
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 + sin 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷
2 sin
2
1
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
= 𝐷
2 sin 𝐴 sin + 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 sin + ⋯ + 2 sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 sin
2 2 2
2 sin
2
1 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 3𝐷 3 1
= 𝐷 cos 𝐴 − − cos 𝐴 + + cos 𝐴 + − cos 𝐴 + + ⋯ + cos 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 𝐷 − cos 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 𝐷
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 sin
2

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 Sine and Cosine Series with Angles in A.P.
𝑛𝐷
sin 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
2
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 + sin 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 = sin
𝐷 2
sin
2

Proof
sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐴 + 𝐷 + sin 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + sin 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷
1 𝐷 1
= cos 𝐴 − − cos 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 𝐷
𝐷 2 2
2 sin
2
𝑛𝐷
1 𝑛𝐷 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷 sin 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
= 2 sin sin 2
2 2
= sin
𝐷 𝐷 2
2 sin sin
2 2
𝑛𝐷
sin
2 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 + 𝐷 + cos 𝐴 + 2𝐷 + ⋯ + cos 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 = cos
𝐷 2
sin
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 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 17𝜋
The value of cos + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos is equal to:
19 19 19 19

Solution:
𝑛𝐷
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 17𝜋 sin 2𝐴+ 𝑛−1 𝐷
cos + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 + 𝐷 + ⋯ + cos 𝐴 + 𝑛 − 1 𝐷 = 2
cos
19 19 19 19 𝐷 2
sin
2
2𝜋 1
sin 9 ⋅ ⋅
19 2 9𝜋
= ⋅ cos
2𝜋 1 19 1
sin
19
⋅
2 A 2

9𝜋 9𝜋
sin ⋅ cos
19 19
= B 0
𝜋
sin
19

18𝜋
sin 1 C 1
1 19
= 𝜋
=
2
sin 2
19

D 2
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 𝑛−1
𝑘𝜋
Evaluate ෍ cos2
𝑛
𝑘=1

Solution:
𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
𝑘𝜋 1 2𝑘𝜋 1 2𝑘𝜋
෍ cos2 = ෍ 1 + cos = ෍ 1 + ෍ cos
𝑛 2 𝑛 2 𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑘=1

1 2𝜋 4𝜋 2 𝑛−1 𝜋
= 𝑛 − 1 + cos 0 + cos + cos + ⋯ + cos −1
2 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

2𝜋
1 sin 𝜋 0+ 𝑛−1
= 𝑛−1 + cos 𝑛 −1
2 𝜋 2
sin
𝑛

1
= 𝑛−1 +0−1
2

𝑛
= −1
2
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 If 𝛼 is the exterior angle of a regular polygon of 𝑛 sides and 𝜃 is any
constant, then sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 + 𝛼 + sin 𝜃 + 2𝛼 + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms is
equal to:
Solution:
𝜋𝜃
2𝜋 A sin
𝑛
𝛼=
𝑛

sin 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 + 𝛼 + sin 𝜃 + 2𝛼 + ⋯ upto 𝑛 terms B 𝑛

𝛼
sin 𝑛⋅ 2𝜃+ 𝑛−1 𝛼)
2
= 𝛼 ⋅ sin
sin 2
2
C 0

sin 𝜋 2𝜃+ 𝑛−1 𝛼)

= 𝜋 ⋅ sin sin 𝜃
sin 2
𝑛 D sin
𝜋
𝑛

=0

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 13
1
The value of ෍ 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 is equal to:
𝑘=1 sin + sin +
4 6 4 6
JEE Advanced 2016
Solution:
13 1
13 2
1
෍ 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 2 ෍ sin 𝜋+ 𝑘−1 𝜋
sin
𝜋 𝑘𝜋
+
sin + sin + 𝑘=1 4 6 4 6
𝑘=1 4 6 4 6

13 𝜋
sin
6
=2 ෍ 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝑘=1 sin + sin +
4 6 4 6

13 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋
sin + − +
=2෍ 4 6
𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋
4 6
𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝑘=1 sin + sin +
4 6 4 6

𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋
13 sin + ⋅cos + −cos + ⋅sin +
4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6
=2 ෍ 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
𝑘=1 sin + sin +
4 6 4 6

13
𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋
= 2 ෍ cot 4
+
6
− cot
4
+
6
Return to top 𝑘=1
 13
1
The value of ෍ 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 is equal to:
𝑘=1 sin + sin +
4 6 4 6
JEE Advanced 2016
Solution:
13
1 𝜋 𝜋 13𝜋 A 3− 3
෍ 𝜋 𝑘−1 𝜋 𝜋 𝑘𝜋 = 2 cot − cot +
sin + sin + 4 4 6
𝑘=1 4 6 4 6

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2 cot − cot 2𝜋 + + B 2 3− 3
4 4 6

𝜋 𝜋
= 2 1 − cot +
4 6 C 2 3−1
3−1
= 2 1−
3+1
D 2 2+ 3
2
=2×
3+1

=2 3−1

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Return to top