Mycotoxins and Their Metabolites

in Humans and Animals

wwwwwwwwwwwwww
Martin Weidenbörner

Mycotoxins and Their

Metabolites in Humans
and Animals
Martin Weidenbörner
[email protected]

ISBN 978-1-4419-7432-7 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7433-4

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7433-4
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011920683

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Helene
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Preface

Mycotoxins are secondary toxic mold products which are widespread in foods
and feeds. The already published books Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs and Mycotoxins
in Foodstuffs provide a good overview of mycotoxins. It is estimated that 4.5
billion of the world’s population are exposed to mycotoxins, which can be found
in temperate as well as in continental climates. However, especially in low-income
countries (e.g., parts of Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America) people
are chronically exposed to high levels of mycotoxins. In these countries, staple
foods like groundnuts and other nuts, maize, as well as other cereals, are especially
affected. For example, in West Africa aflatoxin contamination of humans starts in
utero and continues throughout life. Besides the hepatitis B virus (HBV), exposure
to high levels of dietary aflatoxins poses a major risk for developing human
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in these countries. However, even low levels of
aflatoxin ingestion causes a suppression of the immune system and increases
susceptibility to diseases in several animal species.
Besides their acute toxicity, mycotoxins have other harmful effects. They are, for
example, cytotoxic, genotoxic, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, mutagenic, neurotoxic, and
teratogenic. Human toxicoses due to mycotoxins have been reported, for example,
in China, India, Japan, Kenya, Korea, and Russia. If optimal conditions of
temperature, humidity, and a suitable substrate prevail, mycotoxins are produced on
agricultural commodities in the field, in storage and/or during processing. Because
mycotoxins are known to have these detrimental effects, many countries have set
legal limits for these toxic fungal metabolites in order to limit their intake.
Contamination especially by aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin, deoxynivalenol,
and zearalenone of a wide range of food products from around the world is of
major concern. These food products are mainly of plant origin. Foodstuffs of
animal origin, except milk and derived products, show a lower contamination rate.
Furthermore, their mycotoxin concentration is usually low. Therefore, food items of
animal origin generally pose a minor danger to consumers. However, the milk and
breast milk mycotoxin AFM1, which is also found in milk-derived products, can
concentrate on foods. As a result, the contamination of babies via breast milk
(mainly AFM1) in different parts of the world should not be underestimated. The
capacity of babies for biotransformation of carcinogens is generally slower than
that in adults. By comparison, foodstuffs of plant origin play a major role in the
mycotoxin contamination of human beings. This mycotoxin contamination is well
vii
viii Preface

documented. It is also proved by several publications, which show the presence of

mycotoxins in human organs, tissues, and fluids.
Besides the above-mentioned mycotoxins, numerous other toxic fungal
metabolites exist, which all pose either a minor or major danger. They are of great
concern from a food perspective regarding human exposure.
This book summarizes the results of publications dealing with the natural and
artificial contamination of humans and animals by mycotoxins, as well as
mycotoxin experiments with animals. The major part of the book lists animal
studies that investigate deposits and elimination of these toxic fungal metabolites.
Furthermore, the results of articles documenting mycotoxin contamination of
pets are also presented. In addition, information about detoxification products
and the duration of a mycotoxin in and its clearance time from an animal are
given. Moreover, the book gives advice on whether antimycotoxic substances are
effective in reducing mycotoxin contamination in animals and humans.
This book provides physicians with a fast and comprehensive overview of the
countries in which mycotoxin contamination of humans predominantly happens,
as well as the concentration at which specific mycotoxins are found in human
organs, tissues, and fluids. Veterinarians are informed about what mycotoxins, at
what concentrations, can be found naturally in animals. More detailed information
is presented if the index number referring to the corresponding publication at the
end of the book is used.
This book may be suitable for physicians (global), pathologists (global),
epidemiologists, veterinarians, nutritionists, livestock breeders, pet keepers,
farmers, the food and feed industry, institutes (e.g., consumer production),
ministries (global), libraries, hospitals, healthware stations, UNO, mycologists,
mycotoxicologists, microbiologists, biologists, and students of correspon­ding
fields.
For practical use, the different mycotoxins in humans, animals, organs, tissues,
or fluids are listed showing natural or artificial mycotoxin contamination.
Therefore, each mycotoxin can be looked up for natural or artificial presence at
the end of the book.
The book exclusively comprises articles treating concentrations of mycotoxins
in humans or animals. Publications or data which express mycotoxins in % values,
radioactivity or in other ways are not considered. Articles dealing with in vitro
data are also not presented. All articles presented are available as publications of
German Scientific Libraries as well as the U.S. National Library of Medicine–
National Institutes of Health. The most cited publications have been included.
Articles cited in this book have been selected by preference, where a declaration
of a mycotoxin concentration or any advice of it is given in the title. Nevertheless,
some articles containing no concentration declaration in the title, but only in the
running text, are also cited.
Each declaration of the mycotoxin contamination of humans or animals
comprises five main categories, e.g.:
incidence: 3/7 - three positives for aflatoxin contamination in relation to seven
investigated sample
Preface ix

sample constitution: origin of the test people and/or composition of the sample
contamination: natural or artificial (which concentration of a mycotoxin has
been applied in an experiment)
concentration: residue values of the mycotoxin(s)
country: origin of the publication, in some cases, also origin of the test
people.
If a sample shows a “natural contamination”, information on the sample
constitution is given briefly. In most cases, where a sample shows a “natural
contamination”, details were not available in the corresponding article so further
comments are omitted. This may not be true for human beings. In the case of an
“artificial contamination”, a more precise definition of the sample constitution is
presented.
Usually, the highest mycotoxin value or the highest and the lowest value of
mycotoxin contamination in an experiment is given. The presented concentrations
occur in the way they are presented in the published papers. If a variant of a trial
is not listed, no mycotoxin contamination is recorded. However, in some cases, a
variant may be stated although mycotoxin concentration is not detected. In
general, HPLC values have been used for concentration declaration.
If concentration of milk mycotoxins is given, this milk more or less comes
directly from cows (natural contamination). You will find additional information
about natural mycotoxin contamination of milk, for example processed milk
(pasteurized, UHT-milk, etc.) in Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs. In addition, data on the
natural mycotoxin contamination of “cow milk”, “human breast milk”, “pig
kidney”, “pig serum”, etc., can be found in the book Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs.
For a comprehensive overview, these values as well as new data have also been
published here.
Bonn, Germany Martin Weidenbörner
wwwwwwwwwwwwww
Acknowledgments

I thank my family, especially my wife, for their patience and for giving me
valuable advice and support in writing this book. I appreciate valuable advice of
Dr. Ursula Monnerjahn-Karbach. I also wish to thank Mrs. Renate Frohn,
Mrs. Ursula Kleinheyer-Thomas, Mrs. Verena Borman as well as the whole staff
from the Bran Library for Medicine, Science, and Agricultural Science, Bonn
University for very good support in searching and finding the corresponding
publications. I also appreciate my father’s very careful review of the total
manuscript.

xi
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Abbreviations

AC b-apo-8¢-carotenal
ACs activated carbons
af affected
AF(s) aflatoxin(s)
AFB-AA aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts
AFB1 aflatoxin B1
AFB1 endo-epoxide aflatoxin B1 8,9-endo-epoxide
AFB1 exo-epoxide aflatoxin B1 8,9-exo-epoxide
AFB1-FAPy 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-
5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB1-FAPyr 2,3-dihydro-2-(N 5-formyl-2¢,5¢,6¢-triamino-4¢-oxo-
N5-pyrimidyl- 3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB-N 7-FAPyr (minor) 8,9-dihydro-8-(2-amino-6-formamido-4-oxo-3,
4-dihydropyrimid- 5-yl amino)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB-N 7-FAPyr (major) 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-
5-yl formamido)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB-N 7-Gua 2,3-dihydro-2-(N 7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB1-N 7-Gua1 2,3-dihydro-2-(N 7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB1-N 7-Gua2 2,3-dihydro-2-(N 7-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB1-N 7-Gua3 8,9-dihydro-8-(N 7-guanyl)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB1-SG aflatoxin B1-glutathione conjugate
AFB-GuaI 2,3-dihydro-2-(7¢-guanyl)-3-hydroxyaflatoxin B1
AFB-NAC AFB1-mercapturic acid
exo-AFB1-NAC exo-AFB1-mercapturic acids
AFL aflatoxicol
AFL-g aflatoxicol-glucuronide
AFLM1 aflatoxicol M1
AFLM1-g aflatoxicol M1-glucuronide
AFM1 aflatoxin M1
AF-N 7-Gua aflatoxin-N 7-guanine

xiii
xiv Abbreviations

AFP1 aflatoxin P1
AFQ1 aflatoxin Q1
AMB amphotericin B
avg average
b wt bodyweight
B-I/B-II barley cultures of Penicillium viridicatum
BC b-carotene
BEN Balkan endemic nephropathy
BHA 2(3)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole
BHT butylated hydroxytoluene
bmi body mass index
BNF/bNF b-naphthoflavone
BSO D,L-buthionine-S-sulfoximine
l-BSO l-butionine-sulfoximine

ca case(s)
CAC1 activated charcoal
CAC2 activated charcoal
CHL chlorophyllin
CIN chronic interstitial nephropathy
CIT citrinin
CMD choline/methionine-deficient diet
CMS complete basal diet
conc concentration
const constitution
CP calcium propionate
CPA cyclopiazonic acid
CPFA cyclopropenoid fatty acid(s)
CPL clinoptilolite
CPR chromatogram poorly resolved
CX canthaxanthin
DAS diacetoxyscirpenol
DEDON deepoxydeoxynivalenol
DEM diethyl maleate
DHBV duck hepatitis B virus
DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
DIOL 2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1
DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
DNA desoxy nucleic acid
DOM/DOM-1 deepoxydeoxynivalenol = 3a,7a,
15-trihydroxytrichothec-9, 12-diene-8-one
DON deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin)
Abbreviations xv

3-aDON 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
DYP dried yeast product
EFDV encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of the viscera
ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EN endemic nephropathy
eq equivalent(s)
EQ ethoxyquin
FA fusaric acid
FB1 fumonisin B1
FB2 fumonisin B2
FB3 fumonisin B3
FPC fish protein concentrate
FX fusarenon-X
Gluc glucuronide conjugate
GSH reduced glutathione
GTP green tea polyphenol
GUA/Gua guanine
HbsAg hepatitis B virus surface antigen
HBV hepatitis B virus
HCC hepatocellular carcinoma
HPLC-f high-performance liquid chromatography with
fluorescence detection
hr hour(s)
HSCAS hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate
hum human(s)
I3C indole-3-carbinol
ia intra-aortal
IA invasive aspergillosis
IDMS isotope dilution mass spectrometry
ig intragastric
in intranasal
ip intraperitoneal
it intratracheal
iv intravenous
ivs intravascular
KIN karyomegalic interstitial nephritis
LOD limit of detection
LOQ limit of quantification
Lys-AFB1/AFB1-lys lysine-AFB1/AFB1-lysine
xvi Abbreviations

min minute(s)
MOS mannanoligosaccharide
MWF micronized wheat fibers
3-MC 3-methylcholanthrene
na not analyzed
NAC mercapturic acid
nd not detected
ndr not determined
nec no exact comment
neg negative
NIV nivalenol
NMB nonmoldy barley
NMB+T nonmoldy barley+toxin
no number
NPC nonparenchymal cells
NR not reported
o oral
OTA ochratoxin A
OP-OTA lactone opened ochratoxin A
OTA-OH 4-hydroxyochratoxin A
OTa ochratoxin a
PA penicillic acid
PB phenobarbital/phenobarbitone
PC parenchymal cells
PCB polyclorinated biphenyls
peo test people
PG propylene glycol
PHC primary hepatocellular carcinoma
PNA penitrem A
pos positive
pr present(ed)
RBC red blood cells
resp respectively
rRNA ribosomal ribonucleic acid
sa sample(s)
sc subcutaneous
SG glutathione
t topical
tr traces
TRICHO trichothecene
Abbreviations xvii

UTT urinary tract tumors

VER verrucarol
WHV woodchuck hepatitis virus
wt weight
YCW yeast cell walls
ZEA zearalenone
ZEA-Gluc zearalenone-glucuronide
a-ZEAOL a-zearalenol
a-ZEAOL-Gluc a-zearalenol-glucuronide
b-ZEAOL b-zearalenol
b-ZEAOL-Gluc b-zearalenol-glucuronide
± higher/lower values are reported
wwwwwwwwwwwwww
Notation

kg = Kilogram
mg = Milligram = 10−3 g; 1 mg/kg = 1:106 = ppm = parts per million
µg = Microgram = 10−6 g; 1 µg/kg = 1:109 = ppb = parts per billion

l = Liter
ml = Milliliter = 10−3 l; 1 ml/l = 1:103
µl = Microtliter = 10−3 ml; 1 µl/l = 1:106 = ppm = parts per million

xix
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Contents

Human................................................................................................................... 1
Human Natural Contamination....................................................................... 1
Human amniotic fluid.................................................................................. 1
Human bile.................................................................................................... 1
Human blood................................................................................................ 1
Human brain................................................................................................. 9
Human breast................................................................................................ 11
Human breast milk....................................................................................... 11
Human cervix................................................................................................ 14
Human colon................................................................................................. 14
Human endometrium.................................................................................. 14
Human feces.................................................................................................. 15
Human funiculum........................................................................................ 15
Human hair................................................................................................... 15
Human heart................................................................................................. 15
Human intestine........................................................................................... 16
Human kidney.............................................................................................. 16
Human liver................................................................................................... 16
Human lung................................................................................................... 19
Human pancreas........................................................................................... 20
Human placenta............................................................................................ 20
Human plasma.............................................................................................. 21
Human rectum.............................................................................................. 23
Human renal tissue....................................................................................... 23
Human semen............................................................................................... 23
Human serum............................................................................................... 23
Human serum/plasma.................................................................................. 37
Human spleen............................................................................................... 37
Human stomach............................................................................................ 37
Human stool.................................................................................................. 38
Human urine................................................................................................. 40

xxi
xxii Contents

Human Artificial Contamination.................................................................... 53

Human blood................................................................................................ 53
Human esophagus........................................................................................ 54
Human feces.................................................................................................. 54
Human heart................................................................................................. 54
Human intestine........................................................................................... 54
Human kidney.............................................................................................. 55
Human lung................................................................................................... 55
Human stomach............................................................................................ 55
Human urine................................................................................................. 55

Beef ........................................................................................................................ 56
Beef Natural Contamination............................................................................ 56
Beef liver........................................................................................................ 56

Buffalo.................................................................................................................... 56
Buffalo Natural Contamination....................................................................... 56
Buffalo milk, raw........................................................................................... 56
Buffalo Artificial Contamination..................................................................... 57
Buffalo milk, raw........................................................................................... 57

Calf ........................................................................................................................ 57
Calf Natural Contamination............................................................................ 57
Calf liver......................................................................................................... 57
Calf Artificial Contamination.......................................................................... 57
Calf feces........................................................................................................ 57
Calf kidney.................................................................................................... 57
Calf liver......................................................................................................... 58
Calf muscle.................................................................................................... 59
Calf plasma.................................................................................................... 60
Calf serum..................................................................................................... 60
Calf urine....................................................................................................... 61

Camel..................................................................................................................... 61
Camel Natural Contamination........................................................................ 61
Camel fetus.................................................................................................... 61
Camel intestine............................................................................................. 61
Camel milk.................................................................................................... 62
Camel rumen................................................................................................. 62

Cat ........................................................................................................................ 62
Cat Natural Contamination.............................................................................. 62
Cat kidney...................................................................................................... 62
Cat Artifical Contamination............................................................................. 62
Cat blood....................................................................................................... 62
Contents xxiii

Cat heart........................................................................................................ 62
Cat kidney...................................................................................................... 63
Cat liver.......................................................................................................... 63
Cat lung.......................................................................................................... 63
Cat urine........................................................................................................ 64

Cattle...................................................................................................................... 64
Cattle Natural Contamination......................................................................... 64
Cattle bile....................................................................................................... 64
Cattle udder................................................................................................... 64
Cattle urine........................................................................................................... 65
Cattle Artificial Contamination....................................................................... 65
Cattle feces..................................................................................................... 65
Cattle liver...................................................................................................... 65
Cattle omasum.............................................................................................. 66
Cattle plasma................................................................................................. 66
Cattle rumen.................................................................................................. 66
Cattle urine.................................................................................................... 67

Chicken.................................................................................................................. 69
Chicken Natural Contamination..................................................................... 69
Chicken liver................................................................................................. 69
Chicken muscle............................................................................................. 69
Chicken Artificial Contamination................................................................... 69
Chicken bile................................................................................................... 69
Chicken blood............................................................................................... 69
Chicken chest................................................................................................ 70
Chicken crop................................................................................................. 70
Chicken excreta............................................................................................. 71
Chicken fat..................................................................................................... 74
Chicken female repro tract.......................................................................... 74
Chicken gastrointestinal tract..................................................................... 74
Chicken gizzard............................................................................................ 75
Chicken heart................................................................................................ 77
Chicken intestine.......................................................................................... 79
Chicken kidney............................................................................................. 79
Chicken liver................................................................................................. 84
Chicken lung................................................................................................. 94
Chicken meat................................................................................................. 94
Chicken muscle............................................................................................. 96
Chicken muscle, breast................................................................................. 99
Chicken muscle, leg...................................................................................... 100
Chicken muscle, red...................................................................................... 101
Chicken muscle, thigh.................................................................................. 101
Chicken muscle, white.................................................................................. 103
xxiv Contents

Chicken plasma............................................................................................. 104

Chicken serum.............................................................................................. 105
Chicken skin.................................................................................................. 106
Chicken stomach........................................................................................... 107

Cow ........................................................................................................................ 107

Cow Natural Contamination............................................................................ 107
Cow liver........................................................................................................ 107
Cow milk, raw................................................................................................ 107
Cow Artificial Contamination.......................................................................... 110
Cow bile......................................................................................................... 110
Cow blood...................................................................................................... 111
Cow brain...................................................................................................... 111
Cow fat........................................................................................................... 112
Cow feces....................................................................................................... 112
Cow gallbladder............................................................................................ 113
Cow heart....................................................................................................... 113
Cow intestine................................................................................................. 115
Cow kidney.................................................................................................... 115
Cow liver........................................................................................................ 117
Cow lung........................................................................................................ 119
Cow lymph..................................................................................................... 120
Cow mammary gland................................................................................... 120
Cow milk, raw................................................................................................ 121
Cow muscle.................................................................................................... 130
Cow plasma................................................................................................... 131
Cow red blood cells....................................................................................... 132
Cow rumen.................................................................................................... 133
Cow spleen..................................................................................................... 133
Cow tongue.................................................................................................... 134
Cow urine...................................................................................................... 134

Deer........................................................................................................................ 136
Deer Natural Contamination........................................................................... 136
Deer urine...................................................................................................... 136
Deer Artificial Contamination......................................................................... 137
Deer liver....................................................................................................... 137
Deer muscle................................................................................................... 137

Dog ........................................................................................................................ 137

Dog Natural Contamination............................................................................ 137
Dog brain....................................................................................................... 137
Dog kidney.................................................................................................... 137
Dog liver........................................................................................................ 137
Dog stomach.................................................................................................. 138
Contents xxv

Dog Artificial Contamination.......................................................................... 138

Dog plasma.................................................................................................... 138

Duck....................................................................................................................... 139
Duck Natural Contamination.......................................................................... 139
Duck liver...................................................................................................... 139
Duck Artificial Contamination........................................................................ 139
Duck bile........................................................................................................ 139
Duck liver...................................................................................................... 139
Duck plasma.................................................................................................. 140
Duck serum................................................................................................... 140

Ewe ........................................................................................................................ 141

Ewe Artificial Contamination.......................................................................... 141
Ewe feces........................................................................................................ 141
Ewe milk, raw................................................................................................ 141
Ewe plasma.................................................................................................... 143
Ewe urine....................................................................................................... 143

Fish ........................................................................................................................ 143

Fish Artificial Contamination ......................................................................... 143
Fish, Carp........................................................................................................... 143
Fish, carp plasma.......................................................................................... 143
Fish, Channel Catfish........................................................................................ 144
Fish, channel catfish bile.............................................................................. 144
Fish, channel catfish fat................................................................................ 144
Fish, channel catfish kidney......................................................................... 144
Fish, channel catfish liver............................................................................. 144
Fish, channel catfish muscle......................................................................... 144
Fish, channel catfish plasma........................................................................ 144
Fish, channel catfish skin............................................................................. 145
Fish, channel catfish spleen.......................................................................... 145
Fish, channel catfish urine........................................................................... 145
Fish, Coho Salmon............................................................................................ 145
Fish, coho salmon bile.................................................................................. 145
Fish, coho salmon embryo........................................................................... 145
Fish, coho salmon liver................................................................................. 146
Fish, Medaka...................................................................................................... 146
Fish, medaka liver......................................................................................... 146
Fish, Rainbow Trout.......................................................................................... 147
Fish, rainbow trout bile................................................................................ 147
Fish, rainbow trout blood............................................................................. 150
Fish, rainbow trout carcass.......................................................................... 151
Fish, rainbow trout egg................................................................................. 151
Fish, rainbow trout embryo......................................................................... 152
xxvi Contents

 ish, rainbow trout liver...............................................................................

F 153
Fish, rainbow trout plasma.......................................................................... 167
Fish, rainbow trout red blood cells............................................................. 168
Fish, Walleye Fish.............................................................................................. 169
Fish, walleye fish muscle.............................................................................. 169
Fish, Zebrafish................................................................................................... 170
Fish, zebrafish liver....................................................................................... 170

Goat......................................................................................................................... 170
Goat Natural Contamination........................................................................... 170
Goat milk, raw............................................................................................... 170
Goat urine...................................................................................................... 170
Goat Artificial Contamination......................................................................... 171
Goat lung....................................................................................................... 171
Goat lymph.................................................................................................... 171
Goat milk, raw............................................................................................... 171
Goat serum.................................................................................................... 172
Goat spleen.................................................................................................... 173

Guinea Pig............................................................................................................. 173

Guinea Pig Artificial Contamination............................................................... 173
Guinea pig adrenal........................................................................................ 173
Guinea pig bile.............................................................................................. 173
Guinea pig brain........................................................................................... 174
Guinea pig fat................................................................................................ 174
Guinea pig heart........................................................................................... 174
Guinea pig kidney......................................................................................... 174
Guinea pig liver............................................................................................. 174
Guinea pig lung............................................................................................. 175
Guinea pig muscle........................................................................................ 175
Guinea pig plasma........................................................................................ 175
Guinea pig spleen.......................................................................................... 175
Guinea pig testes........................................................................................... 176

Hamster.................................................................................................................. 176
Hamster Artificial Contamination.................................................................. 176
Hamster kidney............................................................................................. 176
Hamster liver................................................................................................. 176
Hamster plasma............................................................................................ 177

Hare........................................................................................................................ 178
Hare Natural Contamination........................................................................... 178
Hare liver....................................................................................................... 178
Contents xxvii

Hen ........................................................................................................................ 178

Hen Natural Contamination............................................................................ 178
Hen egg.................................................................................................................... 178
Hen Artificial Contamination.......................................................................... 178
Hen................................................................................................................. 178
Hen adrenal................................................................................................... 178
Hen bile.......................................................................................................... 179
Hen blood...................................................................................................... 179
Hen blood clot............................................................................................... 180
Hen brain....................................................................................................... 181
Hen cloaca..................................................................................................... 181
Hen clutch...................................................................................................... 182
Hen comb...................................................................................................... 182
Hen digestive tract........................................................................................ 182
Hen egg.......................................................................................................... 182
Hen excreta.................................................................................................... 194
Hen fat............................................................................................................ 194
Hen gallbladder............................................................................................. 195
Hen gizzard................................................................................................... 195
Hen heart....................................................................................................... 198
Hen intestine................................................................................................. 201
Hen kidney.................................................................................................... 201
Hen liver........................................................................................................ 205
Hen lung........................................................................................................ 212
Hen muscle.................................................................................................... 212
Hen muscle, breast........................................................................................ 212
Hen muscle, leg............................................................................................. 214
Hen muscle, red............................................................................................. 216
Hen muscle, thigh......................................................................................... 217
Hen muscle, white......................................................................................... 218
Hen muscle, wing.......................................................................................... 219
Hen ova.......................................................................................................... 219
Hen oviduct................................................................................................... 221
Hen pancreas................................................................................................. 221
Hen plasma.................................................................................................... 221
Hen red blood cells....................................................................................... 222
Hen reproductive organs............................................................................. 222
Hen serum..................................................................................................... 222
Hen skin......................................................................................................... 224
Hen spleen..................................................................................................... 225
Hen stomach................................................................................................. 225
xxviii Contents

Horse...................................................................................................................... 226
Horse Natural Contamination......................................................................... 226
Horse liver..................................................................................................... 226
Horse urine.................................................................................................... 226

Lamb....................................................................................................................... 226
Lamb Natural Contamination.......................................................................... 226
Lamb urine.................................................................................................... 226
Lamb Artificial Contamination....................................................................... 226
Lamb feces..................................................................................................... 226
Lamb kidney.................................................................................................. 227
Lamb liver...................................................................................................... 228
Lamb urine.................................................................................................... 229

Monkey................................................................................................................... 230
Monkey Artificial Contamination................................................................... 230
Monkey, Macaque.............................................................................................. 230
Monkey, macaque bile.................................................................................. 230
Monkey, macaque blood.............................................................................. 230
Monkey, macaque brain............................................................................... 230
Monkey, macaque heart............................................................................... 231
Monkey, macaque kidney............................................................................. 231
Monkey, macaque liver................................................................................. 231
Monkey, macaque lung................................................................................. 231
Monkey, macaque pancreas......................................................................... 232
Monkey, macaque plasma............................................................................ 232
Monkey, macaque spleen.............................................................................. 232
Monkey, Marmoset........................................................................................... 232
Monkey, marmoset liver............................................................................... 232
Monkey, Vervet.................................................................................................. 233
Monkey, vervet plasma................................................................................. 233

Mouse..................................................................................................................... 233
Mouse Artificial Contamination...................................................................... 233
Mouse amniotic fluid................................................................................... 233
Mouse blood.................................................................................................. 234
Mouse brain................................................................................................... 234
Mouse embryo............................................................................................... 234
Mouse gastrointestinal tract........................................................................ 234
Mouse heart................................................................................................... 234
Mouse intestine............................................................................................. 235
Mouse kidney................................................................................................ 235
Mouse liver.................................................................................................... 237
Mouse lung.................................................................................................... 239
Mouse milk.................................................................................................... 240
Contents xxix

 ouse Peyer’s patches..................................................................................

M 240
Mouse placenta............................................................................................. 240
Mouse plasma............................................................................................... 241
Mouse serum................................................................................................. 242
Mouse spleen................................................................................................. 243

Pig ........................................................................................................................ 244

Pig Natural Contamination.............................................................................. 244
Pig bile........................................................................................................... 244
Pig blood........................................................................................................ 245
Pig digesta...................................................................................................... 246
Pig kidney...................................................................................................... 246
Pig liver.......................................................................................................... 248
Pig meat......................................................................................................... 250
Pig muscle...................................................................................................... 250
Pig plasma..................................................................................................... 251
Pig serum....................................................................................................... 251
Pig urine......................................................................................................... 252
Pig Artificial Contamination............................................................................ 253
Pig adrenals................................................................................................... 253
Pig bile........................................................................................................... 253
Pig blood........................................................................................................ 256
Pig bone marrow........................................................................................... 259
Pig brain......................................................................................................... 260
Pig cecum....................................................................................................... 261
Pig colon........................................................................................................ 261
Pig duodenum............................................................................................... 262
Pig eye............................................................................................................ 263
Pig fat............................................................................................................. 263
Pig feces......................................................................................................... 270
Pig gallbladder.............................................................................................. 272
Pig heart......................................................................................................... 273
Pig ileum........................................................................................................ 278
Pig intestine................................................................................................... 279
Pig jejunum................................................................................................... 281
Pig kidney...................................................................................................... 283
Pig liver.......................................................................................................... 297
Pig lung.......................................................................................................... 312
Pig lymph....................................................................................................... 314
Pig muscle...................................................................................................... 315
Pig myocardium............................................................................................ 326
Pig pancreas.................................................................................................. 327
Pig placenta................................................................................................... 328
Pig plasma..................................................................................................... 328
Pig rectum..................................................................................................... 331
xxx Contents

 ig serum.......................................................................................................
P 331
Pig skin.......................................................................................................... 335
Pig spleen....................................................................................................... 337
Pig stomach................................................................................................... 341
Pig testes........................................................................................................ 343
Pig tissue........................................................................................................ 343
Pig urine......................................................................................................... 344
Pig, sow milk................................................................................................. 349

Pony........................................................................................................................ 350
Pony Artificial Contamination......................................................................... 350
Pony cecum................................................................................................... 350
Pony kidney................................................................................................... 350
Pony liver....................................................................................................... 350
Pony muscle................................................................................................... 351
Pony rectum.................................................................................................. 352
Pony stomach................................................................................................ 352

Poultry................................................................................................................... 352
Poultry Natural Contamination....................................................................... 352
Poultry........................................................................................................... 352

Quail....................................................................................................................... 353
Quail Artificial Contamination........................................................................ 353
Quail egg........................................................................................................ 353
Quail kidney.................................................................................................. 353
Quail plasma................................................................................................. 354

Rabbit..................................................................................................................... 354
Rabbit Artificial Contamination...................................................................... 354
Rabbit kidney................................................................................................ 354
Rabbit liver.................................................................................................... 354
Rabbit mammary gland............................................................................... 354
Rabbit milk.................................................................................................... 355
Rabbit muscle................................................................................................ 355
Rabbit plasma............................................................................................... 355

Rat ........................................................................................................................ 356

Rat Artificial Contamination........................................................................... 356
Rat.................................................................................................................. 356
Rat bile........................................................................................................... 356
Rat blood....................................................................................................... 359
Rat brain........................................................................................................ 362
Rat colon........................................................................................................ 362
Rat duodenum............................................................................................... 363
Contents xxxi

Rat fat............................................................................................................. 363

Rat feces......................................................................................................... 363
Rat fetal extracts........................................................................................... 365
Rat heart........................................................................................................ 365
Rat ileum........................................................................................................ 366
Rat intestine................................................................................................... 366
Rat kidney...................................................................................................... 366
Rat liver.......................................................................................................... 373
Rat lung.......................................................................................................... 397
Rat lymph...................................................................................................... 398
Rat milk......................................................................................................... 398
Rat muscle..................................................................................................... 399
Rat plasma..................................................................................................... 400
Rat serous fluid and mucus.......................................................................... 403
Rat serum...................................................................................................... 403
Rat spleen...................................................................................................... 408
Rat stomach................................................................................................... 408
Rat testes........................................................................................................ 409
Rat trachea..................................................................................................... 409
Rat urine........................................................................................................ 409

Sheep...................................................................................................................... 417
Sheep Natural Contamination......................................................................... 417
Sheep milk, raw............................................................................................. 417
Sheep/goat milk, raw.................................................................................... 417
Sheep urine.................................................................................................... 417
Sheep Artificial Contamination....................................................................... 418
Sheep bile....................................................................................................... 418
Sheep feces..................................................................................................... 418
Sheep milk, raw............................................................................................. 420
Sheep plasma................................................................................................. 421
Sheep rumen................................................................................................. 423
Sheep serum.................................................................................................. 424
Sheep urine.................................................................................................... 426

Steer........................................................................................................................ 428
Steer Natural Contamination........................................................................... 428
Steer kidney................................................................................................... 428
Steer Artificial Contamination......................................................................... 428
Steer bile........................................................................................................ 428
Steer blood..................................................................................................... 429
Steer feces...................................................................................................... 430
Steer heart..................................................................................................... 432
Steer kidney................................................................................................... 432
Steer liver....................................................................................................... 434
xxxii Contents

Steer lung....................................................................................................... 436

Steer muscle................................................................................................... 437
Steer pancreas............................................................................................... 438
Steer rumen................................................................................................... 439
Steer spleen.................................................................................................... 440
Steer urine..................................................................................................... 440

Tree Shrew............................................................................................................. 442

Tree Shrew Artificial Contamination.............................................................. 442
Tree shrew liver............................................................................................. 442
Tree shrew serum.......................................................................................... 442
Tree shrew urine........................................................................................... 442

Turkey.................................................................................................................... 443
Turkey Natural Contamination........................................................................ 443
Turkey lung.................................................................................................... 443
Turkey plasma............................................................................................... 443
Turkey Artificial Contamination..................................................................... 443
Turkey excreta............................................................................................... 443
Turkey heart.................................................................................................. 444
Turkey kidney................................................................................................ 444
Turkey liver.................................................................................................... 445
Turkey lung.................................................................................................... 447
Turkey muscle............................................................................................... 447
Turkey muscle, breast................................................................................... 448
Turkey muscle, thigh.................................................................................... 448
Turkey plasma............................................................................................... 449
Turkey serum................................................................................................ 450

Woodchuck............................................................................................................ 450
Woodchuck Artificial Contamination............................................................. 450
Woodchuck liver........................................................................................... 450
 1

Human Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced,

**peripheral blood
Human Natural Contamination incidence: 34/64*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, conc.
Human amniotic fluid may contain range: 0.007–2.2 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.1 ng/ml,
the following mycotoxins and/or their country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *cord blood
metabolites: incidence: 2/8*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Ochratoxin A Leone, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 4/22, sa. const.: people of range: 0.02–1.7 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
Germany, contamination: natural, conc. 0.86 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
range: <0.06–0.13 ng/ml, Ø conc.: *maternal blood
0.11 ng/ml, country: Germany341 incidence: 4/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Leone (male infants), contamination:
Human bile may contain the natural, conc. range: 0.02–0.04 ng/ml,
following mycotoxins and/or their country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *low
metabolites: birthweight
incidence: 4/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Aflatoxin B1 Leone (female infants), contamination:
incidence: 3/4*, sa. const.: people of natural, conc. range: 0.02–2.2 ng/ml,
Thailand (children), contamination: country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *low
natural, conc. range: tr**–8 µg/kg, birthweight
country: USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., incidence: 10/21*, sa. const.: people of
**partly unconfirmed Sierra Leone (male infants),
incidence: 2/6*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Thailand (children), contamination: 0.007–0.5 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/
natural, conc. range: tr**, country: UK390, *normal birthweight
USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other incidence: 8/20*, sa. const.: people of
than EFDV, **a blue fluorescent spot Sierra Leone (female infants),
similar to that of AFB1 contamination: natural, conc. range:
0.008–1.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/
Human blood may contain the UK390, *normal birthweight
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 6/74*, sa. const.: people of the
Aflatoxicol USA (patients), contamination: natural,
incidence: 15/625*, sa. const.: people of conc. range: 2.0–12.0 ng/ml, country: USA19,
Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural, *6 Reye’s syndrome ca. thereof 4 AFB1-pos.
conc. range: 22–2,383 ng/l, country: incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of the USA
UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood (children), contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 3/461*, sa. const.: people of range: 11.93–31.3 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 21.615 ng/
Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females), ml, country: USA65, *Reye’s syndrome ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 5/56*, sa. const.: people of
177–280 ng/l, Ø conc.: 223.66 ng/l, Taiwan (females), contamination: natural,
country: UK241, *cord blood conc. range: 1.4–2.7 µmol/mol DNA**, Ø
incidence: 1/40*, sa. const.: people of conc.: 1.94 µmol/mol DNA**, country:
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: Taiwan, Republic of China156, *cord blood,
natural, conc.: 1,131 pg/ml**, country: **AFB1-DNA adducts

M. Weidenbörner, Mycotoxins and Their Metabolites in Humans and Animals,

DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7433-4_1, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
2 Human

incidence: 16/625*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 2/8*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural, Leone, contamination: natural, conc. range:
conc. range: 168–69,973 ng/l, country: 0.2–0.3 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.25 ng/ml, country:
UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood Sierra Leone/UK390, *maternal blood
incidence: 13/125*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Kenya (females), contamination: natural, Leone (male infants), no contamination
conc. range: 89–11,574 ng/l, country: with AFB1, conc.: nd, country: Sierra
UK241, *maternal blood Leone/UK390, *low birthweight
incidence: 6/77*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Nigeria (females), contamination: natural, Leone (female infants), no contamination
conc. range: 553–10,390 ng/l, Ø conc.: with AFB1, conc.: nd, country: Sierra
3,707.66 ng/l, country: UK241, *maternal Leone/UK390, *low birthweight
blood incidence: 4/21*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 20/461*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Leone (male infants),
Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females), contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.5–
contamination: natural, conc. range: 2.4 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
185–43,822 ng/l, country: UK241, *cord blood *normal birthweight
incidence: 3/20*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 2/40*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (female infants),
Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
contamination: natural, conc. range:
natural, conc. range: 590–1,006 pg/ml, Ø
0.8–9.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/
conc.: 798 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262,
UK390, *normal birthweight
*non-jaundiced, peripheral blood
incidence: 3/37*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 64/423*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: Singapore (342 males (53 af) and
natural, conc. range: 130–3,130 pg/ml, Ø 81 females (11 af)), contamination:
conc.: 2,070.33 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ natural, conc. range: 3.0–17 pg/ml,
UK262, *jaundiced, peripheral blood Ø conc.: 5.4 pg/ml, country: Singapore444,
incidence: 3/40*, sa. const.: people of *normal subjects
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: incidence: 2/302*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 474–2,216 pg/ml, Ø Singapore (253 males (2 af.) and
conc.: 1,342 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262, 49 females), contamination: natural, conc.
*non-jaundiced, cord blood range: 7.5–7.9 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 7.7 pg/ml,
incidence: 6/37*, sa. const.: people of country: Singapore444, *hepatitis B carriers
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: incidence: 1/58*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 214–238,177 pg/ml, Ø Singapore (49 males (1 af) and
conc.: 82,481.16 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ 9 females), contamination: natural, conc.:
UK262, *jaundiced, cord blood 7.4 pg/ml, country: Singapore444, *PHC
patients
incidence: 64/64, sa. const.: people of Ghana
(34 males and 30 females), contamination: incidence: 140/140, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: Ghana (males and females), age:
0.3325–2.2703 pmol/mg albumin*, Ø conc.: 19–86 years, contamination: natural, conc.
0.9972 pmol/mg albumin, country: USA/ range: 0.12–3.00 pmol/mg albumin*,
Ghana321, *AFB1-albumin adducts Ø conc.: 0.89 pmol/mg albumin, country:
USA/Ghana457, *AFB1-albumin adducts
incidence: 11/64*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, incidence: ?/150*, sa. const.: people of
conc. range: 0.4–9.0 ng/ml, Ø conc.: Nigeria (neonates), contamination: natural,
1.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, conc. range: 32.3–35.6 ng/ml, country:
*cord blood Nigeria458, *jaundiced, cord blood
Human 3

incidence: 27/201*, sa. const.: people of Aflatoxin G1

the UAE (females), contamination: incidence: 1/14, sa. const.: people of The
natural, conc. range: 228–15,225 pg/ml, Sudan (females), contamination: natural,
country: UAE467, *umbilical cord blood conc.: 787 pg/ml, country: UK/The
Sudan134
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 6/625*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 4/625*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural,
Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural, conc. range: 97–16,543 ng/l,
conc. range: 15–144 ng/l, country: country: UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood
UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood incidence: 4/461*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 2/77*, sa. const.: people of Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females),
Nigeria (females), contamination: natural, contamination: natural, conc. range:
conc. range: 28–33 ng/l, Ø conc.: 30.5 ng/l, 611–2,086 ng/l, country: UK241 *cord blood
country: UK241, *maternal blood incidence: 4/40*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 19/461*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females), natural, conc. range: 1,149–3,151 pg/ml,
contamination: natural, conc. range: Ø conc.: 1,981.5 pg/ml, country:
10–925 ng/l, country: UK241, *cord blood Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced,
incidence: 1/37*, sa. const.: people of peripheral blood
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: incidence: 3/37*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc.: 70 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
UK262, *jaundiced, cord blood natural, conc. range: 850–11,728 pg/ml,
incidence: 7/64*, sa. const.: people of Ø conc.: 7,185 pg/ml, country:
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, Nigeria/UK262, *jaundiced, peripheral
conc. range: 0.02–1.2 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.3 blood
ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, incidence: 2/40*, sa. const.: people of
*cord blood Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
incidence: 2/8*, sa. const.: people of Sierra natural, conc. range: 1,348–1,985 pg/ml, Ø
Leone, contamination: natural, conc. range: conc.: 1,666.5 pg/ml, country:
0.2–0.3 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.25 ng/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced, cord blood
Sierra Leone/UK390, *maternal blood incidence: 1/37*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
Leone (male infants), no contamination natural, conc.: 2,053 pg/ml, country:
with AFB2, conc.: nd, country: Sierra Nigeria/UK262, *jaundiced, cord blood
Leone/UK390, *low birthweight incidence: 12/64*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, conc.
Leone (female infants), no contamination range: 0.004–8.8 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.6 ng/ml,
with AFB2, conc.: nd, country: Sierra country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *cord blood
Leone/UK390, *low birthweight incidence: 1/8*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 3/21*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Sierra Leone, contamination: natural,
Leone (male infants), contamination: conc.: 8.8 ng/ml, country: Sierra
natural, conc. range: 0.07–0.1 ng/ml, Leone/UK390, *maternal blood
country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *normal incidence: 1/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
birthweight Leone (male infants), contamination:
incidence: 1/20*, sa. const.: people of Sierra natural, conc.: 2.2 ng/ml, country: Sierra
Leone (female infants), contamination: Leone/UK390, *low birthweight
natural, conc.: 0.7 ng/ml, country: Sierra incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Leone/UK390, *normal birthweight Leone (female infants), contamination:
4 Human

natural, conc. range: 2.8–5.9 ng/ml, country: incidence: 5/8*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Sierra Leone/UK390, *low birthweight Leone, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 1/21*, sa. const.: people of range: 0.004–0.1 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
Sierra Leone (male infants), 0.0408 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
contamination: natural, conc.: *maternal blood
0.004 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, incidence: 4/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
*normal birthweight Leone (male infants), contamination:
incidence: 2/20*, sa. const.: people of Sierra natural, conc. range: 0.02–3.0 ng/ml,
Leone (female infants), contamination: country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
natural, conc. range: 0.2–3.2 ng/ml, *low birthweight
Ø conc.: 1.7 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/ incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of
UK390, *normal birthweight Sierra Leone (female infants),
incidence: 1/58*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Singapore (49 males (1 af) and 9 females), 0.03–0.4 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.215 ng/ml,
contamination: natural, conc.: 17 pg/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
country: Singapore444, *PHC patients *low birthweight
incidence: 6/21*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya
Sierra Leone (male infants),
(9 male patients (1 af*) and 6 female),
contamination: natural, conc. range:
age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural,
0.006–0.3 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/
conc.: 13,230 pg/ml, country: Kenya/UK466,
UK390, *normal birthweight
*additionally stomach cancer
incidence: 8/20*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (female infants),
Aflatoxin G2 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 1/14, sa. const.: people of The 0.004–0.4 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/
Sudan (females), contamination: natural, UK390, *normal birthweight
conc.: 8 pg/ml, country: UK/The Sudan134
incidence: 13/625*, sa. const.: people of Aflatoxin M1
Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural, incidence: 1/14, sa. const.: people of The
conc. range: 15–275 ng/l, country: Sudan (females), contamination: natural,
UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood conc.: 5 pg/ml, country: UK/The Sudan134
incidence: 1/461, sa. const.: people of incidence: 25/625*, sa. const.: people of
Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females), Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural,
contamination: natural, conc.: conc. range: 32–11,354 ng/l, country:
37 ng/l, country: UK241, *cord blood UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood
incidence: 1/40*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 3/77*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: Nigeria (females), contamination: natural,
natural, conc.: 438 pg/ml, country: conc. range: 38–483 ng/l, Ø conc.: 262 ng/l,
Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced, cord blood country: UK241, *maternal blood
incidence: 2/37*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 63/461*, sa. const.: people
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: of Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females),
natural, conc. range: 13 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 13 contamination: natural, conc. range:
pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262, *jaundiced, 25–8,942 ng/l, country: UK241,
cord blood *cord blood
incidence: 26/64*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 4/37*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
conc. range: 0.002–3.0 ng/ml, Ø conc.: natural, conc. range: 24–8,464 pg/ml,
0.07 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, Ø conc.: 3,301.75 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/
*cord blood UK262, *jaundiced, peripheral blood
Human 5

incidence: 1/40*, sa. const.: people of natural, conc. range: 0.03–8.49 ng/ml,
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: country: UAE428, *maternal blood
natural, conc.: 40 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of the
UK262, *non-jaundiced, cord blood UAE (premature baby boy),
incidence: 2/37*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc.: 3.99 ng/ml,
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: country: UAE428, *cord blood
natural, conc. range: 57–713 pg/ml, Ø incidence: 6/15, sa. const.: people of
conc.: 385 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262, Kenya (9 male (4 af*) and 6 female
*jaundiced, cord blood patients (2 af*)), age: 0.6–52 years?,
incidence: 5/20, sa. const.: people of Egypt contamination: natural, conc. range:
(females), contamination: natural, conc. 30–757 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 414.8 pg/ml,
range: 0.1–2.1 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.18 ng/ml, country: Kenya/UK466, *additionally
country: Egypt352 cirrhosis, hepatitis, or marasmic
incidence: 36/64*, sa. const.: people of kwashiorkor
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, incidence: 107/201*, sa. const.: people
conc. range: 0.007–5.1 ng/ml, Ø conc.: of the UAE (females), contamination:
0.4 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, natural, conc. range: 110–4,060 pg/ml,
*cord blood country: UAE467, *umbilical cord blood
incidence: 3/8*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Leone, contamination: natural, conc. Aflatoxin M2
range: 0.09–0.8 ng/ml, Ø conc.: incidence: 21/625*, sa. const.: people of
0.397 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, Nigeria (babies), contamination: natural,
*maternal blood conc. range: 14–3,644 ng/l, country:
incidence: 3/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra UK/Nigeria205, *cord blood
Leone (male infants), contamination: incidence: 4/77*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 0.4–0.8 ng/ml, Nigeria (females), contamination: natural,
country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *low conc. range: 48–3,480 ng/l, Ø conc.:
birthweight 948.25 ng/l, country: UK241, *maternal
incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra blood
Leone (female infants), contamination: incidence: 47/461*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 0.2–5.1 ng/ml, Ghana, Nigeria, and Kenya (females),
country: Sierra Leone/UK390, contamination: natural, conc. range:
*low birthweight 15–732 ng/l, country: UK241, *cord blood
incidence: 10/21*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 5/40*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (male infants), Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
contamination: natural, conc. range: natural, conc. range: 51–664 pg/ml,
0.03–1.7 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/ Ø conc.: 313.2 pg/ml, country:
UK390, *normal birthweight Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced,
incidence: 10/20*, sa. const.: people of peripheral blood
Sierra Leone (female infants), incidence: 3/37*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
0.01–2.9 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/ natural, conc. range: 233–3,557 pg/ml,
UK390, *normal birthweight Ø conc.: 1,666.66 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/
incidence: 111/166*, sa. const.: people of UK262, *jaundiced, peripheral blood
the UAE, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 3/40*, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.05–10.44 ng/ml, country: UAE428, Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
*cord blood natural, conc. range: 32–649 pg/ml, Ø
incidence: 113/166*, sa. const.: people of conc.: 261.67 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/
the UAE (females), contamination: UK262, *non-jaundiced, cord blood
6 Human

incidence: 3/37*, sa. const.: people of Aflatoxin

Nigeria (neonates), contamination: incidence: 3/10*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 374–974 pg/ml, Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
Ø conc.: 687.67 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ conc. range: 50–1,680 pg/ml, country:
UK262, *jaundiced, cord blood Kenya/UK95, *control
incidence: 19/64*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 4/11*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
conc. range: 0.02–5.4 ng/ml, Ø conc.: conc. range: 99–9,571 pg/ml, country:
0.7 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, Kenya/UK95, *marasmus ca.
*cord blood incidence: 2/4*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/8*, sa. const.: people of Kenya (children), contamination:
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, natural, conc. range: 41–917 pg/ml,
conc.: 2.5 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/ country: Kenya/UK95, *marasmic
UK390, *maternal blood kwashiorkor ca.
incidence: 5/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 9/14*, sa. const.: people of
Leone (male infants), contamination: Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 0.1–5.4 ng/ml, conc. range: 16–66,588 pg/ml, country:
country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *low Kenya/UK95, *kwashiorkor ca.
birthweight incidence: 475/479, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Benin and Togo (children),
Leone (female infants), contamination: contamination: natural, conc. range:
natural, conc. range: 0.3–0.7 ng/ml, 5–1,064 pg/mg albumin*, country:
country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *low UK/Benin140, *AF-albumin adducts
birthweight incidence: 2/35*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/21*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Thailand (females), contamination:
Leone (male infants), contamination: natural, conc. range: pos, country:
natural, conc.: 0.07 ng/ml, country: Sierra UK/USA381, *maternal blood
Leone/UK390, *normal birthweight incidence: 17/35*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 4/20*, sa. const.: people of Thailand (neonates), contamination:
Sierra Leone (female infants), natural, conc. range: £4.2 ng/ml, country:
contamination: natural, conc. range: UK/USA381, *cord blood
0.08–0.3 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/ incidence: 28/28, sa. const.: people of
UK390, *normal birthweight Nepal, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya range: 0.06–10 ng/ml, country: UK/USA381
(9 male (1 af*) and 6 female), age: incidence: 119/119*, sa. const.: people of
0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural, The Gambia (females), contamination:
conc.: 99 pg/ml, country: Kenya/UK466, natural, conc. range: 4.8–260.8 pg/mg, Ø
*additionally cirrhosis conc.: 40.4 pg/mg, country: UK/The
incidence: 31/201*, sa. const.: people of Gambia420, *maternal blood
the UAE (females), contamination: incidence: 48/99*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 210–3,700 pg/ml, The Gambia (neonates), contamination:
country: UAE467, *umbilical cord blood natural, conc. range: 5.0–89.6 pg/mg, Ø
conc.: 10.1 pg/mg, country: UK/The
Aflatoxin M1 + M2 Gambia420, *cord blood
incidence: ?/125*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 13/118*, sa. const.: people of
Kenya (females), contamination: natural, The Gambia (infants), contamination:
conc. range: 12–1,689 pg/l, country: UK241, natural, conc. range: 5.0–30.2 pg/mg,
*maternal blood Ø conc.: 8.7 pg/mg, country: UK/The
Human 7

Gambia420, *infant blood after 16 weeks (for detailed information please see the
of birth article), ***AF-albumin adducts
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: people of the incidence: 119/124, sa. const.: people of the
Republic of Guinea (males and females), Republic of Guinea (children), age:
Ø age: 33.7 years, contamination: 2–5 years, contamination: natural, conc.
natural, Ø conc.: 5.5 pg/mg** ***, range: 8.8–11.0 pg/mg albumin, Ø conc.:
country: UK/Republic of Guinea541, 9.9 pg/mg albumin*, country: UK/
*control, **level at harvest (for detailed Republic of Guinea/USA554, *AF-albumin
information please see the article), adducts
***AF-albumin adducts
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: people of the Ochratoxin A
Republic of Guinea (males and females), incidence: 14/20*, sa. const.: people of
Ø age: 28.6 years, contamination: natural, Tunisia (males and females),
Ø conc.: 7.2 pg/mg** ***, country: contamination: natural, conc. range: 0–7.5
UK/Republic of Guinea541, *intervention ng/ml*, country: Tunisia/France184,
group, **level at harvest (for detailed *healthy control
information please see the article), incidence: 52/60, sa. const.: people of
***AF-albumin adducts Tunisia (males and females),
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: people of the contamination: natural, conc. range:
Republic of Guinea (males and females), 0–140.5 ng/ml*, country: Tunisia/
Ø age: 33.7 years, contamination: natural, France184, *nephropathy patients
Ø conc.: 18.7 pg/mg** ***, country: incidence: 13/20*, sa. const.: people of
UK/Republic of Guinea541, *control, Tunisia (males and females),
**level 5 months later at postharvest (for contamination: natural, conc. range:
detailed information please see the 0–3.2 ng/ml*, country: Tunisia/France184,
article), ***AF-albumin adducts *healthy control
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: people of the incidence: 36/40, sa. const.: people of
Republic of Guinea (males and females), Tunisia (males and females),
Ø age: 28.6 years, contamination: natural, contamination: natural, conc. range: 1.68–
Ø conc.: 11.7 pg/mg** ***, country: 171.25 ng/ml*, country: Tunisia/France184,
UK/Republic of Guinea541, *intervention *nephropathy patients
group, **level 5 months later at incidence: 73/140*, sa. const.: people of
postharvest (for detailed information Tunisia (males and females),
please see the article), ***AF-albumin contamination: natural, conc. range:
adducts 0.1–8.8 ng/ml*, country: Tunisia/France185,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: people of the *control (general population)
Republic of Guinea (males and females), incidence: 210/581*, sa. const.: people of
Ø age: 33.7 years, contamination: natural, Tunisia (males and females),
Ø conc.: 18.7 pg/mg** ***, country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
UK/Republic of Guinea541, *control, 1.2–100 ng/ml* (12 values from
**level at the end of the study 125 to 1,136 ng/ml), country: Tunisia/
(for detailed information please see the France185, *with chronic renal failure
article), ***AF-albumin adducts
incidence: 52/100, sa. const.: people of
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: people of the
Hungary (in part patients),
Republic of Guinea (males and females),
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Ø age: 28.6 years, contamination: natural,
0.2–1 ng/ml (34 sa), 1–5 ng/ml (16 sa),
Ø conc.: 8.0 pg/mg** ***, country:
5–10 ng/ml (1 sa), 12.9 ng/ml (1 sa),
UK/Republic of Guinea541, *intervention
country: Hungary192
group, **level at the end of the study
8 Human

incidence: 18/22*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
France, contamination: natural, conc. Leone (male infants), contamination:
range: 0.3–1,001 ng/ml, country: natural, conc.: nd, country: Sierra Leone/
France261, *patients (CIN ca.) UK390, *low birthweight
incidence: 38/71*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
France, contamination: natural, conc. Leone (female infants), contamination:
range: 0.28–6.72 ng/ml, country: natural, conc. range: 0.4–0.5 ng/ml, Ø
France261, *patients with renal diseases conc.: 0.45 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/
other than CIN UK390, *low birthweight
incidence: 39/39, sa. const.: people of incidence: 3/21*, sa. const.: people of
Sweden (females), contamination: natural, Sierra Leone (male infants),
conc. range: 90–940 ng/l, Ø conc.: contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.4–
167 ng/l, country: Sweden294 0.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
incidence: 9/216, sa. const.: people of *normal birthweight
Poland, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 7/20*, sa. const.: people of
range: £4.8 ng/cm³, country: Poland303 Sierra Leone (female infants),
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.5–
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: people of France
2.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390,
(male and female), contamination:
*normal birthweight
natural, conc. range: 20.5–1,001 ng/ml,
country: France311 incidence: 5/200, sa. const.: people of
Sweden, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 14/21*, sa. const.: people of
range: £0.88 ng/ml, country: EU396
Tunisia, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 130/160, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.1–2.3 ng/ml, country: Tunisia/
Italy, contamination: natural, conc. range:
France329, *healthy persons
<0.9 ng/ml (128 sa), £2.83 ng/ml (2 sa),
incidence: 33/33*, sa. const.: people of
country: EU396
Tunisia, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 267/309, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.7–1,136 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
Germany, contamination: natural, conc.
80.59 ng/ml, country: Tunisia/France329,
range: <0.9 ng/ml (254 sa), 1–1.9 ng/ml (9
*nephropathy patients
sa), 2–4.9 ng/ml (3 sa), 7.9 ng/ml (1 sa),
incidence: 77/79*, sa. const.: people of country: EU396
Germany, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 22/63*, sa. const.: people of the
range: 0.06–0.90 ng/ml, country:
Ivory Coast (males and females), age of
Germany341, *umbilical cord blood
affected persons: 19–50 years,
incidence: 2/13, sa. const.: people of Egypt contamination: natural, conc. range:
(females), contamination: natural, conc. 0.00992–5.81 µg/l, Ø conc.: 0.83 µg/l
range: 3.22–4.12 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 3.67 ng/ml, country: France/Ivory Coast/Tunisia438,
country: Egypt352 *apparently healthy volunteers
incidence: 78/144, sa const.: people of incidence: 8/39*, sa. const.: people of the
Denmark, contamination: natural, conc. Ivory Coast (27 males and 12 females),
range: £13.2 µg/l, country: Denmark386 age of affected persons: 25–52 years,
incidence: 16/64*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Sierra Leone, contamination: natural, conc. 0.167–2.42 µg/l, Ø conc.: 1.05 µg/l
range: 0.2–3.5 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.9 ng/ml, country: France/Ivory Coast/Tunisia438,
country: Sierra Leone/UK390, *cord blood *nephropathy patients
incidence: 1/8*, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 210/210, sa. const.: people of
Leone, contamination: natural, conc.: 0.2 Norway (141 males and 69 females),
ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK390, contamination: natural, conc. range:
*maternal blood
Human 9

21–5,534 ng/l, Ø conc.: 397 ng/l, country: conc. range: 5–100 ng/ml, country:
Norway440 Yugoslavia/Sweden568, *blood sa. from
incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: people of endemic villages for Balkan
Poland, contamination: natural, conc. nephropathy
range: 0.14–3.41 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.14 ng/ml, incidence: 47/3,378*, sa. const.: people of
country: Poland446, *maternal blood Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, conc.
serum range: 5–50 ng/ml, country: Yugoslavia/
Sweden568, *blood sa. from nonendemic
incidence: 28/30*, sa. const.: people of
villages for Balkan nephropathy
Poland, contamination: natural, conc.
range: 0.56–5.42 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.96 ng/ml, incidence: 82/576*, sa. const.: people of
country: Poland446, *fetal blood serum Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 22/44*, sa. const.: people of Chile range: 1–2 ng/g serum (51 sa), >2–35 ng/g
(healthy donors of Colbún, 16 males (6 af) serum (31 sa), country: Bulgaria/France573,
and 28 females (16 af)), contamination: *blood sa. from people living in areas
natural, conc. range: with and without endemic villages
0.07–2.75 ppb, country: Chile504, nephropathy in Bulgaria, for detailed
*for detailed information please see the information please see the article
article Zearalenone
incidence: 40/44*, sa. const.: people of Chile incidence: 8/74*, sa. const.: people of
(healthy donors of San Vicente Tagua- Poland (females), contamination: natural,
Tagua, 19 males (16 af) and 25 females (24 conc. range: tr–137 ng/ml, country:
af)), contamination: natural, conc. range: Poland432, *showed neoplastic lesions in
0.22–2.12 ppb, country Chile504, *for reproductive system
detailed information please see the article
α-Zearalenol
incidence: 202/202, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 2/74*, sa. const.: people of
Norway (98 males and 104 females), Ø age:
Poland (females), contamination: natural,
38 years (women), 41 years (men), Ø wt.:
conc. range: 5 ng/ml, country: Poland432,
84 kg (men), 64 kg (women),
*showed neoplastic lesions in
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 0.18 ng/ml,
reproductive system
country: Sweden/Norway506
incidence: 191/191, sa. const.: people of see also Human plasma and Human serum
Sweden (133 males and 58 females), Ø age:
43 years (women), 44 years (men), Ø wt.: Human brain may contain the
84 kg (men), 68 kg (women), following mycotoxins and/or their
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.03– metabolites:
1.16 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.21 ng/ml, country:
Aflatoxicol
Sweden/Norway506
incidence: 7/18*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: ?/30*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (children: 4 males and 3 females af),
Pakistan, contamination: natural, conc. contamination: natural, conc. range:
range: 0.036–1.239 ng/ml, country: 22–1,785 pg/g, Ø conc.: 539.14 pg/g,
Pakistan/Germany544, *non-diseased control country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying of
incidence: ?/87*, sa. const.: people of kwashiorkor
Pakistan, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 6/19*, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.032–3.409 ng/ml, country: Nigeria (children: 4 males and 2 females af),
Pakistan/Germany544, *bladder cancer contamination: natural, conc. range:
patients 27–831 pg/g, Ø conc.: 367.83 pg/g,
incidence: 194/13,797*, sa. const.: people country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying from
of Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, miscellaneous diseases
10 Human

Aflatoxin B1 country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying from

incidence: 13/18*, sa. const.: people of miscellaneous diseases
Thailand (children), contamination:
natural, conc. range: tr**, country: Aflatoxin G1
USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., **sa. incidence: 4/18*, sa. const.: people of
showed a blue fluorescent spot similar Nigeria (children: 1 male and 3 females af),
to that of AFB1 contamination: natural, conc. range: 395–
incidence: 7/13*, sa. const.: people of 107,700 pg/g, Ø conc.: 33,704.25 pg/g,
Thailand (children and 2 adolescents), country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying of
contamination: natural, conc. range: tr**, kwashiorkor
country: USA/Thailand10, *dying from incidence: 5/19*, sa. const.: people of
causes other than EFDV **, sa. showed a Nigeria (children: 3 males and 2 females af),
blue fluorescent spot similar to that of contamination: natural, conc. range:
AFB1 2,267–71,742 pg/g, Ø conc.: 25,755.4 pg/g,
country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying from
incidence: 4/18*, sa. const.: people of miscellaneous diseases
Nigeria (children: 3 males and 1
female af.), contamination: natural, conc. Aflatoxin G2
range: 1,233–3,913 pg/g, Ø conc.: incidence: 2/18*, sa. const.: people of
2,699.75 pg/g, country: Nigeria/UK285, Nigeria (children: 2 males af),
*dying of kwashiorkor contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 1/19*, sa. const.: people of 193–212 pg/g, Ø conc.: 202.5 pg/g,
Nigeria (children: 1 female af), country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying of
contamination: natural, conc.: 12,423 pg/g, kwashiorkor
country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying from incidence: 2/19*, sa. const.: people of
miscellaneous diseases Nigeria (children: 2 males af),
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Aflatoxin B2 8–13 pg/g, Ø conc.: 10.5 pg/g, country:
incidence: 1/18*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria/UK285, *dying from miscellaneous
Thailand (children), contamination: diseases
natural, conc.: tr**, country:
USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., **1 of the sa. Aflatoxin M1
showed a blue fluorescent spot similar to incidence: 2/17, sa. const.: people of
that of AFB2 Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
incidence: 1/13*, sa. const.: people of 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
Thailand (children and 2 adolescents), 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
contamination: natural, conc.: tr**, contamination: natural, conc. range:
country: USA/Thailand10, * dying from 1,229–13,314 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.:
causes other than EFDV, **1 of the sa. 7,271.5 pg/g tissue, country:
showed a blue fluorescent spot similar to Singapore/UK259
that of AFB2 incidence: 1/18*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/18*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (children: 1 female af),
Nigeria (children: 1 female af), contamination: natural, conc.: 3,943 pg/g,
contamination: natural, conc.: 21 pg/g, country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying of
country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying of kwashiorkor
kwashiorkor incidence: 1/19*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 2/19*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (children: 1 male af),
Nigeria (children: 1 male and 1 female af), contamination: natural, conc.: 5,092 pg/g,
contamination: natural, conc. range: country: Nigeria/UK285, *dying from
4–113 pg/g, Ø conc.: 58.5 pg/g, miscellaneous diseases
Human 11

Aflatoxin M2 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3/17, sa. const.: people of incidence: 41/800, human breast milk
Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: from women of The Sudan, Kenya, and
12 males and 5 females), age: adult Ghana contamination: natural, conc.
49 years, children 2.5–11 years, range: 150–55,792 ng/l, country: UK241
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 20/113, sa. const.: human
348–5,244 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.: 2,337 pg/g breast milk from women of Sierra Leone
tissue, country: Singapore/UK259 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 3/18*, sa. const.: people of 0.05–372 ng/ml, country: Sierra
Nigeria (children: 2 males and Leone/UK354
1 female af), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 1/231, sa. const.: human breast
range: 1,007–1,854 pg/g, Ø conc.: milk from women of Italy, contamination:
1,503.33 pg/g, country: Nigeria/UK285, natural, conc.: 11.4 ng/l, country: Italy356
*dying of kwashiorkor
incidence: 75/75, sa. const.: human breast
incidence: 5/19*, sa. const.: people of
milk from women of Turkey,
Nigeria (children: 4 males and
contamination: natural, conc. range:
1 female af), contamination: natural, conc.
94–129 ng/l (17 sa), 130–149 ng/l (15 sa),
range: 717–5,290 pg/g, Ø conc.:
150–199 ng/l (25 sa), 200–300 ng/l (10 sa),
2,040.4 pg/g, country: Nigeria/UK285,
>300–4,123.80 ng/l (8 sa), country:
* dying from miscellaneous diseases
Turkey588
Human breast may contain the Aflatoxin B2
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 10/800, sa. const.: human breast
metabolites: milk from women of The Sudan, Kenya,
Aflatoxin B1 and Ghana, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of the range: 49–623 ng/l, country: UK241
UK (1 male and 4 females (3 af)),
contamination: natural, conc. range: Aflatoxin G1
0.43–3.36 AFB1-DNA adducts/106 incidence: 4/800, sa. const.: human breast
nucleotides, Ø conc.: 1.406 AFB1-DNA milk from women of The Sudan, Kenya,
adducts/106 nucleotides, country: and Ghana, contamination: natural, conc.
UK/Mexico58, *non-tumor ca. range: 1,890–5,180 ng/l, country: UK241
incidence: 3/5, sa. const.: human breast
Human breast milk may contain the milk from women of The Gambia,
following mycotoxins and/or their contamination: natural, conc. range:
metabolites: 18–114 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 67.33 pg/ml,
country: USA/France/UK273
Aflatoxicol
incidence: 22/113, sa. const.: human
incidence: 6/800, sa. const.: human breast milk from women of Sierra Leone,
breast milk from women of The Sudan, contamination: natural, conc. range:
Kenya, and Ghana, contamination: 0.005–139 ng/ml, country:
natural, conc. range: 14–270 ng/l, Sierra Leone/UK354
country: UK241
incidence: 41/113, sa. const.: human Aflatoxin G2
breast milk from women of Sierra Leone, incidence: 3/800, sa. const.: human breast
contamination: natural, conc. range: milk from women of The Sudan, Kenya,
0.005–50.9 ng/ml, country: Sierra and Ghana contamination: natural, conc.
Leone/UK354 range: 10–87 ng/l, country: UK241
12 Human

incidence: 25/113, sa. const.: human incidence: 10/64, sa. const.: human breast
breast milk from women of Sierra Leone, milk from women of the UAE,
contamination: natural, conc. range: contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.3–
0.003–366 ng/ml, country: Sierra 1.3 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.77 ng/ml, country:
Leone/UK354 UAE/UK247
incidence: 15/15, sa. const.: human breast
Aflatoxin M1 milk from women of the UAE,
incidence: 129/140, sa. const.: human contamination: natural, conc. range:
breast milk from women of UAE and 7–23 pg/ml, country: UAE/UK247
other countries, contamination:
incidence: 443/445, sa. const.: human
natural, conc. range: £3,400 pg/ml,
breast milk from women of Arabic,
country: UAE1
European, and Asiatic countries,
incidence: 11/73, sa. const.: human breast contamination: natural, conc. range:
milk from women of Australia, 0.002–3 ng/ml, country: UAE/UK248
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: human breast
0.028–1.031 ng/ml, country:
milk from women of The Gambia,
Australia/UK46
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 5/11, sa. const.: human breast £1.4 pg/ml, country: USA/France/UK273
milk from women of Thailand,
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 157/160, sa. const.: human
0.039–1.736 ng/ml, country: breast milk from women of Iran,
Australia/UK46 contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.3–
26.7 ng/kg, country: Iran332
incidence: 8/61, sa. const.: human breast
milk from women of Turkey, incidence: 2/10, sa. const.: human breast
contamination: natural, conc. range: milk from women of Egypt,
5.10–6.90 ng/l, Ø conc.: 5.68 ng/l country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
Turkey99 0.5–5 ppb, Ø conc.: 2.75 ppb, country:
Egypt351
incidence: 13/99, sa. const.: human breast
milk from women of The Sudan, incidence: 66/120, sa. const.: human breast
contamination: natural, conc. range: milk from women of Egypt,
5–64 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 19 pg/ml, country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
UK/The Sudan134 0.2–2.09 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.35 ng/ml,
country: Egypt352
incidence: 4/82, sa. const.: human breast
milk from women of Italy, contamination: incidence: 35/113, sa. const.: human breast
natural, conc. range: 7 ng/l (1 sa), milk from women of Sierra Leone,
>10–50 ng/l (2 sa), 140 ng/l (1 sa), contamination: natural, conc. range:
Ø conc.: 55.35 ng/l, country: Italy233 0.2–99 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK354
incidence: 121/800, sa. const.: human incidence: 1/22, sa. const.: human breast
breast milk from women of The Sudan, milk from women of Brazil,
Kenya, and Ghana, contamination: contamination: natural, conc.: 0.02 ng/ml,
natural, conc. range: 5–1,379 ng/l, country: Brazil355
country: UK241 incidence: 1/231, sa. const.: human breast
incidence: 138/388, sa. const.: human milk from women of Italy, contamination:
breast milk from women of Egypt, natural, conc.: 194 ng/l, country: Italy356
contamination: natural, conc. range: 5.6– incidence: 245/443, sa. const.: human
5,131 pg/ml, country: Finland/ breast milk from women of Egypt,
UK/Egypt244 contamination: natural, conc. range:
Human 13

4.2–889 pg/ml, country: Finland/UK/ Ochratoxin A

Egypt533 incidence: 9/50, sa. const.: human breast
incidence: 6/54, sa. const.: human breast milk from women of Italy, contamination:
milk from women of Zimbabwe, natural, conc. range: 1.7–6.6 ng/ml, Ø
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 3.6 pg/ml conc.: 4.19 ng/ml, country: Italy97
(mean value), country: Zimbabwe569 incidence: 38/92, sa. const.: human breast
incidence: 75/75, sa. const.: human breast milk from women of Hungary,
milk from women of Turkey, contamination: natural, conc. range:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.22–1 ng/ml (13 sa), 1–2 ng/ml (12 sa),
60–79 ng/l (13 sa), 80–99 ng/l (24 sa), 2–3 ng/ml (8 sa), 3–5 ng/ml (3 sa),
100–299.99 ng/l (38 sa), country: 5 to £7.63 ng/ml (2 sa), country:
Turkey588 Hungary192
incidence: 61/82, sa. const.: human breast
Aflatoxin M2 milk from women of Italy, contamination:
incidence: 11/99, sa. const.: human breast natural, conc. range: 5–10 ng/l (28 sa),
milk from women of The Sudan, >10–50 ng/l (27 sa), >50–405 ng/l (6 sa),
contamination: natural, conc. range: Ø conc.: 30.43 ng/l, country: Italy233
3–20 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 12.2 pg/ml, country:
incidence: 74/85, sa. const.: human breast
UK/The Sudan134
milk from women of Italy, contamination:
incidence: 103/800, sa. const.: human natural, conc. range: 0.02 ng/ml (26 sa),
breast milk from women of The Sudan, 0.1 ng/ml (34 sa), 0.5 ng/ml (7 sa),
Kenya, and Ghana, contamination: >1 ng/ml (7 sa), country: Italy268
natural, conc. range: 3–6,368 ng/l,
incidence: 2/100, sa. const.: human breast
country: UK241
milk from women of Australia,
incidence: 70/113, sa. const.: human breast contamination: natural, conc. range:
milk from women of Sierra Leone, 3–3.6 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 3.3 ng/ml, country:
contamination: natural, conc. range: Australia290
0.07–77.5 ng/ml, country: Sierra
incidence: 4/36, sa. const.: human breast
Leone/UK354
milk from women of Germany,
Aflatoxin M1 & M2 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 13/99, sa. const.: human breast 0.017–0.030 µg/kg, Ø conc.: 0.0238 µg/kg,
milk from women of The Sudan, country: Germany291
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 23/40, sa. const.: human breast
3–84 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 34.7 pg/ml, country: milk from women of Sweden,
UK/The Sudan134 contamination: natural, conc. range:
10–40 ng/l, country: Sweden294
Aflatoxin
incidence: 4/36, sa. const.: human breast
incidence: 8/18, sa. const.: human breast
milk from women of Germany,
milk from women of The Sudan and
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Ghana, contamination: natural, conc.
0.017–0.030 ng/ml, country: Germany301
range: 1–45 pg/ml, country:
France/Zimbabwe271 incidence: 17/80, sa. const.: human breast
incidence: 6/54, sa. const.: human breast milk from women of Norway,
milk from women of Zimbabwe, contamination: natural, conc. range: 10–182
contamination: natural, conc. range: ng/l, Ø conc.: 30 ng/l, country: Norway346
14.1–50.5 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 33.65 pg/ml, incidence: 38/115, sa. const.: human breast
country: France/Zimbabwe271 milk from women of Norway,
14 Human

contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 75/75, sa. const.: human breast
10–130 ng/l, Ø conc.: 37.56 ng/l, country: milk from women of Turkey,
Norway347 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 4/40, sa. const.: human breast 600–1,499 ng/l (28 sa), 1,500–2,499 ng/l
milk from of from Switzerland, (31 sa), 2,500–2,999 ng/l (3 sa),
contamination: natural, conc. range: 3,000–3,499 ng/l (3 sa), 3,500–13,111.30 ng/l
5–14 pg/g, country: Switzerland349 (10 sa), country: Turkey636
incidence: 3/10, sa. const.: human breast
Human cervix may contain the
milk from women of Egypt,
following mycotoxins and/or their
contamination: natural, conc. range:
metabolites:
3–15 ppb, Ø conc.: 8.87 ppb, country:
Egypt351 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 43/120, sa. const.: human breast incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of the UK
milk from women of Egypt, (females), contamination: natural, conc.
contamination: natural, conc. range: range: 0.48–4.9 AFB1-DNA adducts/106
5.07–45.01 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 21.06 ng/ml, nucleotides, Ø conc.: 2.69 AFB1-DNA
country: Egypt352 adducts/106 nucleotides, country: UK/
incidence: 40/113, sa. const.: human breast Mexico58, *non-tumor ca.
milk from women of Sierra Leone,
contamination: natural, conc. range: Human colon may contain the
0.2–337 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone/UK354 following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
incidence: 2/28, sa. const.: human breast
milk from women of Brazil, contamination: Aflatoxin B1
natural, conc. range: 0.01–0.02 ng/ml, incidence: 17/32* **, sa. const.: people of
Ø conc.: 0.015 ng/ml, country: Brazil355 the UK (10 males (6 af), 12 females (6 af),
incidence: 198/231, sa. const.: human and 10 of unknown sex (5 af),
breast milk from women of Italy, contamination: natural, conc. range:
contamination: natural, conc. 0.04–56.96 AFB1-DNA adducts/106
range: £57 ng/l, country: Italy356 nucleotides, country: UK/Mexico58, *sa. of
colon and sigmoid, right, transverse, and
incidence: 5/13, sa. const.: human breast
left colon, **partly tumor ca. (for detailed
milk from women of Poland,
information please see the article)
contamination: natural, conc. range:
0.0053–0.017 ng/ml, Ø conc.: Human Colostrum see Human
0.01026 ng/ml country: Poland446 breast milk
incidence: 36/50, sa. const.: human breast
milk from women of Egypt, Human endometrium may contain
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: the following mycotoxins and/or their
1.89 ng/ml*, country: Egypt449, *for all sa. metabolites:
incidence: 23/76, sa. const.: human breast Zearalenone
milk from women of Slovakia, incidence: 25/49, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: Poland (females), contamination: natural,
LOQ (14 sa), 2.30–60.30 ng/l (9 sa), conc. range: 47.8 ng/ml (mean value, 3
Ø conc.: 19.79 ng/ml, country: Slovakia450 sa*), 167 ng/ml (mean value, 22 sa**),
incidence: 96/142, sa. const.: human breast country: Poland412, *endometrial
milk from women of Italy, contamination: hyperplasia, **endometrial
natural, conc. range: LOD/LOQ–0.9 µg/l adenocarcinoma
(93 sa), 1.0–2.35 µg/l (3 sa), country: EU508
Human 15

Human feces may contain the Ochratoxin A

following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 9/40*, sa. const.: people of Italy
metabolites: (females), contamination: natural, conc.
range: LOD/LOQ–0.9 µg/l (6 sa),
Aflatoxin B1 1.0–1.9 µg/l (2 sa), 9.4 µg/l (1 sa), country:
incidence: 2/40, sa. const.: people of Ghana EU508, *pregnant women with
(29 males and 11 females), age: 30–73 years, (12 thereof 3 OTA-pos) and without
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 47.9 pg/g (28 thereof 6 OTA-pos) pathologies
(wet weight), country: Ghana461

Aflatoxin G1 Human hair may contain the

incidence: 34/40, sa. const.: people of following mycotoxins and/or their
Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age: metabolites:
30–73 years, contamination: natural, Fumonisin B1
Ø conc.: 129.6 pg/g (wet weight), country: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: people of South
Ghana461 Africa (composite bulk hair),
Aflatoxin M1 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 3/40, sa. const.: people of tr–93.5 µg/kg, country: South Africa436
Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age:
Fumonisin B2
30–73 years, contamination: natural,
incidence: 4/5, sa. const.: people of South
Ø conc.: 58.7 pg/g (wet weight), country:
Africa (composite bulk hair),
Ghana461
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Aflatoxin Q1 tr–23.5 µg/kg, country: South Africa436
incidence: 5/40, sa. const.: people of Ghana
(29 males and 11 females), age: 30–73 years, Fumonisin B3
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 101.3 pg/g incidence: 2/5, sa. const.: people of South
(wet weight), country: Ghana461 Africa (composite bulk hair),
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Aflatoxin tr, country: South Africa436
incidence: 11/20, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (12 males and 8 females (11 af) of Human heart may contain the
Egypt, age: 20–40 years, contamination: following mycotoxins and/or their
natural, conc. range: 1.8–6 µg/kg, country: metabolites:
Australia/Finland217
Aflatoxin B1
Fumonisin B1 incidence: 3/17, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 7/20*, sa. const.: people of Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males
South Africa (school-children), age: and 5 females), age: adult 49 years,
6–12 years, contamination: natural, conc. children 2.5–11 years, contamination:
range: 6.0–19.56 mg/g, country: South natural, conc. range: 830–2,355 pg/g tissue,
Africa463, *rural sa. Ø conc.: 1,454.66 pg/g tissue, country:
incidence: 2/23*, sa. const.: people of Singapore/UK259
South Africa (adults), age: 12–60 years,
contamination: natural, conc. range: Aflatoxin B2
3.5–16.2 mg/g, Ø conc.: 9.85 mg/g, incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
country: South Africa463, *urban sa. Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
12 males and 5 females), age: adult
Human funiculum may contain the 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
following mycotoxins and/or their contamination: natural, conc.: 19 pg/g
metabolites: tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
16 Human

Human intestine may contain the Aflatoxin B2

following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 1/11*, sa. const.: people of
metabolites: Thailand (children), contamination:
natural, conc.: tr**, country:
Aflatoxin B1 USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other
incidence: 4/5*, sa. const.: people of than EFDV, **a blue fluorescent spot
Thailand (children), contamination: natural, similar to that of AFB2
conc. range: tr–81 µg/kg**, country: USA/
Thailand10, *EFDV ca., **contents of Aflatoxin M1
intestine incidence: 3/17, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 3/9*, sa. const.: people of Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males
Thailand (children), contamination: and 5 females), age: adult 49 years,
natural, conc. range: tr** ***, country: children 2.5–11 years, contamination:
USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other natural, conc. range: 877–18,521 pg/g
than EFDV, **contents of intestine, ***sa. tissue, Ø conc.: 6,911.33 pg/g tissue,
showed a blue fluorescent spot similar to country: Singapore/UK259
that of AFB1
Aflatoxin M2
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
Thailand (children), contamination: 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
natural, conc.: 10 µg/kg**, country: 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., **in contamination: natural, conc.: 445 pg/g
intestine contents tissue, country: Singapore/UK259

Ochratoxin A
Human kidney may contain the
incidence: 3/46, sa. const.: people of
following mycotoxins and/or their
Germany, contamination: natural, conc.
metabolites:
range: 0.10–0.30 µg/kg, Ø conc.:
Aflatoxin B1 0.20 µg/kg, country: Germany291
incidence: 11/14*, sa. const.: people of
Thailand (children), contamination: Human liver may contain the
natural, conc. range: tr **, country: following mycotoxins and/or their
USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., **sa. metabolites:
showed a blue fluorescent spot similar
to that of AFB1 Aflatoxicol
incidence: 6/11*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 5/19*, sa. const.: people of
Thailand (children), contamination: Liberia, Nigeria, and South Africa
natural, conc. range: tr**, country: (children), contamination: natural, conc.:
USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other 188 pg/g (1 kwashiorkor ca), 108–8,500 pg/g
than EFDV, ** showed a blue fluorescent (4 marasmic kwashiorkor ca) country:
spot similar to that of AFB1 UK11, *10 kwashiorkor ca., 6 marasmic
kwashiorkor ca., and 3 marasmus ca.
incidence: 2/17, sa. const.: people of
Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: incidence: 2/16*, sa. const.: people of The
12 males and 5 females), age: adult Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
49 years, children 2.5–11 years, conc. range: 1,004–4,370 pg/g, Ø conc.:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 2,687 pg/g, country: The Sudan/UK32,
200–336 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.: 268 pg/g *kwashiorkor ca.
tissue, country: Singapore/UK259 incidence: 1/13*, sa. const.: people of The
Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
Human 17

conc.: 68,936 pg/g, country: The Sudan/ 2 females af*), contamination: natural,
UK32, *miscellaneous liver disease ca. conc. range: 0.36–5.2 µg/kg, Ø conc.:
incidence: 2/22*, sa. const.: people of 3.312 µg/kg, country: France/
Ghana (children), contamination: Czechoslovakia28, *liver cancer ca.
natural, conc. range: 12–99 pg/g, Ø conc.: incidence: 2/16*, sa. const.: people of The
55.5 pg/g, country: Ghana/UK61, Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
*kwashiorkor ca. conc. range: 32,174–33,206 pg/g, Ø conc.:
incidence: 2/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya 32,690 pg/g, country: The Sudan/UK32,
(patients: 9 males (2 af*) and 6 females), *kwashiorkor ca
age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: people of New
conc. range: 280–2,157 pg/g, Ø conc.: 1,218.5 Zealand (children), contamination: natural,
pg/g, country: Kenya/UK466, *additionally conc. range: 5–50 µg/kg wet weight
cirrhosis or marasmic kwashiorkor (estimates), country: New Zealand35
incidence: 2/8*, sa. const.: people of
Aflatoxin B1 Taiwan (1 male and 1 female af),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of the contamination: natural, conc. range:
USA (male), contamination: natural, 1.2–1.7 µmol/mol DNA**, Ø conc.:
conc.: 520 ng/g wet liver, country: USA4 1.45 µmol/mol DNA**, country:
incidence: 1/20*, sa. const.: people of the USA/Taiwan, Republic of China49,
USA (adults and children: males and *histology = adjacent-normal tissue,
females (1 af)), contamination: natural, **AFB1-FAPy adducts
conc.: 22.5 µg/kg, country: USA8, incidence: 7*/9, sa. const.: people of
*8 Reye-syndrome ca. thereof 1 AFB1-pos., Taiwan (6 males and 1 female af),
2 ca. of acute encephalopathy and 10 ca. contamination: natural, conc. range:
without liver disease 1.2–3.5 µmol/mol DNA**, Ø conc.:
incidence: 17/19*, sa. const.: people of 2.23 µmol/mol DNA**, country:
Thailand (children), contamination: USA/Taiwan, Republic of China49,
natural, conc. range: tr–93 µg/kg, country: *histology = tumor tissue/focal nodule,
USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca. **AFB1-FAPy adducts
incidence: 8/13*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 10/23*, sa. const.: people of the
Thailand (children), contamination: UK, Africa, and Southeast Asia (4 males
natural, conc. range: tr, country: (1 af), 11 females (6 af), and 8 of
USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other unknown sex (3 af)), contamination:
than EFDV natural, conc. range: 0.23–19.8 AFB1-DNA
incidence: 9/19*, sa. const.: people of adducts/106 nucleotides, country: UK/
Liberia, Nigeria, and South Africa Mexico58, *non-tumor ca. and unknown
(children), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 20/22*, sa. const.: people of
range: 391–8,350 pg/g (9 kwashiorkor ca), Ghana (children), contamination: natural,
country: UK11, *10 kwashiorkor ca., conc. range: 62–4,409 pg/g, Ø conc.:
6 marasmic kwashiorkor ca., 1,009.5 pg/g, country: Ghana/UK61,
and 3 marasmus ca. *kwashiorkor ca.
incidence: 16/37*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 6/7*, sa. const.: people of the
the USA (patients), contamination: USA (children), contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: <1–62 ng/g, conc. range: 2.23–17.33 ng/g, Ø conc.: 9.18
country: USA19, *15 Reye’s-syndrome ca. ng/ml, country: USA65,
thereof 11 AFB1-pos. *Reye’s-syndrome ca.
incidence: 5/15, sa. const.: people of incidence: 6/100, sa. const.: people of
Czechoslovakia (3 males and France (males (4 af) and females (2 af)),
18 Human

contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 1/16*, sa. const.: people of The
tr–20 µg/kg, country: France/Senegal122 Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
incidence: 7/8, sa. const.: people of conc.: 1,786 pg/g, country: The Sudan/
Czechoslovakia (6 males and 1 female UK32, *kwashiorkor ca.
child af), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 3/17, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.63–3.51 pmol AFB1/mg DNA, Ø Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
conc.: 1.72 pmol AFB1/mg DNA, country: 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
UK/Czechoslovakia153 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
incidence: 6/17, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males 43–121 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.: 69 pg/g
and 5 females), age: adult 49 years, tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
children 2.5–11 years, contamination: incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya
natural, conc. range: 532–3,176 pg/g tissue, (patients: 9 males and 6 females (1 af*)),
Ø conc.: 1,309.83 pg/g tissue, country: age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural,
Singapore/UK259 conc.: 13 pg/g, country: Kenya/UK466,
incidence: 2/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya *additionally HCC
(patients: 9 males and 6 females (2 af*)), Aflatoxin G1
age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural, incidence: 1/13*, sa. const.: people of The
conc. range: 2,232–92,978 pg/g, Ø conc.: Sudan (children), contamination:
47,605 pg/g, country: Kenya/UK466, natural, conc.: 154,817 pg/g, country:
*additionally HCC The Sudan/UK32, *miscellaneous liver
incidence: 3?/23*, sa. const.: people of disease ca.
Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
range: 3–15 µg/kg, Ø conc.: 7 µg/kg, Malaysia (1 adult and
country: Nigeria521, *5 HCC ca. thereof 16 children: 12 males and 5 females), age:
AFB1–3 to 4 pos. adult 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: people of Kenya contamination: natural, conc.: 9,116 pg/g
(children), contamination: natural, conc. tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
range: 39–89 ppb, Ø conc.: 64 ppb, incidence: 2/154*, sa. const.: people of
country: Kenya545 Singapore (121 males and 33 females),
incidence: 6/100, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
France (55 males and 45 females), age: 22–27 pg/g, Ø conc.: 24.5 pg/g, country:
24–84 years, contamination: natural, conc. Singapore444, *normal subjects
range: tr–20 µg/kg, country: France570 incidence: 2/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya
incidence: 35/50*, sa. const.: people of (patients: 9 males (1 af*) and 6 females (1
Taiwan (42 males and 8 females), age: af*)), age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination:
41–84 years, contamination: natural, natural, conc. range: 128–3,186 pg/g,
conc.: pr**, country: Taiwan, Republic of Ø conc.: 1,657 pg/g, country: Kenya/UK466,
China/USA603, *HCC patients, *additionally HCC or marasmic
**AFB1-DNA adducts kwashiorkor

Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 2/19*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 2/13*, sa. const.: people of The
Thailand (children), contamination: Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 6–11 µg/kg, Ø conc.: conc.: 158–274 pg/g, Ø conc.: 216 pg/g,
8.5 µg/kg, country: USA/Thailand10, country: The Sudan/UK32, *miscellaneous
*EFDV ca. liver disease ca
Human 19

incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya Aflatoxicol

(patients: 9 males (1 af*) and 6 females), incidence: 4/20*, sa. const.: people of
age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural, Nigeria (children), contamination:
conc.: 13 pg/g, country: Kenya/UK466, natural, conc. range: 20–280 pg/g,
*additionally peritonitis Ø conc.: 111 pg/g, country:
Nigeria/UK224, *kwashiorkor ca.
Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 3/20*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria
incidence: 1/19*, sa. const.: people of
(children), contamination: natural, conc.
Liberia, Nigeria, and South Africa
range: 7–85 pg/g, Ø conc.: 52 pg/g, country:
(children), contamination: natural, conc.: 15
Nigeria/UK224, *miscellaneous disease ca.
pg/g (1 marasmic kwashiorkor ca), country:
UK11, *10 kwashiorkor ca., 6 marasmic incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
kwashiorkor ca., and 3 marasmus ca. Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males
and 5 females), age: adult 49 years, children
incidence: 5/17, sa. const.: people of
2.5–11 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males
27 pg/g tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
and 5 females), age: adult 49 years, children
2.5–11 years, contamination: natural, conc. Aflatoxin B1
range: 284–14,537 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.: incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: people of
4,900.4 pg/g tissue, country: Czechoslovakia (males and females af),
Singapore/UK259 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 8/154*, sa. const.: people of 10–54 ng/g, Ø conc.: 28 ng/g, country:
Singapore (121 males and 33 females, Czechoslovakia186
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 5/17, sa. const.: people of
22–142 pg/g, Ø conc.: 54.7 pg/g, country: Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
Singapore444, *normal subjects 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
incidence: 3/15, sa. const.: people of Kenya 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
(patients: 9 males (3 af*) and 6 females), contamination: natural, conc. range:
age: 0.6–52 years?, contamination: natural, 38–3,465 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.: 1,103 pg/g
conc. range: 423–15,909 pg/g, Ø conc.: tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
5,916.66 pg/g, country: Kenya/UK466, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of Japan
*additionally cirrhosis, stomach (male), age: 41 years, contamination:
cancer or HCC natural, conc.: 0.635 µg/g dry weight,
country: Japan459
Aflatoxin M2
incidence: 2/13*, sa. const.: people of The Aflatoxin B2
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
conc.: 1,474–3,158 pg/g, Ø conc.: Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
2,316 pg/g, country: The Sudan/UK32, 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
*miscellaneous liver disease ca. 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
contamination: natural, conc.: 48 pg/g
Aflatoxin tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
incidence: 1/13*, sa. const.: people of the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of Japan
USA (children), contamination: natural, (male), age: 41 years, contamination:
conc.: 0.04 ppb?, country: USA62, *thereof natural, conc.: 0.0273 µg/g dry weight,
12 Reye’s-syndrome ca. country: Japan459
Human lung may contain the Aflatoxin G1
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 3/20*, sa. const.: people of
metabolites: Nigeria (children), contamination:
20 Human

natural, conc. range: 3,414–52,099 pg/g, Aflatoxins

Ø conc.: 31,647.66 pg/g, country Nigeria/ incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
UK224, *kwashiorkor ca. Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
incidence: 6/20*, sa. const.: people of 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
Nigeria (children), contamination: 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
natural, conc. range: 132–84,807 pg/g, contamination: natural, conc.: 27 pg/g
Ø conc.: 20,400 pg/g, country: Nigeria/ tissue*, country: Singapore/UK259,
UK224, *miscellaneous disease ca. *AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFM1, AFM2,
and AFL
Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 3/20*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (children), contamination: Human Maternal Milk see Human
natural, conc. range: 94–550 pg/g, Ø conc.: breast milk
334.66 pg/g, country: Nigeria/UK224,
*kwashiorkor ca. Human Milk see Human breast milk
incidence: 3/20*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (children), contamination:
natural, conc. range: 8–1,837 pg/g, Human pancreas may contain the
Ø conc.: 636 pg/g, country: Nigeria/UK224, following mycotoxins and/or their
*miscellaneous disease ca. metabolites:

Aflatoxin M1 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of incidence: 5/12*, sa. const.: people of the
Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males UK (3 males (2 af), 8 females (3 af), and
and 5 females), age: adult 49 years, 1 of unknown sex), contamination:
children 2.5–11 years, contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.21–0.47 AFB1-DNA
natural, conc.: 1,289 pg/g tissue, country: adducts/106 nucleotides, country:
Singapore/UK259 UK/Mexico58, *non-tumor ca.
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of Japan
(male), age: 41 years, contamination: Human placenta may contain the
natural, conc.: 0.0525 µg/g dry weight, following mycotoxins and/or their
country: Japan459 metabolites:
Aflatoxin M2 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 11/20*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 69/120, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (children), contamination: Taiwan (females), contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 210–2,723 pg/g, conc. range: 0.6–6.3 µmol/mol DNA*, Ø
Ø conc.: 894.27 pg/g, country: Nigeria/ conc.: 2.34 µmol/mol DNA*, country:
UK224, *kwashiorkor ca. Taiwan, Republic of China156, *AFB1-DNA
incidence: 10/20*, sa. const.: people of adducts
Nigeria (children), contamination:
natural, conc. range: 100–3,058 pg/g, Ochratoxin A
Ø conc.: 1,230.9 pg/g, country: Nigeria/ incidence: 11/40*, sa. const.: people of
UK224, *miscellaneous disease ca. Italy (females), contamination: natural,
incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of conc. range: LOD/LOQ–0.9 µg/l (2 sa),
Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 1.0–1.9 µg/l (1 sa), 2.0–5.0 µg/l (3 sa),
12 males and 5 females), age: adult £10.57 µg/l (5 sa), country: EU508, *
49 years, children 2.5–11 years, pregnant women with (12 thereof
contamination: natural, conc.: 1,595 pg/g 4 OTA-pos) and without (28 thereof
tissue, country: Singapore/UK259 7 OTA-pos) pathologies
Human 21

Human plasma may contain the contamination: natural, conc.: 18.2 pg/ml
following mycotoxins and/or their (mean value), country: Turkey582,
metabolites: *93 chronic hepatitis ca., 64 cirrhosis ca.,
and 46 HCC ca.
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 5/62*, sa. const.: people of Ochratoxin A
Turkey (33 male and 29 female humans: incidence: 148/249, sa. const.: people of
healthy), contamination: natural, conc.: Croatia (males and females),
101.2 pg/ml (mean value), country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
Turkey582, *control 0.2–1.0 ng/ml (135 sa), >1.0–15.9 ng/ml
incidence: 50/203*, sa. const.: people of (13 sa), country: Croatia187
Turkey (119 male and 84 female patients), incidence: 320/734, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc.: 36.1 pg/ml Croatia (males and females),
(mean value), country: Turkey582, contamination: natural, conc. range:
*93 chronic hepatitis ca., 64 cirrhosis ca., 0.2–1.0 ng/ml (288 sa), >1.0 ng/ml (32 sa),
and 46 HCC ca. country: Croatia189
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 3/62*, sa. const.: people of Germany/Switzerland? (4 males and
Turkey (33 male and 29 female humans: 4 females, af.), age: 26–57 years,
healthy), contamination: natural, conc.: contamination: natural, conc. range:
18.8 pg/ml (mean value), country: 0.2–0.88 ng/ml, country: Germany/
Turkey582, *control Switzerland197
incidence: 35/203*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 185/309*, sa. const.: people of
Turkey (119 male and 84 female patients), Morocco (213 males and 96 females),
contamination: natural, conc.: 28.4 pg/ml age: 18–60 years, contamination: natural,
(mean value), country: Turkey582, conc. range: 0.08–6.59 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
*93 chronic hepatitis ca., 64 cirrhosis ca., 0.29 ng/ml, country: Morocco/France219,
and 46 HCC ca. *healthy volunteers
Aflatoxin G1 incidence: 40/75*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 6/62*, sa. const.: people of Spain (44 males and 31 females), age:
Turkey (33 male and 29 female humans: 27–80 years, contamination: natural,
healthy), contamination: natural, conc.: conc. range: £4.0 ng/ml, country: Spain/
32.5 pg/ml (mean value), country: France221, *healthy donors
Turkey582, *control incidence: 56/72*, sa. const.: people
incidence: 46/203*, sa. const.: people of of Spain (40 males and 32 females),
Turkey (119 male and 84 female patients), age: 27–80 years, contamination:
contamination: natural, conc.: 92.0 pg/ml natural, conc. range: £11.70 ng/ml,
(mean value), country: Turkey582, country: Spain/France221, *nephropathy
*93 chronic hepatitis ca., 64 cirrhosis ca., patients
and 46 HCC ca. incidence: 88/198, sa. const.: people of
Aflatoxin G2 Croatia (healthy inhabitants of Zagreb),
incidence: 2/62*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Turkey (33 male and 29 female humans: >0.2–1.3 ng/ml, country: Croatia226
healthy), contamination: natural, conc.: incidence: 156/184, sa. const.: people of
10.4 pg/ml (mean value), country: Japan (130 males (114 af) and 54 females
Turkey582, *control (42 af)), contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 37/203*, sa. const.: people of range: 4–278 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 68 pg/ml,
Turkey (119 male and 84 female patients), country: Japan235
22 Human

incidence: 50/50*, sa. const.: people of UK, Ø weight: 68 kg, contamination: natural,
contamination: natural, conc. range: conc. range: LOQ–0.2 ng/ml (9 sa),
0.4–3.11 ng/ml, country: UK236, >0.2–1.0 ng/ml (10 sa), >1.0–10.0 ng/ml
*32 volunteers (normal diet?), (6 sa), country: Argentina/Sweden502
11 vegetarians, 7 consumed ethnic diet incidence: 202/202, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 38/297, sa. const.: people of The Netherlands (males and females), Ø
Sweden, contamination: natural, conc. age: 40 years, contamination: natural,
range: 0.3–0.8 ng/ml (33 sa), >0.8 to conc. range: LOD/LOQ to £0.78 µg/l,
£6.7 ng/ml (5 sa), country: Sweden293 country: EU508
incidence: 144/144, sa. const.: people of incidence: 168/168, sa. const.: people
Canada (72 males and 72 females), age of Spain (88 males and 80 females),
for 134 donors: 19–68 years, contamination: natural, conc. range: LOD/
contamination: natural, conc. range: LOQ–0.9 µg/l (90 sa), 1.0–1.9 µg/l (50 sa),
0.29–2.37 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.88 ng/ml, 2.0–5.0 µg/l (27 sa), 5.58 µg/l (1 sa),
country: Canada345 country: EU508
incidence: 83?/250, sa. const.: people of incidence: 191/191, sa. const.: people of
Lebanon (164 males (51 af) and Sweden (133 males and 58 females), Ø
86 females (31 af)), age: 16 to ³60 years, age: 44 years, contamination: natural,
contamination: natural, conc. range: conc. range: LOD/LOQ–0.9 µg/l (189 sa),
0.1–0.87 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.17 ng/ml, 1.0–1.23 µg/l (2 sa), country: EU508
country: Lebanon/France429 incidence: 7/7*, sa. const.: people of the
incidence: 91/142, sa. const.: people from UK (males and females), age: 18–55 years,
Argentina (male inhabitants of Mar del contamination: natural, conc. range:
Plata), Ø age: 37 years, Ø weight: 80 kg, LOD/LOQ–2.15? µg/l, country: EU508,
contamination: natural, conc. range: LOD *eating ethnic diet
to <LOQ (1 sa), LOQ–0.2 ng/ml (39 sa), incidence: 32/32*, sa. const.: people of the
>0.2–1.0 ng/ml (39 sa), >1.0–10.0 ng/ml UK (males and females), age: 18–55 years,
(12 sa), country: Argentina/Sweden502 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 36/57, sa. const.: people from LOD/LOQ–3.11? µg/l, country: EU508,
Argentina (female inhabitants of Mar del *eating normal diet
Plata), Ø age: 40 years, Ø weight: 70 kg incidence: 11/11*, sa. const.: people of the
(females), contamination: natural, conc. UK (males and females), age: 18–55 years,
range: LOQ–0.2 ng/ml (17 sa), contamination: natural, conc. range:
>0.2–1.0 ng/ml (13 sa), >1.0–10.0 ng/ml LOD/LOQ–2.46? µg/l, country: EU508,
(5 sa), 47.6 ng/ml (1 sa), country: *vegetarians
Argentina/Sweden502 incidence: 168/168, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 122/193, sa. const.: people from Spain (88 males and 80 females), age:
Argentina (male inhabitants of General 18–63 years, contamination: natural, conc.
Rodriguez), Ø age: 35 years, Ø weight: range: 0.120–5.580 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
80 kg, contamination: natural, conc. 1.192 ng/ml, country: Spain542
range: LOQ–0.2 ng/ml (16 sa), incidence: 130/132, sa. const.: people of
>0.2–1.0 ng/ml (61 sa), >1.0–10.0 ng/ml Spain (male inhabitants of the province
(41 sa), >10.0–74.8 ng/ml (4 sa), country: of Lleida), age: 18–45 years and more,
Argentina/Sweden502 contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 25/42, sa. const.: people from 0.12–8.03 ng/ml, country: Spain584
Argentina (female inhabitants of General incidence: 145/147, sa. const.: people of
Rodriguez), Ø age: 36 years, Spain (females inhabitants of the
Human 23

province of Lleida), age: 18–45 years and Aflatoxin M2

more, contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 20/50, sa. const.: people of
0.11–8.68 ng/ml, country: Spain584 Nigeria (males: infertile), age: adult,
see also Human blood and Human serum contamination: natural, conc. range:
0.90–3.60 µg/ml, country: Nigeria443
Human rectum may contain the incidence: 4/50, sa. const.: people of
following mycotoxins and/or their Nigeria (males: fertile), age: adult,
metabolites: contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.45–
0.62 µg/ml, country: Nigeria443
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 5/9*, sa. const.: people of the Human serum may contain the
UK (4 males (tumor ca) and 5 females following mycotoxins and/or their
(5 af)), contamination: natural, conc. metabolites:
range: 0.26–10.26 AFB1-DNA adducts/106
nucleotides, country: UK/Mexico58 Aflatoxicol
incidence: 1/16*, sa. const.: people of The
Human renal tissue may contain the Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
following mycotoxins and/or their conc.: 930 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/
metabolites: UK32, * kwashiorkor ca.
Ochratoxin A incidence: 44/44*, sa. const.: people of The
incidence: 3/14*, sa. const.: people of Sudan (male and female children), no
Egypt (males and females), age: contamination with AFL, conc.: nd,
38–70 years, contamination: natural, conc. country: UK/The Sudan36, *control
range: 0.51–1.28 ng/g, country: Egypt/ incidence: 1/57*, sa. const.: people of The
France227, *with urothelial tumors Sudan (male and female children),
contamination: natural, conc.: pr, country:
Human semen may contain the UK/The Sudan36, *marasmus ca.
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 4/32*, sa. const.: people of The
metabolites: Sudan (male and female children),
contamination: natural, conc.:
Aflatoxin G1 pr, country: UK/The Sudan36, *marasmic
incidence: 20/50, sa. const.: people of kwashiorkor ca.
Nigeria (males: infertile), age: adult, incidence: 6/44*, sa. const.: people of The
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.50– Sudan (male and female children),
2.80 µg/ml, country: Nigeria443 contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: 4/50, sa. const.: people of pr, country: UK/The Sudan36,
Nigeria (males: fertile), age: adult, *kwashiorkor ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.30–
incidence: 67/67*, sa. const.: people of
0.50 µg/ml, country: Nigeria443
Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their
Aflatoxin M1 mothers), no contamination with AFL,
incidence: 20/50, sa. const.: people of conc.: nd, country: Nigeria/UK195, *control
Nigeria (males: infertile), age: adult, (non-jaundiced?!)
contamination: natural, conc. range: 1.0– incidence: 14/340*, sa. const.: people of
3.20 µg/ml, country: Nigeria443 Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their
incidence: 4/50, sa. const.: people of mothers), contamination: natural, conc.
Nigeria (males: fertile), age: adult, range: 26–750 ng/l, country: Nigeria/
contamination: natural, conc. UK195, *jaundiced
range: 0.43–0.48 µg/ml, country: Nigeria443
24 Human

incidence: 15/30*, sa. const.: people of AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (20 sa), £350 pg
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (7 sa), country:
age: 7–20 months, contamination: France/The Gambia/People’s Republic of
natural, conc. range: 2–20 ng/100 ml, Ø China15
conc.: 9.27 ng/100ml, country: Egypt447, incidence: 29/29, sa. const.: people of
*kwashiorkor ca. Senegal (male and female children),
incidence: 3/30*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants), 5–25 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural, (20 sa), 26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
conc. range: 2–14 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: albumin (6 sa), 51–75 pg AFB1-lysine eq/
6.33 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, mg albumin (2 sa), 76–100 pg
*marasmus ca. AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (1 sa),
incidence: 10/36*, sa. const.: people of Sierra country: France/The Gambia/People’s
Leone (children: under 5), contamination: Republic of China15
natural, conc. range: 0.03–0.9 ng/ml, incidence: 15/30, sa. const.: people of
country: Sierra Leone540, *14 controls, Kenya (male and female children),
3 kwashiorkors, 9 underweights, 2 contamination: natural, conc. range:
marasmics, and 8 “unspecified” (for detailed 5–25 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
information please see the article) (8 sa), 26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
albumin (3 sa), 76–100 pg AFB1-lysine eq/
Aflatoxin B1 mg albumin (1 sa), 101–200 pg AFB1-lysine
incidence: 356/357*, sa. const.: people of eq/mg albumin (1 sa), £350 pg AFB1-lysine
The Gambia (188 male and 169 female eq/mg albumin (2 sa), country: France/The
inhabitants of periurban areas), Ø age: Gambia/People’s Republic of China15
24 years, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 4/26, sa. const.: people of
range: 14.9–33.4 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg Uganda (male and female children),
albumin (mean values), country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
UK/France/The Gambia/USA13, 5–25 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
*thereof 181 HBV ca. but no predominant (3 sa), 26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
contamination, for detailed information albumin (1 sa), country: France/The
please see the article Gambia/People’s Republic of China15
incidence: 356/357*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: people of The
The Gambia (188 male and 169 female Gambia (males and females),
inhabitants of rural areas), Ø age: contamination: natural, conc. range:
24 years, contamination: natural, conc. 5–25 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
range: 28.5–42.8 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg (13 sa), 26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
albumin (mean values), country: albumin (2 sa), 51–75 pg AFB1-lysine
UK/France/The Gambia/USA13, *thereof eq/mg albumin (1 sa), 76–100 pg
181 HBV ca. but no predominant AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (1 sa),
contamination, for detailed information 101–200 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
please see the article (3 sa), country: France/The Gambia/
incidence: 159/163, sa. const.: people of The People’s Republic of China15
Gambia (male and female children), incidence: 28/61, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: 5–25 pg Kenya (males and females),
AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (48 sa), contamination: natural, conc. range: 5–25
26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (18 sa),
(45 sa), 51–75 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg 26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
albumin (24 sa), 76–100 pg AFB1-lysine (2 sa), 51–75 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
eq/mg albumin (11 sa), 101–200 pg albumin (1 sa), 76–100 pg AFB1-lysine
Human 25

eq/mg albumin (4 sa), 101–200 pg AFB1- Ø conc.: 221 pmol AFB1/g albumin,
lysine eq/mg albumin (2 sa), >200 pg country: USA/People’s Republic of China26
AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (1 sa), incidence: 1/8*, sa. const.: people of
country: France/The Gambia/People’s Thailand (6 males and 2 females (1 af)),
Republic of China15 age: 17–73 years, contamination: natural,
incidence: 11/84, sa. const.: people of conc.: 7.4 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin,
Thailand (males and females), country: France/USA/Thailand29, *HCC ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 3/16*, sa. const.: people of The
5–25 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
(10 sa), 26–50 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
conc. range: 353–588 pg/ml, Ø conc.:
albumin (1 sa), country: France/The
447 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32,
Gambia/People’s Republic of China15
*kwashiorkor ca.
incidence: 66/70, sa. const.: people of incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of The
Guinea (males), age: 9–80 years, Sudan (child), contamination: natural,
contamination: natural, conc. range: conc.: 666 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/
4–50 AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (51 sa), UK32, *micronodular cirrhosis with portal
>50–385 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin hypertension
(15 sa), country: Guinea/France17
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of the Mexico (patients: males and females),
USA (female), age: 31 years, contamination: natural, conc. range:
contamination: natural, conc.: 3.39 ng/ml, 0.54–4.65 pmol AF/mg albumin, Ø conc.:
country: USA20 2.70 pmol aflatoxin/mg albumin,
incidence: 5/20*, sa. const.: people of country: USA/Finland/Singapore/
Japan (males: healthy), age: 20–63 years, Mexico55, *HCC ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 59/78, sa. const.: people of
20–56 pg/ml, country: Japan21, *sa. taken Nigeria (males: healthy), age: 18–47 years,
after fasting contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 29/80*, sa. const.: people of 20–3,100 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 665 pg/ml,
Japan (males: healthy), age: 20–63 years, country: UK/Nigeria68
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: people of
20–1,169 pg/ml, country: Japan21,
Nigeria (male farmers), contamination:
*sa. taken after lunch
natural, conc. range: 0.025–0.57 µg/ml,
incidence: 1,187/1,188, sa. const.: people country: Nigeria69, *control
of the People’s Republic of China, incidence: ?/15*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: Nigeria (males and females),
0.14–4.39 pmol AFB1/mg albumin, contamination: natural, conc. range:
country: USA/People’s Republic of China22 0.005–0.130 µg/ml, country: Nigeria69, *
incidence: 115/117, sa. const.: people of different disease ca.
The Gambia (children), age: 3–4 years, incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of The
contamination: natural, conc. range: Sudan (females), contamination: natural,
2.2–250.4 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin, conc.: 111 pg/ml, country: UK/The Sudan134
country: France/The Gambia/Italy/UK23 incidence: 4/67*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 33/60, sa. const.: people of the Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their
People’s Republic of China, mothers), contamination: natural, conc.
contamination: natural, conc. range: range: 1,956–20,371 ng/l**, country:
£890 pmol AFB1/g albumin, Nigeria/UK195, *control (non-jaundiced?!),
**only in infants?
26 Human

incidence: 21/340*, sa. const.: people of conc. range: 0.16–1.70 pmol/mg

Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their albumin** ***, country: USA/People’s
mothers), contamination: natural, conc. Republic of China451, *control (receiving
range: 256–58,239 ng/l, country: Nigeria/ placebos for 3 months), **AFB-AA,
UK195, *jaundiced ***for detailed information please see
incidence: 2/7*, sa. const.: people of India, the article
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
tr, country: India237, *jaundiced People’s Republic of China, age:
20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 3/60*, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.26–1.63 pmol/mg albumin** ***,
Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
country: USA/People’s Republic of
natural, conc. range: 182–2,094 pg/ml, Ø
China451, *receiving GTP 500 mg for
conc.: 958.33 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/
3 months, **AFB-AA, ***for detailed
UK262, *non-jaundiced
information please see the article
incidence: 7/64*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
People’s Republic of China, age:
natural, conc. range: 242–10,239 pg/ml, Ø
20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc.
conc.: 2,580.57 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/
range: 0.35–1.55 pmol/mg albumin** ***,
UK262, *jaundiced
country: USA/People’s Republic of
incidence: 2/78*, sa. const.: people of China451, *receiving GTP 1,000 mg for
Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc. 3 months, **AFB-AA, ***for detailed
range: 2,676–6,532 pg/ml, Ø conc.: information please see the article
4,604 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269,
incidence: 2/40, sa. const.: people of
*urban population
Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age:
incidence: 97/97*, sa. const.: people of
30–73 years, contamination: natural, Ø
Nigeria, no contamination with AFB1,
conc.: 12.5 ng/ml, country: Ghana461
conc.: nd, country: Nigeria/UK269,
*rural population incidence: ?/264*, sa. const.: people of
Taiwan (males: healthy), age:
incidence: 1/20, sa. const.: people of
30.3–64.8 years, contamination: natural,
Argentina (patients: 13 males (1 af) and
conc. range: 5.0–355.8 pmol AFB1/mg
7 females), age: 42–64 years,
albumin** ***, country: USA/Taiwan,
contamination: natural, conc.:
Republic of China485, *132 HbsAg carriers,
0.47 ng/cm³, country: Argentina434
132 non-carriers, **AFB1-albumin
incidence: 24/30*, sa. const.: people of adducts, ***measured at time
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), point 1 (for detailed information please
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural, see the article)
conc. range: 4–69 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: incidence: ?/264*, sa. const.: people of
32.38 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, Taiwan (males: healthy), age:
*kwashiorkor ca. 30.3–64.8 years, contamination: natural,
incidence: 13/30*, sa. const.: people of conc. range: 5.0–205.2 pmol AFB1/mg
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants), albumin** ***, country: USA/Taiwan,
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural, Republic of China485, *132 HbsAg carriers,
conc. range: 10–18 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: 132 non-carriers, **AFB1-albumin
13.62 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, adducts, ***measured at time
*marasmus ca. point 2 (for detailed information please
incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the see the article)
People’s Republic of China, age: incidence: ?/100*, sa. const.: people of
20–55 years, contamination: natural, Taiwan (100 males: school students),
Human 27

age: 13–15 years, contamination: natural, conc.: 32.47 ng/ml (mean value), country:
conc. range: 2–138 fmol/mg* **, country: Egypt592, *HCC patients, for detailed
USA/Taiwan, Republic of China486, information please see the article
*50 positive and 50 negative for HbsAg, incidence: 42/42, sa. const.: people of the
**AFB1-albumin adducts, ***for detailed People’s Republic of China (30 males and
information please see the article 12 females), age: 25–64 years,
incidence: ?/100*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Taiwan (100 females: school students), ȣ344 ng AFB1/g albumin, country:
age: 13–15 years, contamination: natural, USA/People’s Republic of China607
conc. range: 2–174 fmol/mg** ***,
incidence: 98/104, sa. const.: people of UK
country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
(47 males and 57 females volunteers), age:
China486, *50 positive and 50 negative
18–65 years, contamination: natural, conc.
for HbsAg, **AFB1-albumin adducts,
range: <5 pg/mg* (6 sa), 5–15 pg/mg*
***for detailed information please
(18 sa), 16–25 pg/mg* (27 sa),
see the article
26–35 pg/mg* (25 sa), 36–45 pg/mg*
incidence: 6/36*, sa. const.: people of Sierra (17 sa), 46–55 pg/mg* (5 sa), 56–65 pg/mg*
Leone (children: under 5), contamination: (5 sa), 66–95 pg/mg* (1 sa), country:
natural, conc. range: 0.2–2.5 ng/ml, UK627, *AFB1-lysine (eq) pg/mg albumin
country: Sierra Leone540, *14 controls,
3 kwashiorkors, 9 underweights, Aflatoxin B2
2 marasmics, and 8 “unspecified” incidence: 2/16*, sa. const.: people of
(for detailed information please see the The Sudan (children), contamination:
article) natural, conc. range: 9–12 pg/ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 2/45, sa. const.: people of 10.5 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32,
Denmark (male workers in animal-feed *kwashiorkor ca.
production), age: 25–62 years, incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: Nigeria (male farmers), contamination:
50–54 pg AFB1/mg albumin* **, Ø conc.: natural, conc. range: 0.010–0.390 µg/ml,
52 pg AFB1/mg albumin*, country: country: Nigeria69, *control
Denmark559, *first blood sample, incidence: ?/15*, sa. const.: people of
**AFB1-adducts Nigeria (males and females),
incidence: 7/45, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Denmark (male workers in animal-feed 0.008–0.240 µg/ml, country: Nigeria69,
production), age: 25–62 years, *different disease ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 1*/12, sa. const.: people of The
44–100 pg AFB1/mg albumin* **, Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
Ø conc.: 64.86 pg AFB1/mg albumin*, conc.: 3 pg/ml, country: UK/The Sudan134,
country: Denmark559, *second blood *marasmus/kwashiorkor ca.
sample, **AFB1-adducts
incidence: 67/67*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 20?/20*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their
Egypt (17 males and 3 females), Ø age: mothers), no contamination with AFB2,
53.17 years, contamination: natural, Ø conc.: nd, country: Nigeria/UK195, *control
conc.: 7.33 ng/ml (mean value), country: (non-jaundiced?!)
Egypt592, *control, for detailed incidence: 4/340*, sa. const.: people of
information please see the article Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their
incidence: 80?/80*, sa. const.: people of mothers), contamination: natural, conc.
Egypt (66 males and 14 females), Ø age: range: 17–5? ng/l, country: Nigeria/UK195,
52.88 years, contamination: natural, Ø *jaundiced
28 Human

incidence: 1/60*, sa. const.: people of Aflatoxin B

Nigeria (neonates), contamination: incidence: 2/45, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc.: 40 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ Denmark (males), age: 25–62 years,
UK262, *non-jaundiced contamination: natural, conc. range: 50–54
incidence: 1/64*, sa. const.: people of pg AFB/mg albumin***, Ø conc.: 52 pg
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: AFB/mg albumin***, country: Denmark435,
natural, conc.: 20 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/ *AFB-albumin adducts, **first blood sa.
UK262, *jaundiced incidence: 7/45, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/78*, sa. const.: people of Denmark (males), age: 25–62 years,
Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.: 36 contamination: natural, conc. range:
pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269, *urban 44–100 pg AFB/mg albumin* **, Ø conc.:
population 64.86 pg AFB/mg albumin* **, country:
Denmark435, *AFB-albumin adducts,
incidence: 97/97*, sa. const.: people of
**second blood sa.
Nigeria, no contamination with AFB2,
conc.: nd, country: Nigeria/UK269, *rural incidence: 17/17, sa. const.: people of
population the People’s Republic of China,
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 7/30*, sa. const.: people of
0.009–0.329 pmol AFB-lysine adduct/mg
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants),
albumin, Ø conc.: 0.198 pmol
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural,
AFB-lysine adduct/mg albumin,
conc. range: 4–16 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
country: USA517
12.00 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: people of The
*kwashiorkor ca.
Gambia, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 1/30*, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.084–0.228 pmol AFB-lysine
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
adduct/mg albumin, Ø conc.: 0.142 pmol
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural,
AFB-lysine adduct/mg albumin, country:
conc.: 5 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
USA517
*marasmus ca.
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 4/36*, sa. const.: people of the People’s Republic of China,
Sierra Leone (children: under 5), contamination: natural, conc. range:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.065–0.142 pmol AFB-lysine adduct/
0.04–4.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540, mg albumin, Ø conc.: 0.098 pmol
*14 controls, 3 kwashiorkors, AFB-lysine adduct/mg albumin,
9 underweights, 2 marasmics, and country: USA517
8 “unspecified” (for detailed information incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: people of the
please see the article) People’s Republic of China, contamination:
natural, conc. range: 0.083–0.147 pmol
Aflatoxin B2a AFB-lysine adduct/mg albumin, Ø conc.:
incidence: 12/30*, sa. const.: people of 0.108 pmol AFB-lysine adduct/mg
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), albumin, country: USA517
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural,
conc. range: 4–35 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: Aflatoxin G1
15.58 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, incidence: 1/16*, sa. const.: people of The
*kwashiorkor ca. Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
incidence: 4/30*, sa. const.: people of conc.: 975 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants), UK32, *kwashiorkor ca.
age: 6–13 months, contamination: incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 3–9 ng/100 ml, Ø Nigeria (male farmers), contamination:
conc.: 6.00 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, natural, conc. range: 0.024–0.59 µg/ml,
*marasmus ca. country: Nigeria69, *control
Human 29

incidence: ?/15*, sa. const.: people of 30–73 years, contamination: natural, Ø

Nigeria (males and females), conc.: 9.2 ng/ml, country: Ghana461
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 1/150, sa. const.: people of Italy
0.005–0.180 µg/ml, country: Nigeria69, (33 females donors: healthy), 117 men,
*different disease ca. age: 40–75 years, contamination: natural,
incidence: 3/67*, sa. const.: people of conc.: 0.40 ng/ml, country: Italy465
Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their incidence: 5/36*, sa. const.: people of
mothers), contamination: natural, conc. Sierra Leone (children: under 5),
range: 1,112–4,370 ng/l**, country: contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.5–
Nigeria/UK195, *control (non-jaundiced?!), 1.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540, *14
**only in infants? controls, 3 kwashiorkors, 9 underweights,
incidence: 12/340*, sa. const.: people of 2 marasmics, and 8 “unspecified” (for
Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their detailed information please see the
mothers), contamination: natural, conc. article)
range: 460–165,067 ng/l, country: Nigeria/
UK195, *jaundiced Aflatoxin G2
incidence: 2/60*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 1/16*, sa. const.: people of The
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 1,877–6,389 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 4 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32,
conc.: 4,133 pg/ml, country: *kwashiorkor ca.
Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 2/64*, sa. const.: people of Nigeria (male farmers), contamination:
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.012-0.192 µg/ml,
natural, conc. range: 293–1,074 pg/ml, Ø country: Nigeria69, *control
conc.: 683.5 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262, incidence: ?/15*, sa. const.: people of
*jaundiced Nigeria (males and females),
incidence: 1/78*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.: 0.002–0.080 µg/ml, country: Nigeria69,
8,828 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269, *different disease ca.
*urban population incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of The
incidence: 2/97*, sa. const.: people of Sudan (females), contamination: natural,
Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc. conc.: 2 pg/ml, country: UK/The
range: 2,683–6,436 pg/ml, Ø conc.: Sudan134
4,459.5 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269, incidence: 2*/12, sa. const.: people of The
*rural population Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
incidence: 19/30*, sa. const.: people of Egypt conc.: 3–5 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 4 pg/ml,
(19 male and 11 female infants), age: country: UK/The Sudan134, *thereof
7–20 months, contamination: natural, conc. 1 marasmus/kwashiorkor ca.
range: 2–38 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: incidence: 1/67*, sa. const.: people of
21.50 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their
*kwashiorkor ca. mothers), contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: 8/30*, sa. const.: people of 70 ng/l**, country: Nigeria/UK195,
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants), *control (non-jaundiced?!), **only in
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural, infants?
conc. range: 1–12 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: incidence: 16/340*, sa. const.: people of
7.75 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their
*marasmus ca. mothers), contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 38/40, sa. const.: people of range: 21–990 ng/l, country: Nigeria/
Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age: UK195, *jaundiced
30 Human

incidence: 2/60*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 8/340*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their
natural, conc. range: 14–173 pg/ml, Ø mothers), contamination: natural, conc.
conc.: 93.5 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK262, range: 48–32,381 ng/l, country:
*non-jaundiced Nigeria/UK195, *jaundiced
incidence: 78/78*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 1/60*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria, no contamination with AFG2, Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
conc.: nd, country: Nigeria/UK269, *urban natural, conc.: 417 pg/ml, country:
population Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced
incidence: 1/97*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 4/64*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.: 20 Nigeria (neonates), contamination:
pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269, natural, conc. range: 36–877 pg/ml,
*rural population Ø conc.: 290.25 pg/ml, country:
incidence: 6/36*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Nigeria/UK262, *jaundiced
Leone (children: under 5), contamination: incidence: 1/78*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 0.01–1.2 ng/ml, Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.:
country: Sierra Leone540, *14 controls, 1,272 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269,
3 kwashiorkors, 9 underweights, *urban population
2 marasmics, and 8 “unspecified” incidence: 4/97*, sa. const.: people of
(for detailed information please see the Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.
article) range: 20–4,984 pg/ml, Ø conc.:
1,324 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269,
Aflatoxin G2a *rural population
incidence: 9/30*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 12/15*, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), Nepal (10 males (7 af) and 5 females (5 af)),
age: 7–20 months, contamination: contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 8.7 pg/ml,
natural, conc. range: 2–17 ng/100 ml, Ø country: Japan/Nepal360, *control
conc.: 8.22 ng/100ml, country: Egypt447, incidence: 12/23*, sa. const.: people of
*kwashiorkor ca. Nepal (8 males (4 af) and 15 females (8 af)
incidence: 3/30*, sa. const.: people of Egypt patients, contamination: natural, conc.
(16 male and 14 female infants), age: 6–13 range: £15.4 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 8.9 pg/ml,
months, contamination: natural, conc. country: Japan/Nepal360, *patients
range: 2–28 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: 11.33
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of the UAE
ng/100ml, country: Egypt447, *marasmus ca.
(female), age: 32 years, contamination:
Aflatoxin M1 natural, conc.: 1.82 ng/ml, country: UAE428
incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of The incidence: 4/30*, sa. const.: people of
Sudan (females), contamination: natural, Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants),
conc.: 34 pg/ml, country: UK/The Sudan134 age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural,
incidence: 1/12, sa. const.: people of The conc. range: 2–12 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, 8.25 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
conc.: 12 pg/ml, country: UK/The Sudan134 *kwashiorkor ca.
incidence: 3/67*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 2/30*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
mothers), contamination: natural, conc. age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural,
range: 80–11,547 ng/l**, country: Nigeria/ conc. range: 10–15 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
UK195, *control (non-jaundiced?!), 12.50 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
**only in infants? *marasmus ca.
Human 31

incidence: 6/12*, sa. const.: people of Egypt incidence: 1/78*, sa. const.: people of
(6 males and 6 females), contamination: Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.:
natural, Ø conc.: 0.66 ng/ml, country: 24,076 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269,
Egypt455, *control patients *urban population
incidence: 27/46*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 1/97*, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (30 males and 16 females), Ø age: 56 Nigeria, contamination: natural, conc.: 24
years, contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 5.61 pg/ml, country: Nigeria/UK269, *rural
ng/ml, country: Egypt455, *HCC patients population
incidence: 11/12*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 12/36*, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (7 males and 5 females), Ø age: Sierra Leone (children: under 5),
48 years, contamination: natural, Ø conc.: contamination: natural, conc. range:
19.23 ng/ml, country: Egypt455, *cirrhotic 0.04–4.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
patients *14 controls, 3 kwashiorkors,
incidence: 7/36*, sa. const.: people of 9 underweights, 2 marasmics, and
Sierra Leone (children: under 5), 8 “unspecified” (for detailed information
contamination: natural, conc. range: please see the article)
0.05–1.7 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
*14 controls, 3 kwashiorkors, Aflatoxin P
9 underweights, 2 marasmics, and incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: people of
8 “unspecified” (for detailed information Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants),
please see the article) age: 7–20 months, no contamination with
AFP, conc.: nd, country: Egypt447,
Aflatoxin M2 *kwashiorkor ca.
incidence: 1/15, sa. const.: people of The incidence: 1/30*, sa. const.: people of
Sudan (females), contamination: natural, Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
conc.: 5 pg/ml, country: UK/The age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural,
Sudan134 conc. range: 7 ng/100 ml, country:
incidence: 3/67*, sa. const.: people of Egypt447, *marasmus ca.
Nigeria (60 infants and 7 of their Aflatoxin Q1
mothers), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 3/40, sa. const.: people of
range: 3,262–4,350 ng/l**, country: Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age:
Nigeria/UK195, *control (non-jaundiced?!) 30–73 years, contamination: natural, Ø
group, **only in infants? conc.: 7.5 ng/ml, country: Ghana461
incidence: 11/340*, sa. const.: people of
Nigeria (270 infants and 70 of their Aflatoxin
mothers), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 444/444, sa. const.: people of
range: 407–9,280 ng/l, country: Nigeria/ The Gambia (children), age: 3–4 years,
UK195, *jaundiced contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 6/60*, sa. const.: people of 2.2–459 pg AF-lysine eq/mg albumin*,
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: country: UK/The Gambia5, *AF-albumin
natural, conc. range: 89–7,962 pg/ml, Ø adducts
conc.: 1,515.33 pg/ml, country: incidence: 323/391, sa. const.: people
Nigeria/UK262, *non-jaundiced of The Gambia (male and female
incidence: 6/64*, sa. const.: people of children), age: 3–8 years,
Nigeria (neonates), contamination: contamination: natural, conc. range:
natural, conc. range: 213–4,134 pg/ml, Ø 5–719.6 pg AF-lysine eq/mg albumin*,
conc.: 1,246.67 pg/ml, country: country: The Gambia/France/UK33,
Nigeria/UK262, *jaundiced *AF-albumin adducts
32 Human

incidence: 434/466, sa. const.: people of USA/UK427, *thereof 19 patients with

The Gambia (251 male and 221 female acute hepatic failures (Kenya aflatoxicosis
children), age: 6–9 years, contamination: outbreak), **analyzed by HPLC-f,
natural, conc. range: 5–456 pg/mg*, Ø ***AF-albumin adducts
conc.: 22.3 pg/mg* (geometric mean), incidence: ?/102*, sa. const.: people of
country: UK/The Gambia37, *AF-albumin Kenya, contamination: natural, conc.
adducts range: 0.018–67.0 ng/mg albumin** ***,
incidence: 5/108*, sa. const.: people of the country: USA/UK427, *thereof 19 patients
USA, contamination: natural, conc. range: with acute hepatic failures (Kenya
2.43–4.68 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 3.012 ng/ml, aflatoxicosis outbreak), **analyzed by
country: USA51, *thereof ELISA, ***AF-albumin adducts
17 Reye’s-syndrome ca. but no incidence: 2/28, sa. const.: people of the
predominant contamination USA, contamination: natural, conc. range:
10.1–34.3 pg/mg* ** ***, country:
incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: people of the
USA/UK427, *additionally four subjects
UK, contamination: natural, conc. range:
with levels near or at the LOD,
£64 pmol/l, country: UK54
**analyzed by ELISA, ***AF-albumin
incidence: 4/227, sa. const.: people of adducts
Czechoslovakia (patients),
incidence: 38/114, sa. const.: people of The
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Philippines (children), age: 0.08–12 years,
£74 ng/l, Ø conc.: 59.8 ng/l, country:
weight for height: 6.6–23.1 kg/m,
Czechoslovakia353
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 56/56, sa const.: people of the 20–5,600 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 462 pg/ml,
People’s Republic of China (males and country: UK/The Philippines460
females), contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: ?/200, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.81–2.41 pmol/mg albumin* **, Ø
Benin (102 male and 98 female children),
conc.: 1.24 pmol/mg albumin* **,
age: 16–37 months, contamination:
country: People’s Republic of China/
natural, conc. range: 9.2–148.1 pg/mg*,
USA388, *AF-albumin adducts,
country: UK/Benin488, *AF-albumin
**at the beginning of the study
adducts
incidence: 27?/27, sa const.: people of the
People’s Republic of China (males and incidence: 24/24*, sa. const.: people of
females), contamination: natural, conc. Egypt (20 males and 4 females), age:
range: 0.92–1.67 pmol/mg albumin* **, Ø 37–73 years, contamination: natural, conc.
conc.: 1.21 pmol/mg albumin* **, range: 3.5–25.8 pg/mg**, Ø conc.:
country: People’s Republic of China/ 9.0 pg/mg** (geometric mean), country:
USA388, *AF-albumin adducts, **at the UK/USA/Egypt503, *control (without
end of the study HCC), **AF-albumin adducts
incidence: 7/22*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: ?/102*, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (18 males and 4 females), age:
Kenya, contamination: natural, conc.
36–74 years, contamination: natural, conc.
range: 0.002–17.7 ng AF-lysine/mg
range: 0–32.8 pg/mg**, Ø conc.:
albumin** ***, country: USA/UK427,
2.6 pg/mg** (geometric mean), country:
*thereof 19 patients with acute hepatic
UK/USA/Egypt503, *HCC ca.,
failures (Kenya aflatoxicosis outbreak),
**AF-albumin adducts
**analyzed by IDMS, ***AF-albumin
adducts incidence: >402/423, sa. const.: people of
incidence: ?/102*, sa. const.: people of the Republic of Guinea, contamination:
Kenya, contamination: natural, conc. natural, conc. range: 8.2–24.6 pg AFB1-
range: 0–13.6 ng/mg** ***, country: lysine eq/mg albumin*, country: Republic
Human 33

of Guinea/France/UK564, *AF-albumin incidence: 2/35*, sa. const.: people of

adducts (for detailed information please Thailand (females), contamination:
see the article) natural, conc. range: £1.22 nmol/ml, Ø
incidence: 4/7, sa. const.: people of conc.: 0.62 nmol/ml, country: UK56,
Kenya?, contamination: natural, conc. *maternal sera, (AF = AFB1, AFG1, AFQ1)
range: 175–670 pg AF/mg albumin*, Ø incidence: 17/35*, sa. const.: people of
conc.: 390.25 pg AF/mg albumin*, Thailand (fetuses), contamination:
country: France629, *measured by ELISA natural, conc. range: 0.064–13.6 nmol/ml,
incidence: 4/7, sa. const.: people of Kenya?, Ø conc.: 3.1 nmol/ml, country: UK56,
contamination: natural, conc. range: 5.7– *cord sera, (AF = AFB1, AFG1, AFQ1)
17.5 pg AF-lysine/mg albumin*, Ø conc.: incidence: 22/103*, sa. const.: people of
9.98 pg AF-lysine/mg albumin*, country: The Sudan (children), contamination:
France629, *measured by HPLC-f natural, conc. range: 1–9 pg/ml** (4 sa),
incidence: 17/19, sa. const.: people of The 10–99 pg/ml** (6 sa), 100–999 pg/ml**
Gambia, contamination: natural, conc. (10 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** (2 sa), country: UK/
range: ~6.5-~190 pg AF-lysine/mg The Sudan67, *control, **includes AFB1, AFM1
albumin*, country: France629, *measured incidence: 52/138*, sa. const.: people of
by hydrolysis-ELISA The Sudan (children), contamination:
incidence: 5/38, sa. const.: people of natural, conc. range: 1–9 pg/ml** (7 sa),
Thailand, contamination: natural, conc. 10–99 pg/ml** (16 sa), 100–999 pg/ml**
range: ~4.7-~49 pg AF-lysine/mg (16 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** (13 sa), country:
albumin*, country: France629, *measured UK/The Sudan67, *kwashiorkor, **includes
by hydrolysis-ELISA AFB1, AFM1, AFL
incidence: 14/14, sa. const.: people of incidence: 28/98*, sa. const.: people of The
France, no contamination with AF, Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
conc.: nd*, country: France629, *measured conc. range: 1–9 pg/ml** (7 sa),
by hydrolysis-ELISA 10–99 pg/ml** (10 sa), 100–999 pg/ml**
(5 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** (6 sa), country:
Aflatoxins UK/The Sudan67, *marasmic kwashiorkor,
incidence: 7/44*, sa. const.: people of **includes AFB1, AFM1, AFL
The Sudan (male and female children), incidence: 31/118*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc.: 77 pg/ml The Sudan (children), contamination:
(geometric means), country: UK/The natural, conc. range: 1–9 pg/ml** (6 sa),
Sudan36, *control 10–99 pg/ml** (7 sa), 100–999 pg/ml**
incidence: 11/57*, sa. const.: people of (14 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** (4 sa), country:
The Sudan (male and female children), UK/The Sudan67, *marasmus, **includes
contamination: natural, conc.: 211 pg/ml AFB1, AFM1, AFL
(geometric means), country: UK/The
Sudan36, *marasmus ca. incidence: 28/28, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 7/32*, sa. const.: people of The Nepal (16 males and 12 females (all af)),
Sudan (male and female children), contamination: natural, conc. range:
contamination: natural, conc.: 412 pg/ml 0.06–10 ng/ml*, country: UK/USA381,
(geometric means), country: UK/The *(AF = AFB1, AFG1, AFQ1)
Sudan36, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca. incidence: 7/100*, sa. const.: people of Italy
incidence: 16/44*, sa. const.: people of (78 males and 22 females), age:
The Sudan (male and female children), 40–75 years, contamination: natural, conc.
contamination: natural, conc.: 706 pg/ml range: 0.40–1.20 ng/ml**, country: Italy465,
(geometric means), country: UK/The *lung cancer patients, **includes
Sudan36, *kwashiorkor ca. AFB1, AFB2
34 Human

Gliotoxin (13 af)), age: 20–71 years, contamination:

incidence: 2/11*, sa. const.: people of the natural, conc. range: 0.11–5.80 ng/ml,
USA (patients), contamination: natural, country: France/Tunisia202, *nephropathic
conc. range: 65–154 ng/ml, Ø conc.: disease ca.
109.5 ng/ml, country: USA78, incidence: 15/21*, sa. const.: people of
*non-IA-patients Tunisia (19 males (17 af) and 2 females
incidence: 4/5*, sa. const.: people of the (2 af)), age: 32–84 years, contamination:
USA (patients), contamination: natural, natural, conc. range: 0.14–0.74 ng/ml,
conc. range: 166–785 ng/ml, Ø conc.: country: France/Tunisia202, *different
381.5 ng/ml, country: USA78, *IA-patients nephropathic disease ca.
incidence: 57/408, sa. const.: people of
Ochratoxin A
Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 17/2,566*, sa. const.: people of
range: 1–2 ng/ml (36 sa), 3–5 ng/ml (11 sa),
Croatia (males and females),
6–10 ng/ml (4 sa), 11–100 ng/ml (5 sa),
contamination: natural, conc. range:
1,800 ng/ml (1 sa), country: Yugoslavia/
2–10 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 2.8 ng/ml, country:
Sweden/USA/Croatia206
Croatia188, *control
incidence: 116/4,343*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 290/355, sa. const.: people of
Croatia (males and females), Hungary, contamination: natural, conc.
contamination: natural, conc. range: range: 0.2–1.0 ng/ml (266 sa),
2–50 ng/ml, country: Croatia188, *EN ca. >1.0 to £10.0 ng/ml (24 sa), country:
incidence: 10/10* (8**), sa. const.: Hungary207
households of Croatia, contamination: incidence: 134/138, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 5****–50*** ng/ml, Italy (male and female adults: healthy),
country: Croatia188, *sa. sera of different age: 35–65 years, Ø weight: 69.2 kg,
households, **with OA in food samples, contamination: natural, conc. range:
***first and **** second blood sa., for 0.12–0.20 ng/ml (4 sa), 0.20–0.39 ng/ml
detailed information please see the article (42 sa), 0.40–0.59 ng/ml (38 sa),
incidence: 5/65*, sa. const.: people of Italy 0.60–0.79 ng/ml (25 sa), 0.80–1.0 ng/ml
(healthy), contamination: natural, conc. (11 sa), >1.0–2.84 ng/ml (13 sa),
range: 0.12–2.0 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.53 ng/ml, 57.2 ng/ml (1 sa), country: Italy208
country: Italy/Sweden196, *control (no incidence: 11/60, sa. const.: people of
kidney disorders ca) France, contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of Italy 1.17 ng/ml, country: France/Tunisia215
(patients), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 6/30*, sa. const.: people of Tunisia,
range: 0.05–1.4 ng/ml, country: Italy/ contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 0.53 ng/ml,
Sweden196, *kidney disorders ca. country: France/Tunisia215, *control
incidence: 9/28*, sa. const.: people of Italy (no chronic nephropathic disease ca)
(patients), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 10/30*, sa. const.: people of
range: 0.18–14 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.4 ng/ml, Tunisia, contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
country: Italy/Sweden196, *dialysis ca. 0.28 ng/ml, country: France/Tunisia215,
incidence: 62/62*, sa. const.: people of *chronic nephropathic disease ca.
Tunisia (males (32 af) and females (30 af)), incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of
age: 21–80 years, contamination: natural, Turkey (17 males and 23 females), Ø age:
conc. range: 0.12–8.06 ng/ml, country: 41 years, contamination: natural, conc.
France/Tunisia202, *control range: 0.19–1.43 ng/ml, country: Turkey220,
(no nephropathic trouble ca.) *control (no urinary disorder ca.)
incidence: 23/26*, sa. const.: people of incidence: ?/93*, sa. const.: people of
Tunisia (12 males (10 af) and 14 females Turkey (63 males and 30 females), Ø age:
Human 35

42.5–56.8 years, contamination: natural, incidence: 728/785, sa const.: people of

conc. range: 0.3–5.5 ng/ml, country: Germany, contamination: natural, conc.
Turkey220, *urinary disorder ca. range: 0.06–2.03 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.267 ng/ml,
incidence: 80/644, sa. const.: people of the country: Germany302
Czech Republic (305 males (39 af) and incidence: 15/639, sa const.: people of
339 females (41 af)), contamination: Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, conc.
natural, conc. range: >1–12 µg/l, country: range: 1–57 ng/g, Ø conc.: 7.27 ng/g,
Czech Republic222 country: Sweden/Yugoslavia323
incidence: 1,138/1,222, sa. const.: people incidence: 909/927, sa const.: people of
of the Czech Republic, Ø age: 32 years, Germany, contamination: natural, conc.
contamination: natural, conc. range: range: 0.061–0.10 ng/ml, (41 sa),
0.1–0.2 µg/l (798 sa), >0.2–1 µg/l (332 sa), 0.11–0.30 ng/ml (607 sa), 0.31–0.50 ng/ml
>1–2 µg/l (7 sa), 13.7 µg/l (1 sa), country: (205 sa), 0.51–0.70 ng/ml (31 sa),
Czech Republic/France225 0.71–0.90 ng/ml (9 sa), 0.91–£2.03 ng/ml
(16 sa), country: Germany341
incidence: 21/71*, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (males and females), age: incidence: 60/61, sa. const.: people of
5–70 years, contamination: natural, conc. Germany (women: non-pregnant),
range: 0.32–10.15 ng/ml, country: Egypt/ contamination: natural, conc. range:
France227, *renal disease ca., for detailed <0.06–1.63 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.43 ng/ml,
country: Germany341
information please see the article
incidence: 2/15*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 25/26, sa. const.: people of
Egypt (males and females), age: Germany (women: pregnant first
22–50 years, contamination: natural, conc. trimenon), contamination: natural, conc.
range: 0.3–0.91 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.61 ng/ml, range: <0.06–0.88 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
country: Egypt/France227, *potential 0.30 ng/ml, country: Germany341
kidney donors, for detailed information incidence: 7/9, sa. const.: people of
please see the article Germany (mothers at birth),
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.06–
incidence: 213/277*, sa. const.: people of 0.42 ng/ml, country: Germany341
Hungary (volunteers: healthy), incidence: 26/27, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.1– Germany (puerperae 5th/6th day),
0.499 ng/ml (160 sa), 0.5–1.40 ng/ml (53 contamination: natural, conc. range:
sa), country: Hungary234, *control <0.06–0.42 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.10 ng/ml,
incidence: 103/150*, sa. const.: people of country: Germany341:
Hungary (patients: registered), incidence: 77/79*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.1– Germany, contamination: natural, conc.
0.499 ng/ml (83 sa), 0.5–2.26 ng/ml (20 range: 0.06–0.90 ng/ml, country:
sa), country: Hungary234, *kidney, liver, Germany341, *umbilical cord blood
and tumor disease ca.
incidence: 368/368, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 87/100, sa. const.: people of Switzerland (205 males and 163 females),
Italy (females), contamination: natural, age: 20–40 years, contamination: natural,
conc. range: 0.02 ng/ml (6 sa), 0.1 ng/ml conc. range: 0.06–6.02 ng/g, Ø conc.:
(38 sa), 0.5 ng/ml (31 sa), >1 ng/ml (12 sa), 0.4 ng/g, country: Switzerland349
country: Italy268
incidence: 35/143, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 173/306, sa const.: people of Czechoslovakia (patients), contamination:
Germany, contamination: natural, conc. natural, conc. range: 100–500 ng/l (19 sa),
range: 0.1–14.4 µg/kg, Ø conc.: 0.6 µg/kg, 500–1,000 ng/l (15 sa), 1,260 ng/l (1 sa),
country: Germany291 country: Czechoslovakia353
36 Human

incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: people of range: 0.25–2.49 µg/l, Ø conc.: 0.78 µg/l,
Poland, contamination: natural, conc. country: Portugal507
range: 0.14–3.41 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.14 ng/ml, incidence: 44/44*, sa. const.: people of
country: Poland446, *maternal blood serum Portugal (10 males and 34 females of
incidence: 28/30*, sa. const.: people of Ereira), age: 19–88 years, Ø weight: 69 kg,
Poland, contamination: natural, conc. contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.14–
range: 0.56–5.42 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1.96 ng/ml, 1.91 µg/l, Ø conc.: 0.44 µg/l, country:
country: Poland446, *fetal blood serum Portugal507
incidence: 36/50, sa. const.: people of incidence: 1,596/1,732, sa. const.: people
Egypt (females), contamination: natural, of Germany (male and female adults and
Ø conc.: 4.28 ng/ml (all sa), country: children), contamination: natural, conc.
Egypt449 range: LOD/LOQ–0.9 µg/l (1,578 sa), 1.0–
incidence: 50?/50?, sa. const.: people of 1.9 µg/l (17 sa), 2.03 µg/l (1 sa), country:
Egypt (infants), contamination: natural, Ø EU508
conc.: 1.26 ng/ml, country: Egypt449 incidence: 231/273, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 50/50, sa. const.: people of Italy (males and females), contamination:
Portugal (27 male and 23 female natural, conc. range: LOD/LOQ–0.9 µg/l
nephropathic patients of Coimbra), Ø age: (190 sa), 1.0–1.9 µg/l (27 sa), 2.0–3.6 µg/l
66 years, Ø weight: 66 kg, contamination: (14 sa), country: EU508
natural, conc. range: 0.12–1.52 µg/l, incidence: 240/594, sa. const.: people of
country: Portugal468, for detailed the Czech Republic (496 males and
information please see the article 98 females), age: 18–58 years,
incidence: 45/45, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Portugal (26 male and 19 female 0.05–37 µg/l, country: Czech Republic523
nephropathic patients of Aveiro), Ø age: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: people of
56 years, Ø weight: 65 kg, contamination: Bulgaria (volunteers of Gorno Peshtene,
natural, conc. range: 0.15–1.03 µg/l, healthy), age: 20–30 years, contamination:
country: Portugal468, for detailed natural, conc. range: 0.44–1.46 µg/l*, Ø
information please see the article conc.: 0.67 µg/l*, country: Bulgaria/
incidence: ?/23*, sa. const.: people of Italy France538, *measured for 4 weeks
(males), age: 26–49 years, contamination: (for detailed information please see the
natural, conc. range: 0.03–0.95 ng/ml, article)
country: Italy470, *control incidence: 11/11, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: people of Italy Bulgaria (volunteers of Beli Izvor,
(males), age: 26–49 years, contamination: healthy), age: 20–30 years, contamination:
natural, conc. range: 0.94–3.28 ng/ml, Ø natural, conc. range: 0.26–8.36 µg/l*, Ø
conc.: 2.29 ng/ml, country: Italy470, conc.: 2.01 µg/l*, country: Bulgaria/
*people breathing OTA contaminated air France538, *measured for 4 weeks
incidence: 29/29, sa. const.: people of (for detailed information please see the
Portugal (13 males and 16 females of article)
Coimbra), age: 21–57 years, Ø weight: 69 incidence: 10/36*, sa. const.: people of
kg, contamination: natural, conc. range: Sierra Leone (children: under 5),
0.19–0.96 µg/l, Ø conc.: 0.42 µg/l, country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
Portugal507 1.5–18.2 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
incidence: 31/31*, sa. const.: people of *14 controls, 3 kwashiorkors,
Portugal (14 males and 17 females of 9 underweights, 2 marasmics, and
Verride), age: 26–92 years, Ø weight: 8 “unspecified” (for detailed information
73 kg, contamination: natural, conc. please see the article)
Human 37

Ochratoxin A Methyl Ester Ochratoxin A

incidence: 4/639, sa const.: people of incidence: 200/200, sa. const.: people of
Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, conc. Sweden (males and females),
range: 5–42 ng/g, Ø conc.: 16.25 ng/g, contamination: natural, conc. range:
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia323 LOD/LOQ–0.88 µg/l, country: EU508
Ochratoxin a
incidence: 20/639, sa const.: people of
Human spleen may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, conc.
metabolites:
range: 2–44 ng/g, Ø conc.: 6.45 ng/g,
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia323 Aflatoxin B1
Ochratoxin a Methyl Ester incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 13/639, sa const.: people of Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, conc. 12 males and 5 females), age:
range: 4–43 ng/g, Ø conc.: 9.38 ng/g, adult 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia323 contamination: natural, conc.: 3,448 pg/g
tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
Ochratoxin B
incidence: 7/36*, sa. const.: people of Aflatoxin B2
Sierra Leone (children: under 5), incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.05– Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children: 12 males
8.2 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540, *14 and 5 females), age: adult 49 years,
controls, 3 kwashiorkors, 9 underweights, children 2.5–11 years, contamination:
2 marasmics, and 8 “unspecified” natural, conc.: 631 pg/g tissue, country:
(for detailed information please see the Singapore/UK259
article)
Aflatoxin M1
Trichothecenes incidence: 3/17, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 7?/23, sa. const.: people of the Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
USA (occupants of uncontaminated 12 males and 5 females), age: adult
buildings), contamination: natural, 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
conc. range: £0.11 ng/ml, country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
USA/Canada387 20–4,746 pg/g tissue, Ø conc.: 2,348.66 pg/g
incidence: 19?/40, sa. const.: people of the tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
USA (occupants of uncontaminated
buildings), contamination: natural, conc. Aflatoxin M2
range: £83.6 ng/ml, country: USA/ incidence: 1/17, sa. const.: people of
Canada387 Malaysia (1 adult and 16 children:
12 males and 5 females), age: adult
Zearalenone 49 years, children 2.5–11 years,
incidence: 5/36, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc.: 1,479 pg/g
Hungary (patients), contamination: tissue, country: Singapore/UK259
natural, conc. range: 18.9–103.5 µg/l, Ø
conc.: 66.08 µg/l, country: Hungary203 see Human stomach may contain the
also Human blood and Human plasma following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Human serum/plasma may contain
the following mycotoxins and/or their Aflatoxin B1
metabolites: incidence: 14/20*, sa. const.: people of
Thailand (children), contamination:
38 Human

natural, conc. range: tr–127 µg/kg**, incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of
country: USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
**in stomach contents conc. range: 2,436–3,147 ng after 9 days**,
incidence: 4/8*, sa. const.: people of country: Kenya/UK91, *kwashiorkor ca.
Thailand (children), contamination: **total excretion after 9 days, for detailed
natural, conc. range: tr ** ***, country: information please see the article
USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other incidence: 1/7*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
than EFDV, **in stomach contents, ***sa. (children), contamination: natural, conc.:
showed a blue fluorescent spot similar to 1,584 ng after 9 days**, country: Kenya/
that of AFB1 UK91, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca., **total
excretion after 9 days, for detailed
Aflatoxin B2 information please see the article
incidence: 3/20*, sa. const.: people of
Thailand (children), contamination: incidence: 5/11*, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: tr–19 µg/kg*, Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
country: USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca., natural, Ø conc.: 29 ng/ml, country: Sierra
**in stomach contents Leone540, *control
incidence: 1/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Leone (children), contamination: natural,
Human stool may contain the conc.: 21 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
following mycotoxins and/or their *underweight ca.
metabolites: incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Aflatoxicol Leone (children), contamination: natural,
incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of Kenya Ø conc.: 26 ng/ml, country: Sierra
(children), contamination: natural, conc.: Leone540, *marasmus ca.
1,711 ng after 9 days**, country: Kenya/ incidence: 7/12*, sa. const.: people of
UK91, *kwashiorkor ca., **total excretion Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
after 9 days, for detailed information natural, Ø conc.: 19 ng/ml, country: Sierra
please see the article Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca.
incidence: 15*/32**, sa. const.: people of Aflatoxin B2
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: incidence: 4/18*, sa. const.: people of
natural, Ø conc.: 0.63 ng/ml, country: Thailand (children), contamination:
Sierra Leone540, *5 controls, 1 natural, conc. range: 4–19 µg/kg, Ø conc.:
underweight, 3 marasmics, and 6 12.8 µg/kg, country: USA/Thailand10,
kwashiorkors AFL-contaminated, **11 *EFDV ca.
controls, 4 underweights, 5 marasmics,
and 12 kwashiorkors incidence: 1/11*, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
Aflatoxin B1 natural, conc.: 1.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra
incidence: 7/18*, sa. const.: people of Leone540, *control
Thailand (children), contamination: incidence: 1/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
natural, conc. range: tr–123 µg/kg, Leone (children), contamination: natural,
country: USA/Thailand10, *EFDV ca. conc.: 1.5 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of *underweight ca.
Thailand (children), contamination: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Sierra Leone
natural, conc. range: tr**, country: (children), no contamination with AFB2,
USA/Thailand10, *dying from causes other conc.: nd, country: Sierra Leone540,
than EFDV, **sa. showed a blue *marasmus ca.
fluorescent spot similar to that of AFB1 incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: Sierra Leone
(children), no contamination with AFB2,
Human 39

conc.: nd, country: Sierra Leone540, incidence: 3/11*, sa. const.: people of
*kwashiorkor ca. Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
natural, Ø conc.: 1.6 ng/ml, country:
Aflatoxin G1 Sierra Leone540, *control
incidence: 6/11*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: Leone (children), no contamination with
natural, Ø conc.: 11 ng/ml, country: Sierra AFM1, conc.: nd, country Sierra Leone540,
Leone540, *control *underweight ca.
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Leone (children), no contamination with Leone (children), contamination: natural,
AFG1, conc.: nd, country: Sierra Leone540, conc.: 0.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
*underweight ca. *marasmus ca.
incidence: ?/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 7/12*, sa. const.: people of
Leone (children), Ø conc.: 4 ng/ml, Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
country: Sierra Leone540, *marasmus ca. natural, Ø conc.: 2.7 ng/ml, country:
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: people Sierra Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca.
of Sierra Leone (children), Ø conc.: 15 ng/
ml, country: Sierra Leone540, Aflatoxin M2
*kwashiorkor ca. incidence: 4/5*, sa. const.: people
of Kenya (children), contamination:
Aflatoxin G2 natural, conc. range: 515–52,522 ng after
incidence: 1/11*, sa. const.: people of 9 days**, country: Kenya/UK91,
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: *kwashiorkor ca., **total excretion after
natural, conc.: 0.4 ng/ml, country: Sierra 9 days, for detailed information please
Leone540, *control see the article
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 2/7*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
Leone (children), no contamination with (children), contamination: natural, conc.
AFG2, conc.: nd, country: Sierra Leone540, range: 173–14,936 ng after 9 days**,
*underweight ca. country: Kenya/UK91, *marasmic
incidence: ?/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra kwashiorkor ca., **total excretion after 9
Leone (children), conc.: 2 ng/ml, country: days, for detailed information please see
Sierra Leone540, marasmus ca. the article
incidence: 0.3?/12*, sa. const.: Sierra
incidence: 6/11*, sa. const.: people of
Leone (children), conc.: ?, country Sierra
Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca.
natural, Ø conc.: 3.7 ng/ml, country:
Aflatoxin M1 Sierra Leone540, *control
incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of Kenya incidence: 1/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
(children), contamination: natural, conc. Leone (children), contamination: natural,
range: 20–86 ng after 9 days**, country: conc.: 0.1 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
Kenya/UK91, *kwashiorkor ca., **total *underweight ca.
excretion after 9 days, for detailed incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
information please see the article Leone (children), contamination: natural,
incidence: 2/7*, sa. const.: people of Kenya conc.: 0.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540,
(children), contamination: natural, conc. *marasmus ca.
range: 190–505 ng after 9 days**, country: incidence: 5/12*, sa. const.: people of
Kenya/UK91, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca., Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
**total excretion after 9 days, for detailed natural, Ø conc.: 1.1 ng/ml, country:
information please see the article Sierra Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca.
40 Human

Ochratoxin A incidence: 7/12*, sa. const.: people of

incidence: 1/11*, sa. const.: people of Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 29 ng/ml, country: Sierra
natural, conc.: 1.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca.
Leone540, *control
incidence: 1?/4*, sa. const.: people of Human urine may contain the
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: following mycotoxins and/or their
natural, conc.: 2 ng/ml, country: Sierra metabolites:
Leone540, *underweight ca.
Aflatoxicol
incidence: 1?/5*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 99/99*, sa. const.: people of the
Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
UK (male volunteers), age: 17–40 years,
natural, conc.: 8.3 ng/ml, country: Sierra
no contamination with AFL, conc.: nd,
Leone540, *marasmus ca.
country: UK117, *control
incidence: 5/12*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/133, sa. const.: people of The
Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
Netherlands and UK (heroin abusers),
natural, Ø conc.: 2.5 ng/ml, country:
contamination: natural, conc.: 0.32 nmol/l,
Sierra Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca.
country: UK117, pos. sa. from people of
4-Hydroxyochratoxin A The Netherlands and the UK
incidence: 1/11*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 1/12, sa. const.: people
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: of The Sudan (children), contamination:
natural, conc.: 1.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra natural, conc.: 36 pg/ml, country: UK/The
Leone540, *control Sudan134
incidence: 1/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 68/110, sa. const.: people of
Leone (children), contamination: natural, Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
conc.: 1.2 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540, contamination: natural, conc. range:
*underweight ca. 0.05–8.9 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra *in dry season
Leone (children), contamination: natural, incidence: 35/93, sa. const.: people of
Ø conc.: 0.1 ng/ml, country: Sierra Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
Leone540, *marasmus ca. contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 7/12*, sa. const.: people of 0.1–9.0 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
Sierra Leone (children), contamination: *in rainy season
natural, Ø conc.: 0.4 ng/ml, country: incidence: 83/134, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone540, *kwashiorkor ca. Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Ochratoxin B
0.04–14.2 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
incidence: 2/11*, sa. const.: people of
*in dry season
Sierra Leone (children), contamination:
incidence: 52/97, sa. const.: people of
natural, Ø conc.: 8.4 ng/ml, country:
Sierra Leone (males), contamination:
Sierra Leone540, *control
natural, conc. range: 0.02–7.2 ng/ml*,
incidence: 1/4*, sa. const.: people of Sierra
country: Sierra Leone401, *in rainy season
Leone (children), contamination: natural,
conc.: 31 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540, incidence: 14/30, sa. const.: people of
*underweight ca. Sierra Leone (male children),
incidence: 4/5*, sa. const.: people of Sierra contamination: natural, conc. range:
Leone (children), contamination: natural, 0.02–14.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540
Ø conc.: 27 ng/ml, country: Sierra incidence: 15/24, sa. const.: people of
Leone540, *marasmus ca. Sierra Leone (female children),
Human 41

contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 29/29, sa. const.: people of the
0.02–1.4 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540 People’s Republic of China (males and
females), contamination: natural, conc.
Aflatoxin B1 range: 0.01–0.03 ng/ml, country: People’s
incidence: 71/317*, sa. const.: people of Republic of China/USA41
the People’s Republic of China (males), incidence: 41/72*, sa. const.: people of the
age: mostly 45–64 years, contamination: People’s Republic of China,
natural, conc. range: ?, country: People’s contamination: natural, conc. range:
Republic of China/USA12, *thereof £156.6 pg/mg creatinine**, median level:
50 HCC ca. (contaminated: 56 control and 7.1 pg/mg creatinine**, country: People’s
15 HCC ca., for detailed information Republic of China/USA48, *receiving a
please see the article) placebo for 4 weeks, **AFB1-NAC
incidence: 49/317*, sa. const.: people of incidence: 45/57*, sa. const.: people of the
the People’s Republic of China (males), People’s Republic of China,
age: mostly 45–64 years, contamination: contamination: natural, conc. range:
natural, conc. range: 0.3–1.81 ng/ml**, £245.5 pg/mg creatinine**, median level:
country: People’s Republic of China/ 18.6 pg/mg creatinine**, country:
USA12, *thereof 50 HCC ca. People’s Republic of China/USA48,
(contaminated: 31 control and 18 HCC *receiving 125 mg oltipraz daily for
ca., for detailed information please see the 4 weeks, **AFB-NAC
article), **AFB1-N 7-Gua adducts incidence: 39/60*, sa. const.: people of the
incidence: 34/85*, sa. const.: people of People’s Republic of China, contamination:
Taiwan (males), age: 33–66 years, natural, conc. range: £189.4 pg/mg
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: creatinine**, median level: 8.3 pg/mg
0.52 ng/ml**, country: Taiwan, Republic creatinine**, country: People’s Republic
of China14, *thereof 42 asymptotic HbsAg of China/USA48, *receiving 500 mg
carriers, **AFB1-N 7-Gua1 oltipraz weekly for 4 weeks, **AFB-NAC
incidence: 6/81, sa. const.: people of Kenya incidence: 15/108*, sa. const.: people of the
(3 males and 3 females af), children, age: USA, contamination: natural, conc. range:
5–75 years, contamination: natural, conc. 5–61 ppt, Ø conc.: 13.93 ppt, country:
range: 0.3–3 pmol AFB-GuaI in 25 ml, USA51, *thereof 17 Reye’s-syndrome ca.
country: USA/Kenya18 but no predominant contamination
incidence: 4/10*, sa. const.: people of the incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
USA (patients), contamination: natural, (children), contamination: natural, conc.
conc. range: 2.7–8.9 ng/ml*, country: range: 726–1,044 ng after 9 days**,
USA19, *thereof 5 Reye’s-syndrome ca. country: Kenya/UK91, *kwashiorkor ca.,
thereof 4 AFB1-pos. **total 24 h urine production calculated,
incidence: 2/10*, sa. const.: people of The for detailed information please see
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, the article
conc. range: 86–806 pg/ml, Ø conc.: incidence: 3/7*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
446 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32, (children), contamination: natural, conc.
*1 marasmic kwashiorkor and 9 range: 41–1,316 ng after 9 days**, country:
marasmus ca. thereof 2 AFB1-pos. Kenya/UK91, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca.,
incidence: 1/3*, sa. const.: people of The **total excretion after 9 days, for detailed
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, information please see the article
conc.: 667 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/ incidence: 99/99*, sa. const.: people of the
UK32, *miscellaneous liver disease ca. UK (male volunteers), age: 17–40 years,
42 Human

no contamination with AFB1, conc.: 0.04–319 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,

nd, country: UK117, *control *in dry season
incidence: 9/133, sa. const.: people of The incidence: 38/93, sa. const.: people of
Netherlands and UK (heroin abusers), Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
contamination: natural, conc. range: contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.08–
0.73–25.80 nmol/l*, country: UK117, 127 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
*pos. sa. from people of The Netherlands rainy season
and the UK incidence: ?/18, sa. const.: people of India
incidence: 20/96*, sa. const.: ?, (9 male and 9 female volunteers, healthy),
contamination: natural, conc. range: age: 20–40 years, weight: 45–50 kg,
5.3–52 pg/g, country: USA/Costa Rica/ contamination: natural, conc. range:
Japan121, *several Reye’s-syndrome ca., 9.30–13.43 ng/mg creatinine* **, country:
but no statement concerning higher India437, *AFB1-N 7-Gua adducts, **only
contamination, indicative 5 maize eating rurals (females) affected
incidence: 25/1,228, sa. const.: people of incidence: 24/30*, sa. const.: people of
Zimbabwe, contamination: natural, Egypt (19 male and 11 female children),
Ø conc.: 1 ng/ml*, country: Zimbabwe152, age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural,
*national average conc. range: 1–15 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 7/29, sa. const.: people of The 8.29 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
Philippines, contamination: natural, conc. *kwashiorkor ca.
range: £4.25 ng/ml*, country: France190, incidence: 13/30*, sa. const.: people of Egypt
*AFB1-eq. (16 male and 14 female children), age:
6–13 months, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 24/27, sa const.: people of the
range: 5–9 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
People’s Republic of China (males and
6.92 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
females), contamination: natural, conc.
*marasmus ca.
range: 6.6–494.9 ng/24-h*, Ø conc.:
103.6 ng/24-h*, country: People’s Republic incidence: 16/20, sa. const.: people of the
of China/USA388, *AFB-NAC People’s Republic of China,
incidence: 11/27, sa const.: people of the contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.9–
People’s Republic of China (males and 7.2 pg/20 ml*, Ø conc.: 2.93 pg/20 ml*,
females), contamination: natural, conc. country: USA448, *AFB1-N 7-Gua
range: 64.9–1,789.8 ng/24-h*, Ø conc.: incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
407.3 ng/24-h*, country: People’s Republic People’s Republic of China, age:
of China/USA388, *AFB-N 7-Gua 20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 47/134, sa. const.: people of range: 0.09–57.92 pg/mg creatinine** ***,
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years, country: USA/People’s Republic of
contamination: natural, conc. range: China451, *control (receiving placebos for
0.6–188 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, 3 months), **AFB-NAC, ***for detailed
*in dry season information please see the article
incidence: 32/97, sa. const.: people of incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years, People’s Republic of China, age:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc.
1.2–115 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, range: 0.38–501.48 pg/mg creatinine**
*in rainy season ***, country: USA/People’s Republic of
incidence: 53/110, sa. const.: people of China451, *receiving GTP 500 mg for
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, 3 months, **AFB-NAC, ***for detailed
contamination: natural, conc. range: information please see the article
Human 43

incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the Aflatoxin B2

People’s Republic of China, age: incidence: 1/15*, sa.*1 const.: people of
20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc. The Sudan (children), contamination:
range: 0.30–560.30 pg/mg creatinine** natural, conc.: 56 pg/ml, country: The
***, country: USA/People’s Republic of Sudan/UK32, *kwashiorkor ca
China451, *receiving GTP 1,000 mg for incidence: 1/10*, sa. const.: people of The
3 months, **AFB-NAC, ***for detailed Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
information please see the article conc.: 46 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32,
incidence: 2/40, sa. const.: people of *1 marasmic kwashiorkor and
Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age: 9 marasmus ca. thereof 1 AFB2-pos.
30–73 years, contamination: natural, incidence: 1/7*, sa. const.: people
Ø conc.: 7.5 ng/ml, country: Ghana461 of Kenya (children), contamination:
incidence: 1/50, sa. const.: people of Egypt natural, conc.: 1 ng after 9 days**,
(children), age: 1–2.5 years, country: Kenya/UK91, *marasmic
contamination: natural, conc.: 189 pg/ml, kwashiorkor ca., **total excretion after 9
country: Finland/UK/Egypt/Republic of days, for detailed information please see
Guinea481 the article
incidence: 8/50, sa. const.: people of the incidence: 2/99*, sa. const.: people of the
Republic of Guinea (children), age: UK (male volunteers), age: 17–40 years,
2–4 years, contamination: natural, conc. contamination: natural, conc. range:
range: 179–18,000 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 0.13–0.24 nmol/l, Ø conc.: 0.185 nmol/l,
2,682 pg/ml?, country: Finland/UK/Egypt/ country: UK117, *control
Republic of Guinea481 incidence: 8*/133, sa. const.: people of The
incidence: 6/50, sa. const.: people of Netherlands and UK (heroin abusers),
Singapore (male volunteers), age: contamination: natural, conc. range:
20–66 years, contamination: natural, conc. 0.09–1.53 nmol/l, country: UK117, *pos. sa.
range: 185–2,300 pg/ml*, country: from people of The Netherlands and
Singapore/France496, *AFB1-eq. the UK
incidence: 8/30, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 25/1,228, sa. const.: people of
Leone (male children), contamination: Zimbabwe, contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 0.7–53.0 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 1 ng/ml*, country: Zimbabwe152,
country: Sierra Leone540 *national average
incidence: 9/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 40/134, sa. const.: people of
Leone (female children), contamination: Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
natural, conc. range: 0.6–54.1 ng/ml, contamination: natural, conc. range:
country: Sierra Leone540 0.01–15.5 ng/ml*, country: Sierra
incidence: 34/86, sa. const.: people of Leone401, *in dry season
Taiwan, age: 33–66 years, contamination: incidence: 9/97, sa. const.: people of Sierra
natural, conc. range: 0.10–6.06 ng/mg* **, Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
country: Taiwan, Republic of China571, contamination: natural, conc. range:
*AFB1-N 7-Gua1, **19 of 43 HbsAg carriers 0.2–48 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
and 15 of 43 HbsAg non-carriers pos. *in rainy season
for AFB1 incidence: 18/110, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
incidence: 5/161, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Nigeria, contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
0.2–152 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
2.87 ng/100 ml (mean value), country:
*in dry season
USA/Nigeria596
44 Human

incidence: 19/93, sa. const.: people of 3.58 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, *kwashiorkor ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 3/30*, sa. const.: people of
0.1–12 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
*in rainy season age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural,
incidence: 6/30*, sa. const.: people of conc. range: 2–4 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), 3.00 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural, *marasmus ca.
conc. range: 2–4 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: incidence: 72/161, sa. const.: people of
2.67 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, Nigeria, contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
*kwashiorkor ca. 0.60 ng/100 ml (mean value), country:
incidence: 1/30*, sa. const.: people of USA/Nigeria596
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
Aflatoxin B
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural,
incidence: 7/74*, sa. const.: people of
conc.: 2 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
India (children: healthy), age: 1–5 years,
*marasmus ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 5/50, sa. const.: people of 0.02–0.05 µg/day, country: India3,
Egypt (children), age: 1–2.5 years, *control
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 15/255*, sa. const.: people of
0.8–2.2 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 1.4 pg/ml, India (children), age: 1–5 years,
country: Finland/UK/Egypt/Republic of contamination: natural, conc. range:
Guinea481 0.02–0.05 µg/day, country: India3, *Indian
incidence: 29/50, sa. const.: people of the childhood cirrhosis ca.
Republic of Guinea (children), age:
2–4 years, contamination: natural, conc. Aflatoxin G1
range: 0.6–43 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 5.7 pg/ml, incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of
country: Finland/UK/Egypt/Republic of Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
Guinea481 conc.: 98 ng after 9 days**, country:
Kenya/UK91, *kwashiorkor ca., **total
incidence: 2/30, sa. const.: people of Sierra
excretion after 9 days, for detailed
Leone (male children), contamination:
information please see the article
natural, conc. range: 4.4–6.3 ng/ml,
Ø conc.: 5.35 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540 incidence: 282/1,228, sa. const.: people
incidence: 1/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra of Zimbabwe, contamination: natural, Ø
Leone (female children), contamination: conc.: 9 ng/ml*, country: Zimbabwe152,
natural, conc.: 1.8 ng/ml, country: Sierra *national average
Leone540 incidence: 51/134, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 37/241, sa. const.: people of Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
Thailand (males and females), age: contamination: natural, conc. range:
30–40 years, contamination: natural, conc. 2.9–169 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
range: 50–4,776 ng AFB1 eq/ml, country: *in dry season
Thailand/France562 incidence: 27/97, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (males), contamination:
Aflatoxin B2a natural, conc. range: 0.8–57.4 ng/ml*,
incidence: 12/30*, sa. const.: people of country: Sierra Leone401, *in rainy season
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), incidence: 42/110, sa. const.: people of
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural, Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
conc. range: 1–9 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: contamination: natural, conc. range:
Human 45

0.4–138 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, Aflatoxin G2

*in dry season incidence: 2/15*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 18/93, sa. const.: people of The Sudan (children), contamination:
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, natural, conc. range: 24–80 pg/g, Ø conc.:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 1.0– 52 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32,
150 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in *kwashiorkor ca.
rainy season incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 18/30*, sa. const.: people of Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), conc.: 1 ng after 9 days**, country: Kenya/
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural, UK91, *kwashiorkor ca., **total excretion
conc. range: 1–11 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: after 9 days, for detailed information
4.78 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, please see the article
*kwashiorkor ca. incidence: 184/1,228, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 7/30*, sa. const.: people of Zimbabwe, contamination: natural,
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants), Ø conc.: 24 ng/ml*, country: Zimbabwe152,
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural, *national average
conc. range: 2–8 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 3/134, sa. const.: people of
3.57 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
*marasmus ca.
contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 17/40, sa. const.: people of 0.1–1.5 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
Ghana (29 males and 11 females), age: *in dry season
30–73 years, contamination: natural, incidence: 2/97, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Ø conc.: 6.75 ng/ml, country: Ghana461 Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
incidence: 2/50, sa. const.: people of Egypt contamination: natural, conc. range:
(children), age: 1–2.5 years, contamination: 0.2–0.7 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
natural, conc. range: *in rainy season
72.1–81.1 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 76.6 pg/ml, incidence: 110/110, sa. const.: people of
country: Finland/UK/Egypt/Republic of Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
Guinea481 no contamination with AFG2, conc.: nd*,
incidence: 1/50, sa. const.: people of the country: Sierra Leone401, *in dry season
Republic of Guinea (children), age: incidence: 3/93, sa. const.: people of
2–4 years, contamination: natural, conc.: Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
709 pg/ml, country: Finland/UK/Egypt/ contamination: natural, conc. range: 1.1–
Republic of Guinea481 2.0 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
incidence: 2/30, sa. const.: people of Sierra rainy season
Leone (male children), contamination: incidence: 12/50, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 23.0–39.4 ng/ml, Egypt (children), age: 1–2.5 years,
Ø conc.: 31.2 ng/ml, country: Sierra contamination: natural, conc. range:
Leone540 0.9–8.0 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 2.2 pg/ml, country:
incidence: 3/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra Finland/UK/Egypt/Guinea481
Leone (female children), contamination: incidence: 18/50, sa. const.: people of the
natural, conc. range: 0.01–17.0 ng/ml, Republic of Guinea (children), age:
country: Sierra Leone540 2–4 years, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 16/161, sa. const.: people of range: 1.4–199 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 19.0 pg/ml,
Nigeria, contamination: natural, Ø conc.: country: Finland/UK/Egypt/Republic of
4.82 ng/100 ml (mean value), country: Guinea481
USA/Nigeria596
46 Human

Aflatoxin G2a 9.3 pg/mg of creatinine, country: People’s

incidence: 5/30*, sa. const.: people of Republic of China/USA48, *receiving a
Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants), placebo for 4 weeks
age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural, incidence: 47/57*, sa. const.: people of the
conc. range: 1–3 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: People’s Republic of China,
1.60 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, contamination: natural, conc.
*kwashiorkor ca. range: £70.3 pg/mg of creatinine, median
incidence: 2/30*, sa. const.: people of level: 7.1 pg/mg of creatinine, country:
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants), People’s Republic of China/USA48,
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural, *receiving 125 mg oltipraz daily for
conc. range: 1–16 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: 4 weeks
8.50 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447, incidence: 49/60*, sa. const.: people of the
*marasmus ca. People’s Republic of China,
contamination: natural, conc. range:
Aflatoxin L
£25.3 pg/mg of creatinine, median level:
incidence: 15/161, sa. const.: people of
4.6 pg/mg of creatinine, country: People’s
Nigeria, contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
Republic of China/USA48, *receiving
0.38 ng/100 ml (mean value), country:
500 mg oltipraz weekly for 4 weeks
USA/Nigeria596
incidence: 4/108*, sa. const.: people of the
Aflatoxin M1 USA, contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 67/317*, sa. const.: people of the 50–170 ppt, Ø conc.: 97.5 ppt, country:
People’s Republic of China (males), age: USA51, *17 Reye’s syndrome ca.
mostly 45–64 years, contamination: natural,
incidence: 88/138, sa. const.: people of the
conc. range: 0.17–5.2 ng/ml, country:
People’s Republic of China (males), age:
People’s Republic of China/USA12, *thereof
35–64 years, contamination: natural,
50 HCC ca. (contaminated: 49 control and
conc. range: £108 ng/12 h, Ø conc.:
18 HCC ca., for detailed information please
3.2 ng/12 h, country: Taiwan, Republic
see the article)
of China/People’s Republic of China/
incidence: 2/15*, sa. const.: people of The USA80
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, incidence: 21/32, sa. const.: people of
conc. range: 28–484 pg/ml, Ø conc.: Taiwan (males), age: 35–64 years,
256 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32, contamination: natural, conc. range:
*kwashiorkor ca. £17 ng/12 h, Ø conc.: 2.7 ng/12 h, country:
incidence: 2/10*, sa. const.: people of The Taiwan, Republic of China/People’s
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, Republic of China/USA80
conc. range: 487–1,075 pg/ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 2/5*, sa. const.: people of
781 pg/ml, country: The Sudan/UK32,
Kenya (children), contamination: natural,
*1 marasmic kwashiorkor and
conc. range: 339–580 ng/day**, country:
9 marasmus ca. thereof 2 AFM1-pos.
Kenya/UK91, *kwashiorkor ca., **total
incidence: ?/252, sa. const.: people of the 24 h urine production calculated,
People’s Republic of China (males and for detailed information please see the
females), contamination: natural, conc. article
range: £3.2 ng/ml and 0.4–4.8 µg/day, incidence: 1/7*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
country: People’s Republic of China/USA41 (children), contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: 58/72*, sa. const.: people of the 7,775 ng after 9 days**, country: Kenya/
People’s Republic of China, UK91, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca., **total
contamination: natural, conc. range: excretion after 9 days, for detailed
£144.8 pg/mg of creatinine, median level: information please see the article
Human 47

incidence: 99/99*, sa. const.: people of the incidence: 55/93, sa. const.: people of
UK (male volunteers), age: 17–40 years, Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
no contamination with AFM2, conc.: nd, contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.3–
country: UK117, *control 124 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
incidence: 12*/133, sa. const.: people of rainy season
The Netherlands and UK (heroin abusers), incidence: 4/30*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: Egypt (19 male and 11 female infants),
0.12–29.09 nmol/l, country: UK117, *pos. sa. age: 7–20 months, contamination: natural,
from people of The Netherlands and conc. range: 1–3 ng/100 ml, Ø conc.: 2.25
the UK ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
incidence: 1/12, sa. const.: people of The *kwashiorkor ca.
Sudan (children), contamination: natural, incidence: 2/30*, sa. const.: people of
conc.: 313 pg/ml, country: UK/The Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
Sudan134 age: 6–13 months, contamination:
incidence: 1,007/1,228, sa. const.: people natural, conc. range: 4–7 ng/100 ml,
of Zimbabwe, contamination: natural, Ø Ø conc.: 5.50 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
conc.: 4.2 ng/ml*, country: Zimbabwe152, *marasmus ca.
*national average incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
incidence: 78/145, sa. const.: people of the People’s Republic of China, age:
People’s Republic of China (males), Ø age: 20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc.
39.2 years, contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.24–1,276.25 pg/mg creatinine**,
range: >3.6–243 ng/l, country: People’s country: People’s Republic of China451,
Republic of China/USA223 *control (receiving placebos for
3 months), **for detailed information
incidence: 1/20, sa. const.: people of Egypt
please see the article
(females), contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
3.13 ng/ml, country: Egypt352
People’s Republic of China, age:
incidence: 24/27, sa const.: people of the 20–55 years, contamination: natural, conc.
People’s Republic of China (males and range: 0.18–746.10 pg/mg creatinine**,
females), contamination: natural, conc. country: People’s Republic of China451,
range: 0.9–1,258.0 ng/24-h, Ø conc.: *receiving GTP 500 mg for 3 months, **for
192.3 ng/24-h, country: People’s Republic detailed information please see the article
of China/USA388 incidence: ?/40*, sa. const.: people of the
incidence: 56/134, sa. const.: people of People’s Republic of China, age: 20–55 years,
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years, contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.12–
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.5– 338.85 pg/mg creatinine**, country:
374 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in People’s Republic of China451, *receiving
dry season GTP 1,000 mg for 3 months, **for detailed
incidence: 42/97, sa. const.: people of information please see the article
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years, incidence: 6/12*, sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.1– Egypt (6 males and 6 females),
35 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
rainy season 0.98 ng/ml, country: Egypt455, *control
incidence: 48/110, sa. const.: people of patients
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, incidence: 19/46*, sa. const.: 16 women,
contamination: natural, conc. range: 2.3– 30 men, Ø age: 56 years, contamination:
34 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in natural, Ø conc.: 3.82 ng/ml, country:
dry season Egypt455, *HCC patients
48 Human

incidence: 11/12*, sa. const.: people of Egypt incidence: 12/30, sa. const.: people of
(7 males and 5 females), Ø age: 48 years, Sierra Leone (male children),
contamination: natural, Ø conc.: 43.22 ng/ml, contamination: natural, conc. range:
country: Egypt455, *cirrhotic patients 0.5–44.3 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540
incidence: 83/91, sa. const.: people of incidence: 5/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Ghana (males and females), age: Leone (female children), contamination:
19–86 years?, contamination: natural, natural, conc. range: 1.3–16.4 ng/ml,
conc. range: £11,562.36 pg/mg creatinine*, country: Sierra Leone540
country: USA/Ghana457 incidence: 14/161, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 47/49*, sa. const.: people of the Nigeria, contamination: natural, Ø conc.:
People’s Republic of China, 0.69 ng/100 ml (mean value), country:
contamination: natural, conc. range: USA/Nigeria596
0.01–2.09 ppb, country: People’s Republic incidence: 42/42, sa. const.: people of the
of China462, *people from high liver cancer People’s Republic of China (30 males and
incidence area 12 females), age: 25–64 years,
incidence: 48/50*, sa. const.: people of the contamination: natural, conc. range:
People’s Republic of China, »£3.25 µg/3 days, country: USA/People’s
contamination: natural, conc. range: Republic of China607
0.01–0.37 ppb, country: People’s Republic
of China462, *people from low liver cancer Aflatoxin M2
incidence area incidence: 1/15*, sa. const.: people of The
incidence: 94/96*, sa. const.: people of the Sudan (children), contamination: natural,
People’s Republic of China (children), conc.: 156 pg/ml, country: The
contamination: natural, conc. range: Sudan/UK32, *kwashiorkor ca.
£2.09 ppb, country: People’s Republic of incidence: 1/5*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
China462, *people from high liver cancer (children), contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence area 108 ng after 9 days**, country: Kenya/
incidence: 87/96*, sa. const.: people of the UK91, *kwashiorkor ca., **total excretion
People’s Republic of China (children), after 9 days, for detailed information
contamination: natural, conc. range: please see the article
£0.61 ppb, country: People’s Republic of incidence: 2/7*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
China462, *people from low liver cancer (children), contamination: natural, conc.
incidence area range: 239–4,710 ng after 9 days**,
incidence: 1/7, sa. const.: people of Kenya country: Kenya/UK91, *marasmic
(patients: 4 males and 3 females (1 af*)), kwashiorkor ca., **total 24 h urine
age: 10–25 years?, contamination: natural, production calculated (cumulative
conc.: 139 pg/ml, country: Kenya/UK466, extraction after 9 days), for detailed
*additionally cirrhosis information please see the article
incidence: 4/50, sa. const.: people of Egypt incidence: 99/99*, sa. const.: people of the
(children), age: 1–2.5 years, UK (male volunteers), age: 17–40 years,
contamination: natural, conc. range: no contamination with AFM2, conc.: nd,
5.0–6.2 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 5.5 pg/ml, country: country: UK117, *control
Finland/UK/Egypt/Republic of Guinea481 incidence: 6*/133, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 32/50, sa. const.: people of the The Netherlands and UK (heroin abusers),
Republic of Guinea (children), age: contamination: natural, conc. range:
2–4 years, contamination: natural, conc. 0.4–1.88 nmol/l, country: UK117, *pos. sa.
range: 8.0–801 pg/ml, Ø conc.: 97.0 pg/ml, from people of The Netherlands and
country: Finland/UK/Egypt/Guinea481 the UK
Human 49

incidence: 71/134, sa. const.: people of 664.9 ng/24-h, country: People’s Republic
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years, of China/USA388
contamination: natural, conc. range:
4.5–130 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, Aflatoxin P
*in dry season incidence: 30/30*, people of Egypt (19
male and 11 female infants), age: 7–20
incidence: 62/97, sa. const.: people of
months, no contamination with AFP,
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
conc.: nd, country: Egypt447, *kwashiorkor
contamination: natural, conc. range:
ca.
1.3–41.3 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
incidence: 1/30*, sa. const.: people of
*in rainy season
Egypt (16 male and 14 female infants),
incidence: 48/110, sa. const.: people of
age: 6–13 months, contamination: natural,
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
conc.: 2 ng/100 ml, country: Egypt447,
contamination: natural, conc. range:
*marasmus ca.
4.5–94 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
*in dry season Aflatoxin Q1
incidence: 66/93, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 7/27, sa. const.: people of the
Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, People’s Republic of China (males and
contamination: natural, conc. range: females), contamination: natural, conc.
5.1–86 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, range: 77.3–137.5 ng/24-h, Ø conc.:
*in rainy season 92.2 ng/24-h, country: People’s Republic
incidence: 2/7, sa. const.: people of Kenya of China/USA388
(patients: 4 males (2 af*) and 3 females),
age: 10–25 years?, contamination: natural, Aflatoxin
conc. range: 36–241 pg/ml, Ø conc.: incidence: ?/people from 48 counties?, sa.
138.5 pg/ml, country: Kenya/UK466, const.: people of the People’s Republic of
*additionally cirrhosis or HCC China (males), contamination: natural,
conc. range: 0–611 ng/kg/4 h, country:
incidence: 19/30, sa. const.: people of
USA/People’s Republic of China7
Sierra Leone (male children),
contamination: natural, conc. range: 1.2– incidence: 42?/42, sa. const.: people of the
26.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540 People’s Republic of China (30 males and
incidence: 16/24, sa. const.: people of 12 females), age: 25–64 years,
Sierra Leone (female children), 3.3–6.6 µg/day* (mean value), country:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.5– USA/People’s Republic of China25, *total
32.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540 AF-metabolites
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: people of the
Aflatoxin P1 People’s Republic of China (females),
incidence: 53/317*, sa. const.: people of the Ø age: 44.8 years, contamination: natural,
People’s Republic of China (males), age: conc.: 13.09 µg*/collection period** (mean
mostly 45–64 years, contamination: value), country: USA/People’s Republic of
natural, conc. range: 0.59–16.0 ng/ml, China25, *total AF-metabolites, **3 days
country: People’s Republic of China/USA12, incidence: ?/30, sa. const.: people of the
*thereof 50 HCC ca. (contaminated: People’s Republic of China (males), Ø age:
39 control and 14 HCC ca., for detailed 46.6 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
information please see the article) 12.98 µg*/collection period** (mean
incidence: 8/27, sa. const.: people of the value), country: USA/People’s Republic of
People’s Republic of China (males and China25, *total AF metabolites, **3 days
females), contamination: natural, conc. incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: people of
range: 80.4–3,569.7 ng/24-h, Ø conc.: The Gambia (10 males and 10 females),
50 Human

age: 15–56 years, contamination: natural, (males and females), age: 25–65 years,
conc. range: 48.2–7,099.2 ng/day**, contamination: natural, conc. range:
country: USA/France/UK50, *thereof 10 <LOD–0.98 pg adduct/mg creatinine**,
HBV ca. but no predominant country: USA/People’s Republic of China495,
contamination, **AF-N 7-Gua *ingesting 100 mg chlorophyllin three times
incidence: 6/8*, sa. const.: people of Kenya daily for 4 months (for detailed information
(children), contamination: natural, conc. please see the article), **AF-N 7-Gua
range: 3–533 pg/ml, country: Kenya/UK95, incidence: 153/2,553, sa. const.: people of
*control Zimbabwe (outpatients, school children,
incidence: 5/11*, sa. const.: people of farm laborers, mine workers, and middle
Kenya (children), contamination: natural, class donors), contamination: natural,
conc. range: 6–986 pg/ml, country: Ø conc.: 5.1 ng/ml (mean value), country:
Kenya/UK95, *marasmus ca. Zimbabwe569
incidence: 3/5*, sa. const.: people of Kenya
(children), contamination: natural, conc. Aflatoxins
range: 60–4,425 pg/ml, country: incidence: 21/106*, sa. const.: people of
Kenya/UK95, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca. The Sudan (male and female children),
incidence: 5/12*, sa. const.: people of contamination: natural, conc.: 191 pg/ml
Kenya (children), contamination: natural, (geometric mean), country: UK/The
conc. range: 40–1,370 pg/ml, country: Sudan36, *control
Kenya/UK95, *kwashiorkor ca. incidence: 18/70*, sa. const.: people of The
incidence: ?/112*, sa. const.: people of Sudan (male and female children),
Taiwan (males), contamination: natural, contamination: natural, conc.: 508 pg/ml
conc. range: 27.0–107.7 pg/ml (mean (geometric mean), country: UK/The
values), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of Sudan36, *marasmus ca.
China104, *partly HBV and/or HCC incidence: 8/32*, sa. const.: people of The
incidence: ?/134*, sa. const.: people of Sudan (male and female children),
Taiwan (females), contamination: natural, contamination: natural, conc.: 742 pg/ml
conc. range: 20.3–61.9 pg/ml (mean (geometric mean), country: UK/The
values), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic Sudan36, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca.
of China104, *partly HBV and/or HCC incidence: 14/42*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 64/65, sa. const.: people of The The Sudan (male and female children),
Philippines (children), age: 0.08–12 years, contamination: natural, conc.: 143 pg/ml
weight for height: 6.6–23.1 kg/m, (geometric mean), country: UK/The
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.1– Sudan36, *kwashiorkor ca.
4.77 ng/ml*, country: UK/The incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: people of the
Philippines460, *AF-metabolites People’s Republic of China,
incidence: 53/87*, sa. const.: people of the contamination: natural, conc. range:
People’s Republic of China (males and 0.1–10 ng/ml*, country: USA/People’s
females), age: 25–65 years, contamination: Republic of China59, *mainly AFM1,
natural, conc. range: <LOD–4.10 pg AFB1-N 7-Gua2, AFP1, and AFB1
adduct/mg creatinine**, country: USA/ incidence: 44/155*, sa. const.: people of
People’s Republic of China495, *ingesting The Sudan (children), contamination:
placebos for 4 months (for detailed natural, conc. range: 1–9 pg/ml** (1 sa),
information please see the article), 10–99 pg/ml** (14 sa), 100–999 pg/ml**
**AF-N 7-Gua (16 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** (13 sa), country:
incidence: 52/82*, sa. const.: people of the UK/The Sudan67, *control, **includes
People’s Republic of China AFB1, AFM1, AFL
Human 51

incidence: 31/114*, sa. const.: people of Fumonisin B1

The Sudan (children), contamination: incidence: ?/75, sa. const.: people of
natural, conc. range: 1–9 pg/ml** (1 sa), Mexico (females), contamination: natural,
10–99 pg/ml** (10 sa), 100–999 pg/ml** conc. range: 18.8–248.0 pg/ml, country:
(11 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** (9 sa), country: UK/Mexico/Germany510, for detailed
UK/The Sudan67, *kwashiorkor ca., information please see article
**includes AFB1, AFM1, AFL
incidence: 30/77*, sa. const.: people of Ochratoxin A
The Sudan (children), contamination: incidence: 1/25, sa. const.: people of Egypt
natural, conc. range: 10–99 pg/ml** (male and female humans: healthy), age:
(9 sa), 100–999 pg/ml** (8 sa), 21–49 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
³1,000 pg/ml** (13 sa), country: UK/The 0.31 ng/ml, country: Egypt/France227, for
Sudan67, *marasmic kwashiorkor ca., detailed information please see the article
**includes AFB1, AFM1, AFL incidence: 16/67*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 31/119*, sa. const.: people of Egypt (males and females), age:
The Sudan (children), contamination: 5–70 years, contamination: natural, conc.
natural, conc. range: 10–99 pg/ml** (7 sa), range: 0.43–8.19 ng/ml, country: Egypt/
100–999 pg/ml** (13 sa), ³1,000 pg/ml** France227, *renal disease ca., for detailed
(11 sa), country: UK/The Sudan67, information please see the article
*marasmus ca., **includes AFB1, incidence: 2/14*, sa. const.: people of
AFM1, AFL Egypt (males and females), age:
22–50 years, contamination: natural, conc.
Deoxynivalenol range: 0.22–3.42 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 15/15, sa. const.: people of the 1.82 ng/ml, country: Egypt/France227,
People’s Republic of China (females), age: *potential kidney donors, for detailed
19–75 years, contamination: natural, conc. information please see the article
range: 4–94 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 30.33 ng/ml,
country: UK/Canada/People’s Republic of incidence: 46/50*, sa. const.: people of the
China/USA415 UK, contamination: natural, conc. range:
<0.01–0.058 ng/ml, country: UK236,
incidence: 296/300, sa. const.: people of
*32 volunteers (normal diet?),
the UK, contamination: natural, conc.
11 vegetarians, 7 consumed ethnic diet
range: £65.97 µg/day, country: UK417
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: people of France
incidence: 25/25*, sa. const.: people of the
(male and female), contamination:
UK (9 males and 16 females), age:
natural, conc. range: 367–1,801 ng/ml,
21–59 years, height: 1.52–1.96 m, wt.:
country: France311
51–93 kg, BMI: 19.2–32.0, contamination:
natural, conc. range: 4.9–10.5 ng/mg incidence: 29/134, sa. const.: people of
creatinine, country: UK442, *wheat-based Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
food intake (normal diet), for detailed contamination: natural, conc. range:
information please see the article 0.07–59 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
incidence: 9/25*, sa. const.: people of the *in dry season
UK (9 males and 16 females), age: incidence: 26/97, sa. const.: people of
21–59 years, height: 1.52–1.96 m, wt.: Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
51–93 kg, BMI: 19.2–32.0, contamination: contamination: natural, conc. range:
natural, conc. range: 0.4–0.9 ng/mg 0.6–72.2 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
creatinine, country: UK442, *wheat *in rainy season
reduction intervention, for detailed incidence: 34/110, sa. const.: people of
information please see the article Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
contamination: natural, conc. range:
52 Human

0.08–148 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, country: Hungary472 (for detailed

*in dry season information please see the article)
incidence: 21/93, sa. const.: people of incidence: 42/60, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, Portugal (34 males and 26 females), age:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 19–82 years, contamination: natural, conc.
0.7–4.9 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, range: 0.021–0.105 ng/ml, country:
*in rainy season Portugal/Czech Republic505
incidence: 13/60, sa. const.: people of incidence: 8/24*, sa. const.: people of the
Portugal (inhabitants of Coimbra), UK (males and females), age: 18–55 years,
age: 15–67 years, contamination: natural, contamination: natural, conc. range:
conc. range: 0.011–0.208 ng/ml*, country: LOD/LOQ–0.058 µg/l, country: EU508,
Portugal/Spain426, *morning sa. (for detailed *eating normal diet
information please see the article) incidence: 4/7*, sa. const.: people of the
incidence: 14/60, sa. const.: people of UK (males and females), age: 18–55 years,
Portugal (inhabitants of Coimbra), contamination: natural, conc. range:
age: 15–67 years, contamination: natural, LOD/LOQ–0.023 µg/l, country: EU508,
conc. range: 0.008–0.011 ng/ml*, country: *eating ethnic diet
Portugal/Spain426, *afternoon sa. (for detailed incidence: 2/9*, sa. const.: people of the
information please see the article) UK (males and females), age: 18–55 years,
incidence: 25/62, sa. const.: people contamination: natural, conc. range:
of Spain (inhabitants of Valencia), age: LOD/LOQ–0.054 µg/l, country: EU508,
18–53 years, contamination: natural, conc. *vegetarians
range: 0.007–0.124 ng/ml*, country: Portugal/
Spain426, *morning sa. (for detailed incidence: 22/38*, sa. const.: people of
information please see the article) Italy, contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 26/62, sa. const.: people of 0.012–0.046 ng/ml, country: Italy513,
Spain (inhabitants of Valencia), age: *healthy individuals
18–53 years, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: people of Italy,
range: 0.008–0.089 ng/ml*, country: contamination: natural, conc. range:
Portugal/Spain426, *afternoon sa. £1.40 ng/ml, country: Italy513, *KIN
patients
(for detailed information please see the
article) incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: people of
Bulgaria (volunteer inhabitants of Gorno
incidence: 122/155, sa. const.: people of
Peshtene, healthy), age: 20–30 years,
Portugal, contamination: natural, conc.
contamination: natural, conc. range:
range: 0.008–0.069 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.022
16–98 ng/l*, Ø conc.: 50.8 ng/l*, country:
ng/ml, country: Portugal456
Bulgaria/France538, *measured for 4 weeks
incidence: 50/152*, sa. const.: people of (for detailed information please see
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc. the article)
range: 5–604 ng/l, country: France/India/ incidence: 11/11, sa. const.: people of
Bulgaria464, *control families and BEN/ Bulgaria (volunteer inhabitants of Beli
UTT affected people (for detailed Izvor, healthy), age: 20–30 years,
information please see the article) contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 54/88, sa. const.: people of 36–860 ng/l*, Ø conc.: 168.64 ng/l*,
Hungary (healthy humans: 46 males country: Bulgaria/France538, *measured
(29 af) and 42 females (25 af)), age: 8–80 for 4 weeks (for detailed information
years, contamination: natural, conc. range: please see the article)
0.006–0.065 ng/ml, Ø conc.: 0.013 ng/ml, incidence: 10/30, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (male children),
Human 53

contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.3– 0.4–218 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401,
26.6 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540 *in dry season
incidence: 3/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra incidence: 31/97, sa. const.: people of
Leone (female children), contamination: Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
natural, conc. range: 0.7–16.0 ng/ml, contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.05–
country: Sierra Leone540 45 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
incidence: 16/22, sa. const.: people of rainy season
Portugal (male inhabitants of Lisbon), incidence: 51/110 sa. const.: people of
contamination: natural, conc. range: Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
nd-0.071 ng/ml, country: Portugal580 contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 15/21, sa. const.: people of range: 0.6–124 ng/ml*, country: Sierra
Portugal (female inhabitants of Lisbon), Leone401, *in dry season
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 41/93, sa. const.: people of
nd-0.055 ng/ml, country: Portugal580 Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years,
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.06–
4-Hydroxyochratoxin A 81 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
incidence: 50/134, sa. const.: people of rainy season
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
incidence: 7/30, sa. const.: people of Sierra
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.1–
Leone (male children), contamination:
29 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
natural, conc. range: 0.4–37.1 ng/ml,
dry season
country: Sierra Leone540
incidence: 28/97, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 4/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years,
Leone (female children), contamination:
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.2–
natural, conc. range: 2.0–33.3 ng/ml,
37 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in
country: Sierra Leone540
rainy season
incidence: 41/110, sa. const.: people of
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, Human Artificial Contamination
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.1–
1.47 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in Human blood may contain the
dry season following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 48/93, sa. const.: people of metabolites:
Sierra Leone (females), age: 5–14 years, Diacetoxyscirpenol
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.2– incidence: 1/44*, sa. const.: people of
33 ng/ml*, country: Sierra Leone401, *in Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos,
rainy season contamination: artificial**, conc.: 5 ppb,
incidence: 12/30, sa. const.: people of country: USA288, *human victims of
Sierra Leone (male children), chemical warfare, **strong indication
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 4/7, sa. const.: people of Iran
0.04–21.0 ng/ml, country: Sierra Leone540 (soldiers), contamination: artificial*, conc.
incidence: 12/24, sa. const.: people of Sierra range: 0.38–0.70 ppm, Ø conc.: 0. 54 ppm,
Leone (female children), contamination: country: Belgium498, *very strong indication
natural, conc. range: 0.1–18.0 ng/ml,
country: Sierra Leone540 HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: people of
Ochratoxin B Kampuchea (Cambodia),
incidence: 64/134, sa. const.: people of contamination: artificial, conc. range:
Sierra Leone (males), age: 5–14 years, 10–22 ppb, Ø conc.: 16 ppb, country:
contamination: natural, conc. range: USA194, *Yellow Rain victims
54 Human

incidence: 2/4*, sa. const.: people of Verrucarol

Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos, incidence: 3/7, sa. const.: people of Iran
contamination: artificial**, conc. range: (soldiers), contamination: artificial*, conc.
tr, country: USA288, *victims exposed to range: 0.07–0.33 ppm, Ø conc.: 0.23 ppm,
biological warfare chemicals, **strong country: Belgium498, *very strong
indication indication
incidence: 11/44*, sa. const.: people of
Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos, Human esophagus may contain the
contamination: artificial**, conc. range: following mycotoxins and/or their
2–296.1 ppb, Ø conc.: 50.36 ppb, country: metabolites:
USA288, *human victims of chemical
HT-2 Toxin
warfare, **strong indication
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: people of Laos Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos,
(1 male and 1 female), contamination: contamination: artificial**, conc.:
artificial**, conc. range: 19.2–21.1 ppb, 4.02 ppm, country: USA288, *victim of
Ø conc.: 20.15 ppb, country: USA497, chemical attack, **strong indication
*victims of chemical attack, **strong
indication T-2 Toxin
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
Nivalenol Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos,
incidence: 3/7, sa. const.: people of Iran contamination: artificial**, conc.: 25.1 ppb,
(soldiers), contamination: artificial*, conc. country: USA288, *victim of chemical
range: 0.11–0.15 ppm, Ø conc.: 0.136 ppm, attack, **strong indication
country: Belgium498, *very strong indication
Human feces may contain the
T-2 Toxin following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: people of metabolites:
Kampuchea (Cambodia),
contamination: artificial, conc. range: Verrucarol
11–18 ppb, Ø conc.: 14.5 ppb, country: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: person of Iran
USA194, *Yellow Rain victims (soldier), contamination: artificial*,
incidence: 17/44*, sa. const.: people of conc.: 0.30 ppm, country: Belgium498,
Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos, *very strong indication
contamination: artificial**, conc. range:
1.4–110.4 ppb, Ø conc.: 34.04 ppb, Human heart may contain the
country: USA288, *human victims of following mycotoxins and/or their
chemical warfare, **very strong metabolites:
indication
HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: people of Laos incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
(1 male and 1 female), Kampuchea (Cambodia),
contamination: artificial*, conc. range: contamination: artificial**, conc.: 1.2
14.5–66.95 ppb, Ø conc.: 40.725 ppb, ppm, country: USA194, *victim of chemical
country: USA497, *victims of chemical attack, **strong indication
attack, **strong indication
incidence: 1/7, sa. const.: people of Iran Human intestine may contain the
(soldiers), contamination: artificial*, following mycotoxins and/or their
conc.: 0.41 ppm, country: Belgium498, metabolites:
*very strong indication
Human 55

HT-2 Toxin contamination: artificial**, conc.: 4.02

incidence: 1/1* **, sa. const.: person of ppm, country: USA194, *victim of chemical
Kampuchea (Cambodia), contamination: attack, **strong indication
artificial***, conc.: 9.6 ppb, country: USA194,
*large intestine, **victim of chemical T-2 Toxin
attack, ***strong indication incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
Kampuchea (Cambodia),
T-2 Toxin contamination: artificial**,
incidence: 1/1* **, sa. const.: person of conc.: 25.1 ppb, country: USA194, *victim
Kampuchea (Cambodia), of chemical attack, **strong indication
contamination: artificial***, conc.: 88.0
ppb, country: USA194, *large intestine, Human urine may contain the
**victim of chemical attack, ***strong following mycotoxins and/or their
indication metabolites:

Diacetoxyscirpenol
Human kidney may contain the
incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: people of Iran
following mycotoxins and/or their
(soldiers), contamination: artificial*,
metabolites:
conc.: 0.22 ppm, country: Belgium498,
Diacetoxyscirpenol *very strong indication
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
HT-2 Toxin
Kampuchea (Cambodia),
incidence: 1/2*, sa. const.: people
contamination: artificial**, conc.:
of Kampuchea (Cambodia),
2.55 ppm, country: USA194, *victim of
contamination: artificial, conc.: 18 ppb,
chemical attack, **strong indication
country: USA194, *Yellow Rain victims
T-2 Toxin incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: people of
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos,
Kampuchea (Cambodia), contamination: artificial**, conc. range:
contamination: artificial**, conc.: 6.8 ppb, 1.3–7.4 ppb, Ø conc.: 3.5 ppb, country:
country: USA194, *victim of chemical USA288, *victims of chemical warfare,
attack, **strong indication **strong indication
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
Human lung may contain the Kampuchea (Cambodia) (male),
following mycotoxins and/or their contamination: artificial, conc.: 18 ppb,
metabolites: country: USA497, *victim of chemical
T-2 Toxin attack
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sa. const.: incidence: 2/6, sa. const.: people of Iran
person of Kampuchea (Cambodia), (soldiers), contamination: artificial*, conc.
contamination: artificial**, conc.: 8.5 ppb, range: 0.07–0.13 ppm, Ø conc.: 0.10 ppm,
country: USA194, *victim of chemical country: Belgium498, *very strong
attack, **strong indication indication

Human stomach may contain the Nivalenol

following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 2/6, sa. const.: people of Iran
metabolites: (soldiers), contamination: artificial*, conc.
range: 0.09–0.16 ppm, Ø conc.: 0.125 ppm,
HT-2 Toxin country: Belgium498, *very strong
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person indication
of Kampuchea (Cambodia),
56 Buffalo

T-2 Toxin Aflatoxin M1

incidence: 1/2*, sa. const.: people of incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: livers from beefs
Kampuchea (Cambodia), of the USA?, contamination: probably
contamination: artificial, conc.: natural, conc.: 0.25 ng/g, country: USA75
tr, country: USA194, *Yellow Rain victims
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: people of Boar see Pig
Kampuchea (Cambodia)/Laos,
contamination: artificial**, conc. range:
4.0–22.0 ppb, Ø conc.: 10.33 ppb, country: Bovine see Cattle, Cow or Steer
USA288, *victims of chemical warfare,
**strong indication
Bovine Milk see Cow milk
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: person of
Kampuchea (Cambodia) (male),
contamination: artificial, conc.: tr, country: Bovine Udder see Cattle udder
USA497, *victim of chemical attack
incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: people of Iran
(soldiers), contamination: artificial*, Broiler see Chicken
conc.: 0.18 ppm, country: Belgium498,
*very strong indication
Broiler Chicken see Chicken
Verrucarol
incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: people of Iran
(soldiers), contamination: artificial*, conc. Buffalo
range: 0.07–0.14 ppm, Ø conc.: 0.103 ppm,
country: Belgium498, *very strong
Buffalo Natural Contamination
indication
Buffalo milk, raw may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
Barrow see Pig metabolites:
Aflatoxin M1
Beef incidence: 59/66, sa. const.: milk from
buffaloes of India, contamination: natural,
Beef Natural Contamination see conc. range: 0.074*–0.076** mg/l
also Steer (mean values), country: India43, *bulk,
**individual

Beef liver may contain the following incidence: 60/207, sa. const.: milk from
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: buffaloes of Italy, contamination: natural,
conc. range: 4–676 ng/kg, country: Italy161
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: livers from incidence: 108/116*, sa. const.: milk from
beefs of the USA?, contamination: buffaloes of India, contamination:
probably natural, conc.: 0.72 ng/g, natural, conc. range: 0.6–15 ng/ml (59 sa),
country: USA75 16–30 ng/ml (37 sa), 31–45 ng/ml (11 sa),
48 ng/ml (1 sa), country: India/UK257,
Aflatoxin G1 *periurban area
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: livers from incidence: 2/100*, sa. const.: milk from
beefs of the USA?, contamination: buffaloes of India, contamination: natural,
probably natural, conc.: 0.21 ng/g, conc. range: 0.6–15 ng/ml (2 sa), country:
country: USA75 India/UK257, *rural area
Calf 57

incidence: 65/120*, sa. const.: milk from wt.: 44 kg, contamination: artificial
buffaloes of Pakistan, contamination: (dose: 0.25 mg crystalline OTA/kg b. wt.,
natural, conc. range: ?, country: i.v., once; for detailed information please
Pakistan277, *urban area see the article), conc. range: 1.62*
incidence: 51/120*, sa. const.: milk from **-4.90** mg, country: Canada179,
buffaloes of Pakistan, contamination: *incomplete feces collection,
natural, conc. range: ?, country: **cumulative excretion
Pakistan277, *semi-urban area incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
incidence: 37/120*, sa. const.: milk from male calves, preruminant, age: 16–21 days,
buffaloes of Pakistan, contamination: wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
natural, conc. range: ?, country: (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once;
Pakistan277, *rural area for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: 2.35–2.99 mg*, Ø
conc.: 2.67 mg*, country: Canada179,
Buffalo Artificial Contamination
*cumulative excretion
Buffalo milk, raw may contain the incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: Holstein-
following mycotoxins and/or their Friesian male calves, ruminant, age:
metabolites: 46–69 days,
wt.: 68–100 kg, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin M1 (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once;
incidence: 27/50, sa. const.: milk from for detailed information please see the
Murrah she-buffaloes, contamination: article), conc. range: £3.6 mg*, country:
artificial (dose: up to 3 mg AFB1, o., daily; Canada179, *cumulative excretion
for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: tr–4.8 mg/l, country: Ochratoxin a
India272 incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein-
Friesian male calves, preruminant, age:
19–20 days, wt.: 44 kg, contamination:
Calf artificial (dose: 0.25 mg crystalline OTA/
kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
Calf Natural Contamination see information please see the article), conc.:
also Cattle nd*, country: Canada179, *cumulative
excretion
Calf liver may contain the following incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: male calves, preruminant, age: 16–21 days,
wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin B1 (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
incidence: 1/3, sa. const.: Hereford detailed information please see the
calves of Australia, contamination: article), conc.: nd*, country: Canada179,
natural, conc.: 0.5 mg/kg, country: *cumulative excretion
Australia242 incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
male calves, ruminant, age: 46–69 days,
Calf Artificial Contamination wt.: 68–100 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 2 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Calf feces may contain the following detailed information please see the
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: article), conc. range: £30.0 mg*, country:
Canada179, *cumulative excretion
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian Calf kidney may contain the following
male calves, preruminant, age: 19–20 days, mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
58 Calf

Aflatoxin M1 OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1 (total amount

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, detailed information please see the
contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1 article), conc. range: tr–5 mg/kg*, country:
(for detailed information please see the UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210, period
*control incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up to
OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for detailed information please
87 days; for detailed information please see see the article), conc.: nd*, country: UK/
the article), conc.: nd*, country: UK/USA210, USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
*after 87 days of experimental period period
incidence: 4/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, Ochratoxin a
contamination: artificial (dose: 143 mg incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male
OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1 (total amount calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1
detailed information please see the (for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: tr–0.03 mg/kg*, article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210,
country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of *control
experimental period incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Friesian male calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to
AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for detailed information please
87 days; for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: tr–10 mg/kg*,
see the article), conc. range: tr–0.03 mg/kg*, country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of
country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental period
experimental period incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
Ochratoxin A contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male 143 mg OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt: »80 kg, (total amount ingested), o., for up to
contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1 (for 87 days; for detailed information please
detailed information please see the see the article), conc. range: tr–10 mg/kg*,
article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210, country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of
*control experimental period
incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: Friesian male incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg
OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up
87 days; for detailed information please to 87 days; for detailed information
see the article), conc. range: tr–5 mg/kg*, please see the article), conc.: nd*,
country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of
experimental period experimental period
incidence: 2/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, Calf liver may contain the following
contamination: artificial (dose: 143 mg mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Calf 59

Aflatoxin B1 OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1 (total amount

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, detailed information please see the
contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1 (for article), conc.: nd*, country: UK/USA210,
detailed information please see the *after 87 days of experimental period
article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210, incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
*control calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up to
contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg 87 days; for detailed information please
OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to see the article), conc.: tr*, country:
87 days; for detailed information please UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: period
UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
period Calf muscle may contain the
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male following mycotoxins and/or their
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 143 mg
OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1 (total amount Ochratoxin A
ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male
detailed information please see the calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
article), conc.: nd*, country: UK/USA210, contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1
*after 87 days of experimental period (for detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: Friesian male article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210,
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up to calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
87 days; for detailed information please see contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg OTA
the article), conc.: tr*, country: UK/USA210, (total amount ingested), o., for up to
*after 87 days of experimental period 87 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
Aflatoxin M1 UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male period
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1 calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
(for detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210, 143 mg OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1 (total amount
*control ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for detailed
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male information please see the article), conc.:
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, tr*, country: UK/USA210, *after 87 days of
contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg experimental period
OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
87 days; for detailed information please calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg
UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for
period up to 87 days; for detailed information
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
contamination: artificial (dose: 143 mg period
60 Calf

Ochratoxin a incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Friesian male

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1 (for 143 mg OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1
detailed information please see the (total amount ingested), o., for up to
article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210, 87 days; for detailed information please see
*control the article), conc.: tr*, country: UK/USA210,
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male *after 87 days of experimental period
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male
contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg,
OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg
87 days; for detailed information please see AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up to
the article), conc.: nd*, country: UK/USA210, 87 days; for detailed information please
*after 87 days of experimental period see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: Friesian male UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, period
contamination: artificial (dose: 143 mg
OTA + 4.04 mg AFB1 (total amount Calf serum may contain the following
ingested), o., for up to 87 days; for mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: tr*, country: UK/USA210, Ochratoxin A
*after 87 days of experimental period incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein-
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Friesian male Friesian male calve, preruminant, age: 19
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, or 20 days, wt.: 44 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3.87 mg artificial (dose: 0.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.v.,
AFB1 (total amount ingested), o., for up to once; for detailed information please see
87 days; for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: £3.0 mg/ml*,
the article), conc.: nd*, country: UK/USA210, country: Canada179, *after 0 h (also at
*after 87 days of experimental period other hour intervals up to 120 h
measured, lowest value conc.: <0.1 mg/ml
Calf plasma may contain the after 120 h)
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.:
metabolites: Holstein-Friesian male calves,
preruminant, age: 16 and 21 days, wt.:
Ochratoxin a 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Friesian male 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: no OTA and/or AFB1 range: £0.5 mg/ml*, country: Canada179,
(for detailed information please see the *after »37 h (also at other hour intervals
article), conc.: nd, country: UK/USA210, up to 120 h measured, lowest value conc.:
*control »0.1 mg/ml after »83 h)
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Friesian male incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.:
calves, age: »12 weeks, wt.: »80 kg, Holstein-Friesian male calves, ruminant,
contamination: artificial (dose: 155 mg age: 46–69 days, wt.: 68–100 kg,
OTA (total amount ingested), o., for up to contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg
87 days; for detailed information please OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
see the article), conc.: tr*, country: information please see the article), conc.
UK/USA210, *after 87 days of experimental range: £2.2 mg/ml*, country: Canada179,
period *after 2–4 h (also at other hour intervals
Camel 61

up to »96 h measured, lowest value conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg

»0.05 mg/ml after »96 h) crystalline OTA/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for
detailed information please see the
Ochratoxin a article), conc.: nd*, country: Canada179,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: *cumulative excretion
Holstein-Friesian male calves, ruminant, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
age: 46–69 days, wt.: 68–100 kg, male calves, preruminant, age: 16–21 days,
contamination: artificial (dose: wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
2.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. information please see the article), conc.
range: »£0.32 mg/ml*, country: Canada179, range: 24.05–26.68 mg*, Ø conc.:
*after »35 h (also at other hour intervals 25.365 mg*, country: Canada179,
up to 120 h measured, lowest value conc.: *cumulative excretion
»0.07 mg/ml after 120 h) incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
male calves, ruminant, age: 46–69 days,
Calf urine may contain the following wt.: 68–100 kg, contamination: artificial
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
detailed information please see the
Ochratoxin A article), conc. range: £110.9 mg*, country:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian Canada179, *cumulative excretion
male calves, preruminant, age: 19–20 days,
wt.: 44 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.25 mg crystalline OTA/kg b. wt., Camel
i.v., once; for detailed information please
see the article) conc. range: 0.41* Camel Natural Contamination
**–2.75** mg, country: Canada179,
*incomplete urine collection, **cumulative Camel fetus may contain the
excretion following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein- metabolites:
Friesian male calves, preruminant, age:
16–21 days, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: Gliotoxin
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: fetus from
once; for detailed information please see camel of the UAE, contamination: natural,
the article), conc. range: 0.97–0.99 mg*, conc.: tr, country: Germany/UAE149,
Ø conc.: 0.98 mg*, country: Canada179, *allantois from fetus
*cumulative excretion
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: Camel intestine may contain the
Holstein-Friesian male calves, ruminant, following mycotoxins and/or their
age: 46–69 days, wt.: 68–100 kg, metabolites:
contamination: artificial
(dose: 2 mg OTA/kg b.w., o., once; for Gliotoxin
detailed information please see the incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: intestines from
article), conc. range: £0.9 mg*, country: camels of the UAE, contamination:
Canada179, *cumulative excretion natural, conc.: tr*, country: Germany/
UAE149, *colon
Ochratoxin a incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: intestines from
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: camels of the UAE, contamination:
Holstein-Friesian male calves, natural, conc.: tr*, country: Germany/
preruminant, age: 19–20 days, wt.: 44 kg, UAE149, *duodenum
62 Cat

Camel milk may contain the following T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
information please see the article),
Aflatoxin M1 conc.: 0.82 ppb*, country: USA497, *after
incidence: 6/20, sa. const.: milk from 6 h of the 2nd dose
camels of the UAE, contamination:
natural, conc. range: 0.25–0.8 ng/ml, T-2 Tetraol
Ø conc.: 0.46 ng/ml, country: UAE/UK247 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
Camel rumen may contain the T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
following mycotoxins and/or their T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
metabolites: information please see the article),
conc.: 44.50 ppb*, country: USA497, *after
Gliotoxin 6 h of the 2nd dose
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: rumens from
camels of the UAE, contamination: natural, Cat heart may contain the following
conc. range: tr, country: Germany/UAE149 mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:

Carp see Fish, carp HT-2 Toxin

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
contamination: artificial (dose:
Cat 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and
1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day;
Cat Natural Contamination for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: 199.90 ppb*,
Cat kidney may contain the following country: USA497, *after 6 h of the
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: 2nd dose
Ochratoxin A 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 16/26, sa. const.: kidneys from incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
cats of Austria, age: 7 weeks–13 years (for contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
detailed information please see the T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
article), contamination: natural, conc. T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
range: 0.1–1.63 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 0.85 mg/kg, information please see the article), conc.:
country: Austria340 58.75 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of
the 2nd dose
Cat Artifical Contamination
T-2 Toxin
Cat blood may contain the following incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
HT-2 Toxin T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination: information please see the article), conc.:
artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 0.99 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of
1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; the 2nd dose
for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 0.46 ppb*, country: USA497, 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
*after 6 h of the 2nd dose incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg information please see the article), conc.:
Cat 63

13.25 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of T-2 Tetraol

the 2nd dose incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
T-2 Tetraol T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg information please see the article),
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg conc.: 57.57 ppb*, country: USA497, *after
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed 6 h of the 2nd dose
information please see the article), conc.:
10.14 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of Cat liver may contain the following
the 2nd dose mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Cat kidney may contain the following HT-2 Toxin
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
HT-2 Toxin
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
information please see the article),
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
conc.: 2.92 ppb*, country: USA497, *after
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
6 h of the 2nd dose
information please see the article), conc.:
138.58 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
the 2nd dose incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination:
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, 1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day;
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg for detailed information please see the
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg article), conc.: 1.00 ppb*, country: USA497,
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed *after 6 h of the 2nd dose
information please see the article), T-2 Tetraol
conc.: 55.88 ppb*, country: USA497, *after incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
6 h of the 2nd dose contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
T-2 Toxin T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg information please see the article),
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg conc.: 9.56 ppb*, country: USA497, *after
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed 6 h of the 2nd dose
information please see the article),
conc.: 34.07 ppb*, country: USA497, *after Cat lung may contain the following
6 h of the 2nd dose mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:

3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin HT-2 Toxin

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination:
contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg
(dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and on the 1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on
1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for the 2nd day; for detailed information
detailed information please see the please see the article), conc.: 25.56 ppb*,
article), conc.: 34.07 ppb*, country: country: USA497, *after 6 h of the
USA497, *after 6 h of the 2nd dose 2nd dose
64 Cattle

3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin article), conc.: 0.34 ppb, country: USA497,

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination: *after 6 h of the 2nd dose
artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the
1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; T-2 Tetraol
for detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination:
article), conc.: 5.28 ppb*, country: USA497, artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the
*after 6 h of the 2nd dose 1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day;
for detailed information please see the
T-2 Toxin article), conc.: 160.88 ppb*, country: USA497,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination: *after 6 h of the 2nd dose
artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the
1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; Cattle
for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 15.30 ppb*, country: USA497, Cattle Natural Contamination
*after 6 h of the 2nd dose
Cattle bile may contain the following
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg Zeranol
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg incidence: 8/70, sa. const.: bile from
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed castrated male cattles of Northern
information please see the article), conc.: Ireland, contamination: natural, conc.
5.42 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of range: ³1.0 to £3.0 ng/ml*, Ø conc.:
the 2nd dose 1.65 ng/ml, country: Northern Ireland,
UK529, *most probable of Fusarium origin
T-2 Tetraol
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, a-Zearalenol
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg incidence: 8?/70, sa. const.: bile from
T-2 toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg castrated male cattles of Northern
T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; for detailed Ireland, contamination: natural, conc.
information please see the article), conc.: range: £20.5 ng/ml*, country: Northern
15.30 ppb*, country: USA497, *after 6 h of Ireland, UK529, *most probable of
the 2nd dose Fusarium origin

b-Zearalenol
Cat urine may contain the following
incidence: 8?/70, sa. const.: bile from
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
castrated male cattles of Northern Ireland,
HT-2 Toxin contamination: natural, conc. range:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, £23.4 ng/ml*, country: Northern Ireland,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 UK529, *most probable of Fusarium origin
toxin/kg on the 1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg
on the 2nd day; for detailed information Cattle udder may contain the
please see the article), conc.: 0.21 ppb, following mycotoxins and/or their
country: USA497, *after 6 h of the 2nd dose metabolites:

3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin Gliotoxin

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: cat, contamination: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: udder from a
artificial (dose: 200 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the Holstein-Friesian female of Germany, age:
1st and 1.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg on the 2nd day; 8 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
for detailed information please see the 9.2 mg/kg udder, country: Germany126
Cattle 65

Cattle urine may contain the following Zearalenone

mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
Zearalanols 392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg ZEA/
incidence: 282/415*, sa. const.: urine animal besides other Fusarium
from cattles of New Zealand, mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
contamination: natural, conc. range: detailed information please see the article),
£12.3 ng/ml**, country: New Zealand230, conc.: nr**, country: Austria599, *control,
*export animals, **most probable of **after 84 days of ZEA-administration
Fusarium origin incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
Zearalenols 392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
incidence: 282/415*, sa. const.: urine from zeranol pellets implanted and
cattles of New Zealand, contamination: additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides
natural, conc. range: £163 ng/ml, country: other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
New Zealand230, *export animals 84 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nr*, country:
Cattle Artificial Contamination Austria599, *after 84 days of
ZEA-administration
Cattle feces may contain the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
following mycotoxins and/or their
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
metabolites:
392 kg, contamination: artificial
Fumonisin B1 (dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: cattles, Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg 84 days; for detailed information please
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information see the article), conc. range: tr–1.2 mg/kg*,
please see the article), conc.: 1 mg/g country: Austria599, *after 84 days of
(mean value), country: USA276 ZEA-administration
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: cattles,
a-Zearalenone
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
please see the article), conc.: 6 mg/g
392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg
(mean value), country: USA276
ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium
Hydrolized Fumonisin B1 mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: cattles, detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg article), conc.: nr**, country: Austria599,
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information *control, **after 84 days of
please see the article), conc.: 14 mg/g ZEA-administration
(mean value), country: USA276 incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: cattles, breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg 392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information zeranol pellets implanted and
please see the article), conc.: 14 mg/g additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides
(mean value), country: USA276 other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
84 days; for detailed information please
Cattle liver may contain the following see the article), conc.: nr*, country:
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: Austria599, *after 84 days of
ZEA-administration
66 Cattle

incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: female calves,
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: wt.: 201–268 kg, contamination: artificial
392 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 2.4 mg T-2 toxin/kg, o., once
(dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other (the remaining calves received different
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for applications of T-2 toxin in different
84 days; for detailed information please conc.); for detailed information please see
see the article), conc. range: tr–1.2 mg/kg*, the article), conc.: 40 ppb* **, country:
country: Austria599, *after 84 days of USA403, *in omasum contents, **after 24 h
ZEA-administration
Cattle plasma may contain the
b-Zearalenone
following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal metabolites:
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg T-2 Toxin
ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: female calves,
mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for wt.: 201–268 kg, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the (dose: 0.6 mg T-2 toxin/kg, i.v., once),
article), conc.: tr**, country: Austria599, conc.: ȣ1,300 ppb* (mean value),
*control, **after 84 days of country: USA403, *after 0 min (also at other
ZEA-administration min intervals up to 25 min measured,
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Simmendal lowest conc.: »80 ppb after 25 min)
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: female calves,
392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg wt.: 201–268 kg, contamination: artificial
zeranol pellets implanted and (dose: 1.2 mg T-2 toxin/kg, i.v., once),
additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides conc.: ȣ4,000 ppb* (mean value),
other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for country: USA403, *after 0 min (also at other
84 days; for detailed information please min intervals up to 60 min measured,
see the article), conc.: nr*, country: lowest conc.: »55 ppb after 60 min)
Austria599, *after 84 days of
ZEA-administration Cattle rumen may contain the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal following mycotoxins and/or their
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: metabolites:
392 kg, contamination: artificial
T-2 Toxin
(dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female calve, wt.:
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
201–268 kg, contamination: no T-2 toxin
84 days; for detailed information please
(for detailed information please see the
see the article), conc. range:
article), conc.: nr*, country: USA403, *in
5–11.5 mg/kg*, country: Austria599, *after
rumen contentsincidence: 1/6, sa. const.:
84 days of ZEA-administration
female calves, wt.: 201–268 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.4 mg
Cattle omasum may contain the
T-2 toxin/kg, o., once (the remaining
following mycotoxins and/or their
calves received different applications of
metabolites:
T-2 toxin in different conc.); for detailed
T-2 Toxin information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female calve, wt.: 62 ppb* **, country: USA403, *in rumen
201–268 kg, contamination: no T-2 toxin contents, **after 24 h
(for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr*, country: USA403, *in
omasum contents
Cattle 67

Cattle urine may contain the (dose: 0.5 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection,
following mycotoxins and/or their once; for detailed information please
metabolites: see the article), conc.: 1.17 ng/ml,
country: USA512, *collected after 15 min
Fumonisin B1
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: cattles, Taleranol
contamination: artificial incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal
(dose: 200 mg FB1/g, o., once; for detailed breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
information please see the article), conc. 392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg
range: 0.1–0.5 mg/g (mean values), ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium
country: USA276 mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: cattles, detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: nr**, country: Austria599,
400 mg FB1/g, o., once; for detailed *control, **after 84 days of
information please see the article), conc. ZEA-administration
range: 0.1–0.7 mg/g (mean values), incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
country: USA276 breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
Diacetoxyscirpenol zeranol pellets implanted and
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: heifers, wt.: 74.5– additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides
139.1 kg, contamination: no DAS other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
(for detailed information please see the 84 days; for detailed information please
article), conc.: nd, country: USA512, *control see the article), conc. range: 2–5 mg/l*,
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: heifers, wt.: country: Austria599, *after 84 days of
74.5–139.1 kg, contamination: artificial ZEA-administration
(dose: 0.5 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection, incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
once; for detailed information please see breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
the article), conc.: 0.14 ng/ml*, country: 392 kg, contamination: artificial
USA512, *collected after 15 min (dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
Monoacetoxyscirpenol 84 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: heifers, wt.: 74.5– see the article), conc. range: 2–3 mg/l*,
139.1 kg, contamination: no DAS (for country: Austria599, *after 84 days of ZEA-
detailed information please see the article), administration
conc.: nd, country: USA512, *control
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: heifers, wt.: Zearalanone
74.5–139.1 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal
(dose: 0.5 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection, breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
once; for detailed information please see 392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg
the article), conc.: 2.10 ng/ml, country: ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium
USA512, *collected after 15 min mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
detailed information please see the article),
Scirpentriol conc.: nr**, country: Austria599, *control,
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: heifers, wt.: **after 84 days of ZEA-administration
74.5–139.1 kg, contamination: no DAS incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
(for detailed information please see the breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
article), conc.: nd, country: USA512, 392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
*control zeranol pellets implanted and
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: heifers, wt.: additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides
74.5–139.1 kg, contamination: artificial other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
68 Cattle

84 days; for detailed information please detailed information please see the
see the article), conc.: tr*, country: article), conc.: nr**, country: Austria599,
Austria599, *after 84 days of *control, **after 84 days of
ZEA-administration ZEA-administration
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
392 kg, contamination: artificial 392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
(dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other zeranol pellets implanted and additionally
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for 158 mg ZEA/animal besides other
84 days; for detailed information please Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days;
see the article), conc.: tr*, country: for detailed information please see the
Austria599, *after 84 days of article), conc.: tr*, country: Austria599,
ZEA-administration *after 84 days of ZEA-administration
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
Zearalenone
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal
392 kg, contamination: artificial
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
(dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other
392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium
84 days; for detailed information please
mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
see the article), conc. range: 3–5 mg/l*,
detailed information please see the
country: Austria599, *after 84 days of ZEA-
article), conc.: tr**, country: Austria599,
administration
*control, **after 84 days of
ZEA-administration b-Zearalenol
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg 392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg
zeranol pellets implanted and ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium
additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for detailed information please see the
84 days; for detailed information please article), conc.: tr**, country: Austria599,
see the article), conc.: tr*, country: *control, **after 84 days of ZEA-
Austria599, *after 84 days of administration
ZEA-administration incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: 392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
392 kg, contamination: artificial zeranol pellets implanted and
(dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
84 days; for detailed information please 84 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: 5–8 mg/l*, see the article), conc.: nr*, country:
country: Austria599, *after 84 days of Austria599, *after 84 days of
ZEA-administration ZEA-administration
a-Zearalenol incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: 392 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other
ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for 84 days; for detailed information please
Chicken 69

see the article), conc. range: 20–65 mg/l*, natural, conc. range: 0.003–35.45 ppb, Ø
country: Austria599, *after 84 days of ZEA- conc.: 2.473 ppb, country: Thailand577
administration
Chicken muscle may contain the
Zeranol following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Simmendal metabolites:
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
Aflatoxin B1
392 kg, contamination: (dose: 158 mg
incidence: 97/225, sa. const.: muscles from
ZEA/animal besides other Fusarium
chickens of Thailand, contamination:
mycotoxins, o., daily for 84 days; for
natural, conc. range: 0.024–24.34 ppb, Ø
detailed information please see the
conc.: 0.744 ppb, country: Thailand577
article), conc.: nr**, country: Austria599,
*control, **after 84 days of
ZEA-administration Chicken Artificial Contamination
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.:
Chicken bile may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
392 kg, contamination: (dose: two 25 mg
metabolites:
zeranol pellets implanted and
additionally 158 mg ZEA/animal besides Zearalenone
other Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for incidence: 11/11, sa. const.: male broilers,
84 days; for detailed information please age: 25–27 days, contamination: artificial
see the article), conc. range: 2–5 mg/l*, (dose: 5.8 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once;
country: Austria599, *after 84 days of for detailed information please see the
ZEA-administration article), conc. range: ȣ160 ng/g*
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Simmendal (mean value), country: Germany543,
breed heifers, age: 1.5–2.0 years, Ø wt.: *»4 h elapsed after bolus (also at
392 kg, contamination: artificial other hour intervals up to 48 h
(dose: 2.74 mg ZEA/animal besides other measured, lowest conc.: »20 ng/g
Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for after 48 h)
84 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: 2–3 mg/l*, a-Zearalenol
country: Austria599, *after 84 days of incidence: 11/11, sa. const.: male broilers,
ZEA-administration age: 25–27 days, contamination: artificial
(dose: 5.8 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once;
Channel Catfish see Fish, channel for detailed information please see the
catfish article), conc. range: ȣ100 ng/g*
(mean value), country: Germany543,
*»7 h elapsed after bolus (also at
Chicken other hour intervals up to 48 h measured,
lowest conc.: »10 ng/g after 48 h)
Chicken Natural Contamination
see also Hen Chicken blood may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
Chicken liver may contain the metabolites:
following mycotoxins and/or their
Aflatoxin B1
metabolites:
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
Aflatoxin B1 3 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 122/225, sa. const.: livers from (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
chickens of Thailand, contamination: o., once; for detailed information please
70 Chicken

see the article), conc. range: information please see the article), conc.
»0.45–0.5 ppm*, country: USA617, *after range: £0.17 ppb* (mean value), country:
12 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h) USA316, *after 8 h (also measured after
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age: 24 and 48 h, lowest conc.: 0.10 ppb
3 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: after 48 h)
1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
once; for detailed information please see Chicken crop may contain the
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA617, following mycotoxins and/or their
*after 24 h (also measured after 48 metabolites:
and 72 h)
Aflatoxin B1
Zearalenone incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA information please see the article), conc.:
(for detailed information please see the nd, country: USA53, *control
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
*control Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
4 weeks, contamination: artificial information please see the article),
(dose: 5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt., conc.: 0.033 ng/g* (mean value), country:
intubated into the crop, once; for detailed USA53, *after 28 days of
information please see the article), conc. AFB1-administration
range: £143.6 ppb* ** *** (mean value), incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
country: USA106, *eq. conc., **after Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
8 h (also measured after 0.5, 4, 12, 24 and contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng
48 h, lowest conc.: 70.8 ppb after 48 h), AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days;
*** ZEA and/or metabolites for detailed information please see the
Chicken Breast see Chicken muscle, article), conc.: 0.019 ng/g* (mean value),
breast country: USA53, *after 28 days of
AFB1-administration
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
Chicken Breast Muscle see Chicken Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
muscle, breast contamination: artificial (dose:
630 ng AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for
28 days; for detailed information please
Chicken chest may contain the see the article), conc.: 0.21 ng/g*
following mycotoxins and/or their (mean value), country: USA53, *after
metabolites:
28 days of AFB1-administration
Ochratoxin A incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age: contamination: artificial (dose:
36 days, contamination: artificial 700 ng AFB1/g ration for 28 days;
(dose: feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks for detailed information please see the
and then given a single dose of 50 mg article), conc.: 0.74 ng/g* (mean value),
3
H-OTA per chick by intubation country: USA53, *after 28 days of
(OTA labeled and unlabeled); for detailed AFB1-administration
Chicken 71

Aflatoxin B2 contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng

incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days; for
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after
information please see the article), conc.: 28 days of AFB1-administration
nd, country: USA53, *control incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng
contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days; for
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after
conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after 28 days 28 days of AFB1-administration
of AFB1-administration incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng
contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days; for information please see the article), conc.:
detailed information please see the 0.57 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA53,
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after *after 28 days of AFB1-administration
28 days of AFB1-administration
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White Chicken Egg see Hen egg
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng
AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days; for Chicken excreta may contain the
detailed information please see the following mycotoxins and/or their
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after metabolites:
28 days of AFB1-administration
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng
contamination: no AF; for detailed
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
information please see the article),
information please see the article), conc.:
conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control
0.029 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA53,
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
Aflatoxin M1
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White
detailed information please see the
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
article), conc.: 0.53 mg/kg* dry matter
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
(mean value), country: Australia400, *after
information please see the article), conc.:
5 weeks of AF-administration
nd, country: USA53, *control
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
chicks, age: 14 days, contamination: 3 weeks, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 120 ng AFB1/g ration for (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and
28 days; for detailed information please unlabeled), o., once; for detailed
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, information please see the article), conc.
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration range: »1.25–2.75 ppm*, country: USA617,
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White *after 12 h (also measured after
Leghorn chicks, age 14 days, 48 and 72 h)
72 Chicken

incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age: HT-2 Toxin

3 weeks, contamination: artificial incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
o., once; for detailed information please (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
see the article), conc. range: once), conc.: 3,606 ppb* (mean value),
»0.5–8.35 ppm*, country: USA617, *after country: USA145, *after 18 h
24 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
3-Acetoxy-3´-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p..,
contamination: no AF; for detailed once), conc.: <1 ppb* (mean value),
information please see the article), country: USA145, *after 18 h
conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt.., i.p.,
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for once), conc.: 8,224 ppb* (mean value),
detailed information please see the country: USA145, *after 18 h
article), conc.: tr*, country: Australia400,
*after 5 weeks of AF-administration Ochratoxin A
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male
Aflatoxin G1 commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male contamination: no OTA; for detailed
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, information please see the article),
contamination: no AF; for detailed conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male
nr, country: Australia400, *control commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, OTA/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg 0.48 mg/kg* dry matter (mean value),
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; country: Australia400, *after 5 weeks of
for detailed information please see the AF-administration
article), conc.: 0.21 mg/kg* dry matter
(mean value), country: Australia400, *after T-2 Toxin
5 weeks of AF-administration incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
5 weeks, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin G2 (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male once), conc.: 353 ppb* (mean value),
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, country: USA145, *after 18 h
contamination: no AF; for detailed
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
nr, country: Australia400, *control
5 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
once), conc.: 3,284 ppb* (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
country: USA145, *after 18 h
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
detailed information please see the T-2 Tetraol
article), conc.: tr*, country: Australia400, incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
*after 5 weeks of AF-administration 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
Chicken 73

(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., article), conc. range: ȣ160 ng/g** ***
once), conc.: 682 ppb* (mean value), (mean value), country: Germany543, *dried
country: USA145, *after 18 h excreta, **without Mycofix®-Plus,
***»3.5 h elapsed after bolus (also at
4-Acetoxy T-2 Tetraol
other hour intervals up to 48 h measured,
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
lowest conc.: »10 ng/g after 48 h)
5 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/16*, sa. const.: male broilers,
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
age: 25 days, contamination: artificial
once), conc.: 1,041 ppb* (mean value),
(dose: 6.5 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
country: USA145, *after 18 h
detailed information please see the
8-Acetoxy T-2 Tetraol article), conc. range: ȣ153 ng/g** ***
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age: (mean value), country: Germany543, *dried
5 weeks, contamination: artificial excreta, **with Mycofix®-Plus, ***»3.5 h
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., elapsed after bolus (also at other hour
once), conc.: 603 ppb* (mean value), intervals up to 48 h measured, lowest
country: USA145, *after 18 h conc.: »10 ng/g after 48 h)
15-Acetoxy T-2 Tetraol a-Zearalenol
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age: incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens
5 weeks, contamination: artificial (Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age:
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., 4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
once), conc.: 2,065 ppb* (mean value), (for detailed information please see the
country: USA145, *after 18 h article), conc.: nr, country: USA106
T-2 Triol incidence: 11/11, sa. const.: broiler
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age: chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre
5 weeks, contamination: artificial female), age: 4 weeks, contamination:
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., artificial (dose: 5 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b.
once), conc.: 40 ppb* (mean value), wt., intubated into the crop, once;
country: USA145, *after 18 h for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: £57.7 ppm*, country:
Zearalenone USA106, *after 8 h (also measured after 0.5,
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens 4, 12, 24 and 48 h, lowest conc.: 0.2 ppm
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: after 0.5 h)
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
(for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/16*, sa. const.: male broilers,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106 age: 25 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: 8/11, sa. const.: broiler chickens (dose: 6.5 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: detailed information please see the
4 weeks, contamination: artificial article), conc. range: ȣ50 ng/g** ***
(dose: 5 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt., (mean value), country: Germany543, *dried
intubated into the crop, once; for detailed excreta, **without Mycofix®-Plus,
information please see the article), conc. ***»3.5 h elapsed after bolus (also at
range: £68.7 ppm*, country: USA106, *after other hour intervals up to 48 h measured,
8 h (also measured after 0.5, 4, 12, 24 and lowest conc.: »5 ng/g after 48 h)
48 h, lowest conc.: nd after 0.5, 4 and 24 h) incidence: ?/16*, sa. const.: male broilers,
age: 25 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/16*, sa. const.: male broilers, (dose: 6.5 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
age: 25 days, contamination: artificial detailed information please see the
(dose: 6.5 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once; for article), conc. range: ȣ47 ng/g** ***
detailed information please see the (mean value), country: Germany543, *dried
74 Chicken

excreta, **with Mycofix®-Plus, ***»3.5 h intubated into the crop, once; for detailed
elapsed after bolus (also at other hour information please see the article), conc.
intervals up to 48 h measured, lowest range: £57.6 ppb* ** *** (mean value),
conc.: »5 ng/g after 48 h) country: USA106, *eq. conc., **after 0.5 h
(also measured after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h,
b-Zearalenol lowest conc.: 20.3 ppb after 12 h),
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens *** ZEA and/or metabolites
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age:
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
(for detailed information please see the
Chicken Feces see Chicken excreta
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106
incidence: 11/16, sa. const.: broiler Chicken female repro tract may
chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre female), contain the following mycotoxins and/or
age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial their metabolites:
(dose: 5 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
intubated into the crop, once; for detailed Ochratoxin A
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New
range: £53.3 ppm*, country: USA106, *after Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age:
8 h (also measured after 0.5, 4, 12, 24 and 36 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
48 h, lowest conc.: 0.3 ppm after 0.5 h) feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and then
given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA per
Chicken fat may contain the following chick by intubation (OTA labeled and
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: unlabeled); for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range:
Aflatoxin M1
£6.81 ppb* (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
USA316, *after 8 h (also measured after
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
24 and 48 h, lowest conc.: nd after 48 h)
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
Chicken gastrointestinal
*control
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
tract may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
Aflatoxin B1
up to 64 days; for detailed information
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
please see the article), conc.: 0.70 mg/kg*
3 weeks, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: Italy232, *after 64 days
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
(also measured after 36 days but conc.: nd)
o., once; for detailed information please
Zearalenone see the article), conc. range:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens »0.3–1.3 ppm*, country: USA617, *after
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: 12 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
(for detailed information please see the 3 weeks, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
*control o., once; for detailed information please
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens see the article), conc. range:
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), »0.35–4.85 ppm*, country: USA617, *after
age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial 24 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
(dose: 5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
Chicken 75

Chicken gizzard may contain the country: USA617, *after 12 h (also

following mycotoxins and/or their measured after 48 and 72 h)
metabolites: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
3 weeks, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin B1 (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White unlabeled), o., once; for detailed
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: no AFB1 and AFB2, range: »3.3–7.75 ppm* **, country:
conc.: nd, country: USA357, *control USA617, *after 12 h (also measured after
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White 48 and 72 h), **in gizzard contents
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg 3 weeks, contamination: artificial
AFB1/kg feed and 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
o., for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.50 mg/kg*, o., once; for detailed information please
country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of see the article), conc. range:
the contaminated feed (also measured »0.5–1.55 ppm*, country: USA617, *after
after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after 24 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
4 days) incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro 3 weeks, contamination: artificial
broiler chickens, age: 23 days, (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
contamination: no AF (for detailed o., once; for detailed information please
information please see the article), see the article), conc. range: »1–7.7 ppm*
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control **, country: USA617, *after 24 h (also
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler measured after 48 and 72 h), **in gizzard
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: contents
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
32 days; for detailed information please Aflatoxin B2
see the article), conc. range: £8.05 mg/kg* incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
(mean value), country: Spain359 Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
(measured at 4th, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: nd,
lowest conc.: 0.58 mg/kg after country: USA357, *control
32 days, intoxication period) incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for AFB1/kg feed and 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
32 days; for detailed information please for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.33 mg/kg*,
see the article), conc. range: £17.8 mg/kg* country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured contaminated feed (also measured after 1, 2
at 4th, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, lowest and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after 4 days)
conc.: 1.84 mg/kg after 32 days,
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
intoxication period)
broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age: contamination: no AF (for detailed
3 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article),
1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control
once; for detailed information please see incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
the article), conc. range: »0.8–1.85 ppm*, chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
76 Chicken

32 days; for detailed information please AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
see the article), conc. range: £0.2 mg/kg* for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.03 mg/kg*,
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the
at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest contaminated feed (also measured after 1, 2
conc.: 0.01 mg/kg after 32 days, and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after 4 days)
intoxication period)
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler Aflatoxin M2
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
32 days; for detailed information please contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: nd,
see the article), conc. range: £0.45 mg/kg* country: USA357, *control
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
at 4th, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, lowest Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
conc.: 0.04 mg/kg after 8 days, intoxication contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
period) AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., for
5 weeks), conc. range: £0.31 mg/kg*, country:
Aflatoxin G1 USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro contaminated feed (also measured after
broiler chickens, age: 23 days, 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after 4 days)
contamination: no AF (for detailed Ochratoxin A
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New
nd, country: Spain359, *control Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age:
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler 36 days, contamination: artificial
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: (dose: feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for then given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA
32 days; for detailed information please per chick by intubation (OTA labeled and
see the article), conc. range: £1.84 mg/kg* unlabeled); for detailed information please
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured see the article), conc. range: £2.95 ppb*
at 4th, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, lowest (mean value), country: USA316, *after 8 h
conc.: 0.25 mg/kg after 32 days, (also measured after 24 and 48 h, lowest
intoxication period) conc.: 0.01 ppb after 48 h)
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: Penicillic Acid
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: Hyline
32 days; for detailed information please W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
see the article), conc. range: £4.3 mg/kg* 7 days, contamination: no PA, conc.:
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured nr, country: USA524, *control
at 4th, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, lowest incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: Hyline
conc.: 0.32 mg/kg after 32 days, W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
intoxication period) 7 days, contamination: artificial
(dose: 50 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
Aflatoxin M1 intubation, once), conc.: nd*
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White (mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
nd, country: USA357, *control 7 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White (dose: 100 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, intubation, once), conc.: 2.8 ng/g*
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg (mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
Chicken 77

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
W-36 male laying strain chickens, age: nd after 1, 2 and 4 days)
7 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
(dose: 200 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
3 weeks, contamination: artificial
intubation, once), conc.: 3.6 ng/g*
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
(mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
o., once; for detailed information please
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
see the article), conc.: »0.45 ppm*,
W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
country: USA617, *after 12 h (also
7 days, contamination: artificial
measured after 48 and 72 h)
(dose: 400 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
intubation, once), conc.: 19 ng/g*
3 weeks, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
Zearalenone o., once; for detailed information please see
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA617,
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: *after 24 h (also measured after
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA 48 and 72 h)
(for detailed information please see the
Aflatoxin B2
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
*control
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: broiler
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre
nd, country: USA357, *control
female), age: 4 weeks, contamination:
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b.
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
wt., intubated into the crop, once; for
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
detailed information please see the
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., for
article), conc. range: £1,228.8 ppb** ***
5 weeks), conc.: 0.06 mg/kg*, country: USA357,
**** (mean value), country: USA106,
*3 h after withdrawal of the contaminated
*gizzard without contents or mucosa,
feed (also measured after 1, 2 and 4 days,
**eq. conc., ***after 4 h (also measured
lowest conc.: nd after 1, 2 and 4 days)
after 0.5, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, lowest conc.:
95.6 ppb after 48 h), ****ZEA and/or Aflatoxin M1
metabolites incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
Chicken heart may contain the contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: nd,
following mycotoxins and/or their country: USA357, *control
metabolites: incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
for 5 weeks), conc.: nd, country: USA357
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
nd, country: USA357, *control Aflatoxin M2
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., nd, country: USA357, *control
for 5 weeks), conc.: 0.08 mg/kg*, country: incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
contaminated feed (also measured contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
78 Chicken

AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., for 4 weeks, lowest conc.: 39.22 ng/g after
5 weeks), conc.: 0.19 mg/kg*, country: USA357, 3 weeks), ***in heart muscle
*3 h after withdrawal of the contaminated
feed (also measured after 1, 2 and 4 days, Ochratoxin A
lowest conc.: nd after 1, 2 and 4 days) incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New
Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age:
Aflatoxin 36 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: 25/25*, sa. const.: Hubbard (dose: feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: then given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA
no AFB1, (for detailed information please per chick by intubation (OTA labeled and
see the article), conc.: nd, country: unlabeled); for detailed information please
Egypt372, *control see the article), conc. range: £0.45 ppb*
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard (mean value), country: USA316, *after 8 h
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: (also measured after 24 and 48 h, lowest
artificial (dose: 100 ppb AFB1, o., for conc.: nd after 48 h)
6 weeks; for detailed information please see Penicillic Acid
the article), conc. range: £3.90* ng/g* ** incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: Hyline
***, country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
5 weeks of AFB1-administration (also 7 days, contamination: no PA, conc.:
measured after 3 and 4 weeks, lowest conc.: nr, country: USA524, *control
nr after 3 and 4 weeks), ***in heart muscle incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: Hyline
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: 7 days, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 250 ppb AFB1, o., for (dose: 50 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
6 weeks; for detailed information intubation, once), conc.: nd*
please see the article), conc. range: (mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
£23.64* ng/g* ** ***, country: Egypt372, incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: Hyline
*AF-residues, **after 5 weeks of AFB1- W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
administration (also measured after 3 and 7 days, contamination: artificial
4 weeks, lowest conc.: 15.26 ng/g after (dose: 100 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
3 weeks), ***in heart muscle intubation, once), conc.: nd* (mean
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: Hyline
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1, o., for W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
6 weeks; for detailed information 7 days, contamination: artificial
please see the article), conc. range: (dose: 200 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
£36.36* ng/g* ** ***, country: Egypt372, intubation, once), conc.: nd*
*AF-residues, **after 3 weeks of AFB1- (mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
administration (also measured after 4 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
and 5 weeks, lowest conc.: 34.33 ng/g W-36 male laying strain chickens,
after 4 weeks), ***in heart muscle age: 7 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard (dose: 400 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: intubation, once), conc.: 590 ng/g*
artificial (dose: 750 ppb AFB1, o., for (mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
6 weeks; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range: Zearalenone
£58.82* ng/g* ** ***, country: Egypt372, incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens
*AF-residues, **after 5 weeks of AFB1- (Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age:
administration (also measured after 3 and 4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
Chicken 79

(for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
*control contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens (for detailed information please see the
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515,
4 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: *control
5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt., intubated incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
into the crop, once; for detailed male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
information please see the article), conc. contamination: artificial
range: £140 ppb* ** *** (mean value), (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg
country: USA106, *eq. conc., **after 0.5 h OTA/kg feed, o., for up to 64 days;
(also measured after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, for detailed information please see the
lowest conc.: 64.0 ppb after 48 h), ***ZEA article), conc. range: 0.50*–0.60** mg/kg
and/or metabolites (mean values), country: Italy515,
after 36* and 64** days
Chicken intestine may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their Aflatoxin B1
metabolites: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
Ochratoxin A
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New Hampshire- see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
Leghorn cross chicks, age: 36 days,
*control
contamination: artificial (dose: feeding
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and then given a
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA per chick by
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o.,
intubation (OTA labeled and unlabeled); for up to 64 days; for detailed information
for detailed information please see the please see the article), conc. range:
article), conc. range: £7.05 ppb* (mean 0.05*–0.06** mg/kg (mean values),
value), country: USA316, *after 8 h (also country: Italy232, after 64** and 36* days
measured after 24 and 48 h, lowest conc.:
0.33 ppb after 48 h) incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
Chicken kidney may contain the contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
following mycotoxins and/or their nd, country: USA357, *control
metabolites: incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
Aflatoxicol
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., for
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
5 weeks), conc.: 0.05 mg/kg*, country: USA357,
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
*3 h after withdrawal of the contaminated
see the article), conc.: nr**, country:
feed (also measured after 1, 2 and 4 days,
Italy232, *control
lowest conc.: nd after 1, 2 and 4 days)
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
for up to 64 days; for detailed information contamination: no AF (for detailed
please see the article), conc. range: information please see the article), conc.:
0.05*–0.60** mg/kg (mean values), nd, country: Spain359, *control
country: Italy232, after 64* and 36** days incidence: 12?/16, sa. const.: Hybro
broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
80 Chicken

contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg incidence: ?/30, sa. const.: broiler chicks,
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc. 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100* ppb AFB1, o.,
range: £0.37 mg/kg*, country: Spain359 for 15, 30 or 45 days; for detailed
(measured at 4th, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, information please see the article), conc.:
lowest conc.: nd after 32 days, intoxication £3.21 ng/g**, country: India595, **after
period) 45 days (also measured after 15 and
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler 30 days, lowest conc.: 3.1 ng/g after
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: 30 days)
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
32 days; for detailed information please
3 weeks, contamination: artificial
see the article), conc. range: £0.46 mg/kg*,
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th,
o., once; for detailed information please
16th* and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
see the article), conc. range:
0.09 mg/kg after 4 days, intoxication period)
»0.15–0.25 ppm*, country: USA617, *after
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male 12 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
contamination: no AF (for detailed 3 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
nr, country: Australia400, *control once; for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male the article), conc.: »0.15 ppm*, country:
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, USA617, *after 24 h (also measured
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg after 48 and 72 h)
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
Aflatoxin B2
detailed information please see the
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
article), conc. range: <0.2–0.6 mg/kg*
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
(mean values), country: Australia400, *after
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
5 weeks of AF-administration
nd, country: USA357, *control
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
(for detailed information please see the AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.05 mg/kg*,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, the contaminated feed (also measured
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg after 1*, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for nd after 2 and 4 days)
up to 64 days; for detailed information
Aflatoxin B2a
please see the article), conc. range:
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
0.40*–0.60** mg/kg (mean values),
broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
country: Italy515, after 36* and 64** days
contamination: no AF (for detailed
incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: broiler chicks, information please see the article), conc.:
age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 (for nd, country: Spain359, *control
detailed information please see the incidence: 4?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
article), conc.: nd, country: India595, chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
*control artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o.,
for 32 days; for detailed information
Chicken 81

please see the article), conc. range: incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
£0.15 mg/kg* (mean value), country: chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th, 16th* and artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
32nd day, lowest conc.: nd after 4, 8 and 32 days; for detailed information please
32 days, intoxication period) see the article), conc. range: £0.18 mg/kg*
incidence: 8?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler (mean value), country: Spain359 (measured
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., conc.: nd after 4 days, intoxication period)
for 32 days; for detailed information incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
please see the article), conc. range: chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
£0.17 mg/kg (mean value), country: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th, 16th and 32 days; for detailed information please see
32nd day, lowest conc.: nd after 4 and the article), conc. range: £0.13 mg/kg* (mean
32 days, intoxication period) value), country: Spain359 (measured at 4th,
8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest conc.: nd
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male
after 4 and 32 days, intoxication period)
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: no AF; for detailed incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
information please see the article), conc.: male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
nr, country: Australia400, *control contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male (for detailed information please see the
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
article), conc. range: 0.4–0.5 mg/kg* AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for
(mean values), country: Australia400, *after up to 64 days; for detailed information
5 weeks of AF-administration please see the article), conc. range:
<0.01 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Aflatoxin M1 Italy515, *after 36 and 64 days
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, Aflatoxin M2
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
nd, country: USA357, *control Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, conc.: nd, country: USA357, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
for 5 weeks), conc.: 0.10 mg/kg*, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
contaminated feed (also measured for 5 weeks), conc.: £2.07 mg/kg*, country:
after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the
nd after 1, 2 and 4 days) contaminated feed (also measured after 1,
2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after 2 and
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
4 days)
broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
contamination: no AF (for detailed Ochratoxin A
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New
nd, country: Spain359, *control Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age:
36 days, contamination: artificial
82 Chicken

(dose: feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: wingbanded
then given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.:
per chick by intubation (OTA labeled and 835.19 g, contamination: no OTA
unlabeled); for detailed information (for detailed information please see the
please see the article), conc. range: article), conc.: nd, country: The
£11.77 ppb* (mean value), country: Netherlands/Hungary473, *control
USA316, *after 8 h (also measured after incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: wingbanded
24 and 48 h, lowest conc.: 0.58 ppb Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.:
after 48 h) 835.19 g, contamination: artificial (dose: a
total of 0.5 mg OTA/week, o., for 4 weeks;
incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: male and
for detailed information please see the
female Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day,
article), conc. range: £1.25 ng/g*
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
(mean value), country: The Netherlands/
information please see the article),
Hungary473, *after 7 days of
conc.: nd, country: Canada376, *control
OTA-administration (also measured
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male and
after 14, 21 and 28 days, lowest conc.:
female Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day,
nd after 28 days)
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm
OTA, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: male Hubbard
information please see the article), strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination:
conc.: 41 ppb* ** (mean value), country: no OTA alone/or OTA/PA (for detailed
Canada376, *in broilers, **0 h after information please see the article), conc.:
withdrawal from treated feed nd, country: Italy491, *control
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male and incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Hubbard
female Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day, strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm artificial (dose: 100 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for
OTA, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed 31 days; for detailed information please
information please see the article), see the article), conc.: 0.6 mg/kg*
conc.: 16 ppb* ** (mean value), country: (mean value), country: Italy491,
Canada376, *in broilers, **24 h after *after 31 days
withdrawal from treated feed incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Hubbard
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male and female strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination:
Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg OTA + 1 mg PA/kg
artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm OTA, o., for feed, o., for 31 days; for detailed
8 weeks; for detailed information please information please see the article), conc.:
see the article), conc.: nd* **, country: 4.1 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Canada376, *in broilers, **48 h after Italy491, *after 31 days
withdrawal from treated feed
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
contamination: no OTA; for detailed (for detailed information please see the
information please see the article), article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control
conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
OTA/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks), conc. range: for up to 64 days; for detailed information
3.0–10.0 mg/kg* (mean values), country: please see the article), conc. range:
Australia400, *after 5 weeks of 0.5*–2.1** mg/kg (mean values), country:
OTA-administration Italy515, after 36* and 64** days
Chicken 83

incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain information please see the article),
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, conc.: 60.6 ppb*, country: Poland590,
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA *after ? weeks
(for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: newly hatched
article), conc.: nr, country: chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
Italy515, *control contamination: artificial (dose: cockerels
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard and hens received 4.1 ppm OTA in the diet,
strain male broiler chickens, age: o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information
14 days, contamination: artificial (dose: please see the article), conc.: 189.0 ppb*,
50 mg AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg country: Poland590, *after ? weeks
feed, o., for 36 days; for detailed
information please see the article), Penicillic Acid
conc. range: <0.5*–0.8** mg/kg (mean incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: Hyline
values), country: Italy515, 14** or 28* W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
days after withdrawal from treatment 7 days, contamination: no PA, conc.: nr,
country: USA524, *control
incidence: 27/27*, sa. const.: White
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
7 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article),
50 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation,
conc.: nd, country: Denmark566, *control
once), conc.: 1,480 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: White
country: USA524, *after 4 h
Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.3 mg
W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
OTA/kg feed, for 341 days), conc.:
7 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
»13.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
100 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation,
Denmark566, *after 341 days
once), conc.: 1,920 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: White
country: USA524, *after 4 h
Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA/
W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
kg feed, for 341 days),
7 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc.: »18 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
200 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation,
Denmark566, *after 341 days
once), conc.: 2,160 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: USA524, *after 4 h
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA/kg feed, for the incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline
last 14 of 314 days; for detailed W-36 male laying strain chickens, age:
information please see the article), conc.: 7 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
»32.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country: 400 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation,
Denmark566, *after 341 days once), conc.: 2,910 ng/g* (mean value),
country: USA524, *after 4 h
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: newly hatched
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
Chicken Leg see Chicken muscle, leg
information please see the article),
conc.: nd, country: Poland590, *control Chicken Leg Muscle see Chicken
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: newly hatched muscle, leg
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
contamination: artificial (dose: cockerels
and hens received 2.1 ppm OTA in the
diet, o., for 5 weeks; for detailed
84 Chicken

Chicken liver may contain the AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for
following mycotoxins and/or their up to 64 days; for detailed information
metabolites: please see the article), conc. range:
3.40*–3.50** mg/kg (mean value),
Aflatoxicol country: Italy515, after 36* and 64** days
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: Aflatoxin B1
no AFB1 (for detailed information please incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White
see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232, Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
*control contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard strain information please see the article),
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: conc.: nd, country: USA53, *control
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
for up to 64 days; for detailed information Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
please see the article), conc. range: contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng
0.60*–1.10** mg/kg (mean values), AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
country: Italy232, after 64* and 36** days information please see the article),
conc.: 0.005 ng/g* (mean value), country:
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro USA53, *after 28 days of
broiler chickens, age: 23 days, AFB1-administration
contamination: no AF (for detailed incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
information please see the article), Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng
incidence: 8?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days; for
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for article), conc.: 0.018 ng/g* (mean value),
32 days; for detailed information please country: USA53, *after 28 days of
see the article), conc. range: £0.61 mg/kg* AFB1-administration
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
conc.: nd after 4 and 32 days, intoxication contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng
period) AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days; for
incidence: 4?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler detailed information please see the
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: article), conc.: 0.007 ng/g* (mean value),
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for country: USA53, *after 28 days of
32 days; for detailed information please AFB1-administration
see the article), conc. range: £tr* incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
(mean value), country: Spain359 Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
(measured at 4th, 8th, 16th* and contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng
32nd day, lowest conc.: nd after 4, 8 and AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
32 days, intoxication period) information please see the article),
conc.: 1.29 ng/g* (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
USA53, *after 28 days of
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
AFB1-administration
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 17/17*, sa. const.: broiler chickens,
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain information please see the article), conc.: nd,
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, country: Germany90, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
Chicken 85

incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: broiler chickens, conc.: 0.09 mg/kg after 4 days, intoxication
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm period)
AFB1, o., for 56 days; for detailed incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
information please see the article), chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
conc. range: £22.10 ppb* **, country: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
Germany90, *AFB1-residues, **after 32 days; for detailed information please
8 weeks of AFB1-administration (up to see the article), conc. range: £0.44 mg/kg*
15.0 ppm AFB1 applicated but lower (mean value), country: Spain359
residue values recorded) (measured at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day,
lowest conc.: 0.05 mg/kg after 32 days,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
intoxication period)
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
no AFB1 (for detailed information please incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: broiler chicks,
see the article), conc.: nr, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 3 mg
Italy232, *control AFB1/g b. wt., o. gavage, daily for up to
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Hubbard strain 20 days; for detailed information please
male broilers, age: 14 days, see the article), conc. range: £25.2 ng/g*
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg ** wet matter basis, country: Spain373,
AFB1/kg feed, o., for up to 64 days; for *AFB1-residues, **after 12 days and
detailed information please see the 11 doses
article), conc. range: 0.01*–0.02** mg/kg
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: broiler chicks,
(mean values), country: Italy232,
contamination: no AF (for detailed
after 64* and 36** days
information please see the article),
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White conc.: nd, country: India398, *control
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broiler chicks,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm
nd, country: USA357, *control AF, for ?; for detailed information please
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White see the article), conc. range: £4.7 ppb*,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, country: India398, *after 45 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg incidence: ?/10*, sa. const.: male
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.29 mg/kg*, contamination: no AF; for detailed
country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of information please see the article),
the contaminated feed (also measured conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control
after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male
nd after 4 days) commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
broiler chickens, age: 23 days, total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
contamination: no AF (for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), article), conc. range: 0.4–1.4 mg/kg*
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control (mean values), country: Australia400, *after
5 weeks of AF-administration
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
32 days; for detailed information please contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
see the article), conc. range: £0.52 mg/kg* (for detailed information please see the
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515,
at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest *control
86 Chicken

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain o., once; for detailed information please
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, see the article), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg »0.5–0.55 ppm*, country: USA617, *after
AFB1 + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for up to 24 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
64 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: Aflatoxin B2
0.04*–0.15** mg/kg (mean values), incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White
country: Italy515, after 64* and 36** days Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: hybrid male
information please see the article),
and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens,
conc.: nd, country: USA53, *control
age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 and/or
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
CP (for detailed information please see
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
the article), conc.: nd, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng
Thailand574, *control
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
incidence: 30?/30, sa. const.: hybrid male
information please see the article),
and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens,
conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after 28 days
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial
of AFB1-administration
(dose: different conc. of AFB1 with/
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
without CP fed for different periods;
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng
article), conc. range: £0.13 ppb* **
AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days;
(mean value), country: Thailand574,
for detailed information please see the
*AFB1-residues, **after 6 weeks of
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after
AFB1-administration
28 days of AFB1-administration
incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: broiler chicks, incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 (for Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
detailed information please see the article), contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng
conc.: nd, country: India595, *control AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days;
incidence: ?/30, sa. const.: broiler chicks, for detailed information please see the
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after
(dose: 20, 40, 60, 80* or 100 ppb AFB1, o., 28 days of AFB1-administration
for 15, 30 or 45 days; for detailed incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
information please see the article), Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
conc.: £6.740 ng/g* **, country: India595, contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng
**after 45 days (also measured after AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
15 and 30 days, lowest conc.: information please see the article),
nd after 15 days) conc.: 0.028 ng/g* (mean value),
country: USA53, *after 28 days of
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
AFB1-administration
3 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
o., once; for detailed information please Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
see the article), conc. range: contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
»0.25–0.3 ppm*, country: USA617, *after nd, country: USA357, *control
12 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h) incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age: Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
3 weeks, contamination: artificial contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
Chicken 87

for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.13 mg/kg*, incidence: 2?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
the contaminated feed (also measured artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o.,
after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: for 32 days; for detailed information
nd after 4 days) please see the article), conc. range:
0.15*–0.16** mg/kg (mean value),
Aflatoxin B2a country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th,
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro 16th** and 32nd* day)
broiler chickens, age: 23 days, incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
contamination: no AF (for detailed chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
information please see the article), artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o.,
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control for 32 days; for detailed information
incidence:12?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler please see the article), conc.: 0.1 mg/kg*
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination: (mean value), country: Spain359 (measured
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day)
32 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male
see the article), conc. range: £0.22 mg/kg*
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured
contamination: no AF; for detailed
at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest
information please see the article),
conc.: nd after 32 days, intoxication period)
conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control
incidence:12?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male
chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
32 days; for detailed information please
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
see the article), conc. range: £0.16 mg/kg*
detailed information please see the
(mean value), country: Spain359 (measured
article), conc. range: <0.2–0.6 mg/kg*
at 4th*, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest
(mean values), country: Australia400,
conc.: nd after 32 days, intoxication period)
*after 5 weeks of AF-administration
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, Aflatoxin G2a
contamination: no AF; for detailed incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male
information please see the article), commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control contamination: no AF; for detailed
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male information please see the article),
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male
total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
article), conc. range: 0.9–2.1 mg/kg* total AF/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
(mean values), country: Australia400, detailed information please see the
*after 5 weeks of AF-administration article), conc. range: <0.2–0.6 mg/kg*
(mean values), country: Australia400,
Aflatoxin G1 *after 5 weeks of AF-administration
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
broiler chickens, age: 23 days, Aflatoxin M1
contamination: no AF (for detailed incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White
information please see the article), Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
88 Chicken

information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
nd, country: USA53, *control AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.14 mg/kg*,
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of
contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng the contaminated feed (also measured
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
information please see the article), nd after 4 days)
conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after 28 days
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
of AFB1-administration
broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
contamination: no AF (for detailed
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
information please see the article),
contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control
AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days;
for detailed information please see the incidence: 12?/16?, sa. const.: Hybro
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, information please see the article),
contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng conc. range: £0.09 mg/kg* (mean value),
AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days; for country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th,
detailed information please see the 16th* and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, nd after 4 and 32 days, intoxication
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration period)
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Hybro
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
information please see the article), information please see the article), conc.
conc.: 0.095 ng/g* (mean value), country: range: £0.03 mg/kg* (mean value),
USA53, *after 28 days of AFB1- country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th*,
administration 16th* and 32nd* day, lowest conc.:
nd after 8 days, intoxication period)
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
no AFB1 (for detailed information please male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232, contamination: no AFB1 + OTA (for
*control detailed information please see the
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515,
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: *control
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
up to 64 days; for detailed information male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
please see the article), conc.: 0.36 mg/kg*, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
country: Italy232, *after 64 days (also AFB1 + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for up to
measured after 36 days but conc.: nd) 64 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: <0.01 mg/kg*
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White (mean value), country: Italy515, *after
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, 36 and 64 days
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
nd, country: USA357, *control incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: hybrid male
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 and/or
Chicken 89

CP (for detailed information please see 3 weeks of AFB1-administration (also

the article), conc.: nd, country: measured after 4 and 5 weeks, lowest
Thailand574, *control conc.: 10.0 ng/g after 5 weeks)
incidence: 30?/30, sa. const.: hybrid male incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard
and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens, chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1, o., for
(dose: different conc. of AFB1 with/ 6 weeks; for detailed information please
without CP fed for different periods; see the article), conc. range: £18.44 ng/g***,
for detailed information please see the country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after
article), conc. range: £0.32 ppb* ** 4 weeks of AFB1-administration (also
(mean value), country: Thailand574, measured after 3 and 5 weeks, lowest
*AFM1-residues, **after 6 weeks conc.: 16.42 ng/g after 3 weeks)
of AFB1-administration incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
Aflatoxin M2
artificial (dose: 750 ppb AFB1, o., for
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
6 weeks; for detailed information please
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
see the article), conc. range: £34.93 ng/g***,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after
nd, country: USA357, *control
3 weeks of AFB1-administration (also
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
measured after 4 and 5 weeks, lowest
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
conc.: 21.28 ng/g after 5 weeks)
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
AFB1/kg feed and 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, HT-2 Toxin
o., for 5 weeks), conc. range: £6.53 mg/kg*, incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of 5 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
the contaminated feed (also measured 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., once),
after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: conc.: 233 ppb* (mean value), country:
nd after 4 days) USA145, *after 18 h
Aflatoxin
incidence: 25/25*, sa. const.: Hubbard 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: no incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens,
AFB1, (for detailed information please age: 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
see the article), conc.: nd, country: (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
Egypt372, *control once), conc.: 1,370 ppb* (mean value),
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard country: USA145, *after 18 h
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
Ochratoxin A
artificial (dose: 100 ppb AFB1, o., for
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New
6 weeks; for detailed information please
Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age:
see the article), conc. range:
36 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
£10.20 ng/g* **, country: Egypt372,
feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and then
*AF-residues, **after 3 weeks of
given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA per
AFB1-administration (also measured
chick by intubation (OTA labeled and
after 4 and 5 weeks, lowest conc.:
unlabeled); for detailed information please
3.93 ng/g after 4 weeks)
see the article), conc. range: £4.07 ppb*
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard
(mean value), country: USA316, *after 8 h
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
(also measured after 24 and 48 h, lowest
artificial (dose: 250 ppb AFB1, o., for
conc.: 0.14 ppb after 48 h)
6 weeks; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: £13.42 ng/g***, incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: male and
country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after female Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day,
90 Chicken

contamination: no OTA (for detailed for detailed information please see the
information please see the article), article), conc. range: £1.45 ng/g* (mean
conc.: nd, country: Canada376, *control value), country: The Netherlands/
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male and Hungary473, *after 7 days of
female Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day, OTA-administration (also measured after
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm 14, 21 and 28 days, lowest conc.:
OTA, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed 0.2 ng/g after 28 days)
information please see the article),
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: male Hubbard
conc.: 24 ppb* ** (mean value),
strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination:
country: Canada376, *in broilers, **0 h
no OTA alone or OTA/PA (for detailed
after withdrawal from treated feed
information please see the article),
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male and female conc.: nd, country: Italy491, *control
Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Hubbard
artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm OTA, o., for strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination:
8 weeks; for detailed information please artificial (dose: 100 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for
see the article), conc.: nd* **, country: 31 days; for detailed information please
Canada376, *in broilers, **24 h after see the article), conc.: 2.1 mg/kg* (mean
withdrawal from treated feed value), country: Italy491, *after 31 days
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male and incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Hubbard
female Hubbard chicks, age: 1 day, strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm artificial (dose: 100 mg OTA + 1 mg PA/kg
OTA, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed feed, o., for 31 days; for detailed
information please see the article), information please see the article),
conc.: nd* **, country: Canada376, *in conc.: 5.0 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
broilers, **48 h after withdrawal from Italy491, *after 31 days
treated feed
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: male male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
contamination: no OTA; for detailed (for detailed information please see the
information please see the article), article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515,
conc.: nr, country: Australia400, *control *control
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: male incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
commercial broilers, age: 3 weeks, male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
OTA/kg diet, o., for 5 weeks), conc. range: AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
1.5–2.5 mg/kg* (mean values), country: for up to 64 days; for detailed information
Australia400, *after 5 weeks please see the article), conc. range:
of OTA-administration 38.0*–40.0** mg/kg (mean value),
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: wingbanded country: Italy515, after 64* and 36** days
Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
835.19 g, contamination: no OTA (for male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
detailed information please see the contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
article), conc.: nd, country: The (for detailed information please see the
Netherlands/Hungary473, *control article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515,
*control
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: wingbanded
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.:
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
835.19 g, contamination: artificial (dose: a
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
total of 0.5 mg OTA/week, o., for 4 weeks;
Chicken 91

AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg

for 36 days; for detailed information OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
please see the article), conc. range: information please see the article),
1.2*–2.0** mg/kg (mean values), country: conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after
Italy515, 14** or 28* days after withdrawal 8 weeks of OTA-administration
from treatment incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Euribird
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
information please see the article),
information please see the article),
conc.: 22.8 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
conc.: nr, country: Poland531, *control
Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird
OTA-administration
broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
information please see the article), contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
8 weeks of OTA-administration information please see the article),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird conc.: 39.8 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg OTA-administration
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
information please see the article), broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
conc.: 32.8 mg/kg* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg
Poland531, *after 8 weeks of OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
OTA-administration information please see the article),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird conc.: 58.6 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
artificial (dose: 1.5 mg OTA/kg feed, o., OTA-administration
for 8 weeks; for detailed information incidence: 27/27*, sa. const.: White
please see the article), conc.: 14.2 mg/kg* Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
(mean value), country: Poland531, *after contamination: no OTA (for detailed
8 weeks of OTA-administration information please see the article),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird conc.: nd, country: Denmark566, *control
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: White
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), 0.3 mg OTA/kg feed, for 341 days),
conc.: 34.3 mg/kg* (mean value), country: conc.: »2 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Poland531, *after 8 weeks of Denmark566, *after 341 days
OTA-administration
incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: White
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: female Euribird Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA/
contamination: no OTA (for detailed kg feed, for 341 days), conc.:
information please see the article), »5 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
conc.: nr, country: Poland531, *control Denmark566, *after 341 days
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: White
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
92 Chicken

contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA/ article), conc.: 10.98 mg/kg* (mean value),
kg feed, for the last 14 of 314 days; for country: Germany601, *after 6 weeks
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: »8.5 mg/kg* (mean value), Penicillic Acid
country: Denmark566, *after 341 days incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: Hyline W-36
male laying strain chickens, age: 7-days,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: newly hatched
contamination: no PA, conc.: nr, country:
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
USA524, *control
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: Hyline W-36
information please see the article),
male laying strain chickens, age: 7-days,
conc.: nd, country: Poland590, *control
contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: newly hatched
50 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation, once),
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
conc.: nd*, country: USA524, *after 4 h
contamination: artificial (dose: cockerels
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: Hyline W-36
and hens received 2.1 ppm OTA in the diet,
male laying strain chickens, age: 7-days,
o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
please see the article), conc.: 26.0 ppb*,
PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation, once),
country: Poland590, *after ? weeks
conc.: nd* (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: newly hatched
USA524, *after 4 h
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline W-36
contamination: artificial (dose: cockerels
male laying strain chickens, age:
and hens received 4.1 ppm OTA in the
7 days, contamination: artificial
diet, o., for 5 weeks; for detailed
(dose: 200 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by
information please see the article),
intubation, once), conc.: 5.1 ng/g*
conc.: 83.0 ppb*, country: Poland590,
(mean value), country: USA524, *after 4 h
*after ? weeks
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hyline W-36
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: broilers, male laying strain chickens, age:
contamination: no OTA (for detailed 7 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), 400 mg PA/kg b. wt., o. by intubation,
conc.: 0.03 mg/kg** (mean value), country: once), conc.: 6.8 ng/g* (mean value),
Germany601, *control, **after 6 weeks country: USA524, *after 4 h
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers,
contamination: artificial (dose: T-2 Toxin
1.5 mg OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 3 weeks incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
afterwards OTA-free diet for 3 weeks 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
(for detailed information please see the (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
article), conc.: 0.02 mg/kg* (mean value), once), conc.: 4 ppb* (mean value),
country: Germany601, *after 6 weeks country: USA145, *after 18 h
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers, T-2 Tetraol
contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
OTA-free diet for 3 weeks afterwards 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
1.5 mg OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 3 weeks (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
(for detailed information please see the once), conc.: 18 ppb* (mean value),
article), conc.: 16.16 mg/kg* (mean value), country: USA145, *after 18 h
country: Germany601, *after 6 weeks
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers, 4-Acetoxy T-2 Tetraol
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, age:
OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 6 weeks 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
(for detailed information please see the (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
Chicken 93

once), conc.: 20 ppb* (mean value), see the article), conc.: nr, country:
country: USA145, *after 18 h Romania/France635, *control
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
15-Acetoxy T-2 Tetraol broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
age: 5 weeks, contamination: artificial for 3 days (for detailed information please
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., see the article), conc.: 3.01 mg/g*, country:
once), conc.: 22 ppb* (mean value), Romania/France635, after 24 h of the last
country: USA145, *after 18 h treatment
T-2 Triol incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens, broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
age: 5 weeks, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
(dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p., once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p.,
once), conc.: 210 ppb* (mean value), for 3 days (for detailed information please
country: USA145, *after 18 h see the article), conc.: 3.69 mg/g*, country:
Romania/France635, after 24 h of the last
Zearalenone treatment
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: a-Zearalenol
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler
(for detailed information please see the chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre female),
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, age: 4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
*control (for detailed information please see the
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens article), conc.: nr, country: USA106,
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: *control
4 weeks, contamination: artificial incidence: 3?/11, sa. const.: broiler
(dose: 5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt., chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre
intubated into the crop, once; for detailed female), age: 4 weeks, contamination:
information please see the article), conc. artificial (dose: 10 mg ZEA/bird for 6 days
range: £2,095.0 ppb* ** *** (mean value), and intubation of 20.92 mg ZEA/ml at day
country: USA106, *eq. conc., **after 0.5 h 9 (ZEA labeled and unlabeled); for
(also measured after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, detailed information please see the
lowest conc.: 161.2 ppb after 48 h), article), conc. range: £1,200 ppb*,
***ZEA and/or metabolites country: USA106, *after 0.5 h (also
incidence: 5?/11, sa. const.: broiler measured after 4, 8, 24 and 48 h, lowest
chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre conc.: 0.0 ppm after 48 h)
female), age: 4 weeks, contamination:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn
artificial (dose: 10 mg ZEA/bird for 6 days
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
and intubation of 20.92 mg ZEA/ml at day
no ZEA (for detailed information please
9 (ZEA labeled and unlabeled); for
see the article), conc.: nr, country:
detailed information please see the
Romania/France635, *control
article), conc. range: £681 ppb*,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
country: USA106, *after 0.5 h (also
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
measured after 4, 8 and 24 h, lowest
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
conc.: 0.0 ppm after 24 h)
for 3 days (for detailed information please
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn see the article), conc.: 26.46 mg/g*,
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: country: Romania/France635, after 24 h of
no ZEA (for detailed information please the last treatment
94 Chicken

incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn Aflatoxin B1

broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., 3 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p., 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
for 3 days (for detailed information please once; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: 5.48 mg/g*, country: see the article), conc. range: »0.3 ppm*,
Romania/France635, after 24 h of the last country: USA617, *after 12 h (also
treatment measured after 48 and 72 h)
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: chickens, age:
b-Zearalenol 3 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: once; for detailed information please see
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA the article), conc.: »0.3 ppm*, country:
(for detailed information please see the USA617, *after 24 h (also measured after
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, *control 48 and 72 h)
incidence: 3?/11, sa. const.: broiler
chickens (Ross male X Arbor Acre female), HT-2 Toxin
age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens,
(dose: 10 mg ZEA/bird for 6 days and age: 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
intubation of 20.92 mg ZEA/ml at day 9 (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.p.,
(ZEA labeled and unlabeled); for detailed once), conc.: <1 ppb* (mean value),
information please see the article), conc. country: USA145, *after 18 h
range: £662 ppb*, country: USA106, *after
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
0.5 h (also measured after 4, 8, 24 and
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: chickens,
48 h, lowest conc.: 0.0 ppm after 48 h)
age: 5 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn (dose: 3.5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt.., i.p..,
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: once), conc.: 3 ppb* (mean value),
no ZEA (for detailed information please country: USA145, *after 18 h
see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Romania/France635, *control Ochratoxin A
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age:
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., 36 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
for 3 days (for detailed information please feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and then
see the article), conc.: 23.69 mg/g*, given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OA per
country: Romania/France635, after chick by intubation (OTA unlabeled and
24 h of the last treatment labeled); for detailed information please
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn broilers, see the article), conc. range: £4.99 ppb*
age: 2 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: (mean value), country: USA316, *after 48 h
25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., once and before (also measured after 8 and 24 h, lowest
80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p., for 3 days (for conc.: 0.49 ppb after 24 h)
detailed information please see the article),
conc.: 9.57 mg/g*, country: Romania/ Chicken meat may contain the
France635, after 24 h of the last treatment following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Chicken lung may contain the Zearalanone
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn
metabolites: broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: no
Chicken 95

ZEA (for detailed information please see artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
the article), conc.: nr, country: Romania/ for 3 days (for detailed information please
France635, *control see the article), conc.: 35.72 ng/g* dry
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn matter, country: Romania/France635, after
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: 24 h of the last treatment
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn broilers,
for 3 days (for detailed information please age: 2 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
see the article), conc.: 1.72 ng/g* dry 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., once and before
matter, country: Romania/France635, 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p., for 3 days (for
after 24 h of the last treatment detailed information please see the article),
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn conc.: 22.98 ng/g* dry matter, country:
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: Romania/France635, after 24 h of the last
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., treatment
once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p.,
for 3 days (for detailed information please a-Zearalenol
see the article), conc.: 0.56 ng/g* dry incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn
matter, country: Romania/France635, after broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
24 h of the last treatment no ZEA (for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nr, country:
b-Zearalanol Romania/France635, *control
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
no ZEA (for detailed information please artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
see the article), conc.: nr, country: for 3 days (for detailed information please
Romania/France635, *control see the article), conc.: 13.42 ng/g* dry
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn matter, country: Romania/France635, after
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: 24 h of the last treatment
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
for 3 days (for detailed information please broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
see the article), conc.: 5.61 ng/g* dry artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
matter, country: Romania/France635, once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p.,
after 24 h of the last treatment for 3 days (for detailed information please
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn see the article), conc.: 4.08 ng/g* dry
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: matter, country: Romania/France635,
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., after 24 h of the last treatment
once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p.,
for 3 days (for detailed information please b-Zearalenol
see the article), conc.: 7.10 ng/g* dry incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn
matter, country: Romania/France635, after broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: no
24 h of the last treatment ZEA (for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nr, country:
Zearalenone Romania/France635, *control
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn broilers,
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: age: 2 weeks, contamination: artificial
no ZEA (for detailed information please (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., for 3 days
see the article), conc.: nr, country: (for detailed information please see the
Romania/France635, *control article), conc.: 11.47 ng/g* dry matter,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn country: Romania/France635, after 24 h of
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: the last treatment
96 Chicken

incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Hybro
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: broiler chickens, age: 23 days,
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p., contamination: no AF (for detailed
once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p., information please see the article), conc.:
for 3 days (for detailed information please nd, country: Spain359, *control
see the article), conc.: 5.48 ng/g* dry incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
matter, country: Romania/France635, after chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
24 h of the last treatment artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
32 days; for detailed information please
Chicken muscle may contain the see the article), conc. range: £0.21* mg/kg
following mycotoxins and/or their (mean value), country: Spain359 (measured
metabolites: at 4th*, 8th*, 16th and 32nd day, lowest
conc.: 0.07 mg/kg after 16 days,
Aflatoxin B1 intoxication period)
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: Hybro broiler
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, chickens, age: 23 days, contamination:
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
information please see the article), 32 days; for detailed information please
conc.: nd, country: USA53, *control see the article), conc. range: £0.09 mg/kg*
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White (mean value), country: Spain359 (measured
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, at 4th, 8th, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest
contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng conc.: 0.01 mg/kg after 8 days, intoxication
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed period)
information please see the article),
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: broiler chicks,
conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after 28 days
contamination: no AF (for detailed
of AFB1-administration
information please see the article),
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
conc.: nd, country: India398, *control
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broiler chicks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm
AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days;
AF; for detailed information please see
for detailed information please see the
the article), conc. range: £2.0 ppb*,
article), conc.: 0.004 ng/g* (mean value),
country: India398, *after 45 days
country: USA53, *after 28 days of
AFB1-administration incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: hybrid male
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens,
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 and/or
contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng CP (for detailed information please see
AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days; the article), conc.: nd, country:
for detailed information please see the Thailand574, *control
article), conc.: 0.003 ng/g* (mean value), incidence: 30?/30, sa. const.: hybrid
country: USA53, *after 28 days of male and female Arbor Acor broiler
AFB1-administration chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White artificial (dose: different conc. of AFB1
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, with/without CP fed for different
contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng periods; for detailed information please
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed see the article), conc.: 0.02 ppb* ** (mean
information please see the article), conc.: value), country: Thailand574, *AFB1-
0.014 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA53, residues, **after 6 weeks of AFB1-
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration administration
Chicken 97

incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: broiler Aflatoxin M1

chicks, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White
no AFB1 (for detailed information please Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
see the article), conc.: nd, country: contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
India595, *control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/30, sa. const.: broiler chicks, nd, country: USA53, *control
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White
20, 40, 60, 80 or 100* ppb AFB1, o., for 15, Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
30 or 45 days (for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng
please see the article), conc.: £5.129 ng/g* AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
**, country: India595, **after 45 days (also information please see the article), conc.:
measured after 15 and 30 days, lowest 0.064 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA53,
conc.: nd after 15 days) *after 28 days of AFB1-administration
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxin B2 chicks, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: White artificial (dose: 525 ng AFB1/g
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, ration + 25% soil for 28 days; for detailed
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), 0.11 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA53,
conc.: nd, country: USA53, *control *after 28 days of AFB1-administration
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
contamination: artificial (dose: 120 ng contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days;
information please see the article), for detailed information please see the
conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after 28 days article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53,
of AFB1-administration *after 28 days of AFB1-administration
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days,
contamination: artificial (dose: 525 ng contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng
AFB1/g ration + 25% soil for 28 days; for AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article),
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, conc.: nd*, country: USA53, *after 28 days
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration of AFB1-administration
incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: White
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, incidence: 30/30*, sa. const.: hybrid male
contamination: artificial (dose: 630 ng and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens, age:
AFB1/g ration + 10% soil for 28 days; 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 and/or CP (for
for detailed information please see the detailed information please see the article),
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA53, conc.: nd, country: Thailand574, *control
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration incidence: 30?/30, sa. const.: hybrid male
incidence: 20?/20, sa. const.: White and female Arbor Acor broiler chickens,
Leghorn chicks, age: 14 days, age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose:
contamination: artificial (dose: 700 ng different conc. of AFB1 with/without CP
AFB1/g ration for 28 days; for detailed fed for different periods; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article),
0.002 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA53, conc. range: £0.08 ppb* ** (mean value),
*after 28 days of AFB1-administration country: Thailand574, *AFM1-residues,
**after 6 weeks of AFB1-administration
98 Chicken

Cyclopiazonic Acid incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: White

incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: unsexed Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day,
White Leghorn chickens, age: 200 days, contamination: artificial (dose:
contamination: no CPA (for detailed 1 mg OTA/kg feed, for 341 days),
information please see the article), conc.: conc.: »2 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
nr, country: USA557, *control Denmark566, *after 341 days
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: unsexed incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: White Leghorn
White Leghorn chickens, age: 200 days, chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA/kg feed, for the
CPA/kg b. wt., by crop gavage, once; for last 14 of 314 days; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article),
article), conc.: 350 ppb* (mean value), conc.: »6 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
country: USA557, *after 3 h (also measured Denmark566, *after 341 days
after 24, 48 and 96 h but lower residue
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: broilers,
values recorded, lowest conc.:
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
»nd after 48 h)
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: unsexed
nd, country: Germany601, *control
White Leghorn chickens, age: 200 days,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers,
contamination: artificial (dose:
contamination: artificial (dose:
5.0 mg CPA/kg b. wt., by crop gavage,
1.5 mg OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 3 weeks
once; for detailed information please see
afterwards OTA-free diet for 3 weeks
the article), conc.: 2,000 ppb* (mean
(for detailed information please see the
value), country: USA557, *after 3 h
article), conc.: nd*, country: Germany601,
(also measured after 24, 48 and 96 h but
*after 6 weeks
lower residue values recorded, lowest
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers,
conc.: »50 ppb after 96 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA-free
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: unsexed
diet for 3 weeks afterwards 1.5 mg OTA/
White Leghorn chickens, age: 200 days,
kg in the diet, o., for 3 weeks (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 10.0 mg
information please see the article),
CPA/kg b. wt., by crop gavage, once; for
conc.: 7.46 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
detailed information please see the
Germany601, *after 6 weeks
article), conc.: 2,500 ppb* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers,
country: USA557, *after 3 h (also measured
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
after 24, 48 and 96 h but lower residue
OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 6 weeks
values recorded, lowest conc.: »200 ppb
(for detailed information please see the
after 96 h)
article), conc.: 3.02 mg/kg* (mean value),
country: Germany601, *after 6 weeks
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 27/27*, sa. const.: White Zearalenone
Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day, incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens
contamination: no OTA (for detailed (Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age:
information please see the article), 4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
conc.: nd, country: Denmark566, *control (for detailed information please see the
incidence: 27?/27, sa. const.: White article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, *control
Leghorn chickens, age: 1 day, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens
contamination: artificial (dose: (Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age:
0.3 mg OTA/kg feed, for 341 days), 4 weeks, contamination: artificial
conc.: »2 mg/kg* (mean value), country: (dose: 5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b.w.,
Denmark566, *after 341 days intubated into the crop, once; for detailed
Chicken 99

information please see the article), conc. (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and
range: £111.1 ppb* ** *** (mean value), unlabeled), o., once; for detailed
country: USA106, *eq. conc., **after 24 h information please see the article), conc.:
(also measured after 0.5, 4, 8, 12 and 48 h, »0.15 ppm*, country: USA617, *after 24 h
lowest conc.: 35.0 ppb after 0.5 h), ***ZEA (also measured after 48 and 72 h)
and/or metabolites
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
Chicken muscle, breast may
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2,
their metabolites:
conc.: nd, country: USA357, *control
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
incidence: 17/17*, sa. const.: broiler Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
chickens, contamination: no AFB1 contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
(for detailed information please see the AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany90, for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.05 mg/kg*,
*control country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of
incidence: ?/113, sa. const.: broiler the contaminated feed (also measured
chickens, contamination: artificial after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
(dose: 15.0 ppm AFB1, o., for 56 days; for nd after 4 days)
detailed information please see the
Aflatoxin M1
article), conc. range: £12.20 ppb* **,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
country: Germany90, *AFB1-residues,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
**after 8 weeks of AFB1-administration
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
(lower doses also applicated and lower
nd, country: USA357, *control
residue values recorded)
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
nd, country: USA357, *control for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.05 mg/kg*,
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, the contaminated feed (also measured
contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after
AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o., 4 days)
for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.08 mg/kg*,
Aflatoxin M2
country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
the contaminated feed (also measured
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2,
4 days)
conc.: nd, country: USA357, *control
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: chickens, age: incidence: 2/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
3 weeks, contamination: artificial Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
o., once; for detailed information please AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
see the article), conc. range: for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.03 mg/kg*, Ø
»0.15–0.8 ppm*, country: USA617, *after conc.: 0.025 mg/kg*, country: USA357,
12 h (also measured after 48 and 72 h) *2 days after withdrawal of the
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: chickens, age: contaminated feed (also measured after 0,
3 weeks, contamination: artificial 1 and 4 days, lowest conc.: nd after 4 days)
100 Chicken

Aflatoxin incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White

incidence: 25/25*, sa. const.: Hubbard Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1, contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
(for detailed information please see the AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
article), conc.: nd, country: Egypt372, *control for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.16 mg/kg*,
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: the contaminated feed (also measured
artificial (dose: 100 ppb AFB1, o., for after 1, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
6 weeks; for detailed information please nd after 4 days)
see the article), conc. range: £8.03 ng/g* **,
country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after Aflatoxin B2
5 weeks of AFB1-administration (also incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
measured after 3 and 4 weeks, lowest Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
conc.: 2.42 ng/g after 3 weeks) contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2,
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard conc.: nd, country: USA357, *control
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 2/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
artificial (dose: 250 ppb AFB1, o., for Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
6 weeks; for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
see the article), conc. range: £11.03 ng/g***, AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.06 mg/kg*,
5 weeks of AFB1-administration country: USA357, *1 day after withdrawal
(also measured after 3 and 4 weeks, of the contaminated feed (also measured
lowest conc.: 7.66 ng/g after 3 weeks) after 0, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard chickens, nd after 4 days)
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: Aflatoxin M1
500 ppb AFB1, o., for 6 weeks; for detailed incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
information please see the article), conc. Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
range: £18.71 ng/g***, country: Egypt372, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2,
*AF-residues, **after 5 weeks of conc.: nd, country: USA357, *control
AFB1-administration (also measured after incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
3 and 4 weeks, lowest conc.: 14.55 ng/g Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
after 3 weeks) contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: Hubbard AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.06 mg/kg*,
artificial (dose: 750 ppb AFB1, o., for country: USA357, *3 h after withdrawal of the
6 weeks; for detailed information please see contaminated feed (also measured after 1, 2
the article), conc. range: £23.45 ng/g* **, and 4 days, lowest value.: nd after 4 days)
country: Egypt372, *AF-residues, **after
4 weeks of AFB1-administration (also Aflatoxin M2
measured after 3 and 5 weeks, lowest incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White
conc.: 18.18 ng/g after 3 weeks) Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.:
Chicken muscle, leg may contain nd, country: USA357, *control
the following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: Hubbard White
metabolites: Mountain broilers, age: 1 week,
Aflatoxin B1 contamination: artificial (dose: 2,057 mg
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Hubbard White AFB1/kg feed + 1,323 mg AFB2/kg feed, o.,
Mountain broilers, age: 1 week, for 5 weeks), conc. range: £0.08 mg/kg*,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2, conc.: country: USA357, *1 day after withdrawal
nd, country: USA357, *control of the contaminated feed (also measured
Chicken 101

after 0, 2 and 4 days, lowest conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg

nd after 4 days) OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article),
Ochratoxin A conc.: 3.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
Hampshire-Leghorn cross chicks, age: OTA-administration
36 days, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: female Euribird
feeding 1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and then broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
given a single dose of 50 mg 3H-OTA per contamination: no OTA (for detailed
chick by intubation (OTA labeled and information please see the article),
unlabeled); for detailed information conc.: nr, country: Poland531, *control
please see the article), conc. range: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
£0.21 ppb* (mean value), country: USA316, broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
*after 8 h (also measured after 24 and contamination: artificial (dose:
48 h, lowest conc.: 0.04 ppb after 48 h) 0.5 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for
detailed information please see the
Chicken muscle, red may contain article), conc.: nd*, country: Poland531,
the following mycotoxins and/or their *after 8 weeks of OTA-administration
metabolites: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
Ochratoxin A contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Euribird OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, information please see the article),
contamination: no OTA (for detailed conc.: 2.8 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
conc.: nr, country: Poland531, *control OTA-administration
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article), information please see the article),
conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after conc.: 1.0 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
8 weeks of OTA-administration Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird OTA-administration
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg broiler chickens, age: 1 day, contamination:
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed artificial (dose: 2.0 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for
information please see the article), 8 weeks; for detailed information please
conc.: 0.8 mg/kg* (mean value), see the article), conc.: 7.5 mg/kg* (mean
country: Poland531, *after 8 weeks of value), country: Poland531, *after 8 weeks
OTA-administration of OTA-administration
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, Chicken muscle, thigh may contain
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg the following mycotoxins and/or their
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed metabolites:
information please see the article),
conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after Aflatoxicol
8 weeks of OTA-administration incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
102 Chicken

(for detailed information please see the information please see the article),
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control conc. range: 0.04*–0.05** mg/kg (mean
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain values), country: Italy515, after 36* and
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, 64** days
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., Aflatoxin M1
for up to 64 days; for detailed information incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
please see the article), conc. male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
range: <0.04 mg/kg* (mean value), no AFB1 (for detailed information please
country: Italy515, *after 36 and 64 days see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
*control
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 17/17*, sa. const.: broiler
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
chickens, contamination: no AFB1
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
(for detailed information please see the
up to 64 days; for detailed information
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany90,
please see the article), conc.: 0.02 mg/kg*
*control
(mean value), country: Italy232, *after
incidence: ?/113, sa. const.: broiler
36 and 64 days
chickens, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
(dose: 15 ppm AFB1, o., for 56 days;
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
for detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
article), conc. range: £24.20 ppb* **,
(for detailed information please see the
country: Germany90, *AFB1-residues,
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control
**after 8 weeks of AFB1-administration
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
(lower doses also applicated and lower
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
residue values recorded)
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: for up to 64 days; for detailed information
no AFB1 (for detailed information please please see the article), conc. range:
see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232, <0.01 mg/kg (mean value), country:
*control Italy515, *after 36 and 64 days
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination: Ochratoxin A
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: wingbanded
for up to 64 days; for detailed information Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.:
please see the article), conc.: 0.01 mg/kg* 835.19 g, contamination: no OTA
(mean value), country: Italy232, (for detailed information please see the
*after 64 days (also measured after article), conc.: nd, country: The
36 days but conc.: nd) Netherlands/Hungary473, *control
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: wingbanded Ross
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.: 835.19 g,
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA (for contamination: artificial (dose: a total of
detailed information please see the article), 0.5 mg OTA/week, o., for 4 weeks; for
conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control detailed information please see the article),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain conc. range: ȣ0.06 mg/kg* (mean value),
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, country: The Netherlands/Hungary473,
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg *after 21 days of OTA-administration
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg (also measured after 7 and 14 days, lowest
feed, o., for up to 64 days; for detailed value conc.: nd after 7 and 14 days)
Chicken 103

incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: male Hubbard Ochratoxin A

strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Euribird
no OTA alone/or OTA/PA (for detailed broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: no OTA (for detailed
nd, country: Italy491, *control information please see the article),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Hubbard conc.: nd, country: Poland531, *control
strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird
artificial (dose: 100 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
31 days; for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
see the article), conc.: tr*, OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
country: Italy491, *after 31 days information please see the article),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Hubbard conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after
strain chicks, age: 35 days, contamination: 8 weeks of OTA-administration
artificial (dose: 100 mg OTA + 1 mg PA/kg incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird
feed, o., for 31 days; for detailed broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
information please see the article), contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
conc.: tr*, country: Italy491, *after 31 days OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain information please see the article),
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA (for 8 weeks of OTA-administration
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg information please see the article),
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., conc.: 3.0 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
for up to 64 days; for detailed information Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
please see the article), conc. range: OTA-administration
1.9*–4.2** mg/kg (mean value), country: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Euribird
Italy515, after 36* and 64** days broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA (for information please see the article),
detailed information please see the conc.: 4.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain OTA-administration
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: female Euribird
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., contamination: no OTA (for detailed
for 36 days; for detailed information information please see the article),
please see the article), conc. range: conc.: nr, country: Poland531, *control
<0.5*–0.8** mg/kg (mean values), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
country: Italy515, 14** or 28* days after broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
withdrawal from treatment contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
Chicken muscle, white may contain information please see the article), conc.:
the following mycotoxins and/or their nd*, country: Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
metabolites: OTA-administration
104 Chicken

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird contamination: artificial (dose: 2.2 mg
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, FX/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg ȣ419 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed Thailand/Japan474, *after »5 min (also at
information please see the article), other min intervals up to 240 min
conc.: nd*, country: Poland531, *after measured, lowest conc.: »10 ng/ml after
8 weeks of OTA-administration 240 min)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens,
broiler chickens, age: 1 day, age: 4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.35 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg artificial (dose: 2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., o.,
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed once), conc. range: ȣ240 ng/ml*
information please see the article), (mean value), country: Thailand/Japan474,
conc.: 5.0 mg/kg* (mean value), *after »10 min (also at other min intervals
country: Poland531, *after 8 weeks of up to 180 min measured, lowest conc.: nd?
OTA-administration after 180 min)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Euribird
Ochratoxin A
broiler chickens, age: 1 day,
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg
chickens, Ø wt.: 1.84 kg, contamination:
OTA/kg feed, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg, o.
information please see the article),
(by gavage), once; for detailed
conc.: 8.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.
Poland531, *after 8 weeks of
range: £0.78 mg/ml* (mean value),
OTA-administration
country: France172, *after 0.33 h (also at
other hour intervals up to 4 h measured,
Chicken plasma may contain the lowest conc.: »0.1 mg/ml after 4 h)
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Leghorn
metabolites: chickens, Ø wt.: 1.84 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg, i.v., once;
Fusarenon-X
for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens,
article), conc. range: ȣ18 mg/ml*
age: 4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.35 kg, contamination:
(mean value), country: France172, *after
artificial (dose: 2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., i.v.,
0.5 h? (also at other hour intervals up to
once), conc. range: ȣ270 ng/ml* (mean
4 h measured, lowest conc.: »0.3 mg/ml
value), country: Thailand/Japan474, *after
after 4 h)
»5 min (also at other min intervals up to
180 min measured, lowest conc.: »1.1 ng/ml incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: wingbanded
after 180 min) Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.:
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens, 835.19 g, contamination: no OTA
age: 4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.35 kg, (for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: nd, country: The
2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. range: Netherlands/Hungary473, *control
ȣ5.5 ng/ml* (mean value), country: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: wingbanded
Thailand/Japan474, *after »10 min Ross broiler chicks, age: 28 days, Ø wt.:
(also at other min intervals up to 120 min 835.19 g, contamination: artificial
measured, lowest conc.: »1.1 ng/ml (dose: a total of 0.5 mg OTA/week, o., for
after 120 min) 4 weeks; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: ȣ1.6 ng/ml*
Nivalenol (mean value), country: The Netherlands/
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: broiler chickens, Hungary473, *after 14 days of
age: 4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.35 kg, OTA-administration (also measured after
Chicken 105

7, 21 and 28 days, lowest conc.: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Leghorn

0.25 ng/g after 28 days) broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination: no
ZEA (for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: newly hatched
the article), conc.: nr, country:
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
Romania/France635, *control
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
information please see the article),
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
conc.: nd, country: Poland590, *control
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: newly hatched
for 3 days (for detailed information please
chicks of Rhode Island Red strain,
see the article), conc.: 6.62 ng/ml*,
contamination: artificial (dose: cockerels and
country: Romania/France635, after
hens received 2.1 ppm OTA in the diet, o., for
24 h of the last treatment
5 weeks; for detailed information please see
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Leghorn
the article), conc.: 2.7 ppb*, country:
broilers, age: 2 weeks, contamination:
Poland590, *after ? weeks
artificial (dose: 25 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: newly hatched chicks
once and before 80 mg PB/kg b. wt., i.p.,
of Rhode Island Red strain, contamination:
for 3 days (for detailed information please
artificial (dose: cockerels and hens received
see the article), conc.: 3.40 ng/ml*,
4.1 ppm OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
country: Romania/France635, after 24 h of
detailed information please see the article),
the last treatment
conc.: 5.5 ppb*, country: Poland590,
*after ? weeks a-Zearalenol
incidence: 6/32, sa. const.: male broilers,
Zearalenone
age: 25–27 days, contamination: artificial
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens
(dose: 5.8 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once;
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age:
for detailed information please see the
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA
article), conc. range: »5 ng/g*
(for detailed information please see the
(mean value), country: Germany543,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106,
*probably up to 48 h measured
*control
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens Chicken serum may contain the
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: following mycotoxins and/or their
4 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: metabolites:
5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt., intubated
into the crop, once; for detailed information Ochratoxin A
please see the article), conc. range: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: broilers,
£164.3 ppb* ** *** (mean value), country: contamination: no OTA (for detailed
USA106, *eq. conc., **after 0.5 h (also information please see the article),
measured after 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h, lowest conc.: nd, country: Germany601, *control
conc.: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers,
75.4 ppb after 48 h), contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg
***ZEA and/or metabolites OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 3 weeks
afterwards OTA-free diet for 3 weeks
incidence: 6/32, sa. const.: male broilers,
(for detailed information please see the
age: 25–27 days, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: nd*, country: Germany601,
(dose: 5.8 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o. once; for
*after 6 weeks
detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers,
article), conc. range: »10 ng/g* (mean
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA-free
value), country: Germany543, *probably up
diet for 3 weeks afterwards 1.5 mg
to 48 h measured
OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 3 weeks
(for detailed information please see the
106 Chicken

article), conc.: 1.24 mg/l* (mean value), incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
country: Germany601, *after 6 weeks male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: broilers, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 mg AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
OTA/kg in the diet, o., for 6 weeks for up to 64 days; for detailed information
(for detailed information please see the please see the article), conc. range:
article), conc.: 4.56 mg/l* (mean value), 0.03*–0.06** mg/kg (mean values),
country: Germany601, *after 6 weeks country: Italy515, after 64* and 36** days
Aflatoxin M1
Chicken skin may contain the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
following mycotoxins and/or their
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
metabolites:
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
Aflatoxicol (for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
(for detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain for up to 64 days; for detailed information
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, please see the article), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg <0.01 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., Italy515, *after 36 and 64 days
for up to 64 days; for detailed information Ochratoxin A
please see the article), conc. range: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
<0.04 mg/kg* (mean value), country: male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
Italy515, *after 36 and 64 days contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
(for detailed information please see the
Aflatoxin B1
article), conc.: nr, country:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Italy515, *control
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
*control
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
for up to 64 days; for detailed information
male broilers, age: 14 days, contamination:
please see the article), conc. range:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o.,
1.6*–1.8** mg/kg (mean values), country:
for up to 64 days; for detailed information
Italy515, after 64* and 36** days
please see the article), conc.: 0.70 mg/kg*
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
(mean value), country: Italy232, *after 36 days
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
(also measured after 64 days but conc.: nd)
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain (for detailed information please see the
male broiler chickens, age: 14 days, article), conc.: nr, country: Italy515, *control
contamination: no AFB1 + OTA incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
(for detailed information please see the male broiler chickens, age: 14 days,
article), conc.: nr, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
Italy515, *control AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o.,
for 36 days; for detailed information
Cow 107

please see the article), conc. range: Cow

<0.5*–0.8** mg/kg (mean values),
country: Italy515, 14** or 28* days after Cow Natural Contamination
withdrawal from treatment
Cow liver may contain the following
Zearalenone mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: broiler chickens
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: Aflatoxin B1
4 weeks, contamination: no ZEA incidence: 1 (investigated)/68, sa. const.:
(for detailed information please see the livers from crossbred adult cows of the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA106, USA, contamination: natural, conc.:
*control 5 ng/g, country: USA76
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: broiler chickens
(Ross male X Arbor Acre female), age: Cow milk, raw may contain the
4 weeks, contamination: artificial following mycotoxins and/or their
(dose: 5.0 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg b. wt., metabolites:
intubated into the crop, once; for detailed Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 56/120, sa. const.: milk from
range: £70.2 ppb* ** ***, country: USA106, cows of Iran, contamination: natural, conc.
*eq. conc., **after 24 h (also measured range: 0.25–22.00 ng/l, country: Iran453
after 0.5, 4, 8, 12 and 48 h, lowest conc.:
43.4 ppb after 48 h), ***ZEA and/or Aflatoxin M1
metabolites incidence: 12/50, sa. const.: milk, probably
from cows, of Egypt, contamination:
Chicken stomach may contain the natural, conc. range: 0.25–3.72 mg/l,
following mycotoxins and/or their Ø conc.: 1 mg/l, country: Egypt2
metabolites: incidence: 61/66, sa. const.: milk from
cows of India, contamination: natural,
Ochratoxin A
conc. range: 0.110*–0.143** mg/l (mean
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: New Hampshire-
values), country: India43, *bulk,
Leghorn cross chicks, age: 36 days,
**individual
contamination: artificial (dose: feeding
1 ppm OTA for 5 weeks and then given a incidence: 6/30* sa. const.: milk from
single dose of 50 mg 3H-OA per chick by cows of Poland, contamination: natural,
intubation (OTA labeled and unlabeled); conc. range: 3.6–10.6 ng/kg, country:
for detailed information please see the Poland/Germany44
article), conc. range: £1.93 ppb* incidence: 303/6,246*, sa. const.: milk
(mean value), country: USA316, *after 8 h from cows of France, contamination:
(also measured after 24 and 48 h, lowest natural, conc. range: 0.05–0.5 mg/l
conc.: 0.13 ppb after 48 h) (284 sa), >0.5 to £5 mg/l (19 sa),
country: France45, *and milk powder
Chicken Thigh see Chicken muscle,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk, probably
thigh
from cows, of the USA?, contamination:
probably natural, conc.: 0.07 ng/g,
Cock see Chicken
country: USA75
Cockerel see Hen incidence: 40/40, sa. const.: milk from cows
of the USA, contamination: natural, conc.
Coho salmon see Fish, coho salmon range: 0.001–0.273 ppb, country: USA96
108 Cow

incidence: 46/376, sa. const.: milk from incidence: ?/78*, sa. const.: milk from
cows of Czechoslovakia, cows of Italy, contamination: natural,
contamination: natural, conc. range: conc. range: <5–66 ng/l, country: Italy178,
0.025–0.1 mg/l (44 sa), >0.1 mg/l (2 sa), *conventionally produced milk
country: Czechoslovakia158 incidence: 122/214, sa. const.: milk from
incidence: 27/89, sa. const.: milk from cows of Italy, contamination: natural,
cows of Czechoslovakia, contamination: conc. range: 3–10 ppt (18 sa), 11–50 ppt
natural, conc. range: 0.025–0.1 mg/l (92 sa), 51–101 ppt (12 sa), country:
(21 sa), 0.1–0.5 mg/l (6 sa), country: Italy216
Czechoslovakia159 incidence: 6/56, sa. const.: milk from cows
incidence: 11/22, sa. const.: milk, probably of Argentina, contamination: natural,
from cows, of Poland, contamination: conc. range: 0.012–0.030 mg/l, Ø conc.:
natural, conc. range: 0.010–0.250 mg/l, 0.016 mg/l country: Argentina238
country: Poland160
incidence: 50/324, sa. const.: milk from
incidence: 126/235, sa. const.: milk from cows of the UK, contamination: natural,
cows of Italy, contamination: natural, conc. conc. range: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg (39 sa),
range: 4–1,262 ng/kg, country: Italy161 0.05–0.10 mg/kg (9 sa), >0.10–0.18 mg/kg
incidence: 24/27, sa. const.: milk from (2 sa), country: UK239
cows of Italy, contamination: natural, Ø incidence: 25/31, sa. const.: milk, probably
conc.: 27.05 ppt, country: Italy162 from cows of Portugal, contamination:
incidence: 24/409, sa. const.: milk, natural, conc. range: 0.005–0.010 mg/l
probably from cows, of the UK, (17 sa), 0.011–0.020 mg/l (2 sa),
contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.021–0.050 mg/l (6 sa), country: Portugal240
0.02–0.05 mg/kg (10 sa), 0.05–0.1 mg/kg incidence: 1/10*, sa. const.: milk, probably
(6 sa), >0.1 mg/kg (8 sa), country: UK163 from cows of Turkey, contamination:
incidence: 3/71, sa. const.: milk, probably natural, conc.: 10.8 ng/l, country:
from cows, of the Republic of Cyprus, Turkey243, *5 raw and 5 pasteurized
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: 10/12, sa. const.: milk from
0.03–0.04 mg/l, Ø conc.: 0.035 mg/l, cows of Austria, contamination: natural,
country: Republic of Cyprus164 conc. range: 0–2 ng/kg (1 sa), 2–5 ng/kg
incidence: 12/61, sa. const.: milk, probably (3 sa), 5–10 ng/kg (2 sa), 10–50 ng/kg
from cows, of Spain, contamination: (3 sa), 51.8 ng/kg (1 sa), country: Austria245
natural, conc. range: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg incidence: 22/30*, sa. const.: milk from
(10 sa), 0.02–0.04 mg/kg (2 sa), country: cows of Greece, contamination: natural,
Spain165 conc. range: 5–10 ng/l (7 sa), 11–20 ng/l
incidence: 4/99, sa. const.: milk from cows (10 sa), 21–50 ng/l (4 sa), 55 ng/l (1 sa),
of Greece, contamination: natural, conc. country: Greece246, * from December 1999
range: 0.10–0.13 mg/kg, country: Greece166 to May 2000
incidence: 317/332, sa. const.: milk from incidence: 18/28*, sa. const.: milk from
cows of Italy, contamination: natural, conc. cows of Greece, contamination: natural,
range: 1–10 ng/kg (168 sa), 11–50 ng/kg conc. range: 5–10 ng/l (3 sa), 11–20 ng/l
(121 sa), 51–100 ng/kg (25 sa), >100– (10 sa), 21–50 ng/l (4 sa), 60 ng/l (1 sa),
406 ng/kg (3 sa), country: Italy170 country: Greece246, *from December 2000
incidence: ?/78*, sa. const.: milk from to May 2001
cows of Italy, contamination: natural, incidence: 7/50, sa. const.: milk from cows
conc. range: <5–93 ng/l, country: Italy178, of Brazil, contamination: natural, conc.
*organic milk range: 0.1–1.68 mg/l, country: Brazil250
Cow 109

incidence: 66/67, sa. const.: milk from conc. range: 4.3–91.8 ng/l, Ø
cows of Thailand, contamination: natural, conc.: 24.21 ng/l, country: Iran452
conc. range: >0–0.05 ppb (9 sa), incidence: 120/120, sa. const.: milk from
>0.05–0.125 (16 sa), >0.125–0.25 ppb cows of Iran, contamination: natural,
(19 sa), >0.25–0.5 ppb (5 sa), >0.5 ppb conc. range: 4–352.3 ng/l, Ø
(17 sa), country: Thailand251 conc.: 102.73 ng/l, country: Iran453
incidence: 50/85, sa. const.: milk, probably incidence: 13/22, sa. const.: milk from
from cows, of Egypt, contamination: cows of Brazil, contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: nd-15 ppt, conc. range: >0.01 mg/l (5 sa),
country: Egypt252 0.02–0.05 mg/l (6 sa), >0.05–<0.5 mg/l
incidence: 10/42, sa. const.: milk, probably (2 sa), country: Brazil454
from cows, of Brazil, contamination: incidence: 9/264*, sa. const.: milk from
natural, conc. range: 0.29505–1.9749 mg/l, cows of France, contamination: natural,
Ø conc.: 0.68485 mg/l, country: Brazil253 conc. range: tr (6 sa), 8–26 ng/l (3 sa),
incidence: 84/105*, sa. const.: milk, country: France478, *raw bulk milk
probably from cows, of The Netherlands, incidence: 98/98, sa. const.: milk from
contamination: natural, conc. range: cows of Iran, contamination: natural,
0.015–0.090 mg/l, country: The Netherlands254, conc. range: £0.050 mg/l (61 sa),
*raw and heat-treated milk sa. 0.05–0.10 mg/l (29 sa), 0.1–0.392 mg/l
incidence: 5/9*, sa. const.: milk from cows (8 sa), country: Iran479
of Kuwait, contamination: natural, incidence: 35/49, sa. const.: milk from
conc. range: 0.20–0.21 mg/l, Ø conc.: cows of Lybia, contamination: natural,
0.206 mg/l, country: Kuwait255, *fresh conc. range: 0.03–3.13 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 36*/67**, sa. const.: milk from 0.377 ng/ml, country: Scotland, UK514
cows of Iran, contamination: natural, incidence: 85/111, sa. const.: milk from
conc. range: 50–500 mg/kg, country: cows of Iran, contamination: natural,
Iran256, *all contaminated sa. contained conc. range: 0.015–0.28 mg/l, country:
AFM1 and additionally 5 with AFM1 and Iran518
AFM2, 3 with AFM2, 2 with AFB1 and
incidence: 5/92, sa. const.: milk from cows
AFM1, **milk sa. only from villages
of Spain, contamination: natural, conc.
incidence: 8/31, sa. const.: milk from cows range: 14.0–24.9 ng/l*, Ø conc.: 20.5 ng/l*,
of Italy, contamination: natural, conc. country: Spain532, *using ELISA
range: 5–24 ng/kg (7 sa), 91 ng/kg (1 sa),
incidence: 168/168, sa. const.: milk,
country: Italy270
probably from cows, of Pakistan,
incidence: 23/40*, sa. const.: milk from contamination: natural, conc. range: 0.01–
cows of Pakistan, contamination: natural, 0.70 µg/l (mean values), country:
conc. range: ?, country: Pakistan277, Pakistan539
*urban area
incidence: 60/94, sa. const.: milk from
incidence: 22/40*, sa. const.: milk from cows of Argentina, contamination:
cows of Pakistan, contamination: natural, natural, conc. range: nd-0.07 mg/l,
conc. range: ?, country: Pakistan277, country: Argentina589
*semi-urban area
incidence: 18/40*, sa. const.: milk from cows Aflatoxin M2
of Pakistan, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 55/214, sa. const.: milk from
range: ?, country: Pakistan277, *rural area cows of Italy, contamination: natural,
incidence: 72/72, sa. const.: milk from conc. range: 3–10 ppt (44 sa), 11–17 ppt
cows of Iran, contamination: natural, (11 sa), country: Italy216
110 Cow

Aflatoxin M1 + M2 article), conc.: 3.35 ng/ml*, country:

incidence: 23/26, sa. const.: milk from USA93, *after 4 days (thereof 3 days with
cows of the USA, contamination: natural, AFB1-administration)
conc. range: 0.21–1.43 ppb, Ø conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
0.59 ppb, country: USA47
cows, contamination: artificial (dose:
Aflatoxin M 10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
incidence: 17/20, sa. const.: milk from twice daily over a 14-day period; for
cows of Germany, contamination: natural, detailed information please see the
conc. range: <1 mg/l (13 sa), >1 mg/l (4 sa), article), conc.: na, country: USA319
country: Germany89 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
cows, contamination: artificial
Fumonisin B1 (dose: 50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and
incidence: 1/155, sa. const.: milk from unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day
cows of the USA, contamination: natural, period; for detailed information please
conc.: 1.29 ng/ml, country: USA275 see the article), conc.: na, country: USA319
Ochratoxin A incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
incidence: 3/264*, sa. const.: milk from cows, contamination: artificial
cows of France, contamination: natural, (dose: 250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and
conc. range: 5.0–6.6 ng/l, country: unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day
France478, *raw bulk milk period; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA319,
*after 15 days (thereof 14 days with
Cow Artificial Contamination
AFB1-administration), **but significant
radioactivity occurred
Cow bile may contain the following
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
cows, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxicol (dose: 1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: period; for detailed information please
600 kg, contamination: artificial see the article), conc.: 0.26 mg/kg*,
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), country: USA319, *after 15 days (thereof
conc.: 0.36 ng/g* **, country: USA92, 14 days with AFB1-administration)
*in cow that died, **after 60 h
Aflatoxin M1
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.: 16 ng/g* **, country: USA92,
conc.: 1.6 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in *in cow that died, **after 60 h
cow that died, **after 60 h
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days, (one cow was
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days, (one cow fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
was fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
cow, after 3 days of dosing, was fed rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
AF-free rations for 7 additional days); information please see the article),
for detailed information please see the conc.: 12.37 ng/ml*, country: USA93,
Cow 111

*after 4 days (thereof 3 days with 3¢-Hydroxy-HT-2 Toxin

AFB1-administration) incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial
Cow blood may contain the following (dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: gun; for detailed information please see
Aflatoxin B1 the article), conc.: pos**, country: USA180,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows *whole blood, **6 h after administration
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, of 2nd dosing
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
T-2 Toxin
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days, (one cow was fed
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling
for 7 additional days); for detailed
gun; for detailed information please see
information please see the article), conc.:
the article), conc. range: £7.7 ppb**,
£0.26* and £0.47** ng/ml, country: USA93,
country: USA180, *whole blood, **6 h after
these highest values measured at the 1st
administration of 1st dosing (also at other
day in the case of cow 1* and cow 2**
hour intervals up to 48 h measured, lowest
(always lower values measured up to 4 days
conc.: 2.2 ppb after 24 h of 1st dosing)
(then slaughtered) in the case of cow 1 and
always lower values measured up to 10 days T-2 Tetraol
(then slaughtered) in the case of cow 2), for incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
overall information please see the article wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling gun; for
Aflatoxin M1
detailed information please see the article),
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
conc. range: £1.0 ppb**, country: USA180,
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
*whole blood, **6 h after administration
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
of 2nd dosing (also at other hour intervals
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days, (one cow was fed
up to 48 h measured, lowest conc.: 0.2 ppb
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
after 24 h of 1st dosing)
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
for 7 additional days); for detailed Deepoxy-T-2-Tetraol
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
range: £0.79* and £1.49** ng/ml, country: wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial
USA93, these highest values measured at the (dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling
*4th day in the case of cow 1 and at the gun; for detailed information please see
**1st day in the case of cow 2 (always lower the article), conc. range: £1.3 ppb**,
values measured up to 4 days (then country: USA180, *whole blood, **24 h after
slaughtered) in the case of cow 1 and administration of 1st dosing (also at other
always lower values measured up to 10 days hour intervals up to 48 h measured, lowest
(then slaughtered) in the case of cow 2), for conc.: 0.6 ppb after 6 h of 1st dosing)
overall information please see the article
Cow brain may contain the following
HT-2 Toxin mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial Aflatoxin B1
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
gun; for detailed information please see (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
the article), conc.: pos**, country: USA180, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
*whole blood, **6 h after administration AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
of 2nd dosing fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
112 Cow

after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free Aflatoxin B1

rations for 7 additional days); for detailed incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating cow,
information please see the article), conc.: wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
0.70 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after 4 days (dose: 300 mg AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2,
(thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration) 44% AFG1?, o., once), conc.: 3,930 mg*
(total amount found), country: UK40,
Aflatoxin M1 *collected over a period of 9 days
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
information please see the article), conc.: for 7 additional days); for detailed
0.17 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after 4 days information please see the article), conc.:
(thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration) £2,719.60* and £3,597.40 ng/g**, country:
USA93, these highest values measured at
the 3rd day in the case of cow 1** and
Cow fat may contain the following cow 2* (always lower values measured up
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
to 4 days (then slaughtered) in the case of
Aflatoxin B1 cow 1 and always lower values measured
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating up to 10 days (then slaughtered) in the
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: case of cow 2), for overall information
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination: please see the article
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg Aflatoxin G1
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1) incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating cow,
addition, o., for 10 days; for detailed wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), (dose: 300 mg AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2,
conc. range: 2.6–3.2 ng AFB1 eq/g* **, 44% AFG1?, o., once), conc.: 630 mg* (total
Ø conc.: 2.9 ng AFB1 eq/g*, country: The amount found), country: UK40, *collected
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day over a period of 9 days
period of consumption of contaminated
peanut meal Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating cow,
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination: (dose: 300 mg AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2,
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg 44% AFG1 ?, o., once), conc.: 2,960 mg*
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1; but (total amount found), country: UK40,
decontaminated afterwards), o., for *collected over a period of 9 days
10 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: The
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
period of consumption of
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
decontaminated peanut meal
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
Cow feces may contain the following for 7 additional days); for detailed
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: information please see the article), conc.:
Cow 113

£158.20* and £200.30** ng/g, country: AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was
USA93, these highest values measured at fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
the *3rd day in the case of cow 1 and at after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
the **4th day in the case of cow 2 (always rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
lower values measured up to 4 days (then information please see the article),
slaughtered) in the case of cow 1 and conc.: 1.98 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after
always lower values measured up to 4 days (thereof 3 days with
10 days (then slaughtered) in the case of AFB1-administration)
cow 2), for overall information please see
the article Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
Deoxynivalenol (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: 2 Holstein dairy contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
cows, 1 Ayrshire dairy cow, wt: AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
»450 kg, contamination: artificial AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
(dose: 66 mg DON/kg, o., for 5 days; 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
for detailed information please see the for 7 additional days); for detailed
article), conc. range: £660 ng/g* (37.4 mg information please see the article),
in total, mean value), country: USA278, conc.: 8.52 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after
*after 2 days of application 4 days (thereof 3 days with
(also at other day intervals up to 12 days AFB1-administration)
measured, lowest conc.: nd at the
beginning and the end of the experiment; Cow heart may contain the following
for detailed information please see the mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
article)
Aflatoxin B1
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: 2 Holstein dairy
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
cows, 1 Ayrshire dairy cow, wt.: »450 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 66 mg
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
DON/kg, o., for 5 days; for detailed
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
information please see the article), conc.
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
range: £13,000 ng/g* ** (679.8 mg** in
for 7 additional days); for detailed
total, mean value), country: USA278, *after
information please see the article),
6 days of application (also at other day
conc.: 0.43 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *left
intervals up to 12 days measured, lowest
ventricle, **after 4 days (thereof 3 days
conc.: nd at the beginning (1–4 days) of
with AFB1-administration)
the experiment; for detailed information
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
please see the article), **unconjugated
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
DEDON
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was
Cow gallbladder may contain the
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
following mycotoxins and/or their
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
metabolites:
rations for 7 additional days); for
Aflatoxin B1 detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows article), conc.: 0.50 ng/g* **, country:
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, USA93, *right ventricle, **after 4 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg (thereof 3 days with AFB1-
administration)
114 Cow

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
AF (for detailed information please see artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150, cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards), o.,
control over 14 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating see the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA150,
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: *after 14 days of AFB1-administration
artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in incidence: 4/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards), Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
o., over 14 days; for detailed information artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
please see the article), conc.: cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed
nd*, country: USA150, *after 14 days of information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1-administration nd*, country: USA150, *after 14 days of
incidence: 4/6, sa. const.: nonlactating AFB1-administration
Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in Aflatoxin M1
cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
information please see the article), (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
conc.: nd*, country: USA150, *after 14 days contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
of AFB1-administration AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations for
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
7 additional days), conc.: 1.73 ng/g*,
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination:
country: USA93, *left ventricle, **after 4 days
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg
(thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration)
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1), o., for
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
10 days; for detailed information please
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
see the article), conc. range: 4.5–5.1 ng
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: 4.8 ng AFB1 eq/g*,
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
country: The Netherlands/UK/France397,
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
*after a 10-day period of consumption of
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
contaminated peanut meal
for 7 additional days); for detailed
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
information please see the article),
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
conc.: 0.78 ng/g*, country: USA93, *right
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination:
ventricle, **after 4 days (thereof 3 days
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg
with AFB1-administration)
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1; but
decontaminated afterwards), o., for incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating
10 days; for detailed information please Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: The AF (for detailed information please see
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150,
period of consumption of decontaminated control
peanut meal incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
Aflatoxin B2 artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards),
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no o., over 14 days; for detailed information
AF (for detailed information please see please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150, USA150, *after 14 days of
control AFB1-administration
Cow 115

incidence: 4/6, sa. const.: nonlactating Aflatoxicol

Holstein dairy cows, contamination: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed 600 kg, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
conc. range: <0.05 mg/kg*, country: conc.: 2.6 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in
USA150, *after 14 days of AFB1- cow that died, **after 60 h
administration
Aflatoxin B1
T-2 Toxin incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial 600 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
gun; for detailed information please see conc.: 3.3 ng/g* **, country: USA92,
the article), conc.: 0.8 ppb*, country: *in cow that died, **after 60 h
USA180, *no statement when found incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
Cow intestine may contain the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
following mycotoxins and/or their AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
metabolites: AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
Aflatoxin B1 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows for 7 additional days); for detailed
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, information please see the article),
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg conc. range: 0.02*–1.32** ng/g, country:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed USA93, after 10* or 4** days
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no
for 7 additional days); for detailed AF (for detailed information please see
information please see the article), conc. the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150,
range: 0.025*–1.34** ng/g***, country: *control
USA93, after 10* or 4** days, ***in incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
intestine, small (caudal part) Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
Aflatoxin M1
cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards),
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
o., over 14 days; for detailed information
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
please see the article), conc.: nd*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
country: USA150, *after 14 days of
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
AFB1-administration
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
incidence: 2/5, sa. const.: nonlactating
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
for 7 additional days); for detailed
artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
information please see the article), conc.:
cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed
2.34* ng/g**, country: USA93, *after 4 days
information please see the article),
(thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration),
conc. range: tr – <0.005 mg/kg*,
**in intestine, small (caudal part)
country: USA150, *after 14 days of
AFB1-administration
Cow kidney may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
metabolites: cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
116 Cow

10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., period of consumption of

twice daily over a 14-day period; for decontaminated peanut meal
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating
cow, contamination: artificial (dose: Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no
50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., AF (for detailed information please see
twice daily over a 14-day period; for the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150,
detailed information please see the *control
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
cow, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
(dose: 250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards),
unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day o., over 14 days; for detailed information
period; for detailed information please please see the article), conc.: nd*,
see the article), conc.: nd* **, country: country: USA150, *after 14 days of
USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days AFB1-administration
with AFB1-administration), **but incidence: 4/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
significant radioactivity occurred Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
cow, contamination: artificial cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed
(dose: 1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and information please see the article),
unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day conc.: nd*, country: USA150, *after 14 days
period; for detailed information please of AFB1-administration
see the article), conc.: 0.22 mg/kg*,
country: USA319, *after 15 days (thereof Aflatoxin M1
14 days with AFB1-administration) incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination: (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
artificial (dose: peanut meal (3.5 mg conc.: 20 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1), o., for cow that died, **after 60 h
10 days; for detailed information please incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
see the article), conc. range: 36.8–38.9 ng (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: 37.85 ng AFB1 eq/g*, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
country: The Netherlands/UK/France397, AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
*after a 10-day period of consumption of AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
contaminated peanut meal 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating for 7 additional days); for detailed
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: information please see the article),
3–4 years, wt.t: 500–550 kg, conc. range: 0.11*–56.64** ng/g, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: peanut USA93, after 10* or 4** days
meal (3.5 mg AFB1/kg) spiked with
labeled AFB1; but decontaminated incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating
afterwards), o., for 10 days; for detailed Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no AF
information please see the article), conc. (for detailed information please see the
range: 2.7–3.0 ng AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: article), conc.: nd, country: USA150, *control
2.85 ng AFB1 eq/g*, country: The incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
Cow 117

artificial (dose: total of 148.54 mg AFB1 in detailed information please see the
cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards), article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA319,
o., over 14 days; for detailed information *after15 days (thereof 14 days with
please see the article), conc.: nd*, AFB1-administration), **but significant
country: USA150, after 14 days of radioactivity occurred
AFB1-administration incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: nonlactating cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: 1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled)),
artificial (dose: total of 148.54 mg AFB1 o., twice daily over a 14-day period; for
in cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc.: 0.72 mg/kg*, country:
article), conc. range: £0.3 mg/kg*, USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days
country: USA150, *after 14 days of with AFB1-administration)
AFB1-administration
HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Jersey milking
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
cows, age: adult, contamination: artificial
weight: 365 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 385–1,925 mg ZEA/kg + (20 mg
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling
AFB1/kg), o., for 7 weeks; for detailed
gun; for detailed information please
information please see the article), conc.
see the article), conc.: 2.2 ppb*, country:
range: tr–0.7 mg/kg*, country: UK267,
USA180, *no statement when found
*after 7 weeks of (AFB1-) and
ZEA-administration; Ochratoxin A
AFB1 accidentally in the diet incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Jersey milking
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Jersey milking cows, age: adult, contamination: artificial
cows, age: adult, contamination: artificial (dose: 317–1,125 mg OTA/kg + (20 mg
(dose: 317–1,125 mg OTA/kg + (20 mg AFB1/kg), o., for 11 weeks; for detailed
AFB1/kg), o., for 11 weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), pr*, country: UK267, *after 11 weeks of
conc. range: 0.2 mg/kg*, country: UK267, (AFB1-) and OTA-administration; AFB1
*after 11 weeks of (AFB1-) and accidentally in the diet
OTA-administration;
AFB1 accidentally in the diet
Cow liver may contain the following
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
cows, contamination: artificial (dose:
Aflatoxicol
10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
twice daily over a 14-day period; for
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
detailed information please see the
600 kg, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: na, country: USA319
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
conc.: 0.88 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in
cows, contamination: artificial (dose:
cow that died, **after 60 h
50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
twice daily over a 14-day period; for Aflatoxin B1
detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy 600 kg, contamination: artificial
cows, contamination: artificial (dose: (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., conc.: 5.1 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in
twice daily over a 14-day period; for cow that died, **after 60 h
118 Cow

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows with AFB1-administration), **but

(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, significant radioactivity occurred
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after 1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations o., twice daily over a 14-day period; for
for 7 additional days); for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc. article), conc.: 0.09 mg/kg*, country:
range: 0.03*–7.12** ng/g, country: USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days
USA93, after 10* or 4** days with AFB1-administration)
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
AF (for detailed information please see 3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination:
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150, artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg
*control AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1), o., for
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating 10 days; for detailed information please
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: see the article), conc. range: 252.2–
artificial (dose: total of 148.54 mg AFB1 in 278.6 ng AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: 265.4 ng
cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards), AFB1 eq/g*, country: The Netherlands/
o., over 14 days; for detailed information UK/France397, *after a 10-day period of
please see the article), conc.: nd*, consumption of contaminated peanut
country: USA150, *after 14 days of meal
AFB1-administration incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: nonlactating Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: 3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg,
artificial (dose: total of 148.54 mg AFB1 in contamination: artificial (dose: peanut
cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed meal ((3.5 mg AFB1/kg) spiked with
information please see the article), conc. labeled AFB1; but decontaminated
range: 0.1–>0.1 mg/kg, country: USA150, afterwards), o., for 10 days; for detailed
*after 14 days of AFB1-administration information please see the article), conc.
range: 0.2–11.6 ng AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
5.9 ng AFB1 eq/g*, country: The
cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day
10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
period of consumption of
twice daily over a 14-day period; for
decontaminated peanut meal
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating
cow, contamination: artificial (dose: Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no
50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., AF (for detailed information please see
twice daily over a 14-day period; for the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150,
detailed information please see the *control
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
cow, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in
(dose: 250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards),
unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day o., over 14 days; for detailed information
period; for detailed information please please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
see the article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA150, *after 14 days of
USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days AFB1-administration
Cow 119

incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: nonlactating incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
artificial (dose: 148.54 mg AFB1 in 10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for detailed twice daily over a 14-day period; for
information please see the article), conc. detailed information please see the
range: 0.025–>0.025 mg/kg*, country: article), conc.: na, country: USA319
USA150, *after 14 days of AFB1- incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
administration cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
Aflatoxin M1 twice daily over a 14-day period; for
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow detailed information please see the
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: article), conc.: na, country: USA319
600 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc.: 4.3 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in 250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
cow that died, **after 60 h twice daily over a 14-day period; for
detailed information please see the
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA319,
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
*after 15 days (thereof 14 days with
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
AFB1-administration), **but significant
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed
radioactivity occurred
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations
cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
for 7 additional days); for detailed
1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
information please see the article), conc.
o., twice daily over a 14-day period; for
range: 0.023*–6.09** ng/g, country:
detailed information please see the
USA93, after 10* or 4** days
article), conc.: 0.16 mg/kg*, country:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: nonlactating USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days
Holstein dairy cows, contamination: no with AFB1-administration)
AF (for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA150,
*control
Cow lung may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
Aflatoxin B1
artificial (dose: total of 148.54 mg AFB1 in
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards),
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
o., over 14 days; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow
USA150, *after 14 days of AFB1-
was fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other
administration
cow, after 3 days of dosing, was fed
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: nonlactating
AF-free rations for 7 additional days);
Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
for detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: total of 148.54 mg AFB1
article), conc.: 0.60 ng/g*, country: USA93,
in cottonseed, o., over 14 days; for
*after 4 days (thereof 3 days with AFB1-
detailed information please see the
administration)
article), conc. range: tr–0.15 mg/kg*,
country: USA150, *after 14 days of incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
AFB1-administration Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
120 Cow

3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination: fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
artificial (dose: peanut meal (3.5 mg after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1), o., for rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
10 days; for detailed information please information please see the article),
see the article), conc. range: 10.7–13.2 ng conc.: 0.30 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in
AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: 11.95 ng AFB1 eq/g*, supramammary lymph nodes, **after
country: The Netherlands/UK/France397, 4 days (thereof 3 days with AFB1-
*after a 10-day period of consumption of administration)
contaminated peanut meal
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating Aflatoxin M1
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination: (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
artificial (dose: peanut meal (3.5 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1; but AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
decontaminated afterwards), o., for fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
10 days; for detailed information please after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: The rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day information please see the article), conc.:
period of consumption of 0.70 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in
decontaminated peanut meal supramammary lymph nodes, **after
4 days (thereof 3 days with
Aflatoxin M1 AFB1-administration)
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, Cow mammary gland may contain
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg the following mycotoxins and/or their
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was metabolites:
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, Aflatoxin B1
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
0.90 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after 4 days AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
(thereof 3 days with AFB1- fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
administration) after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
HT-2 Toxin rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, information please see the article), conc.:
wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial 0.60 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after 4 days
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling (thereof 3 days with AFB1-
gun; for detailed information please see administration)
the article), conc.: 1.2 ppb*, country:
USA180, *no statement when found Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
Cow lymph may contain the following (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
Aflatoxin B1 fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
Cow 121

24.5 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after 4 days artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o.,
(thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration) once), conc. range: ȣ0.2 ng/g* **,
country: USA92, *in milk of cow that
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
survived, **after 60 h (also at other hour
cows, contamination: artificial (dose:
intervals up to 120 h measured, lowest
10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
conc.: »0.01 ng/g after 120 h) (mycotoxin
twice daily over a 14-day period; for
values very approximately)
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy incidence: 12/12 milk sa., sa. const.: milk
cows, contamination: artificial (dose: from Holstein cow (midlactation period),
50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination:
twice daily over a 14-day period; for artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o.,
detailed information please see the once), conc. range: ȣ10 ng/g* **,
article), conc.: na, country: USA319 country: USA92, *in milk of cow that died,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy **after 60 h (also at other hour intervals
cows, contamination: artificial (dose: up to 60 h measured, lowest conc.:
250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o., »1 ng/g after 24 h) (mycotoxin values very
twice daily over a 14-day period; for approximately)
detailed information please see the incidence: 26/27 milk sa., sa. const.: milk
article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA319, from Holstein cow (midlactation period),
*after 15 days (thereof 14 days with age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination:
AFB1-administration), **but significant artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o.,
radioactivity occurred once), conc. range: ȣ8 ng/g* **, country:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy USA92, *in milk of cow that survived,
cow, contamination: artificial (dose: **after »70 h (also at other hour intervals
1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), up to 240 h measured, lowest conc.:
o., twice daily over a 14-day period; »0.01 ng/g after 240 h) (mycotoxin values
for detailed information please see the very approximately)
article), conc.: 0.27 mg/kg*, country:
USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days incidence: 16*/26*, sa. const.: milk from
with AFB1-administration) Holstein cows (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–
544.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Cow milk, raw may contain the 0.35 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow
following mycotoxins and/or their was fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other
metabolites: cow, after 3 days of dosing, was fed
AF-free rations for 7 additional days); for
Aflatoxicol
detailed information please see the
incidence: 12/12 milk sa., sa. const.: milk
article), conc. range: £1.00 and £1.18 ng/
from Holstein cow (midlactation period),
ml**, country: USA93, *milk sa. from both
age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination:
cows, **these highest values measured at
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o.,
the 3rd day in the case of cow 1 and cow 2
once), conc. range: ȣ1.1 ng/g* **,
(always lower values measured up to
country: USA92, *in milk of cow that died,
4 days (then slaughtered) in the case of
**after 60 h (also at other hour intervals
cow 1 and always lower values measured
up to 60 h measured, lowest conc.:
up to 10 days (then slaughtered) in the
»<0.05 ng/g after 24 h) (mycotoxin values
case of cow 2), for overall information
very approximately)
please see the article
incidence: 16/17 milk sa., sa. const.: milk
from Holstein cow (midlactation period), incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination: from cows at peak lactation,
122 Cow

contamination: artificial (dose: 80 mg incidence: ?/18? milk sa., sa. const.: milk
AFB1, o., daily for 3 weeks; for detailed from lactating cow, wt.: 600 kg,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 300 mg
290 ppb* **, country: USA169, *in dried AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2, 44% AFG1?, o.,
milk, **1 day after withdrawal (also once), conc.: 492 mg* (total amount
measured 2, 3 and 4 days after found), country: UK40, *collected over a
withdrawal, lowest conc.: 175 ppb after period of 9 days
4 days)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from late-
incidence: 20/20 milk sa., sa. const.: milk lactation Holstein dairy cows, Ø wt.:
from lactating Francaise Frisonne Pie 544 kg, contamination: artificial
Noire cows, age: 3–4 years, wt.: 500– (dose: 100 mg AF/kg feed and 1.0% HSCAS
550 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: in period 2 or 200 mg AF/kg feed and
peanut meal ((3.5 mg AFB1/kg) spiked 0.5% HSCAS in period 2*, conc. range:
with labeled AFB1), o., for 10 days; for 0.51–1.99 mg/l** (mean values), country:
detailed information please see the USA77, *period = 7 days, 3 periods in all
article), conc. range: 4.6–6.0 mg (1st and 3rd period only AF given)
AFB1 eq/l*, country: The Netherlands/UK/ **values of all trials (for detailed
France397, *fed contaminated peanut meal information please see the article)
incidence: 20/20 milk sa., sa. const.: milk incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
from lactating Francaise Frisonne Pie Holstein cows (midlactation),
Noire cows, age: 3–4 years, wt.: 500– contamination: artificial (dose: 13 mg
550 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: AFB1 (pure/impure), via rumen orifice,
peanut meal ((3.5 mg AFB1/kg) spiked daily for 7 days; for detailed information
with labeled AFB1; but decontaminated please see the article) conc. range:
afterwards), o., for 10 days; for detailed £10.58 ppb* ** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc. USA83, *6 animals received pure and 3
range: £0.8 mg AFB1 eq/l*, country: The animals impure AFB1 (13 mg),
Netherlands/UK/France397, *fed **after 2–7 days of treatment
decontaminated peanut meal incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from a
Holstein cow (midlactation),
Aflatoxin M1
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 mg
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
AFB1 (pure), via rumen orifice, daily for
Friesian and Friesian X dairy cows,
7 days; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: between
the article) conc.: 1.35 ppb* (mean value),
155 and 244 mg AFB1, o., daily; for detailed
country: USA83, *after 2–7 days of
information please see the article), conc.
treatment
range: 0.15–0.26 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 0.21 mg/l*,
country: UK39, *in bulk milk collected incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from Danish
for 7 days black and white breed, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from artificial (dose: 57 mg AFB1 in feed/day,
Friesian and Friesian X dairy cows, for 8 weeks?; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: between please see the article), conc. range:
155 and 244 mg AFB1, o., daily; for 27–74 ng/kg*, country: Denmark85,
detailed information please see the *during 8 weeks a milk sa. from each cow
article), conc. range: <0.01–0.33 mg/l, analysed once a week
country: UK39 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from Danish
black and white breed, contamination:
Cow 123

artificial (dose: 142 mg AFB1 in feed/day, incidence: 27/27 milk sa., sa. const.: milk
for 8 weeks?; for detailed information please from Holstein cow (midlactation period),
see the article), conc. range: 38–128 ng/kg*, age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination:
country: Denmark85, *during 8 weeks a milk artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o.,
sa. from each cow analysed once a week once), conc. range: ȣ70 ng/g* **,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from Danish country: USA92, *in milk of cow that
black and white breed, contamination: survived, **after »43 h (also at other hour
artificial (dose: 226 mg AFB1 in feed/day, intervals up to 240 h measured, lowest
for 8 weeks?; for detailed information conc.: »<0.05 ng/g after 240 h)
please see the article), conc. range: (mycotoxin values very approximately)
60–271 ng/kg*, country: Denmark85,
*during 8 weeks a milk sa. from each cow incidence: 24*/26*, sa. const.: milk from
analysed once a week Holstein cows (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from Danish 544.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
black and white breed, contamination: 0.35 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one
artificial (dose: 311 mg AFB1 in feed/day, cow was fed AF-rations for 3 days, the
for 8 weeks?; for detailed information other cow, after 3 days of dosing, was fed
please see the article), conc. range: AF-free rations for 7 additional days); for
96–138 ng/kg*, country: Denmark85, detailed information please see the
*during 8 weeks a milk sa. from each cow article), conc. range: £23.40** and
analysed once a week £32.80*** ng/ml, country: USA93, *milk sa.
from both cows, these highest values
incidence: ?/8 animals, sa. const.: milk measured at the **2nd day in the case of
from Holstein-Friesian lactating cows, cow 2 and at the ***3rd day in the case of
contamination: artificial (dose: 120 mg cow 1 (always lower values measured up
AFB1/kg in ammoniated peanut meal, o., to 4 days (then slaughtered) in the case of
daily for 9 days (1,080 mg in total); cow 1 and always lower values measured
for detailed information please see the up to 10 days (then slaughtered) in the
article), conc. range: £0.070 mg/l* **, case of cow 2), for overall information
country: France86, *total amount found: please see the article
52 mg AFM1, **at day 8
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
Holstein-Friesian lactating cows, Holstein dairy cattles, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: »8–9 mg artificial (dose: 650 mg AF/kg in non-
AFB1/kg in untreated peanut meal, o., ammoniated cottonseeds fed; for detailed
for 16 months; for detailed information information please see the article), conc.
please see the article), conc. range: range: £1.8 mg/l (mean value), country:
£0.510 mg/l*, country: France86, *total USA107
amount found: 1,247 mg AFM1 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
Holstein dairy cattles, contamination:
incidence: 12/12 milk sa., sa. const.: milk artificial (dose: 15–80 mg AF/kg in
from Holstein cow (midlactation period), ammoniated cottonseeds fed; for detailed
age: 5 years, wt.: 600 kg, contamination: information please see the article), conc.
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., range: £0.18 mg/l (mean value),
once), conc. range: ȣ200 ng/g* **, country: USA107
country: USA92, *in milk of cow that died,
**after »10 h (also at other hour intervals incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
up to 60 h measured, lowest conc.: lactating cows, contamination: artificial
»<40 ng/g after »35 h) (mycotoxin values (dose: 10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and
very approximately) unlabeled) in concentrate, o., twice daily
124 Cow

for 14 days; for detailed information see the article), conc.: 5.15 mg/l
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: (mean value), country: USA150 (also at other
USA137, *at day 4 and 8 of feeding AFB1 day intervals over 9 days measured, lowest
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from conc.: 2.5 mg/l after 2 days)
lactating cows, contamination: artificial
(dose: 50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: milk from
unlabeled) in concentrate, o., twice daily lactating Holstein cows, contamination:
for 14 days; for detailed information artificial (dose: no AFB1; for detailed
please see the article), conc. range: information please see the article),
0.1 mg/l* (mean value), country: USA137, conc.: »0.2 mg/l (mean value), country:
*at day 4 and 8 of feeding AFB1 USA157, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk
lactating cows, contamination: artificial from lactating Holstein cows,
(dose: 250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
unlabeled) in concentrate, o., twice daily AFB1/kg complete feed, o., for 192 h; for
for 14 days; for detailed information detailed information please see the
please see the article), conc. range: article), conc.: 0.33 mg/l* ** (mean value),
0.23*and 0.26** mg/l (mean values), country: USA157, *after 120 h (also at
country: USA137, at day 8* or 4** of other hour intervals up to 264 h
feeding AFB1 measured), **cows with low milk
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from production level
lactating cows, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk
(dose: 1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and from lactating Holstein cows,
unlabeled) in concentrate, o., twice daily contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
for 14 days; for detailed information AFB1/kg complete feed, o., for 192 h; for
please see the article), conc. range: 0.82* detailed information please see the
and 0.88** mg/l (mean values), country: article), conc.: 0.36 mg/l* ** (mean value),
USA137, at day 4* or 8** of feeding AFB1 country: USA157, *after 120 h (also at
other hour intervals up to 264 h
incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: milk from a measured), **cows with high milk
Holstein cow (mid-lactation), production level
contamination: artificial (dose: 26 ppm incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk
AFB1, into fistulated rumen, twice daily from lactating Holstein cows,
for 7 days), conc.: »10 ppb*, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 48 mg
USA147, *on day 3 AFB1/kg complete feed, o., for 192 h;
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 5/5 animals, sa. const.: milk
article), conc.: 0.51 mg/l* ** (mean value),
from Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
country: USA157, *after 132 h (also at
artificial (dose: 5.82 mg AFB1/day in
other hour intervals up to 264 h
cottonseed (but ammoniated afterwards),
measured), **cows with low milk
o., for 9 days; for detailed information
production level
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk
USA150 (also at other day intervals over
from lactating Holstein cows,
9 days measured)
contamination: artificial (dose: 48 mg
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk from
AFB1/kg complete feed, o., for 192 h;
Holstein dairy cows, contamination:
for detailed information please see the
artificial
article), conc.: 0.74 mg/l* ** (mean value),
(dose: 5.82 mg AFB1/day in cottonseed, o.,
country: USA157, *after 132 h (also at
for 9 days; for detailed information please
other hour intervals up to 264 h
Cow 125

measured), **cows with high milk AFB1/kg in contaminated corn, o.,

production level for 192 h?; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk see the article), conc.: 0.51 mg/l*
from lactating Holstein cows, (mean value), country: USA157, *cows with
contamination: artificial (dose: 104 mg high milk production level
AFB1/kg complete feed, o., for 192 h; for
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from cows,
detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.5 ppm
article), conc.: 1.72 mg/l* ** (mean value),
AFB1 in groundnut meal (in various
country: USA157, *after 120 h (also at
portions fed, here 13.5% portion, AFB1-
other hour intervals up to 264 h
intake 5.0 mg/day) + hay + concentrate
measured), **cows with low milk
mix, o., for ? days; for detailed
production level
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk
3.0 mg/l* ** *** (mean value), country:
from lactating Holstein cows,
UK171, *in liquid milk, **within period of
contamination: artificial (dose: 104 mg
AFB1-administration, ***lower
AFB1/kg complete feed, o., for 192 h;
AFB1-intake values (mg/day) resulted in
for detailed information please see the
lower residue values
article), conc.: 1.50 mg/l* ** (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from cows,
country: USA157, *after 120 h (also at
contamination: artificial (dose: 18.8 ppm
other hour intervals up to 264 h
AFB1 in groundnut meal (in various
measured), **cows with high milk
portions fed, here 20% portion,
production level
AFB1-intake 24.5 mg/
incidence: ?/3 animals, sa. const.:
day) + hay + concentrate mix, o., for ?
milk from lactating Holstein cows,
days; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: 44 mg
the article), conc.: 13.3 mg/l* ** *** (mean
AFB1/kg in contaminated cottonseed
value), country: UK171, *in liquid milk,
meal, o., for 192 h?; for detailed
**within period of AFB1-administration,
information please see the article), conc.:
***lower AFB1-intake values (mg/day)
0.59 mg/l* (mean value), country: USA157,
resulted in lower residue values
*cows with low milk production level
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from cows,
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.5 ppm
from lactating Holstein cows,
AFB1 in groundnut meal (in various
contamination: artificial (dose: 44 mg
portions fed, here 7.5% portion, AFB1-intake
AFB1/kg in contaminated cottonseed
0.90 mg/day) + grass + concentrate mix, o.,
meal, o., for 192 h?; for detailed
for ? days; for detailed information please
information please see the article), conc.:
see the article), conc.: 0.33 mg/l* ** ***
0.62 mg/l* (mean value), country: USA157,
(mean value), country: UK171, *in liquid milk,
*cows with high milk production level
**within period of AFB1-administration,
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.:
***lower AFB1-intake values (mg/day)
milk from lactating Holstein cows,
resulted in lower residue values
contamination: artificial (dose: 49 mg
AFB1/kg in contaminated corn, o., incidence: 12/12 animals, sa. const.: milk
for 192 h?; for detailed information please from cows in early lactation (2–4 weeks),
see the article), conc.: 0.55 mg/l* contamination: artificial (dose: »39 mg
(mean value), country: USA157, *cows with AFB1/day, o., for 14 days; for detailed
low milk production level information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/4 animals, sa. const.: milk range: £0.07 mg/kg* (£3.0 mg/day*),
from lactating Holstein cows, country: The Netherlands211, *within
contamination: artificial (dose: 49 mg
126 Cow

period of AFB1-administration, early country: Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of the

lactation 1st week
incidence: 8/8 animals, sa. const.: milk incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
from cows in late lactation (34–36 weeks), multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
contamination: artificial (dose: »34 mg age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial
AFB1/day, o., for 14 days; for detailed (dose: 56.40 mg AFB1/day + HSCAS (2%),
information please see the article), conc. o., for 7 days; for detailed information
range: £0.04 mg/kg* (£1.0 mg/day*), please see the article), conc.: 10.48 ng/l*
country: The Netherlands211, *within (mean value), country: Italy231, *on days
period of AFB1-administration, late 3 to 7 of the 2nd week
lactation incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
incidence: 8/8 animals, sa. const.: milk multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
from individual low milk-yielding cows, age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: »35 mg (dose: 67.15 mg AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; for
AFB1/day, o., for 14 days; for detailed detailed information please see the article),
information please see the article), conc. conc.: 17.25 ng/l* (mean value), country:
range: £0.08 mg/kg* (£1.7 mg/day*), Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of the 3rd week
country: The Netherlands211, *within incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
period of AFB1-administration multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
incidence: 8/8 animals, sa. const.: milk age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial
from individual low milk-yielding cows, (dose: 56.40 mg AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; for
contamination: artificial (dose: »56 mg detailed information please see the article),
AFB1/day, o., for 14 days; for detailed conc.: 15.88 ng/l* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc. Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of the 1st week
range: £0.16 mg/kg* (£2.4 mg/day*), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
country: The Netherlands211, *within multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
period of AFB1-administration age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 8/8 animals, sa. const.: milk (dose: 56.40 mg AFB1/day + CAC1 (2%), o.,
from individual high milk-yielding cows, for 7 days; for detailed information please
contamination: artificial (dose: »35 mg see the article), conc.: 8.68 ng/l* (mean
AFB1/day, o., for 14 days; for detailed value), country: Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of
information please see the article), conc. the 2nd week
range: £0.04 mg/kg* (£1.9 mg/day*), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
country: The Netherlands211, *within multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
period of AFB1-administration age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 8/8 animals, sa. const.: milk (dose: 67.15 mg AFB1/day, o., for 7 days;
from individual high milk-yielding cows, for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: »56 mg article), conc.: 17.83 ng/l* (mean value),
AFB1/day, o., for 14 days; for detailed country: Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of the
information please see the article), conc. 3rd week
range: £0.12 mg/kg* (£3.8 mg/day*), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
country: The Netherlands211, *within multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
period of AFB1-administration age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from (dose: 56.40 mg AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; for
multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows, detailed information please see the article),
age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial conc.: 15.83 ng/l* (mean value), country:
(dose: 56.40 mg AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of the 1st week
for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
article), conc.: 15.52 ng/l* (mean value), multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows,
Cow 127

age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial article), conc. range: £12.64 nmol*,
(dose: 56.40 mg AFB1/day + CAC2 (2%), o., country: Germany279, *in dose phase
for 7 days; for detailed information please (20th–44th day)
see the article), conc.: 12.35 ng/l*
(mean value), country: Italy231, *on days incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: milk from
3 to 7 of the 2nd week crossbred lactating cows, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from no AFB1 (for detailed information please
multiparous late-lactation Friesian cows, see the article), conc.: 2.53 ppt**, country:
age: 30–33 weeks, contamination: artificial India286, *control, **after 14 days of
(dose: 67.15 mg AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; for feeding
detailed information please see the article), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
conc.: 18.41 ng/l* (mean value), country: crossbred lactating cows, contamination:
Italy231, *on days 3 to 7 of the 3rd week artificial (dose: 25 ppb AFB1 in concentrate
mixture “B”, o., for 11 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from Jersey information please see the article), conc.
milking cows, age: adult, contamination: range: £47.79 ppt* (total: 0.446 mg
artificial (dose: 385–1,925 mg ZEA/ AFM1/cow*), country: India286, *after 7 days
kg + (20 mg AFB1/kg), o., for 7 weeks; incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
for detailed information please see the crossbred lactating cows, contamination:
article), conc. range: tr–0.6 mg/kg*, artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFB1 in
country: UK267, *after 7 weeks, *after concentrate mixture “C”, o., for 6 days; for
7 weeks of (AFB1-) and ZEA- detailed information please see the
administration; AFB1 accidentally in the article), conc. range: £68.14 ppt (total:
diet 0.586 mg AFM1/cow), country: India286,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from Jersey *after 6 days
milking cows, age: adult, contamination: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
artificial (dose: 317–1,125 mg OTA/ crossbred lactating cows, contamination:
kg + (20 mg AFB1/kg), o., for 11 weeks; artificial (dose: 75 ppb AFB1 in
for detailed information please see the concentrate mixture “D”, o., for 13 days;
article), conc. range: 0.06 mg/kg*, country: for detailed information please see the
UK267, *after 11 weeks, *after 11 weeks of article), conc. range: £127.44 ppt* (total:
(AFB1-) and OTA-administration; AFB1 0.814 mg AFM1/cow)*, country: India286,
accidentally in the diet *after 13 days
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from
crossbred lactating cows, contamination:
lactating cows, contamination: no AFB1
artificial (dose: 100 ppb AFB1 in
(for detailed information please see the
concentrate mixture “E”, o., for 11 days;
article), conc.: ?, country: Germany279
for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/2? animals, sa. const.: milk
article), conc. range: £273.22 ppt* (total:
from lactating cows, contamination:
1,996 mg AFM1/cow*), country: India286,
artificial (dose: 0.2 mg AFB1/day + 7.0 mg
*after 11 days
PCB/day, o., for 10 and 30 days, resp.?; for
detailed information please see the article), incidence: 20/20 milk sa., sa. const.: milk
conc. range: £2.17 nmol*, country: from lactating Francaise Frisonne Pie
Germany279, *in anamnesis phase Noir cows, age: 3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg,
incidence: ?/2? animals, sa. const.: milk contamination: artificial (dose: peanut
from lactating cows, contamination: meal ((3.5 mg AFB1/kg) spiked with
artificial (dose: 0.2 mg AFB1/day + 7.0 mg labeled AFB1), o., for 10 days; for detailed
PCB/day, o., for 10 and 30 days, resp.?; for information please see the article), conc.
detailed information please see the range: 2.3–3.5 mg/l*, country: The
128 Cow

Netherlands/UK/France397, *fed see the article), conc.: 0.03 mg/kg** (mean

contaminated peanut meal value) (1.0 mg/day**, mean value),
incidence: 20/20 milk sa., sa. const.: milk country: The Netherlands567, *control,
from lactating Francaise Frisonne Pie **sa. taken on day 12 and 14
Noir cows, age: 3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, incidence: ?/3 animals, sa. const.: milk
contamination: artificial (dose: peanut from from crossbreeds of Dutch Friesian
meal ((3.5 mg AFB1/kg) spiked with cows and Holstein Friesians (early-mid
labeled AFB1; but decontaminated lactation), contamination: artificial (dose:
afterwards), o., for 10 days; for detailed 2.8 mg AFB1/kg compound feed + 1%
information please see the article), conc. HSCAS, o., for 14 days; for detailed
range: 0.1 mg/l*, country: The information please see the article), conc.:
Netherlands/UK/France397, *fed 0.03 mg/kg* (mean value) (1.0 mg/day*,
decontaminated peanut meal mean value), country: The Netherlands567,
*sa. taken on day 12 and 14
incidence: ?/8 animals, sa. const.: milk
incidence: ?/3 animals, sa. const.: milk
from crossbreeds of Dutch Friesian cows
from from crossbreeds of Dutch Friesian
and Holstein Friesians (early-mid
cows and Holstein Friesians (early-mid
lactation), contamination: artificial (dose:
lactation), contamination: artificial (dose:
4 mg AFB1/kg, o., for 5 days; for detailed
2.1 mg AFB1/kg compound feed + 1%
information please see the article), conc.:
bentonite, o., for 14 days; for detailed
0.01 mg/kg* (mean value) (0.3 mg/day*,
information please see the article), conc.:
mean value), country: The Netherlands567,
0.02 mg/kg* (mean value) (0.7 mg/day*,
*after 6 and 7 days
mean value), country: The Netherlands567,
incidence: ?/8 animals, sa. const.: milk
*sa. taken on day 12 and 14
from crossbreeds of Dutch Friesian cows
and Holstein Friesians (early-mid incidence: 1/1 animals, sa. const.: milk
lactation), contamination: artificial (dose: from a cow, age: 5 years, wt.: 200 kg,
12 mg AFB1/kg, o., for 5 days; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: up to
information please see the article), conc.: 4.468 mg* AFB1/kg ration, o., at day 9* (5
0.08 mg/kg* (mean value) (2.08 mg/day*, different dose applicated over 9 days); for
mean value), country: The Netherlands567, detailed information please see the
*after 6 and 7 days article), conc.: £0.088 mg/ml**, country:
incidence: ?/8 animals, sa. const.: milk Egypt575, **at the 9th day (also at other
from crossbreeds of Dutch Friesian cows day intervals up to 15 days measured,
and Holstein Friesians (early-mid lowest conc.: nd after 15 days)
lactation), contamination: artificial (dose:
12 mg AFB1/kg + 1% bentonite, o., for Aflatoxin M
5 days; for detailed information please see incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: milk from cows
the article), conc.: 0.05 mg/kg* (mean at peak lactation, contamination: artificial
value) (1.36 mg/day*, mean value), (dose: 80 mg AFB1, o., daily for 3 weeks;
country: The Netherlands567, *after 6 and for detailed information please see the
7 days article), conc.: 1,500 ppb* ** ***, country:
incidence: ?/3 animals*, sa. const.: milk USA169, *in dried milk, **1 week before
from from crossbreeds of Dutch Friesian withdrawal (up to 7 days after withdrawal
cows and Holstein Friesians (early-mid measured, lowest conc.: 160 ppb after
lactation), contamination: artificial (dose: 4 days), ***lower AFB1-amounts given in
2.8 mg AFB1/kg compound feed, o., for combination with longer application
14 days; for detailed information please periods resulted in lower residue values
Cow 129

Deepoxydeoxynivalenol incidence: 3/11 milk sa., sa. const.: milk from

incidence: 20*/72*, sa. const.: 2 Holstein cow, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 g
dairy cows, 1 Ayrshire dairy cow, wt.: crystalline ZEA, o., once), conc. range: tr*,
»450 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Hungary/USA123, *at 96, 108
66 mg DON/kg, o., for 5 days; for detailed and 120 h (also at other hour intervals
information please see the article), conc. up to 120 h measured, lowest conc.: nd up
range: £26 ng/ml** (1.12 mg** in total, to 84 h)
mean value), country: USA278, *milk sa.
a-Zearalenol
from all 3 cows, **after 5 days of
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
application (also at other day intervals up
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
to 12 days measured, lowest conc.: nd at the
580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
beginning and the end of the experiment;
544.5 mg ZEA/day, o., for 21 days), conc.
for detailed information please see the
range: £3.0 ng/ml*, country: Canada79,
article)
*on day 2 (also at other day intervals up
Fumonisin B1 to 9 days measured, lowest conc.:
incidence: 3/3 animals, sa. const.: milk »0.45 ng/ml after 5 days)
from black-pied Holstein Friesian cows, incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
FB1/cow (»50 mg FB1/kg b. wt.), i.v., once; 580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
for detailed information please see the 1.8 g ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc. range:
article), conc. range: 0.27*–1.16** mg/kg, £1.5 ng/ml*, country: Canada79,
country: Germany274, after 10* and **4 h *on day 2 (also at other day intervals up
of application (also at other hour to 9 days measured, lowest conc.:
intervals up to 58 h measured, lowest nd after 5–9 days)
conc.: nd after 24 h for all 3 cows) incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
Zearalenone 580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 6 g
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc. range:
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480– £4.0 ng/ml*, country: Canada79, *on day 2
580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: (also at other day intervals up to 9 days
544.5 mg ZEA/day, o., for 21 days), conc. measured, lowest conc.: nd after 5 and
range: £2.5 ng/ml*, country: Canada79, 9 days)
*on day 2 (also at other day intervals up
b-Zearalenol
to 9 days measured, lowest conc.: »0.2 ng/
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
ml after 5 days)
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
544.5 mg ZEA/day, o., for 21 days), conc.:
580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
nd-tr, country: Canada79 (also at other day
1.8 g ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc. range:
intervals up to 9 days measured)
£4.0 ng/ml*, country: Canada79, *on day 1
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
(also at other day intervals up to 9 days
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 3–9 days)
580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
1.8 g ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc. range:
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.: 480–
£4.1 ng/ml*, country: Canada79, *on day 1
580 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 6 g
(also at other day intervals up to 9 days
ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc. range:
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 3–9 days)
£6.1 ng/ml*, country: Canada79, *on day 2
incidence: 1/1 animal, sa. const.: milk
(also at other day intervals up to 9 days
from Holstein cross-breed cows, wt.:
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 5–9 days)
130 Cow

480–580 kg, contamination: artificial conc.: 0.53 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in
(dose: 6 g ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc. semitendinosus muscle, **after 4 days
range: £6.6 ng/ml*, country: Canada79, (thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration)
*on day 3 (also at other day intervals up
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
to 9 days measured, lowest conc.: nd after
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
4–9 days)
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination:
incidence: 2/11 milk sa. const.: milk from artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg
cow, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 g AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1), o., for
crystalline ZEA, o., once), conc.: tr*, 10 days; for detailed information please
country: Hungary/USA123, *at 108 and see the article), conc. range: 1.7–2.1 ng
120 h (also at other hour intervals up to AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: 1.9 ng AFB1 eq/g*,
120 h measured, lowest conc.: nd country: The Netherlands/UK/France397,
up to 96 h) *after a 10-day period of consumption of
contaminated peanut meal
Cow muscle may contain the incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating
following mycotoxins and/or their Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age:
metabolites: 3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg
Aflatoxin B1 AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1; but
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows decontaminated afterwards), o., for
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, 10 days; for detailed information please
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg see the article), conc.: nd*, country: The
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, period of consumption of
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free decontaminated peanut meal
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Aflatoxin M1
0.56 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in biceps incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
muscle, **after 4 days (thereof 3 days (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
with AFB1-administration) contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, information please see the article), conc.:
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free 1.19 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in biceps
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed muscle, **after 4 days (thereof 3 days
information please see the article), conc.: with AFB1-administration)
0.31 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
iliopsoas muscle, **after 4 days (thereof (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
3 days with AFB1-administration) contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, information please see the article), conc.:
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free 1.18 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed iliopsoas muscle, **after 4 days (thereof
information please see the article), 3 days with AFB1-administration)
Cow 131

incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, conc. range: »£7 ng/g* **, country: USA92,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg *in cow that survived, **after »60 h
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was (also at other hour intervals up to 190 h
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, measured, lowest conc.: »<0.05 ng/g after
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free »190 h) (mycotoxin values very
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed approximately)
information please see the article), conc.:
1.03 ng/g* **, country: USA93, *in Aflatoxin M1
semitendinosus muscle, **after 4 days incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
(thereof 3 days with AFB1-administration) (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
600 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
Cow plasma may contain the conc. range: ȣ10 ng/g* **, country:
following mycotoxins and/or their USA92, *in cow that died, **after »10 h
metabolites: (also at other hour intervals up to 60 h
measured, lowest conc.: »<5 ng/g after
Aflatoxicol
60 h) (mycotoxin values very
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
approximately)
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
600 kg, contamination: artificial
range: ȣ0.4 ng/g?* **, country: USA92,
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
*in cow that died, **after 60 h (also at
conc. range: ȣ6 ng/g* **, country: USA92,
other hour intervals up to 60 h measured,
*in cow that survived, **after »60 h (also
lowest conc.: »<0.02 ng/g after 24 h)
at other hour intervals up to 220 h
(mycotoxin values very approximately)
measured, lowest conc.: »<0.05 ng/g after
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
220 h) (mycotoxin values very
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
approximately)
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. Fumonisin B1
range: ȣ0.2 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: black-pied
cow that survived, **after »60 h (also at Hostein Friesian cows, contamination:
other hour intervals up to 120 h artificial (dose: 30 mg FB1/cow (»50 mg
measured, lowest conc.: »0.01 ng/g after FB1/kg b. wt.), i.v., once; for detailed
»35, »130, »145 and »155 h) (mycotoxin information please see the article), conc.
values very approximately) range: 0.95*–5.15** mg/kg, country:
Germany274, after 48* and **8 h of
Aflatoxin B1 application (also at other hour intervals
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow up to 58 h measured, lowest conc.: nd
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: after 58 h for all 3 cows)
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: dairy cow, wt.:
range: »£3 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in 452–630 kg, contamination: artificial
cow that died, **after »33 h (also at other (dose: 50 mg FB1/kg b. wt.), i.v., once; for
hour intervals up to 60 h measured, detailed information please see the
lowest conc.: »<0.1 ng/g after »8 h) article), conc. range: »£210 ng/ml,
(mycotoxin values very approximately) country: Canada619, *after »10 min (also at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow other min, hour up to 14 days measured,
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, lowest conc.: nd after 120 min)
wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
132 Cow

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: dairy cow, wt.: USA92, *in cow that survived, **after »25 h
452–630 kg, contamination: artificial (also at other hour intervals up to »144 h
(dose: 200 mg FB1/kg b. wt.), i.v., once; measured, lowest conc.: »0.01 ng/g after
for detailed information please see the »145 h) (mycotoxin values very
article), conc. range: ȣ650 ng/ml, approximately)
country: Canada619, *after »10 min (also at
other min, hour up to 14 days measured, Aflatoxin B1
lowest conc.: nd after 120 min) incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
Zearalenone
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
cross-breed cow, wt.: 480–580 kg,
range: ȣ0.2 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in
contamination: artificial (dose: 544.5 mg
cow that died, **after »8 h (also at other
ZEA/day, o., for 21 days), conc.: £3.0 ng/
hour intervals up to 60 h measured, lowest
ml*, country: Canada79 *on day 3 (also at
conc.: »<0.05 ng/g after »10 and »24 h)
other day intervals up to 5 days measured,
(mycotoxin values very approximately)
lowest conc.: nd after 4 and 5 days)
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cross-
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
breed cow, wt.: 480–580 kg,
600 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.8 g
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc.: £9.0 ng/ml*,
conc. range: ȣ1.5 ng/g* **, country:
country: Canada79, *on day 1 (also at
USA92, *in cow that survived, **after
other day intervals up to 6 days measured,
»50 h (also at other hour intervals up to
lowest conc.: nd after 5 and 6 days)
190 h measured, lowest conc.: »<0.05 ng/g
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein
after 190 h) (mycotoxin values very
cross-breed cow, wt.: 480–580 kg,
approximately)
contamination: artificial (dose: 6 g
ZEA/day, o., for 1 day), conc.: £13.0 ng/
Aflatoxin M1
ml*, country: Canada79, *on day 1 (also at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
other day intervals up to 7 days measured,
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
lowest conc.: nd after 6 and 7 days)
600 kg, contamination: artificial
Cow red blood cells may contain the (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
following mycotoxins and/or their conc. range: ȣ10 ng/g* **, country:
metabolites: USA92, *in cow that died, **after »5 h
(also at other hour intervals up to 60 h
Aflatoxicol measured, lowest conc.: »<3 ng/g after
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow 60 h) (mycotoxin values very
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: approximately)
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
range: ȣ0.1 ng/g* **, country: USA92, *in 600 kg, contamination: artificial
cow that died, **after »25 h (also at other (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
hour intervals up to 60 h measured, conc. range: ȣ3 ng/g* **, country: USA92,
lowest conc.: »<0.05 ng/g after »35 h) *in cow that survived, **after »10 h
(mycotoxin values very approximately) (also at other hour intervals up to 180 h
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow measured, lowest conc.: »<0.05 ng/g
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: after 180 h) (mycotoxin values very
600 kg, contamination: artificial approximately)
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
conc. range: ȣ0.07 ng/g* **, country:
Cow 133

Cow rumen may contain the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg

following mycotoxins and/or their AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
metabolites: fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations for
Aflatoxicol 7 additional days); for detailed information
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow please see the article), conc. range: £47.70*
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: and £848.90** ng/g*** ****, country: USA93,
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: these highest values measured at the *4th
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.: day in the case of cow 1 and at the **1st
4.9 ng/g* ** ***, country: USA92, *in cow day in the case of cow 2 (always nd
that died, **in rumen contents, ***after 60 h measured up to 3 days (after 4 days
Aflatoxin B1 slaughtered) in the case of cow 1 and
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow always lower values measured up to
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: 10 days (then slaughtered) in the case of
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: cow 2), for overall information please see
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.: the article, ***in rumen content, ****dry
320 ng/g* ** ***, country: USA92, *in cow
that died, **in rumen contents, Cow spleen may contain the
***after 60 h following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was fed (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, after contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free rations AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
for 7 additional days); for detailed fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
information please see the article), conc. after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
range: £10.50* and £163.00** ng/g*** rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
****, country: USA93, these highest values information please see the article),
measured at the *4th day in the case of conc.: 0.75 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after
cow 1 and at the **1st day in the case of 4 days (thereof 3 days with
cow 2 (always nd measured up to 3 days AFB1-administration)
(after 4 days slaughtered) in the case of incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
cow 1 and always lower values measured cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
up to 10 days (then slaughtered) in the 10 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
case of cow 2), for overall information twice daily over a 14-day period; for
please see the article, ***in rumen detailed information please see the
content, ****wet article), conc.: na, country: USA319
Aflatoxin M1 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow cow, contamination: artificial (dose:
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: 50 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), o.,
600 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: twice daily over a 14-day period; for
0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.: detailed information please see the
8.6 ng/g* ** ***, country: USA92, *cow article), conc.: na, country: USA319
died, **in rumen contents, ***after 60 h incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy
cow, contamination: artificial
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows (dose: 250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, unlabeled), o., twice daily over a 14-day
134 Cow

period; for detailed information please Cow tongue may contain the
see the article), conc.: nd* **, country: following mycotoxins and/or their
USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days metabolites:
with AFB1-administration), **but
significant radioactivity occurred Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating dairy incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
cow, contamination: artificial (dose: (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
1,250 ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
o., twice daily over a 14-day period; for AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow
detailed information please see the was fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other
article), conc.: 0.17 mg/kg**, country: cow, after 3 days of dosing, was fed
USA319, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days AF-free rations for 7 additional days);
with AFB1-administration) for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 0.87 ng/g*, country:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating USA93, *after 4 days (thereof 3 days with
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: AFB1-doses)
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg Aflatoxin M1
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1), o., for incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
10 days; for detailed information please (midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
see the article), conc. range: 6.7–7.9 ng contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
AFB1 eq/g*, Ø conc.: 7.3 ng AFB1 eq/g*, AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
country: The Netherlands/UK/France397, fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
*after a 10-day period of consumption of after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
contaminated peanut meal rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating information please see the article), conc.:
Francaise Frisonne Pie Noire cows, age: 1.74 ng/g*, country: USA93, *after 4 days
3–4 years, wt.: 500–550 kg, contamination: (thereof 3 days with AFB1-doses)
artificial (dose: peanut meal ((3.5 mg
AFB1/kg) spiked with labeled AFB1; but Cow urine may contain the following
decontaminated afterwards), o., for mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
10 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: The Aflatoxicol
Netherlands/UK/France397, *after a 10-day incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
period of consumption of (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
decontaminated peanut meal 600 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
Aflatoxin M1 conc.: 0.10 ng/g* **, country: USA92,
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows *cow died, **after 60 h
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating cow,
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., 3 days (one cow was wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, (dose: 300 mg AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2,
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free 44% AFG1?, o., once), conc.: 760 mg*
rations for 7 additional days); for (total amount found), country: UK40,
detailed information please see the *collected over a period of 9 days
article), conc.: 1.4 ng/g*, country: USA93,
*after 4 days (thereof 3 days with AFB1- incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow
doses) (midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.:
600 kg, contamination: artificial
Cow 135

(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), information please see the article),
conc.: 4.1 ng/g* **, country: USA92, conc.: £588.0* and £600.80** ng/ml,
*cow died, **after 60 h country: USA93, these highest values
measured at the *2nd day in the case of
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
cow 2 and at the **3rd day in the case of
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg,
cow 1 (always lower values measured up
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg
to 4 days (then slaughtered) in the case of
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was
cow 1 and always lower values measured
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow,
up to 10 days (then slaughtered) in the
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free
case of cow 2), for overall information
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed
please see the article
information please see the article), conc.:
£20.60* and £39.20** ng/ml, country: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Jersey milking
USA93, these highest values measured at the cows, age: adult, contamination: artificial
*3rd day in the case of cow 1 and at the (dose: 385–1,925 mg ZEA/kg + (20 mg
**1st day in the case of cow 2 AFB1/kg), o., for 7 weeks; for detailed
(always lower values measured up to 4 days information please see the article), conc.
(then slaughtered) in the case of cow 1 and range: 0.12–0.60 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
always lower values measured up to 10 days 0.36 mg/kg*, country: UK267, *after 7 weeks
(then slaughtered) in the case of cow 2), for of (AFB1-) and ZEA-administration; AFB1
overall information please see the article accidentally in the diet
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Jersey milking
Aflatoxin G1 cows, age: adult, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating cow, (dose: 317–1,125 mg OTA/kg + (20 mg
wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial AFB1/kg), o., for 11 weeks; for detailed
(dose: 300 mg AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2, information please see the article), conc.
44% AFG1?, o., once), conc.: 1,220 mg* range: 0.09–0.22 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
(total amount found), country: UK40, 0.36 mg/kg*, country: UK267, *after 11 weeks
*collected over a period of 9 days of (AFB1-) and OTA-administration;
Aflatoxin M1 AFB1 accidentally in the diet
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating cow,
Deoxynivalenol
wt.: 600 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: 2 Holstein dairy
(dose: 300 mg AFs: 44% AFB1, 2% AFB2,
cows, 1 Ayrshire dairy cow, wt.: »450 kg,
44% AFG1?, o., once), conc.: 2,230 mg*
contamination: artificial (dose: 66 mg
(total amount found), country: UK40,
DON/kg, o., for 5 days; for detailed
*collected over a period of 9 days
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow range: £390* ng/ml** (19.4 mg** in total,
(midlactation period), age: 5 years, wt.: mean value), country: USA278, *after 4 days
600 kg, contamination: artificial of application (also at other day intervals
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), up to 12 days measured, lowest conc.: nd at
conc.: 37 ng/g* **, country: USA92, the beginning and the end of the
*cow died, **after 60 h experiment; for detailed information please
see the article) **unconjugated DON
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Holstein cows
(midlactation), wt.: 408.2–544.3 kg, Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.35 mg incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: 2 Holstein dairy
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., for 3 days (one cow was cows, 1 Ayrshire dairy cow, wt.: »450 kg,
fed AF-rations for 3 days, the other cow, contamination: artificial (dose: 66 mg
after 3 days of dosing, was fed AF-free DON/kg, o., for 5 days; for detailed
rations for 7 additional days); for detailed information please see the article), conc.
136 Deer

range: £18,000 ng/ml* (882.1 mg in total, intervals up to 48 h measured, lowest

mean value), country: USA278, *after 4 days conc.: tr after 20 h of 1st dosing)
of application (also at other day intervals
3¢-Hydroxy-Iso-T-2 Toxin
up to 12 days measured, lowest conc.: nd at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, wt.:
the beginning (1–4 days) of the
365 kg, contamination: artificial
experiment; for detailed information please
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling
see the article)
gun; for detailed information please see
HT-2 Toxin the article), conc. range: £7,221.7 ppb*,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, wt.: country: USA180, *13 h after administration
365 kg, contamination: artificial of 2nd dosing (also at other hour intervals
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling up to 48 h measured, lowest conc.: nd after
gun; for detailed information please see 3 h of 1st and 48 h of 2nd dosing)
the article), conc. range: £19.5 ppb*,
T-2 Tetraol
country: USA180, *13 h after administration
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, wt.t:
of 2nd dosing (also at other hour intervals
365 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
up to 48 h measured, lowest conc.: 1.7 ppb
2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling gun; for
after 3 h of 1st dosing)
detailed information please see the article),
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin conc. range: £91.4 ppb*, country: USA180,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, wt.: *3 h after administration of 1st dosing
365 kg, contamination: artificial (also at other hour intervals up to 48 h
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling measured, lowest conc.: tr after 1, 20, 25 h
gun; for detailed information please see of 1st and 13, 24 and 48 h of 2nd dosing)
the article), conc. range: £462.2 ppb*, Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol
country: USA180, *13 h after administration incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, wt.:
of 2nd dosing (also at other hour intervals 365 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
up to 48 h measured, lowest conc.: 5.3 ppb 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling gun; for
after 48 h of 2nd dosing) detailed information please see the
Deepoxy-3´-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin article), conc. range: £1,017.5 ppb*,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow, wt.: country: USA180, *13 h after administration
365 kg, contamination: artificial of 2nd dosing (also at other hour intervals
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling up to 48 h measured, lowest conc.: 9.1 ppb
gun; for detailed information please see after 3 h of 1st dosing)
the article), conc. range: £461.9 ppb*,
country: USA180, *13 h after administration Deer
of 2nd dosing (also at other hour intervals
up to 48 h measured, lowest conc.: 2.2 ppb Deer Natural Contamination
after 48 h of 2nd dosing)
Deer urine may contain the following
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein cow,
wt.: 365 kg, contamination: artificial Zearalanols
(dose: 2 × 200 mg T-2 toxin, by balling incidence: 14/41*, sa. const.: urine from
gun; for detailed information please see deers of New Zealand, contamination:
the article), conc. range: £573.8 ppb*, natural, conc. range: £0.94 ng/ml**,
country: USA180, *6 h after administration country: New Zealand230, *export animals,
of 2nd dosing (also at other hour **most probable of Fusarium origin
Dog 137

Zearalenols Penitrem A
incidence: 14/41*, sa. const.: urine from incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: brain from a male
deers of New Zealand, contamination: Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/Sweden?,
natural, conc. range: £15 ng/ml, country: age: 5 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
New Zealand230, *export animals pr, country: Norway/Sweden586

Deer Artificial Contamination Roquefortine C

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: brain from a male
Deer liver may contain the following Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/Sweden?,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: age: 5 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
pr, country: Norway/Sweden586
Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 7/7*, sa. const.: fawns Dog kidney may contain the following
(white-tailed deer), age: 16–22 weeks, mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
contamination: no AF (for detailed
information please see the article), Ochratoxin A
conc.: nr, country: USA634, *control incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: kidneys from
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: fawns dogs of Austria?, contamination: natural,
(white-tailed deer), age: 16–22 weeks, conc. range: 0.26–0.35 mg/kg, Ø conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 ppb 0.32 mg/kg, country: Austria340
AF, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
Penitrem A
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: kidney from a male
range: 1–2 ppb*, country: USA634,
Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/Sweden?,
*(1 liver contained >2 ppb)
age: 5 years, contamination: natural,
conc.: pr, country: Norway/Sweden586
Deer muscle may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their Penitrem E
metabolites: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: kidney from a male
Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/Sweden?,
Aflatoxin M1
age: 5 years, contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: 7/7*, sa. const.: fawns
pr, country: Norway/Sweden586
(white-tailed deer), age: 16–22 weeks,
contamination: no AF (for detailed Roquefortine C
information please see the article), incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: kidney from a
conc.: nr, country: USA634, *control male Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/
incidence: 1/6, sa. const.: fawns Sweden?, age: 5 years, contamination:
(white-tailed deer), age: 16–22 weeks, natural, conc.: pr, country: Norway/
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 ppb Sweden586
AF, o., for 8 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article), Dog liver may contain the following
conc.: 0.5–1 ppb*, country: USA634 mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:

Aflatoxin M1
Dog incidence: 7/9, sa. const.: livers from
2 male and 4 female Basset hounds,
Dog Natural Contamination 1 female Australian shepherd, 1 female
spayed Airedale terrier and 1 male
Dog brain may contain the following neutered Labrador Mix of the USA, age:
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: 1.25–6 years, contamination: natural,
138 Dog

conc. range: 0.60–4.40 ppb, Ø conc.: Thomitrems

1.99 ppb, country: USA471 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: vomitus from a
male English setter of Norway/Sweden?,
Penitrem A
age: 10 years, contamination: natural,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: liver from a male
conc.: ca. 40,000 mg/kg*, country:
Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/
Norway/Sweden586, *in stomach contents
Sweden?, age: 5 years, contamination:
(vomit)
natural, conc.: pr, country: Norway/
Sweden586
Dog Vomit see Dog stomach
Penitrem E
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: liver from a male Dog Artificial Contamination
Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/
Sweden?, age: 5 years, contamination: Dog plasma may contain the following
natural, conc.: pr, country: Norway/ mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Sweden586
HT-2 Toxin
Roquefortine C
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: mongrel, wt.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: liver from a male
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Welsh springer spaniel of Norway/
0.4 mg T-2 Toxin/kg, i.v., once), conc.:
Sweden?, age: 5 years, contamination:
ȣ103 ng/ml*, country: Israel487, *after
natural, conc.: pr, country: Norway/
»25 min (also at other min intervals up to
Sweden586
»180 min measured, lowest conc.: »6 ng/ml
Dog stomach may contain the after »180 min)
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: T-2 Toxin
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: mongrel, wt.:
Penitrem A 20 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/2*, sa. const.: vomitus from (dose: 0.4 mg T-2 Toxin/kg, i.v., once),
a Schnauzer and a Miniatur Schnauzer conc.: ȣ1,450 ng/ml*, country: Israel487,
of South Africa, age: 2–3 years, wt.: *after 0 min (also measured after 5, 10
»20–25 kg, contamination: natural (for and 16 min, lowest conc.: nd after 16 min)
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 2.6 mg/g wet mass, Verrucarol
country: South Africa/Norway500, incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male and female
*vomitus monogrels, wt.: 20–25 kg, contamination:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: vomitus from a artificial (dose: 0.4 mg VER/kg, i.v., once;
male English setter, age: 10 years, for detailed information please see the
contamination: natural, conc.: ca. article), conc. range: ȣ590 ng/ml
30,000 mg/kg*, country: Norway/ (mean value), country: Israel408, *after
Sweden586, *in stomach contents (vomit) <10 min (also at other min intervals up to
»420 min measured, lowest
Roquefortine C conc.: »20 ng/ml after 420 min)
incidence: ?/2*, sa. const.: vomitus from a incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male and female
Schnauzer and a Miniatur Schnauzer of monogrels, wt.: 20–25 kg, contamination:
South Africa, age: 2–3 years, wt.: artificial (dose: 0.8 mg VER/kg, o., once;
»20–25 kg, contamination: natural for detailed information please see the
(for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: ȣ180 ng/ml*
article), conc.: 34 mg/g wet mass, country: (mean value), country: Israel408, *after
South Africa/Norway500, *vomitus »50 min (also at other min intervals up to
Duck 139

»420 min measured, lowest conc.: country: Germany469, *control, **after

»5 ng/ml after 420 min) 49 days
incidence: ?/54, sa. const.: Pekin ducks,
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose:
Duck successively increased up to 6–7 mg DON/
kg and successively increased up to 0.05–
Duck Natural Contamination 0.06 mg ZEA/kg contaminated wheat
(proportion: 60%), for 49 days; for
Duck liver may contain the following detailed information please see the
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: article), conc. range: £57 mg/kg* (mean
value), country: Germany469, after 49 days
Aflatoxin B1
(0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 or 60%* Fusarium-
incidence: 1/8*, sa. const.: livers from
contaminated wheat in the diet, always
domestic Chinese brown ducks, age: adult
equal or lower residue values recorded)
(at least 3 years old), contamination:
natural, conc.: 3.71 ng AFB1-FAPy/mg b-Zearalenol
DNA** (mean value) or 6.38 pmol/mg incidence: ?/54*, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, age:
DNA** (mean value), country: France/ 1 day, contamination: no DON + ZEA (for
People’s Republic of China31, *7 were detailed information please see the article),
infected with HCC (1 additionally with conc.: nd, country: Germany469, *control
AFB1) **liver DNA incidence: ?/54, sa. const.: Pekin ducks,
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose:
Duck Artificial Contamination successively increased up to 6–7 mg DON/
kg and successively increased up to 0.05–
Duck bile may contain the following 0.06 mg ZEA/kg contaminated wheat
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: (proportion: 40%), for 49 days; for
Zearalenone detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/54*, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, age: article), conc. range: £25 mg/kg* (mean
1 day, contamination: no DON + ZEA (for value), country: Germany469, *after 49 days
detailed information please see the article), (0, 10, 20, 30, 40*, 50 or 60% Fusarium-
conc.: 59 mg/kg** (mean value), country: contaminated wheat in the diet, always
Germany469, *control, **after 49 days lower residue values recorded)
incidence: ?/54, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, Duck liver may contain the following
age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
successively increased up to 6–7 mg DON/
kg and successively increased up to 0.05– Aflatoxin
0.06 mg ZEA/kg contaminated wheat incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: 3 male and
(proportion: 40%), for 49 days; for 1 female Pekin ducklings, age: »1 year,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.02 mg
article), conc. range: £296 mg/kg* (mean AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc.
value), country: Germany469, *after 49 days range: 204–1,057 pg AF/mg DNA**, Ø
(0, 10, 20, 30, 40*, 50 or 60% Fusarium- conc.: 764 pg AF/mg DNA** ***, country:
contaminated wheat in the diet, always France6, *uninfected with DHBV, **liver
lower residue values recorded) DNA, ***after 48 h
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: 3 male and
a-Zearalenol 1 female Pekin ducklings, age: »1 year,
incidence: ?/54*, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.02 mg
age: 1 day, contamination: no DON + ZEA AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc.
(for detailed information please see the range: 318–420 pg AF/mg DNA**, Ø
article), conc.: 12 mg/kg** (mean value), conc.: 379 pg AF/mg DNA** ***, country:
140 Duck

France6, *infected with DHBV, **liver incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: 3 male and
DNA, ***after 48 h 1 female Pekin ducklings, age: 1 year,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.02 mg AFB1
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks,
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1/
61–83 pg AF/mg plasma protein*, Ø conc.:
kg b. wt., i.p., for 8 days and additionally
73 pg AF/mg plasma protein**, country:
2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. 4 days later,
France6, *infected with DHBV, **after 48 h
i.p., once, HBV pos.; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Fusarenon-X
34.94 pg AF/mg DNA* ** (mean value), incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: ducks, age:
country: France30, *AF-liver DNA adducts, 4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.16 kg, contamination:
**after 24 h artificial (dose: 2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., i.v.,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, once), conc. range: ȣ230 ng/ml*
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1/ (mean value), country: Thailand/Japan474,
kg b. wt., i.p., for 8 days and additionally *after »5 min (also at other min intervals
2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. 4 days later, up to 180 min measured, lowest conc.:
i.p., once, HBV neg.; for detailed »3.6 ng/ml after 180 min)
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: ducks, age:
32.14 pg AF/mg DNA* ** (mean value), 4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.16 kg, contamination:
country: France30, *AF-liver DNA adducts, artificial (dose: 2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., o.,
**after 24 h once), conc. range: ȣ13 ng/ml* (mean
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, value), country: Thailand/Japan474,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 *»10 min (also at other min intervals up
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, HBV pos.; to 120 min measured, lowest conc.:
for detailed information please see the »1.7 ng/ml after 120 min)
article), conc.: 23.71 pg AF/mg DNA*
Nivalenol
** (mean value), country: France30,
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: ducks, age:
*AF-liver DNA adducts, **after 24 h
4 weeks, Ø wt.: 1.16 kg, contamination:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks,
artificial (dose: 2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., i.v.,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1
once), conc. range: ȣ480 ng/ml (mean
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, HBV neg.; for
value), country: Thailand/Japan474, *after
detailed information please see the article),
»5 min (also at other min intervals up to
conc.: 26.52 pg AF/mg DNA* **
240 min measured, lowest conc.: »1 ng/ml
(mean value), country: France30, *AF-liver
after 240 min)
DNA adducts, **after 24 h
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: ducks, age: 4 weeks,
Ø wt.: 1.16 kg, contamination: artificial
Duck plasma may contain the (dose: 2.2 mg FX/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
following mycotoxins and/or their range: ȣ212 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
metabolites: Thailand/Japan474, *»10 min (also at other
min intervals up to 180 min measured,
Aflatoxin lowest conc.: »2 ng/ml after 180 min)
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: 3 male and
1 female Pekin ducklings, age: 1 year, Duck serum may contain the
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.02 mg following mycotoxins and/or their
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc. metabolites:
range: 73–134 pg AF/mg plasma protein*,
Ø conc.: 108.5 pg AF/mg plasma Aflatoxin B1
protein**, country: France6, *uninfected incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks,
with DHBV, **after 48 h contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1/kg
b. wt., i.p., for 8 days and additionally 2 mg
Ewe 141

AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. 4 days later, i.p., Aflatoxin G1

once, HBV pos.; for detailed information incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
please see the article), conc.: 15.1 pg AF/mg contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
protein* ** (mean value), country: France30, 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
*AF-serum protein adducts, **after 24 h via stomach tube, once), conc.: 138 mg*,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, country: UK38, *total amount found
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg
AFB1/kg b. wt., i.p., for 8 days and Aflatoxin M1
additionally 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
4 days later, i.p., once, HBV neg.; for contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
detailed information please see the 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
article), conc.: 11.9 pg AF/mg protein* ** via stomach tube, once), conc.: 768 mg*,
(mean value), country: France30, country: UK38, *total amount found
*AF-serum protein adducts, **after 24 h Ewe milk, raw may contain the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, following mycotoxins and/or their
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 metabolites:
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, HBV pos.;
for detailed information please see the Aflatoxin B1
article), conc.: 15.2 pg AF/mg protein* ** incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
(mean value), country: France30, contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
*AF-serum protein adducts, **after 24 h 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Pekin ducks, via stomach tube, once), conc.: 1.5 mg*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 country: UK38, *total amount found
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, HBV neg.;
Aflatoxin G1
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
article), conc.: 14.0 pg AF/mg protein* **
contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
(mean value), country: France30,
36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
*AF-serum protein adducts,
via stomach tube, once), conc.: 1.4 mg*,
**after 24 h
country: UK38, *total amount found

Egg White see Hen egg Aflatoxin M1

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
Egg Yolk see Hen egg contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
via stomach tube, once), conc.: 70.0 mg*,
Ewe country: UK38, *total amount found
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: multiparous
Ewe Artificial Contamination
Sarda ewes (early lactation), wt.: »43.5 kg,
Ewe feces may contain the following contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: AFB1, o., once), conc. range: ȣ0.39 mg/kg*
(mean value), country: Italy476, *after 6 h
Aflatoxin B1 (also at other hour intervals up to 96 h
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe, measured, lowest conc.: nd after 96 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: multiparous
AFs: 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, Sarda ewes (late lactation), wt.: »40.2 kg,
2% AFG2?, via stomach tube, once), conc.: contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
123 mg*, country: UK38, *total amount information please see the article), conc.:
found nd, country: Italy476, *control
142 Ewe

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: multiparous range: ȣ380 ng/kg* (mean value),
Sarda ewes (late lactation), wt.: »40.2 kg, country: Italy477, *after 4 days of first
contamination: artificial (dose: 32 mg AFB1-administration (also at other day
AFB1/day, o., for 13 days; for detailed intervals up to 11 days measured, lowest
information please see the article), conc. conc.: nd after 11 days)
range: ȣ0.057 mg/kg* (mean value), incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Sarda ewes (late
country: Italy476, *after 144 h of lactation), wt.: »48 kg, contamination:
AFB1-administration (up to 20 days artificial (dose: 128 mg AFB1/day, o., for
measured, lowest conc.: nd at 72 h post 7 days; for detailed information please see
withdrawal) the article), conc. range: ȣ640 ng/kg*
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: multiparous Sarda (mean value), country: Italy477, *after
ewes (late lactation), wt.: »40.2 kg, 4 days of first AFB1-administration (also
contamination: artificial (dose: 64 mg at other day intervals up to 11 days
AFB1/day, o., for 13 days; for detailed measured, lowest conc.: nd after 11 days)
information please see the article), conc.
range: ȣ0.226 mg/kg* (mean value), country: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Sarda ewes (late
Italy476, *after 144 h of AFB1-administration lactation), contamination: no AF
(up to 20 days measured, lowest conc.: nd at contaminated wheat meal in diet (for
72 h post withdrawal) detailed information please see the
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: multiparous article), conc.: nd, country: Italy583,
Sarda ewes (late lactation), wt.: »40.2 kg, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 128 mg incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Sarda ewes
AFB1/day, o., for 13 days; for detailed (late lactation), contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc. (dose: 1.13 mg AFB1/kg feed = L-AF
range: ȣ0.331 mg/kg* (mean value), (low portion of wheat meal naturally
country: Italy476, *after 144 h of contaminated with AFs in the diet), o., for
AFB1-administration (up to 20 days 14 days; for detailed information please
measured, lowest conc.: nd at 72 h post see the article), conc. range: ȣ43 ng/ml*,
withdrawal) country: Italy583, *after 8 days of
AFs-administration (also at other day
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Sarda ewes intervals up to 18 days measured, lowest
(late lactation), wt.: »48 kg, conc.: nd after 18 days, no effect of DYP
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed (12 g/day) observed given for 7 days
information please see the article), starting on day 8)
conc.: nd, country: Italy477, *control incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Sarda ewes (late
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Sarda ewes lactation), contamination: artificial (dose:
(late lactation), wt.: »48 kg, 2.30 mg AFB1/kg feed = M-AF (medium
contamination: artificial (dose: 32 mg portion of wheat meal naturally
AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; for detailed contaminated with AFs in the diet), o., for
information please see the article), conc. 14 days; for detailed information please
range: ȣ200 ng/kg* (mean value), see the article), conc. range: ȣ52 ng/ml*,
country: Italy477, *after 7 days of first country: Italy583, *after 8 days of
AFB1-administration (also at other day AFs-administration (also at other day
intervals up to 11 days measured, lowest intervals up to 18 days measured, lowest
conc.: nd after 11 days) conc.: nd after 18 days, no effect of DYP
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Sarda ewes (12 g/day) observed given for 7 days
(late lactation), wt.: »48 kg, starting on day 8)
contamination: artificial (dose: 64 mg incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Sarda ewes
AFB1/day, o., for 7 days; for detailed (late lactation), contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc. (dose: 5.03 mg AFB1/kg feed = H-AF (high
Fish 143

portion of wheat meal naturally Ochratoxin a

contaminated with AFs in the diet), o., for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: dairy ewes,
14 days; for detailed information please see contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg
the article), conc. range: ȣ81 ng/ml*, OTA + 1.8 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., once),
country: Italy583, *after 10 days of AFs- conc.: ȣ9 mg/l* (mean value), country:
administration (also at other day intervals France555, *after »4 h (also at other hour
up to 18 days measured, lowest conc.: nd intervals up to 168 h measured, lowest
after 18 days, no effect of DYP (12 g/day) conc.: nd after 72 h)
observed given for 7 days starting on day 8)
Ewe urine may contain the following
Cyclopiazonic Acid mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: crossbred
lactating ewes, contamination: artificial Aflatoxin B1
(dose: 5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 2 days), incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
conc. range: £568 ng/g*, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg
Australia367, *after »2 days (also at other AFs: 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2%
day intervals up to 9 days measured, AFG2?, via stomach tube, once), conc.:
lowest conc.: nd after 9 days) tr*, country: UK38, *total amount found

Ochratoxin A Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: dairy ewes, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
OTA + 1.8 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., once), 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
conc.: ȣ158 mg/l* (mean value), country: via stomach tube, once), conc.: 2,411 mg*,
France555, *after 1 day (also at other day country: UK38, *total amount found
intervals up to 8 days measured, lowest
Aflatoxin M1
conc.: nd after 6 days)
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
Ochratoxin a contamination: artificial (dose: 78 mg AFs:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: dairy ewes, 36% AFB1, 3% AFB2, 52% AFG1, 2% AFG2?,
contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg via stomach tube, once), conc.: 1,662 mg*,
OTA + 1.8 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., once), country: UK38, *total amount found
conc.: ȣ1,200 mg/l* (mean value),
country: France555, *after 1 day (also at
other day intervals up to 8 days measured,
Fish
lowest conc.: nd after 6 days)
Fish Artificial Contamination
Ewe plasma may contain the Fish, carp
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: Fish, carp plasma may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
Ochratoxin A
metabolites:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: dairy ewes,
contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg Ochratoxin A
OTA + 1.8 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., once), incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: carps, wt.:
conc.: ȣ17 mg/l* (mean value), country: 1,000 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
France555, *after »4 h (also at other hour 50 ng OTA/g b. wt., o., once), conc.: 14 ng/
intervals up to 168 h measured, lowest ml (mean value), country: Sweden/
conc.: nd after 72 h) Yugoslavia193 (at other min intervals up to
270 min measured)
144 Fish

incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: carps, wt: lowest conc.: tr after 96 h),
1,000 g, contamination: artificial (dose: **AFB1 eq., ***in head kidney
50 ng OTA/g b. wt., i.v., once), conc.: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes,
200 ng/ml (mean value), country: Sweden/ wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial
Yugoslavia193 (at other min intervals up to (dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once;
270 min measured) for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: £287 ppb* ** ***
Fish, Channel Catfish (mean value), country: USA516, *after 4 h
(also measured after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h,
Fish, channel catfish bile may lowest conc.: 15 ppb after 96 h), **AFB1
contain the following mycotoxins and/or eq., ***in trunk kidney
their metabolites:
Fish, channel catfish liver may
Aflatoxin B1 contain the following mycotoxins and/or
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes, their metabolites:
wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once; Aflatoxin B1
for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes,
article), conc. range: £2,019 ppb* ** wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: USA516, *after 24 h (dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once;
(also measured after 2, 4, 48 and 96 h, for detailed information please see the
lowest conc.: 149 ppb after 2 h), **AFB1 article), conc. range: £421 ppb* ** (mean
and its metabolites (total residues) value), country: USA516, *after 4 h (also
measured after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h, lowest
Fish, channel catfish fat may conc.: 37 ppb after 48 h), **AFB1 eq.
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
their metabolites: Fish, channel catfish muscle may
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
Aflatoxin B1 their metabolites:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes,
wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial Aflatoxin B1
(dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once; incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes,
for detailed information please see the wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial
article), conc. range: £58 ppb* ** (mean (dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once; for
value), country: USA516, *after 4 h (also detailed information please see the article),
measured after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h, lowest conc. range: £40 ppb* ** (mean value),
conc.: tr after 48 and 96 h), **AFB1 eq. country: USA516, *after 4 h (also measured
after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h, lowest conc.: tr after
Fish, channel catfish kidney may 24, 48 and 96 h), **AFB1 eq.
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
their metabolites: Fish, channel catfish plasma may
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
Aflatoxin B1 their metabolites:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes,
wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial Aflatoxin B1
(dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once; incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel
for detailed information please see the catfishes, wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination:
article), conc. range: £220 ppb* ** *** artificial (dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled),
(mean value), country: USA516, *after 4 h o., once; for detailed information please
(also measured after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h, see the article), conc. range: £596 ppb* **
Fish 145

(mean value), country: USA516, *after Fish, Coho Salmon

4 h (also measured after 2, 24, 48 and
96 h, lowest conc.: 6 ppb after 96 h), Fish, coho salmon bile may contain
**AFB1 eq. the following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Fish, channel catfish skin may
Aflatoxicol
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: coho salmons,
their metabolites:
age: 15 months, wt.: 44–184 g,
Aflatoxin B1 contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once; for
catfishes, wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 article), conc.: 1.49 mM AFL-g ** (mean
(labeled), o., once; for detailed value), country: USA628, *control, **after
information please see the article), conc. 24 h, compare with Fish, rainbow trout
range: £82 ppb* ** (mean value), bile AFL no.628
country: USA516, *after 4 h (also
measured after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h, lowest Aflatoxicol M1
conc.: tr after 96 h), **AFB1 eq. incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: coho salmons,
age: 15 months, wt.: 44–184 g,
Fish, channel catfish spleen may contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1
contain the following mycotoxins and/or (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once; for detailed
their metabolites: information please see the article), conc.:
0.07 mM AFLM1-g ** (mean value),
Aflatoxin B1 country: USA628, *control, **after 24 h,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel catfishes, compare with Fish, rainbow trout bile
wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: artificial AFLM1 no.628
(dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1 (labeled), o., once; for
detailed information please see the article), Aflatoxin B1
conc. range: £234 ppb* ** (mean value), incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: coho salmons,
country: USA516, *after 4 h (also measured age: 15 months, wt.: 44–184 g, contamination:
after 2, 24, 48 and 96 h, lowest conc.: tr after artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish,
48 and 96 h), **AFB1 eq. i.p., once; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nd** ***, country: USA628,
Fish, channel catfish urine may *control, **AFB1-SG, ***after 24 h,
contain the following mycotoxins and/or compare with Fish, rainbow trout bile
their metabolites: AFB1 no.628

Aflatoxin B1 Fish, coho salmon embryo may

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: channel contain the following mycotoxins and/or
catfishes, wt.: 0.3–0.5 kg, contamination: their metabolites:
artificial (dose: 250 mg/kg AFB1
(labeled), o., once; for detailed Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: coho salmon
range: £51 ppb* ** (mean value), eggs/embryos, age: 21 days, contamination:
country: USA516, *after 4–6 h (also artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
measured after 2, 8, 10, 12, 18 and 24 h, for 1 h; for detailed information please see
except the start value lowest conc.: 6 ppb the article), conc.: 0.07 pmol AFB1/mg
after 24 h), **AFB1 and its metabolites DNA (mean value), country: USA115, *in
(total residues) embryos »48 h to hatching,
146 Fish

compare with Fish, rainbow trout embryo compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver
AFB1 no.115 AFB1, 5th statement of no.115
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: coho
Fish, coho salmon liver may salmons, contamination: artificial
contain the following mycotoxins and/or (dose: 23.6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p.,
their metabolites: once; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: 0.2 pmol
Aflatoxin B1 AFB1/mg DNA* (mean value), country:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: coho salmon, USA115, *after 2 days, **AFB1-minor
wt.: 30.6 g, contamination: artificial (dose: FAPyr isomer adducts,
80 ppb AFB1 (labeled), o., for 3 weeks), compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver
conc.: 1.6 pmol AFB1/mg DNA*, country: AFB1, 6th statement of no.115
USA115, *after 3 weeks, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: coho salmons,
compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver contamination: artificial (dose: 23.6 mg
AFB1, 1st statement of no.115 AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: coho salmons, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 23.6 mg 0.2 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* (mean value),
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed country: USA115, *after 21 days,
information please see the article), conc.: **AFB1-minor FAPyr isomer adducts,
4.0 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* (mean value), compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver
country: USA115, *after 2 days, AFB1, 7th statement of no.115
**AFB1-N 7-Gua3 adducts, compare with
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: coho salmons,
Fish, rainbow trout liver AFB1, 2nd
age: 13 months, wt.: 61 g, contamination:
statement of no.115
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: coho salmons,
wt., i.p., once; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 23.6 mg
please see the article), conc.: 10.6 pmol
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
AFB1 binding/mg DNA* (mean value),
information please see the article), conc.:
country: USA177, *after 24 h,
1.2 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* (mean value),
compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver
country: USA115, *after 21 days, **AFB1-
AFB1, 1st statement of no.177
N7-Gua3 adducts,
compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver
AFB1, 3rd statement of no.115 Fish, Medaka
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: coho salmons,
contamination: artificial (dose: 23.6 mg Fish, medaka liver may contain the
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed following mycotoxins and/or their
information please see the article), conc.: metabolites:
0.5 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value),
country: USA115, *after 2 days, Aflatoxin B1
**AFB1-FAPyr adducts, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Japanese
compare with Fish, rainbow trout liver medaka fishes, age: adult, wt.: 4–5 g,
AFB1, 4th statement of no.115 contamination: artificial (dose: 70, 140,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: coho salmons, 275 or 550* mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
contamination: artificial (dose: 23.6 mg i.p., once; for detailed information please
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed see the article), conc. range: ȣ23 pmol
information please see the article), conc.: AFB1/mmol DNA* ** (mean value),
0.8 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA625, **after 24 h
country: USA115, *after 21 days, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Japanese medaka
**AFB1-FAPyr adducts, fishes, age: adult, wt.: 4–5 g, contamination:
Fish 147

artificial (dose: 550 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
wt., i.p., once; for detailed information rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
please see the article), conc. range: contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm
ȣ21.5 pmol AFB1/mmol DNA* PCB for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1
(mean value), country: USA625, *after 1 day (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed
(also at other day intervals up to 21 days information please see the article), conc.
measured, lowest conc.: »3.5 pmol range: »£0.8 mM AFL-g in bile*
AFB1/mmol DNA after 21 days) (mean value), country: USA213, *after 24 h
post-injection (also measured after 5, 10
and 16 h, lowest conc.: »0.40 mM AFL-g in
Fish, Rainbow Trout
bile after 5 h)
Fish, rainbow trout bile may incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
contain the following mycotoxins and/or rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
their metabolites: artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once;
Aflatoxicol for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain article), conc. range: ȣ1.23 mM AFL-g in
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, contamination: bile** (mean value), country: USA260,
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing 0.32 mmol *control, **after 24 h (also measured after
AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once; for detailed 5, 10 and 16 h, lowest conc.: »0.45 mM
information please see the article), conc. AFL-g in bile after 5 h)
range: ȣ1.18 mM AFL-g in bile** (mean
value), country: USA212, *control, **after incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
24 h post-injection (also measured after 5, rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
10 and 16 h, lowest conc.: »0.48 mM AFL-g artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
in bile after 5 h) 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, to AFB1-injection; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml information please see the article), conc.
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, range: ȣ0.5 mM AFL-g in bile* (mean
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks value), country: USA260, *after 10 h (also
prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed measured after 5, 16 and 24 h, lowest
information please see the article), conc. conc.: »0.33 mM AFL-g in bile after 5 h)
range: ȣ1.18 mM AFL-g in bile* (mean incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
value), country: USA212, *after 24 h rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216–
post-injection (also measured after 5, 10 416 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
and 16 h, lowest conc.: »0.50 mM AFL-g in AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once; for detailed
bile after 5 h) information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain 5.66 mM AFL-g**
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, (mean value), country: USA628, *control,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg **after 24 h,
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for compare with Fish, coho salmon bile
detailed information please see the AFL no.628
article), conc. range: ȣ1.2 mM AFL-g in incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
bile** (mean value), country: USA213, rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216–
*control, **after 24 h post-injection 416 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(also measured after 5, 10 and 16 h, lowest bNF-diet (500 ppm) fed for 3 weeks prior
conc.: »0.45 mM AFL-g in bile after 5 h) to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once;
148 Fish

for detailed information please see the in bile** (mean value), country: USA213,
article), conc.: 0.92 mM AFL-g* (mean *control, **after 16 h post-injection (also
value), country: USA628, *after 24 h measured after 5, 10 and 24 h, lowest
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain conc.: »0.10 mM AFLM1-g in bile after 5 h)
rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216– incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
416 g, contamination: artificial (dose: I3C- rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
diet (2,000 ppm) fed for 3 weeks prior to contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once; for PCB for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1
detailed information please see the (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed
article), conc.: 5.6 mM AFL-g* (mean information please see the article), conc.
value), country: USA628, *after 24 h range: ȣ3.35 mM AFLM1-g in bile*
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain (mean value), country: USA213, *after 16 h
rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216– post-injection (also measured after 5, 10
416 g, contamination: artificial (dose: and 24 h, lowest conc.: »2.1 mM AFLM1-g
PCB-diet (100 ppm) fed for 3 weeks prior in bile after 10 h)
to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once;
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
for detailed information please see the
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
article), conc.: 2.64 mM AFL-g* (mean
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
value), country: USA628, *after 24 h
0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once;
Aflatoxicol M1 for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain article), conc. range: ȣ0.23 mM AFLM1-g
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, in bile** (mean value), country: USA260,
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml *control, **after 16 and 24 h (also
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, measured after 5 and 10 h, lowest conc.:
i.p., once; for detailed information please »0.1 mM AFLM1-g in bile after 5 h)
see the article), conc. range: ȣ0.245 mM incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
AFLM1-g in bile** (mean value), country: rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
USA212, *control, **after 16 h artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
post-injection (also measured after 5, 10 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once
and 24 h, lowest conc.: »0.15 mM AFLM1-g and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior
in bile after 5 h) to AFB1-injection; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain information please see the article), conc.
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, range: »£3.3 mM AFLM1-g in bile* (mean
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml value), country: USA260, *after 10 h (also
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, measured after 5, 16 and 24 h, lowest
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks conc.: »1.26 mM AFLM1-g in bile after 5 h)
prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
information please see the article), conc.
strain rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.:
range: ȣ1.50 mM AFLM1-g in bile*
216–416 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(mean value), country: USA212, *after 16 h
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once; for
post-injection (also measured after 5, 10
detailed information please see the
and 24 h, lowest conc.: »0.60 mM AFLM1-g
article), conc.: 1.47 mM AFLM1-g ** (mean
in bile after 5 h)
value), country: USA628, *control,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain **after 24 h,
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, compare with Fish, coho salmon bile
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg AFLM1 no.628
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
for detailed information please see the rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216–
article), conc. range: ȣ0.2 mM AFLM1-g 416 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
Fish 149

bNF-diet (500 ppm) for 3 weeks prior to AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once;
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., once; for for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc. range: ȣ2.8 mM AFB1 in
article), conc.: 26.68 mM AFLM1-g* (mean bile** (mean value), country: USA213,
value), country: USA628, *after 24 h *control, **after 24 h post-injection (also
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain measured after 5, 10 and 16 h, lowest
rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216– conc.: »1.3 mM AFB1 in bile after 5 h)
416 g, contamination: artificial incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Shasta strain
(dose: I3C-diet (2,000 ppm) for 3 weeks rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
prior to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm
once; for detailed information please see PCB for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1
the article), conc.: 9.5 mM AFLM1-g* (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed
(mean value), country: USA628, *after 24 h information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain range: ȣ5.8 mM AFB1 in bile* (mean
rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216– value), country: USA213, *after 16 h
416 g, contamination: artificial post-injection (also measured after 5, 10
(dose: PCB-diet (100 ppm) for 3 weeks and 24 h, lowest conc.: »4.5 mM AFB1 in
prior to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., bile after 10 h)
once; for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
the article), conc.: 15.4 mM AFLM1-g*
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
(mean value), country: USA628, *after 24 h
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
Aflatoxin B1 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once;
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta for detailed information please see the
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, article), conc. range: »£2.8 mM AFB1 in
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml bile** (mean value), country: USA260,
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, *control, **after 24 h (also measured after
i.p., once; for detailed information please 5, 10 and 16 h, lowest conc.: »1.3 mM AFB1
see the article), conc. range: ȣ2.8 mM in bile after 5 h)
AFB1 in bile** (mean value), country: incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
USA212, *control, **after 24 h post- rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
injection (also measured after 5, 10 and artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
16 h, lowest conc.: »1.3 mM AFB1 in bile 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once
after 5 h) and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta to AFB1-injection; for detailed
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml range: ȣ5.6 mM AFB1 in bile* (mean
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, value), country: USA260, *after 10 h
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks (also measured after 5, 16 and 24 h, lowest
prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed conc.: »4.5 mM AFB1 in bile after 5 h)
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
range: ȣ3.7 mM AFB1 in bile* (mean
strain rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.:
value), country: USA212, *after 16 and 24 h
216–416 g, contamination: artificial
post-injection (also measured after 5 and
(dose: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p.,
10 h, lowest conc.: »1.6 mM AFB1 in bile
once; for detailed information please see
after 5 h)
the article), conc.: 0.07 mM AFB1-SG**
incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Shasta strain (mean value), country: USA628, *control,
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, **after 24 h, compare with Fish, coho
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg salmon bile AFB1 no.628
150 Fish

incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta range: ȣ26.5 nM AFB1 in blood*

strain rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, (mean value), country: USA212, *after 5 h
wt.: 216–416 g, contamination: artificial post-injection (also measured after 10, 16
(dose: bNF-diet (500 ppm) for 3 weeks and 24 h, lowest conc.: »8 nM AFB1 in
prior to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., blood after 24 h)
once; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: 0.02 mM AFB1-SG* incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
(mean value), country: USA628, rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
*after 24 h contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216– detailed information please see the
416 g, contamination: artificial article), conc. range: ȣ29 nM AFB1 in
(dose: I3C-diet (2,000 ppm) for 3 weeks blood** (mean value), country: USA213,
prior to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., *control, **after 5 h post-injection (also
once; for detailed information please see measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest
the article), conc.: 0.02 mM AFB1-SG* conc.: »13.5 nM AFB1 in blood after
(mean value), country: USA628, *after 24 h 24 h)
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, age: 16 months, wt.: 216– rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
416 g, contamination: artificial contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm
(dose: PCB-diet (100 ppm) for 3 weeks PCB for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1
prior to 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg fish, i.p., (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed
once; for detailed information please see information please see the article), conc.
the article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA628, range: ȣ34.5 nM AFB1 in blood* (mean
*AFB1-SG, **after 24 h value), country: USA213, *after 5 h
post-injection (also measured after 10, 16
and 24 h, lowest conc.: »14.5 nM AFB1 in
Fish, rainbow trout blood may blood after 24 h)
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
their metabolites: incidence: ?/9*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
Aflatoxin B1 artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once;
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml article), conc. range: ȣ29 nM AFB1 in
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, blood** (mean value), country: USA260,
i.p., once; for detailed information please *control, after 5 h** (also measured after
see the article), conc. range: »£29 nM 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest conc.: »13 nM
AFB1 in blood** (mean value), country: AFB1 in blood after 16 and 24 h)
USA212, *control, **after 5 h post-injection incidence: ?/9, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
(also measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
lowest conc.: »13.5 nM AFB1 in blood artificial (dose: 25 ml containing 0.32 mmol
after 24 h) AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once and BNF-diet
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior to AFB1-
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, injection; for detailed information please
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml see the article), conc. range: ȣ20 nM AFB1
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, in blood* (mean value), country: USA260,
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks after 5 h* (also measured after 10, 16 and
prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed 24 h, lowest conc.: »5.5 nM AFB1 in blood
information please see the article), conc. after 24 h)
Fish 151

Fish, rainbow trout carcass may contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml

contain the following mycotoxins and/or containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
their metabolites: i.p., once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range:
Aflatoxin B1 ȣ28 pmol AFB1/g carcass** (mean
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta value), country: USA260, *control, after
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, 5 h** (also measured after 10, 16 and
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml 24 h, lowest conc.: »17 pmol AFB1/g
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, carcass after 24 h)
i.p., once; for detailed information please incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
see the article), conc. range: »£27 pmol rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
AFB1/g carcass** (mean value), country: artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
USA212, *control, **after 5 h post-injection 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once
(also measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior
conc.: »16 pmol AFB1/g carcass after 24 h) to AFB1-injection; for detailed
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta information please see the article), conc.
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, range: »£23 pmol AFB1/g carcass*
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml (mean value), country: USA260, after 5 h*
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, (also measured after 10, 16 and 24 h,
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks lowest conc.: »9.5 pmol AFB1/g carcass
prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed after 24 h)
information please see the article), conc.
range: ȣ31 pmol AFB1/g carcass* (mean Fish, rainbow trout egg may
value), country: USA212, *after 5 h contain the following mycotoxins and/or
post-injection (also measured after 10, 16 their metabolites:
and 24 h, lowest conc.: »14 pmol AFB1/g
carcass after 24 h) Aflatoxicol
incidence: ?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain
incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Shasta strain rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg (labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc.: 10.2 pmol AFL per
article), conc. range: ȣ28 pmol AFB1/g part/nmol/ml bath solution* **
carcass** (mean value), country: USA213, (mean value), country: USA384, *in shell,
*control, **after 5 h post-injection (also **immediately after exposure
measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain
conc.: »17 pmol AFB1/g carcass after 24 h) rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Shasta strain (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, (labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm PCB detailed information please see the
for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), article), conc.: 0.778 pmol AFL per
i.p. injection, once; for detailed information part/nmol/ml bath solution* ** (mean
please see the article), conc. range: value), country: USA384, *in shell,
ȣ30 pmol AFB1/g carcass* (mean value), **after 24 h
country: USA213, *after 5 h post-injection
incidence:?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain
(also measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
conc.: »13 pmol AFB1/g carcass after 24 h)
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta (labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, detailed information please see the
152 Fish

article), conc.: 11.7 pmol AFL per part/ incidence:?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain
nmol/ml bath solution* ** (mean value), rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
country: USA384, *in yolk, **immediately (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL
after exposure (labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
incidence:?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain information please see the article), conc.:
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial 1.84 pmol AFB1 per part/nmol/ml bath
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL solution* ** (mean value), country: USA384,
(labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for *in yolk, **after 24 h
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 5.33 pmol AFL per Fish, rainbow trout embryo may
part/nmol/ml bath solution* ** contain the following mycotoxins and/or
(mean value), country: USA384, *in yolk, their metabolites:
**after 24 h
Aflatoxicol
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: ?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Rainbow trout rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
eggs, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (labeled)/
(dose: 1.0 ppm AFB1 (labeled), for 1 h; for ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
detailed information please see the article), information please see the article), conc.:
conc.: 2.7 ng/egg* (mean value), country: 7.34 pmol AFL per part/nmol/ml bath
USA229, *absorbed during 1 h exposure solution* (mean value), country: USA384,
incidence: ?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain *immediately after exposure
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
(labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL
detailed information please see the (labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for
article), conc.: 22.3 pmol AFB1 per detailed information please see the
part/nmol/ml bath solution* ** article), conc.: 3.01 pmol AFL per
(mean value), country: USA384, *in shell, part/nmol/ml bath solution* (mean
**immediately after exposure value), country: USA384, *after 24 h
incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: ?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (labeled)/
(labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc.: 0.503 pmol AFB1 per 19.2 pmol AFL per part/nmol/ml bath
part/nmol/ml bath solution* ** (mean solution* ** (mean value), country:
value), country: USA384, *in shell, USA384, *in embryo + yolk, **immediately
**after 24 h after exposure
incidence:?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (labeled)/
(labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc.: 5.32 pmol AFB1 per 8.47 pmol AFL per part/nmol/ml bath
part/nmol/ml bath solution* ** solution* ** (mean value), country:
(mean value), country: USA384, *in yolk, USA384, *in embryo + yolk, **after 24 h
**immediately after exposure
Fish 153

incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: ?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (labeled)/
(labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc. range: ȣ3.9 pmol AFL/mg 9.09 pmol AFL per part/nmol/ml bath
DNA**, country: USA384, *rainbow trout solution* ** (mean value), country:
embryo DNA, **after 24 h, USA384, *in embryo + yolk, **immediately
compare with Fish, rainbow trout embryo after exposure
AFB1, 5th statement of no.384 incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin B1 (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 +  AFL
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: Shasta strain (labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for
rainbow trout eggs/embryos, age: 21 days, detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg article), conc.: 3.05 pmol AFL per part/
AFB1 (labeled)/ml, for 1 h; for detailed nmol/ml bath solution* ** (mean value),
information please see the article), conc.: country: USA384, *in embryo + yolk,
1.38 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* (mean value), **after 24 h
country: USA115, *in embryos »48 h to incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
hatching, rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
compare with Fish, coho salmon embryo (dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (labeled)/
AFB1 no.115 ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: fertilized information please see the article), conc.
rainbow trout 21-day-old eggs, range: ȣ1.3 pmol AFB1/mg DNA**,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm country: USA384, *rainbow trout embryo
AFB1 (labeled) exposure of 21-day-old DNA, **after 24 h,
eggs for 1 h; for detailed information compare with Fish, rainbow trout embryo
please see the article), conc. range: AFL 5th statement of no.384
£8.4 × 10-7 mmol AFB1/mmol DNA
nucleotides** (mean value), country:  ish, Rainbow Trout Embryo and
F
USA229, *rainbow trout embryo DNA, Yolk see Fish, rainbow trout embryo
**after 24 h
incidence: ?/72, sa. const.: Shasta strain
Fish, rainbow trout liver may
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
their metabolites:
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL (labeled)/
ml solution, 1 h bath; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Aflatoxicol
3.62 pmol AFB1 per part/nmol/ml bath incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
solution* (mean value), country: USA384, rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g,
*immediately after exposure contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Shasta strain containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial i.p., once; for detailed information please
(dose: 0.01–0.05 mg AFB1 + AFL see the article), conc. range: 13**–34***
(labeled)/ml solution, 1 h bath; for pmol/g liver (mean values), country:
detailed information please see the USA212, *control, after 24** and 5 h***
article), conc.: 1.12 pmol AFB1 per part/ (also measured after 10 and 16 h but
nmol/ml bath solution* (mean value), values between values of 5 and 24 h)
country: USA384, *after 24 h incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g,
154 Fish

contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml (also measured after 10 and 16 h but

containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, values between values of 5 and 24 h)
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Shasta strain
prior to AFB1-injection; for detailed rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
information please see the article), conc. artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
range: 10*–31** pmol/g liver (mean 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once
values), country: USA212, after 24* and and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior
5 h** (also measured after 10 and 16 h to AFB1-injection; for detailed
but values between values of 5 and 24 h) information please see the article), conc.
range: 1*–12** pmol/g liver (mean
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain values), country: USA260, after 24* and
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, 5 h** (also measured after 10 and 16 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg but values between values of 5 and 24 h)
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
article), conc. range: 13**–34*** pmol/g rainbow trouts, age: 2 months, Ø wt.:
liver (mean values), country: USA213, 1.5 g, contamination: no AFL; for detailed
*control, after 24** and 5 h*** (also information please see the article), conc.:
measured after 10 and 16 h but values nr, country: USA384
between values of 5 and 24 h) incidence: ?/4 or 8, sa. const.: Shasta strain
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain rainbow trouts, age: 2 months, Ø wt.:
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, 1.5 g, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm (dose: 12.4, 25, 50 and 75* ng AFL
PCB) for 2 months prior to 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled)/g dry wt. diet, for 2 weeks; for
(labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc. article), conc. range: ȣ6.0* ** pmol
range: 6*–32** pmol/g liver (mean AFB1/mg DNA, country: USA384, **after
values), country: USA213, after 24* and 2 weeks
5 h** (also measured after 10 and 16 h
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
but values between values of 5 and 24 h)
rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: »66 g,
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Shasta strain contamination: artificial (dose:
rainbow trouts, age: 3 months, 0.00995 mg? AFL (labeled)/g b. wt., i.p.,
contamination: artificial (dose: once; for detailed information please see
164.5 pmol AF (labeled)/g diet, o., for the article), conc. range: £15.4 pmol/mg
2 weeks; for detailed information please DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA405,
see the article), conc.: 3.57 pmol AFL/mg *after 2 days (also measured after 1, 4,
DNA* (mean value), country: USA228, and 7 days, lowest conc.: 14.3 pmol/mg
*after 15 days (thereof 14 days with DNA after 1 day), **[3H]AFL-conc.
AF-administration)
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Shasta strain wt.: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: artificial
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination: (dose: 80 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing for 2 days; for detailed information please
0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once; see the article), conc.: »4.05 pmol AFL/g
for detailed information please see the liver** (mean value), country: USA546,
article), conc. range: 13**–34*** pmol/g *control, **after AFB1-administration
liver (mean values), country: USA260, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
*control, after 24** and 5 h*** wt.: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: artificial
(dose: pretreatment with CHL
Fish 155

(4,000 ppm) for 2 weeks then 80 ppb AFLM1/g liver* (mean value), country:
AFB1 (labeled) + CHL (4,000 ppm) in the USA546, *after AFB1- and CHL-
diet for 2 days; for detailed information administration
please see the article), conc.: »2.3 pmol incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
AFL/g liver* (mean value), country: wt.: 5–6 g, contamination: artificial
USA546, *after AFB1- and (80 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet for
CHL-administration 2 days; for detailed information please see
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: rainbow trouts, the article), conc.: »0.029 pmol AFLM1-g/g
wt.: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: artificial liver** (mean value), country: USA546,
(dose: 80 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet *control, **after AFB1-administration
for 2 days; for detailed information please incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
see the article), conc.: »0.40 pmol AFL-g/g wt.: 5–6 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
liver** (mean value), country: USA546, pretreatment with CHL (4,000 ppm) for
*control, **after AFB1-administration 2 weeks then 80 ppb AFB1
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: rainbow trouts, (labeled) + CHL (4,000 ppm) in the diet
wt.: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: artificial for 2 days; for detailed information please
(dose: pretreatment with CHL see the article), conc.: »0.017 pmol
(4,000 ppm) for 2 weeks then 80 ppb AFB1 AFLM1-g/g liver* (mean value), country:
(labeled) + CHL (4,000 ppm) in the diet USA546, *after AFB1- and
for 2 days; for detailed information please CHL-administration
see the article), conc.: »0.45 pmol AFL-g/g
liver* (mean value), country: USA546, Aflatoxin B1
*after AFB1- and CHL-administration incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, wt.: 38.4 g, contamination:
Aflatoxicol M1 artificial (dose: 80 ppb AFB1 (labeled), o.,
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Shasta strain for 3 weeks), conc.: 29.0 pmol AFB1/mg
rainbow trouts, age: 3 months, DNA*, country: USA115, *after 3 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: compare with Fish, coho salmon liver
1,571 pmol AF (labeled)/g diet, o., for AFB1, 1st statement of no.115
2 weeks; for detailed information please
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Shasta strain
see the article), conc.: 2.74 pmol AFLM1/
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
mg DNA* (mean value), country: USA228,
(dose: 28.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p.,
*after 15 days (thereof 14 days with
once; for detailed information please
AF-administration)
see the article), conc.: 74.0 pmol AFB1/
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: rainbow trouts, mg DNA* **(mean value), country:
weight: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: USA115, *after 2 days, **AFB1-N7-Gua3
artificial (dose: 80 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in adducts,
the diet for 2 days; for detailed compare with Fish, coho salmon liver
information please see the article), conc.: AFB1, 2nd statement of no.115
»0.035 pmol AFLM1/g liver** incidence: ?/3 sa. const.: Shasta strain
(mean value), country: USA546, *control, rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
**after AFB1-administration (dose: 28.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p.,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: rainbow trouts, once; for detailed information please
wt.: 5–6 g, contamination: artificial (dose: see the article), conc.: 17.6 pmol AFB1/mg
pretreatment with CHL (4,000 ppm) for DNA* **(mean value), country: USA115,
2 weeks then 80 ppb AFB1 *after 21 days, **AFB1-N7-Gua3 adducts,
(labeled) + CHL (4,000 ppm) in the diet compare with Fish, coho salmon liver
for 2 days; for detailed information please AFB1, 3rd statement of no.115
see the article), conc.: »0.027 pmol
156 Fish

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial strain rainbow trouts, age: 10 months,
(dose: 28.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., weight: »45 g, contamination: artificial
once; for detailed information please see (dose: 83 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
the article), conc.: 7.7 pmol AFB1/mg once), conc. range: £263.0 pmol AFB1
DNA* **(mean value), country: USA115, binding/mg DNA* (mean value), country:
*after 2 days, **AFB1-FAPyr adducts, USA177, *after 24 h (also measured after 4,
compare with Fish, coho salmon liver 12 and 48 h but lower residue values
AFB1, 4th statement of no.115 recorded), for overall information please
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Shasta strain see the article
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
(dose: 28.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.:
once; for detailed information please »53 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
see the article), conc.: 14.1 pmol AFB1/ 5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., once), conc.:
mg DNA* **(mean values), country: 9.23 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* (mean
USA115, *after 21 days, **AFB1-FAPyr value), country: USA177, *after 24 h (for
adducts, overall information please see the article)
compare with Fish, coho salmon liver incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
AFB1, 5th statement of no.115 strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Shasta strain »53 g, contamination: artificial
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial (dose: 25 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
(dose: 28.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; once), conc.: 55.6 pmol AFB1 binding/mg
for detailed information please see the DNA* (mean value), country: USA177,
article), conc.: 5.8 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* *after 24 h (for overall information please
**(mean value), country: USA115, *after see the article)
2 days, **AFB1-minor FAPyr isomer incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
adducts, strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.:
compare with Fish, coho salmon liver »53 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
AFB1, 6th statement of no.115 100 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., once),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Shasta strain conc.: 315 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA*
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial (mean value), country: USA177, *after 24 h
(dose: 28.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., (for overall information please see the
once; for detailed information please see article)
the article), conc.: 2.6 pmol AFB1/mg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
DNA* **(mean value), country: USA115, strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.:
*after 21 days, **AFB1-minor FAPyr »53 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
isomer adducts, 300 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., once),
compare with Fish, coho salmon liver conc.: 1,240 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA*
AFB1, 7th statement of no.115 (mean value), country: USA177, *after 24 h
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain (for overall information please see the
rainbow trouts, age: 13 months, wt.: 74 g, article)
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.:
detailed information please see the 58–71 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc.: 243.0 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* 40% semipurified protein diets (casein)
(mean value), country: USA177, *after 24 h, for 5 months and afterwards 50 mg AFB1
compare with Fish, coho salmon liver (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed
AFB1 no.177 information please see the article), conc.:
Fish 157

258 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* (mean wt.: 58–71 g, contamination: artificial
value), country: USA177, *after 24 h (dose: 60% semipurified protein diets
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta (FPC) for 5 months and afterwards 50 mg
strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
58–71 g, contamination: artificial (dose: detailed information please see the
50% semipurified protein diets (casein) article), conc.: 309 pmol AFB1 binding/
for 5 months and afterwards 50 mg AFB1 mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed USA177, *after 24 h
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
253 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* (mean rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.:
value), country: USA177, *after 24 h 58–71 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta 70% semipurified protein diets (FPC) for
strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: 5 months and afterwards 50 mg AFB1
58–71 g, contamination: artificial (dose: (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed
60% semipurified protein diets (casein) information please see the article),
for 5 months and afterwards 50 mg AFB1 conc.: 189 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* **
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed (mean value), country: USA177, *after 24 h
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
329 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* (mean strain rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
value), country: USA177, *after 24 h 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: protein source (40% casein diet);
58–71 g, contamination: artificial (dose: for detailed information please see the
70% semipurified protein diets (casein) article), conc.: 2.72 nmol AFB1/g liver **
for 5 months and afterwards 50 mg AFB1 (mean value), country: USA177, *control
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed (compare with 40% casein and 100 ppm
information please see the article), conc.: CPFA-treated trouts), **after 24 h
299 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* (mean incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
value), country: USA177, *after 24 h rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
wt.: 58–71 g, contamination: artificial protein source (40% casein
(dose: 40% semipurified protein diets diet + 100 ppm CPFA); for detailed
(FPC) for 5 months and afterwards 50 mg information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for 2.47 nmol AFB1/g liver* (mean value),
detailed information please see the country: USA177, *after 24 h
article), conc.: 228 pmol AFB1 binding/ incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
USA177, *after 24 h 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: protein source (40% casein diet);
58–71 g, contamination: artificial (dose: for detailed information please see the
50% semipurified protein diets (FPC) for article), conc.: 275.0 pmol AFB1
5 months and afterwards 50 mg AFB1 binding/mg DNA** (mean value),
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed country: USA177, *control (compare with
information please see the article), conc.: 40% casein and 100 ppm CPFA-treated
190 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* ** trouts), **after 24 h
(mean value), country: USA177, *after 24 h incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain rainbow trouts, age: 14 months,
strain rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: 95–145 g, contamination: artificial
158 Fish

(dose: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
once, protein source (40% casein protein source (40% FPC diet); for
diet + 100 ppm CPFA); for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc.: article), conc.: 2.30 nmol AFB1/g liver*
219.0 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA177, *control
(mean value), country: USA177, (compare with 40% FPC and 100 ppm
*after 24 h CPFA-treated trouts), **after 24 h
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
protein source (70% casein diet); protein source (40% FPC diet + 100 ppm
for detailed information please see the CPFA); for detailed information please
article), conc.: 2.57 nmol AFB1/g liver** see the article), conc.: 2.60 nmol AFB1/g
(mean value), country: USA177, *control liver* (mean value), country: USA177,
(compare with 70% casein and 100 ppm *after 24 h
CPFA-treated trouts), **after 24 h incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, protein source (40% FPC diet); for detailed
protein source (70% casein information please see the article),
diet + 100 ppm CPFA); for detailed conc.: 270.0 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA*
information please see the article), conc.: ** (mean value), country: USA177, *control
2.78 nmol AFB1/g liver* ** (mean value), (compare with 40% FPC and 100 ppm
country: USA177, *after 24 h CPFA-treated trouts), **after 24 h
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
protein source (70% casein diet); protein source (40% FPC diet + 100 ppm
for detailed information please see the CPFA); for detailed information please
article), conc.: 283.0 pmol AFB1 see the article), conc.: 260.0 pmol AFB1
binding/mg DNA** (mean value), binding/mg DNA* (mean value),
country: USA177, *control (compare with country: USA177, *after 24 h
70% casein and 100 ppm CPFA-treated incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
trouts), **after 24 h rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
strain rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
wt.: 95–145 g, contamination: artificial protein source (70% FPC diet); for
(dose: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., detailed information please see the
once, protein source (70% casein article), conc.: 1.83 nmol AFB1/g liver*
diet + 100 ppm CPFA); for detailed ** (mean value), country: USA177, *control
information please see the article), (compare with 70% FPC and 100 ppm
conc.: 246.0 pmol AFB1 binding/mg CPFA-treated trouts), **after 24 h
DNA* (mean value), country: USA177, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
*after 24 h rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain 95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose: protein source (70% FPC diet + 100 ppm
Fish 159

CPFA); for detailed information please (mean value), country: USA177, *control
see the article), conc.: 1.99 nmol AFB1/g (compare with BNF-treated trouts),
liver* (mean value), country: USA177, **after 24 h
*after 24 h incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: 80–125 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose: pretreatment with 100 mg BNF/kg b. wt.,
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once, i.p., once afterwards 4 days fasting then
protein source (70% FPC diet); for 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once;
detailed information please see the for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 210.0 pmol AFB1 article), conc.: 96.6 pmol AFB1
binding/mg DNA* ** (mean value), binding/mg DNA* (mean value),
country: USA177, *control (compare with country: USA177, *after 24 h
70% FPC and 100 ppm CPFA-treated
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
trouts), **after 24 h
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.:
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
95–145 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
i.p., once; for detailed information please
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once,
see the article), conc. range:
protein source (70% FPC diet + 100 ppm
46**–139*** pmol/g liver (mean values),
CPFA); for detailed information please see
country: USA212, *control, after 24** and
the article), conc.: 189.0 pmol
5 h*** (also measured after 10 and 16 h
AFB1 binding/mg DNA* ** ***(mean value),
but values between values of 5 and 24 h)
country: USA177, *after 24 h
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g,
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
80–125 g, contamination: artificial (dose: containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
fasted 4 days then 50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for
b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information 12 weeks prior to AFB1 injection; for
please see the article), conc.: 2.09 nmol detailed information please see the
AFB1/g liver** (mean value), country: article), conc. range: 33*–104** pmol/g
USA177, *control (compare with liver (mean values), country: USA212,
BNF-treated trouts), **after 24 h after 24* and 5 h** (also measured after
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain 10 and 16 h but values between values of
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: 5 and 24 h)
80–125 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
pretreatment with 100 mg BNF/kg b. wt.,
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g,
i.p., once afterwards 4 days fasting then
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once;
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
for detailed information please see the
i.p., once; for detailed information please
article), conc.: 0.941 nmol AFB1/g liver*
see the article), conc. range: ȣ9.5 nmol
(mean value), country: USA177, *after 24 h
AFB1/g liver** (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain USA212, *control, **after 5 h post-injection
rainbow trouts, age: 14 months, wt.: (also measured after 10, 16 and 24 h,
80–125 g, contamination: artificial (dose: lowest conc.: »6.1 nmol AFB1/g liver
fasted 4 days then 50 mg AFB1 after 24 h)
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta
information please see the article), conc.: strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g,
162.0 pmol AFB1 binding/mg DNA** contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
160 Fish

containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, fasted prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed
i.p., once and I3C-diet (0.2%) for 12 weeks information please see the article), conc.
prior to AFB1 injection; for detailed range: ȣ20 nmol AFB1/g DNA* ** (mean
information please see the article), conc. value), country: USA212, *after 1 day
range: ȣ6.3 nmol AFB1/g liver* (mean post-injection (also measured after 2, 7
value), country: USA212, *after 5 h and 21 days, lowest conc.: »9.5 nmol
post-injection (also measured after 10, AFB1/g DNA after 21 days), **long-term
16 and 24 h, lowest conc.: »3.8 nmol binding of AFB1
AFB1/g liver after 24 h)
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, detailed information please see the
i.p., once; for detailed information please article), conc. range: 46**–139*** pmol/g
see the article), conc. range: ȣ29.5 nmol liver (mean values), country: USA213,
AFB1/g DNA** *** (mean value), country: *control, after 24** and 5 h*** (also
USA212, *control, **after 5 h post-injection measured after 10 and 16 h but values
(also measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, between values of 5 and 24 h)
lowest conc.: »24 nmol AFB1/g DNA after incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
10 h), ***short-term binding of AFB1 rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain contamination: artificial (dose: PCB
rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, contamination: (100 ppm) for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once and I3C-diet detailed information please see the article),
(0.2%) for 12 weeks prior to AFB1 conc. range: 33*–119** pmol/g liver (mean
injection; for detailed information please values), country: USA213, after 24* and
see the article), conc. range: ȣ14 nmol 5 h** (also measured after 10 and 16 h but
AFB1/g DNA* ** (mean value), country: values between values of 5 and 24 h)
USA212, *after 16 h post-injection (also
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
measured after 5, 10, and 24 h, lowest
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
conc.: »10.5 nmol AFB1/g DNA after 5 h),
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg
**short-term binding of AFB1
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
incidence: 5–8?/5–8*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta detailed information please see the
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, article), conc. range: 27.9**–30.0*** nmol
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 days AFB1-derived adducts/g DNA** *** (mean
fasted then 0.1 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. values), country: USA213, *control, after
wt., i.p., once; for detailed information 24** and 5 h*** (also measured after 10
please see the article), conc. range: and 16 h but values below or between
ȣ82 nmol AFB1/g DNA** *** (mean values of 5 and 24 h, lowest conc.:
value), country: USA212, *control, **after 23.9 nmol AFB1-derived adducts/g DNA
1 day post-injection (also measured after after 10 h), ***short-term AFB1-DNA
2, 7 and 21 days, lowest conc.: »17 nmol adducts
AFB1/g DNA after 21 days), ***long-term incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Shasta strain
binding of AFB1 rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
incidence: 5–8?/5–8, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta contamination: artificial (dose: PCB
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, (100 ppm) for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 mmol AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once and detailed information please see the
I3C-diet (0.2%) for 3 weeks and 2 days article), conc. range: 35.3*–36.3** nmol
Fish 161

AFB1-derived adducts/g DNA*** (mean *after 5 h post-injection (also measured

values), country: USA213, after 5* and after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest conc.:
24** h (also measured after 10 and 16 h »6.8 nmol AFB1/g liver after 24 h)
but values below values of 5 and 24 h,
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Shasta strain
lowest conc.: 30.8 nmol AFB1-derived
rainbow trouts, age: 3 months,
adducts/g DNA after 16 h), ***short-term
contamination: artificial (dose:
AFB1-DNA adducts
168.7 pmol AF (labeled)/g diet, o., for
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain 2 weeks; for detailed information please
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, see the article), conc.: 3.82 pmol AFB1/mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.0 mg DNA* (mean value), country: USA228,
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for *after 15 days (thereof 14 days with
detailed information please see the AF-administration)
article), conc. range: ȣ36 nmol AFB1/g
hepatic DNA** *** (mean value), country: incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
USA213, *control, **after 1 day (also strain rainbow trouts, wt.: 50 g,
measured after 0.5, 2, 7 and 21 days, contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
lowest conc.: »16 nmol AFB1/g hepatic containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
DNA after 21 days), ***long-term i.p., once; for detailed information please
AFB1-DNA adducts see the article), conc. range:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain 46**–139*** pmol AFB1/g liver (mean
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, values), country: USA260, *control, after
contamination: artificial (dose: PCB 24** and 5 h*** (also measured after 10
(100 ppm) for 3 month prior to 2.0 mg and 16 h but values between values of 5
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for and 24 h)
detailed information please see the incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
article), conc. range: ȣ25 nmol AFB1/g rainbow trouts, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
hepatic DNA* ** (mean value), country: artificial (dose: 25 ml containing 0.32 mmol
USA213, *after 0.5 day (also measured after AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once and BNF-diet
1, 2, 7 and 21 days, lowest conc.: »9 nmol (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior to AFB1-
AFB1/g hepatic DNA after 21 days), injection; for detailed information please
**long-term AFB1-DNA adducts see the article), conc. range: 11*–90**
pmol AFB1/g liver (mean values), country:
incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
USA260, after 24* and 5 h** (also measured
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
after 10 and 16 h but values between
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg
values of 5 and 24 h)
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
article), conc. range: »£9.5 nmol AFB1/g rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
liver** (mean value), country: USA213, artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
*control, **after 5 h post-injection (also 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once;
measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest for detailed information please see the
conc.: »6.1 nmol AFB1/g liver after 24 h) article), conc. range: »£9.5 nmol AFB1/g
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Shasta strain liver** (mean value), country: USA260,
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, *control, after 5 h** (also measured after
contamination: artificial (dose: PCB 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest conc.: »6.2 nmol
(100 ppm) for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1/g liver after 24 h)
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
detailed information please see the rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
article), conc. range: ȣ11.3 nmol AFB1/g artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
liver* (mean value), country: USA213, 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once
162 Fish

and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: fingerling
to AFB1-injection; for detailed rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc. (dose: 0 ppm I3C in the diet for
range: ȣ8 nmol AFB1/g liver* (mean 6 weeks + 10, 20, 40 or 80** ppb AFB1
value), country: USA260, after 5 h* (also (labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the
measured after 10, 16 and 24 h, lowest last 2 weeks; for detailed information
conc.: »3.7 nmol AFB1/g liver after 24 h) please see the article), conc. range:
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain ȣ840** pg AFB1/mg DNA*** (mean
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial value), country: USA313, *control, ***after
(dose: 64 nmol AFB1 (labeled), i.p., once; for 7 days of AFB1-administration
detailed information please see the article), incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling
conc. range: ȣ60 nmol AFB1/g hepatic rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
DNA** (mean value), country: USA260, (dose: I3C (1,000 ppm) in the diet for
*control, **after 48 h (also measured after 6 weeks + 10, 20, 40 or 80* ppb AFB1
6, 24 and 96 h, lowest conc.: »43 nmol (labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the
AFB1/g hepatic DNA after 0.2 days) last 2 weeks; for detailed information
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain please see the article), conc. range:
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial ȣ490* pg AFB1/mg DNA** (mean value),
(dose: 64 nmol AFB1 (labeled), i.p., once country: USA313, **after 7 days of
and BNF-diet (0.5%) for 3 weeks prior to AFB1-administration
AFB1-injection, i.p., once; for detailed incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling
information please see the article), conc. rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
range: ȣ27 nmol AFB1/g hepatic DNA* (dose: I3C (2,000 ppm) in the diet for
(mean value), country: USA260, **after 6 weeks + 20, 40, 80 or 160* ppb AFB1
24 h (also measured after 6, 48 and 96 h, (labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the
lowest conc.: »20 nmol AFB1/g hepatic last 2 weeks; for detailed information
DNA after 2 days) please see the article), conc. range:
ȣ310* pg AFB1/mg DNA** (mean value),
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
country: USA313, **after 7 days of
strain rainbow trouts, contamination:
AFB1-administration
artificial (dose: 180 nmol AFB1 (labeled),
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling
i.p., once; for detailed information please
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
see the article), conc. range: ȣ145 nmol
(dose: I3C (3,000 ppm) in the diet for
AFB1/g hepatic DNA** (mean value),
6 weeks + 20, 40, 80 or 160* ppb AFB1
country: USA260, *control, **after 1 day
(labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the
(also measured after 0.5, 2 and 7 days,
last 2 weeks; for detailed information
lowest conc.: »75 nmol AFB1/g hepatic
please see the article), conc. range:
DNA after 7 days)
ȣ180* pg AFB1/mg DNA** (mean value),
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
country: USA313, **after 7 days of
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
AFB1-administration
(dose: 180 nmol AFB1 (labeled), i.p., once
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling
and BHA-diet (0.3%) for 3 weeks prior to
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
AFB1-injection; for detailed information
(dose: I3C (4,000 ppm) in the diet for
please see the article), conc. range:
6 weeks + 40, 80, 160 or 320* ppb AFB1
ȣ195 nmol AFB1/g hepatic DNA*
(labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the
(mean value), country: USA260, *after
last 2 weeks; for detailed information
0.5 days (also measured after 1, 2 and
please see the article), conc. range:
7 days, lowest conc.: »85 nmol AFB1/g
ȣ215* pg AFB1/mg DNA** (mean value),
hepatic DNA after 7 days)
country: USA313, **after 7 days of AFB1-
administration
Fish 163

incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: fingerling range: ȣ450* pg AFB1/mg DNA** (mean
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial value), country: USA313, **after 14 days of
(dose: 0 ppm I3C) in the diet for AFB1-administration
6 weeks + 10, 20, 40 or 80** ppb AFB1
(labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
last 2 weeks; for detailed information rainbow trouts, age: 2 months, Ø wt.:
please see the article), conc. range: 1.5 g, contamination: no AFB1; for detailed
ȣ1,750** pg AFB1/mg DNA*** (mean information please see the article), conc.:
value), country: USA313, *control, ***after nr, country: USA384
14 days of AFB1-administration incidence: ?/4 or 8, sa. const.: Shasta strain
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling rainbow rainbow trouts, age: 2 months, Ø wt.:
trouts, contamination: artificial (dose: I3C 1.5 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(1,000 ppm) in the diet for 6 weeks + 10, 12.4, 25, 50 and 75* ng AFB1 (labeled)/g
20, 40 or 80* ppb AFB1 (labeled and dry weight diet, for 2 weeks; for detailed
unlabeled) in the diet for the last 2 weeks; information please see the article), conc.
for detailed information please see the range: ȣ5.8* pmol AFB1/mg DNA**,
article), conc. range: ȣ750* pg AFB1/mg country: USA384, **after 2 weeks
DNA** (mean value), country: USA313, incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta strain
**after 14 days of AFB1-administration rainbow trouts, age: 11 months, wt.: »66 g,
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling contamination: artificial (dose: 0.675 mg?
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial AFB1 (labeled)/g b. wt., i.p., once; for
(dose: I3C (2,000 ppm) in the diet for detailed information please see the
6 weeks + 20, 40, 80* or 160 ppb AFB1 article), conc. range: £40.4 pmol/mg
(labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA405,
last 2 weeks; for detailed information *after 2 days (also measured after 1, 4,
please see the article); for detailed and 7 days, lowest conc.: 31.4 pmol/mg
information please see the article), conc. DNA after 1 day), **[3H]AFB1-conc.
range: ȣ300* pg AFB1/mg DNA** (mean
value), country: USA313, **after 14 days of incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: fingerling
AFB1-administration rainbow trouts (9,490), wt.: 1.5–2.0 g,
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling contamination: artificial (dose: 10, 20, 40,
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial 80 or 160** ppb AFB1 (labeled and
(dose: I3C (3,000 ppm) in the diet for unlabeled) and no CHL for 2 weeks; for
6 weeks + 20, 40, 80 or 160* ppb AFB1 detailed information please see the
(labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the article), conc. range: ȣ28 mmol AFB1/
last 2 weeks; for detailed information mole DNA** *** (mean value), country:
please see the article); for detailed USA536, *control, ***after 2 weeks
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: fingerling
range: »£430* pg AFB1/mg DNA** rainbow trouts (9,490), wt.: 1.5–2.0 g,
(mean value), country: USA313, **after contamination: artificial (dose: 10, 20, 40
14 days of AFB1-administration or 80* ppb AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled)
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: fingerling and CHL (500 ppm) added to the diet for
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial 2 weeks; for detailed information please
(dose: I3C (4,000 ppm) in the diet for see the article), conc. range: ȣ10.8 mmol
6 weeks + 40, 80, 160 or 320* ppb AFB1 AFB1/mole DNA* ** (mean value),
(labeled and unlabeled) in the diet for the country: USA536, **after 2 weeks
last 2 weeks; for detailed information incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: fingerling
please see the article); for detailed rainbow trouts (9,490), wt.: 1.5–2.0 g,
information please see the article), conc. contamination: artificial (dose: 10, 20, 40,
164 Fish

80 or 160* ppb AFB1 (labeled and pretreatment CHL (4,000 ppm) for 7 days
unlabeled) and CHL (2,000 ppm) added then bath treatment: 0.1 ppm AFB1
to the diet for 2 weeks; for detailed (labeled in part) + CHL (500 ppm) for
information please see the article), 30 min, posttreatment: 4,000 ppm CHL
conc. range: ȣ19.5* mmol AFB1/mole for another 2 days; for detailed
DNA** (mean value), country: USA536, information please see the article),
**after 2 weeks conc.: 7.9 pg AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: fingerling rainbow value), country: USA546, *AFB1-DNA
trouts (9,490), wt.: 1.5–2.0 g, contamination: adducts, **within 1 h after bath
artificial (dose: 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160* ppb treatment
AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled) and CHL incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: fingerling fishes
(4,000 ppm) added to the diet for 2 weeks; (rainbow trout), wt.: »0.7 g,
for detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: bath
article), conc. range: ȣ17.5 * mmol AFB1/ treatment: 0.1 ppm AFB1 (labeled in
mole DNA** (mean value), country: USA536, part) + CHL (500 ppm) for 30 min, no
**after 2 weeks pre- and posttreatment; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
7.7 pg AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value),
wt.: 5–6 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: USA546, *AFB1-DNA adducts,
80 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet for
**within 1 h after bath treatment
2 days; for detailed information please see
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: fingerling fishes
the article), conc.: »2.25 pmol AFB1/g
(rainbow trout), wt.: »0.7 g,
liver** (mean value), country: USA546,
contamination: artificial (dose:
*control, **after AFB1-administration
pretreatment CHL (4,000 ppm) for 7 days
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
then bath treatment: 0.1 ppm AFB1
weight: 5–6 g, contamination: artificial
(labeled in part) for 30 min,
(dose: pretreatment CHL (4,000 ppm)
posttreatment: CHL (4,000 ppm) for
for 2 weeks then 80 ppb AFB1
another 2 days; for detailed information
(labeled) + CHL (4,000 ppm) in the diet
please see the article), conc.: 211 pg
for another 2 days; for detailed
AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
information please see the article),
USA546, *AFB1-DNA adducts, **within 1 h
conc.: »1.25 pmol AFB1/g liver* (mean
after bath treatment
value), country: USA546, *after AFB1- and
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: fingerling fishes
CHL-administration
(rainbow trout), wt.: »0.7 g,
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: fingerling fishes contamination: artificial (dose: bath
(rainbow trout), wt.: »0.7 g, treatment: 0.1 ppm AFB1 (labeled in part)
contamination: neither AFB1- nor for 30 min, no pre- and posttreatment;
CHL-treatment (for detailed information for detailed information please see the
please see the article), conc.: nd, article), conc.: 194 pg AFB1/mg DNA* **
country: USA546 (mean value), country: USA546,
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: fingerling fishes *AFB1-DNA adducts, **within 1 h after
(rainbow trout), wt.: »0.7 g b. wt., bath treatment
contamination: artificial (dose: CHL
(500 ppm) for 30 min, no pre- and incidence: ?/5*, sa. const.: fingerling
posttreatment; for detailed information trouts, age: 3–5 months, wt.: 8–12 g,
please see the article), conc.: nd, contamination: artificial (dose: no
country: USA546 pretreatment with BNF (0.2–10 ppm)
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: fingerling for 7 days, on 8th day 10 mg AFB1
fishes (rainbow trout), wt.: »0.7 g, (labeled)/kg, i.p. injection, once; for
contamination: artificial (dose: detailed information please see the
Fish 165

article), conc.: »7.1 pmol AFB1/mg DNA** contamination: artificial (dose:

(mean value), country: USA558, *control, pretreatment with 100, 200, 300, 500 or
**after 24 h 700* ppm BNF for 7 days, on 8th day
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: fingerling trouts, 10 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p. injection,
age: 3–5 months, wt.: 8–12 g, once; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: the article), conc.: »3.9 pmol AFB1/mg
pretreatment with 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0* or DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA558,
10 ppm BNF for 7 days, on 8th day 10 mg **lowest value of all treatments after 24 h
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p. injection, once; for (also all other BNF-treatment values
detailed information please see the lower than the control)
article), conc.: »2.4 pmol AFB1/mg DNA*
incidence: ?/5*, sa. const.: fingerling
** (mean value), country: USA558, **lowest
trouts, wt.: 1–2 g, contamination:
value of all treatments after 24 h (also all
artificial (dose: 20 ppb AFB1 (labeled)
other BNF-treatment values lower than
in the diet for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days and no
the control)
CHL; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/7*, sa. const.: fingerling see the article), conc. range: ȣ685 pg
trouts, age: 3–5 months, wt.: 3–4 g, AFB1/mg DNA** (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: no USA560, *control (AFB1 administered up
pretreatment with BNF (10–200 ppm) to 7 days), **after 7 days of feeding
for 7 days, on 8th day 10 mg AFB1 AFB1 (also measured after 1, 3 and
(labeled)/kg, i.p. injection, once; 5 days)
for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: fingerling trouts,
article), conc.: »9.0 pmol AFB1/mg DNA** wt.: 1–2 g, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: USA558, *control, (dose: 20 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet
**after 24 h for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days and CHL (500 ppm)
incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: fingerling trouts, co-administered to AFB1; for detailed
age: 3–5 months, wt.: 3–4 g, information please see the article),
contamination: artificial (dose: conc.: ȣ475 pg AFB1/mg DNA* (mean
pretreatment with 10, 20, 50, 100 or value), country: USA560, *after 7 days of
200* ppm BNF for 7 days, on 8th day feeding AFB1 and CHL (also measured
10 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p. injection, after 1, 3 and 5 days)
once; for detailed information please see incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: fingerling
the article), conc.: »3.7 pmol AFB1/mg trouts, wt.: 1–2 g, contamination: artificial
DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA558, (dose: 20 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet
**lowest value of all treatments after 24 h for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days and CHL (1,000 ppm)
(also all other BNF-treatment values co-administered to AFB1; for detailed
lower than the control) information please see the article),
incidence: ?/7*, sa. const.: fingerling conc.: ȣ340 pg AFB1/mg DNA* (mean
trouts, age: 3–5 months, wt.: 8–12 g, value), country: USA560, *after 7 days of
contamination: artificial (dose: no feeding AFB1 and CHL (also measured
pretreatment with BNF (100–700 ppm) after 1, 3 and 5 days)
for 7 days, on 8th day 10 mg AFB1 incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: fingerling
(labeled)/kg, i.p. injection, once; for trouts, wt.: 1–2 g, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the (dose: 20 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet
article), conc.: »19.8 pmol AFB1/mg for 1, 3, 5 or 7 days and CHL (2,000 ppm)
DNA** (mean value), country: USA558, co-administered to AFB1; for detailed
*control, **after 24 h information please see the article),
incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: fingerling trouts, conc.: ȣ200 pg AFB1/mg DNA* (mean
age: 3–5 months, wt.: 8–12 g, value), country: USA560, *after 7 days of
166 Fish

feeding AFB1 and CHL (also measured contamination: artificial (dose:

after 1, 3 and 5 days) 2,442 pmol AF (labeled)/g diet, o., for
2 weeks; for detailed information please
Aflatoxin M1 see the article), conc.: 8.07 pmol AFM1/mg
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta DNA* (mean value), country: USA228,
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, *after 15 days (thereof 14 days with
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml AF-administration)
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Shasta strain
i.p., once; for detailed information please rainbow trouts, age: 3 months,
see the article), conc. range: contamination: artificial (dose:
0**–4*** pmol/g liver (mean value), 812.6 pmol AF (labeled)/g diet, o., for
country: USA212, *control, after 24** and 2 weeks; for detailed information please
5 h*** (also measured after 10 and 16 h see the article), conc.: 3.16 pmol AFM1/mg
but values between values of 5 and 24 h) DNA* (mean value), country: USA228,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt. Shasta *after 15 days (thereof 14 days with
strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »400 g, AF-administration)
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
incidence: 9?/9*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
i.p., once and I3C (0.2%) diet for
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing 0.32 mmol
12 weeks prior to AFB1 injection; for
AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once; for detailed
detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc.
article), conc. range: 1*–4** pmol/g liver
range: 0**–4*** pmol AFM1/g liver (mean
(mean value), country: USA212, after 24*
values), country: USA260, *control, after
and 5 h** (also measured after 10 and
24** and 5 h*** (also measured after
16 h but values between values of
10 and 16 h but values between values of 5
5 and 24 h)
and 24 h)
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, strain rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.47 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
detailed information please see the i.p., once and BNF-diet (0.05%) for
article), conc. range: 0**–4*** pmol/g 12 weeks prior to AFB1-injection; for
liver (mean values), country: USA213, detailed information please see the
*control, after 24** and 5 h*** (also article), conc. range: 1*–16** pmol
measured after 10 and 16 h but values AFM1/g liver (mean values), country:
between values of 5 and 24 h) USA260, after 24 h* and 5 h** (also
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain measured after 10 and 16 h but values
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, between values of 5 and 24 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppm
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
PCB for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg AFB1
wt.: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: artificial
(labeled), i.p. injection, once; for detailed
(dose: 80 ppb AFB1 (labeled) in the diet
information please see the article), conc.
for another 2 days; for detailed
range: 2*–21** pmol/g liver (mean
information please see the article), conc.
values), country: USA213, after 24* and
range: »0.034 pmol AFM1/g liver
5 h** (also measured after 10 and 16 h
**(mean value), country: USA546,
but values between values of 5 and 24 h)
*control, *after AFB1-administration
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: rainbow trouts,
rainbow trouts, age: 3 months, wt.: 5–6 g b. wt., contamination: artificial
Fish 167

(dose: pretreatment CHL (4,000 ppm) for (mean value), country: USA213, *5 h
2 weeks then 80 ppb AFB1 post-injection
(labeled) + CHL (4,000 ppm) in the diet
for another 2 days; for detailed Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/36*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
range: »0.017 pmol AFM1/g liver* strain rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
(mean value), country: USA546, *after contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
AFB1- and CHL-administration containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
i.p. Injection, once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
Fish, rainbow trout plasma may range: 3.8**–19.7*** nM AFB1 in plasma
contain the following mycotoxins and/or (mean values), country: USA212, *control,
their metabolites: after 24** and 5 h*** (also measured after
10 and 16 h but values between values of
Aflatoxicol
5 and 24 h)
incidence: ?/36*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
strain rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
contamination: artificial (dose: I3C-diet
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
(0.2%) for 12 weeks prior to 25 ml
i.p. injection; for detailed information
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
please see the article), conc. range: 0.2**–
i.p. injection, once; for detailed
2.2*** nM in plasma (mean values),
information please see the article), conc.
country: USA212, *control, after 24** and
range: 2.7*–16.9** nM AFB1 in plasma
5 h*** (also measured after 10 and 16 h
(mean values), country: USA212, after
but values between values of 5 and 24 h)
24* and 5 h** (also measured after 10
incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
and 16 h but values between values of
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
5 and 24 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: I3C-diet
(0.2%) for 12 weeks prior to 25 ml incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
i.p. injection; for detailed information (dose: 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p.
please see the article), conc. range: injection, once; for detailed information
0.1*–1.6** nM in plasma (mean values), please see the article), conc.: 19.7 nmol**
country: USA212, after 24* and 5 h** in plasma (mean value), country: USA213,
(also measured after 10 and 16 h but *control, **5 h post-injection
values between values of 5 and 24 h) incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
(dose: PCB (100 ppm) for 2 month prior
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
to 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection,
(dose: 2. 47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p.
once; for detailed information please see
injection, once; for detailed information
the article), conc.: 11.0 nmol* in plasma
please see the article), conc.: 2.2 nmol**
(mean value), country: USA213, *5 h
in plasma (mean value), country: USA213,
post-injection
*control, **5 h post-injection
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination:
(dose: 100 ppm PCB for 2 months prior to artificial (dose: 25 ml containing
2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once;
for detailed information please see the for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 1.8 nmol* in plasma article), conc. range: 3.8**–19.7*** nM
168 Fish

AFB1 in plasma**** (mean values), please see the article), conc.: 0.6 nmol**
country: USA260, *control, after 24** and in plasma (mean value), country: USA213,
5 h*** (also measured after 10 and 16 h *control, **5 h post-injection
but values between values of 5 and 24 h), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Shasta strain
****values represent unmetabolized AFB1 rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial
only (dose: 100 ppm PCB for 2 month prior to
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection,
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination: once; for detailed information please see
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing the article), conc.: 6.1 nmol* in plasma
0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once (mean value), country: USA213, *5 h
and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior post-injection
to AFB1-injection; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. Fish, rainbow trout red blood
range: 0.6*–5.2** nM AFB1 in cells may contain the following
plasma***(mean values), country: USA260, mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
after 24* and 5 h** (also measured after
10 and 16 h but values between values of Aflatoxin B1
5 and 24 h), ***values represent incidence: ?/36*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta
unmetabolized AFB1 only strain rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml
Aflatoxin M1 containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
incidence: ?/36*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta i.p. injection, once; for detailed
strain rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 ml range: 0.705**–0.910*** nmol AFB1/g
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, RBC DNA (mean values), country: USA212,
i.p. injection, once; for detailed *control, after 5 h** and 24 h*** (also
information please see the article), conc. measured after 10 and 16 h but values
range: 0.6**–1.0*** nM in plasma (mean below values of 5 and 24 h, lowest conc.:
values), country: USA212, *control, after 0.679 nmol AFB1/g RBC DNA after 16 h)
5** and 24 h*** (also measured after 10 incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain
and 16 h but values between or higher rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
values of 5 and 24 h, highest conc.: 1.1 nM contamination: artificial (dose: I3C-diet
in plasma after 16 h) (0.2%) for 12 weeks prior to 25 ml
incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml,
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, i.p. injection, once; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: I3C-diet information please see the article), conc.
(0.2%) for 12 weeks prior to 25 ml range: 0.247*–0.481** nmol AFB1/g RBC
containing 0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, DNA** (mean values), country: USA212,
i.p. injection, once; for detailed after 5* and 24 h** (also measured after
information please see the article), conc. 10 and 16 h but values between values of
range: 0.2*–4.2** nM in plasma (mean 5 and 24 h)
values), country: USA212, after 24* and
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: Shasta strain
5 h** (also measured after 10 and 16 h
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months,
but values between values of 5 and 24 h)
contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Shasta strain 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection,
rainbow trouts, contamination: artificial once; for detailed information please
(dose: 2.47 mg AFB1 (labeled), i.p. see the article), conc. range:
injection, once; for detailed information 0.708**–0.908*** nmol
Fish 169

AFB1-derived adducts/g DNA**** (mean Fish, Rainbow Trout Yolk see Fish,
values), country: USA213, *control, after rainbow trout egg
5** and 24*** h (also measured after 10
and 16 h but values below values of 5 and Fish, Walleye Fish
24 h, lowest conc.: 0.682 nmol AFB1-
derived adducts/g DNA after 16 h), Fish, walleye fish muscle may
****short-term AFB1-DNA adducts contain the following mycotoxins and/or
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Shasta strain their metabolites:
rainbow trouts, age: 9 months, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: PCB incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: walleyes,
(100 ppm) for 2 month prior to 2.47 mg length: 290 mm, contamination: no AF,
AFB1 (labeled), i.p. injection, once; for conc.: nd, country: USA94, *control, for
detailed information please see the overall information please see the article
article), conc. range: 0.641*–0.895** nmol incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: walleyes, length:
AFB1-derived adducts/g DNA*** (mean 290 mm, contamination: artificial (dose:
values), country: USA213, after 5* and 50 ppb AF, o., for 30 days), conc.: 5 ppb*
24** h (also measured after 10 and 16 h (mean value), country: USA94, *after
but values between and below values of 5 30 days (for overall information please
and 24 h, lowest conc.: 0.632 nmol see the article)
AFB1-derived adducts/g DNA after 16 h), incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: walleyes, length:
***short-term AFB1-DNA adducts 290 mm, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain 100 ppb AF, o., for 30 days), conc.:
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination: 10 ppb* (mean value), country: USA94,
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing *after 30 days (for overall information
0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once; please see the article)
for detailed information please see the Aflatoxin G1
article), conc. range: 0.705**–0.910*** nM incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: walleyes,
AFB1/g RBC DNA**** (mean values), length: 290 mm, contamination: no AF,
country: USA260, *control, after 5** and conc.: nd, country: USA94, *control, for
24 h*** (also measured after 10 and 16 h overall information please see the article
but values below values of 5 and 24 h), incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: walleyes, length:
****total AFB1 and metabolites 290 mm, contamination: artificial (dose:
bound to DNA 50 ppb AF, o., for 30 days), conc.: 15 ppb*
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Mt Shasta strain (mean value), country: USA94, *after
rainbow trouts, wt.: »50 g, contamination: 30 days (for overall information please
artificial (dose: 25 ml containing see the article)
0.32 mmol AFB1 (labeled)/ml, i.p., once incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: walleyes, length:
and BNF-diet (0.05%) for 12 weeks prior 290 mm, contamination: artificial (dose:
to AFB1-injection; for detailed 100 ppb AF, o., for 30 days), conc.:
information please see the article), conc. 20 ppb* (mean value), country: USA94,
range: 0.352*–0.515** nM AFB1/g RBC *after 30 days (for overall information
DNA**** (mean values), country: USA260, please see the article)
after 24* and 5 h** (also measured after
10 and 16 h but values between values of Aflatoxin G2
5 and 24 h), ****total AFB1 and incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: walleyes,
metabolites bound to DNA length: 290 mm, contamination: no AF,
conc.: nd, country: USA94, *control, for
Fish, Rainbow Trout Shell see Fish, overall information please see the
rainbow trout egg article
170 Goat

incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: walleyes, length: detailed information please see the
290 mm, contamination: artificial article), conc. range: ȣ400 pmol
(dose: 50 ppb AF, o., for 30 days), conc.: AFB1/mg DNA* (mean value), country:
15 ppb* (mean value), country: USA94, USA626, *after 7 days (also measured after
*after 30 days (for overall information 1, 2, 4, 14 and 21 days, lowest conc.:
please see the article) 240 pmol AFB1/mg DNA after 4 days)
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: walleyes, length: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male
290 mm, contamination: artificial (dose: zebrafishes, age: adult, wt.: 0.5 g,
100 ppb AF, o., for 30 days), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
20 ppb* (mean value), country: USA94, AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
*after 30 days (for overall information detailed information please see the
please see the article) article), conc. range: ȣ230 pmol
AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
Fish, Zebrafish USA626, *after 7 days (also measured after
1, 2, 4, 14 and 21 days, lowest conc.:
Fish, zebrafish liver may contain the 75 pmol AFB1/mg DNA after 1 day)
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: Fowlsee Turkey
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female zebrafishes, Goat
age: adult, wt.: 0.5 g, contamination: no AFB1
(for detailed information please see the Goat Natural Contamination
article), conc.: nd, country: USA626, *control
Goat milk, raw may contain the
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female
following mycotoxins and/or their
zebrafishes, age: adult, wt.: 0.5 g,
metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 50, 100,
200 or 400* mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., Aflatoxin M1
i.p., once; for detailed information please incidence: 4/10*, sa. const.: milk from
see the article), conc. range: ȣ235 pmol goats of Greece, contamination: natural,
AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: conc. range: 11–20 ng/l (2 sa), 21–50 ng/l
USA626, **after 24 h (2 sa), country: Greece246, *from
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male December 1999 to May 2000
zebrafishes, age: adult, wt.: 0.5 g, incidence: 8/12*, milk from goats of
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed Greece, contamination: natural, conc.
information please see the article), conc.: range: 5–10 ng/l (7 sa), 11–20 ng/l (1 sa),
nd, country: USA626, *control country: Greece246, *from December 2000
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male to May 2001
zebrafishes, age: adult, wt.: 0.5 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 50, 100, Goat urine may contain the following
200 or 400* mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
i.p., once; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: ȣ145 pmol Zearalanols
AFB1/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: incidence: 9/27*, sa. const.: urine from
USA626, **after 24 h goats of New Zealand, contamination:
natural, conc. range: £0.56 ng/ml**,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female country: New Zealand230, *export
zebrafishes, age: adult, wt.: 0.5 g, animals, **most probable of Fusarium
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg origin
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
Goat 171

Zearalenols Goat lymph may contain the

incidence: 9/27*, sa. const.: urine from following mycotoxins and/or their
goats of New Zealand, contamination: metabolites:
natural, conc. range: £19 ng/ml, country:
New Zealand230, *export animals Macrocyclic Trichothecene
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: female and
Goat Artificial Contamination male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling
goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination:
no exposure to spore suspension of
Goat lung may contain the following Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: information please see the article), conc.:
nr, country: USA587, *control
Macrocyclic Trichothecene incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female and
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: female and male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling
male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination:
goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: six times exposure to dust
no exposure to spore suspension of and fluid of spore suspension of
Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed Stachybotrys chartarum, SC1 group; for
information please see the article), conc.: detailed information please see the
nr, country: USA587, *control article), conc.: 35.2 ng/g* ** (mean value),
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female and country: USA587, *after 72 h of last
male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling treatment, **in lymph nodes
goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: female and
artificial (dose: six times exposure to dust male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling
and fluid of spore suspension of goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination:
Stachybotrys chartarum, SC1 group; for no exposure to spore suspension of
detailed information please see the Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed
article), conc.: 34.9 ng/g* (mean value), information please see the article), conc.:
country: USA587, *after 72 h of last nr, country: USA587, *control
treatment incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female and
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: female and male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling
male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination:
goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: single exposure to dust
no exposure to spore suspension of and fluid of spore suspension of
Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed Stachybotrys chartarum, SC2 group;
information please see the article), conc.: for detailed information please see the
nr, country: USA587, *control article), conc.: 344.8 ng/g* **
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female and male (mean value), country: USA587, *after 24 h
Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats, of single treatment, **in lymph nodes
age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: single exposure to dust and fluid of Goat milk, raw may contain the
spore suspension of Stachybotrys following mycotoxins and/or their
chartarum, SC2 group; for detailed metabolites:
information please see the article), conc.:
158.4 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA587, Aflatoxin M1
*after 24 h of single treatment incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: lactating
Alpine goats, contamination: neither AF
Goat Lymph Nodes see Goat lymph nor HSCAS; for detailed information
172 Goat

please see the article), conc. range: conc.: nd, country: USA282 (measured
£0.037 ppb** (mean value), country: after 2, 4, 6, 10 and 12 days)
USA282, *control, **after 2 days (also incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: lactating Alpine
measured after 4, 6 and 8 days, lowest goats, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc.: 0.005 ppb after 8 days) 100 ppb AF but no HSCAS addition, o.,
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: lactating Alpine for 12 days?; for detailed information
goats, contamination: no AF but HSCAS please see the article), conc. range:
(4%) addition, o., for 8 days? (for £0.649 ppb*, country: USA282, *after 2
detailed information please see the days of AF-administration (also measured
article), conc.: nd, country: USA282 after 4, 6, 10 and 12 days, lowest conc.:
(measured after 2, 4, 6 and 8 days) 0.481 ppb after 6 days)
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: lactating Alpine incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: lactating Alpine
goats, contamination: artificial (dose: goats, contamination: artificial (dose:
200 ppb AF but no HSCAS addition, o., 100 ppb AF and additionally HSCAS (1%)
for 8 days? for detailed information addition, o., for 12 days?; for detailed
please see the article), conc. range: information please see the article), conc.
£1.619 ppb* (mean value), country: range: £0.332 ppb, country: USA282, *after
USA282, *after 6 days of 10 days of AF-administration (also
AF-administration (also measured after measured after 2, 4, 6 and 12 days, lowest
2, 4 and 8 days, lowest conc.: 1.046 ppb conc.: 0.198 ppb after 4 days)
after 4 days) incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: lactating Alpine
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: lactating Alpine goats, contamination: artificial (dose:
goats, contamination: artificial (dose: 100 ppb AF and additionally HSCAS (2%)
200 ppb AF and additionally HSCAS (4%) addition, o., for 12 days?; for detailed
addition, o., for 8 days?; for detailed information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc. range: £0.111 ppb, country: USA282, *after
range: £0.189 ppb* (mean value), country: 4 days of AF-administration (also
USA282, *after 2 days of AF-administration measured after 2, 6, 10 and 12 days, lowest
(also measured after 4, 6 and 8 days, conc.: 0.098 ppb after 12 days)
lowest conc.: 0.163 ppb after 4 days)
incidence: 1?/1?, sa. const.: milk from a
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: lactating goat, age: 3 years, wt.: 20 kg,
Alpine goats, contamination: neither AF contamination: artificial (dose: up to
nor HSCAS (for detailed information 3.254 mg* AFB1/kg ration, o., at day 1*
please see the article), conc. range: (three different doses applicated over 8
£0.022 ppb** (mean value), country: days); for detailed information please see
USA282, *control, **after 10 days of the article), conc.: £0.281 mg/ml*, country:
AF-administration (also measured after Egypt575, *at the first day (also at other
2, 4, 6 and 12 days, lowest conc.: day intervals up to 15 days measured,
nd after 2 and 4 days) lowest conc.: nd after 15 days)
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: lactating Alpine
goats, contamination: no AF but HSCAS Goat serum may contain the following
(1%) addition, o., for 12 days? (for mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nd, country: USA282 Macrocyclic trichothecene
(measured after 2, 4, 6, 10 and 12 days) incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: female and male
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: lactating Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats,
Alpine goats, contamination: no AF but age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: no
HSCAS (2%) addition (for detailed exposure to spore suspension of
information please see the article), Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed
Guinea Pig 173

information please see the article), article), conc.: 33.7 ng/g* (mean value),
conc.: nr, country: USA587, *control country: USA587, *after 72 h of last
incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: female and male treatment
Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats, incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: female and
age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: artificial male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling
(dose: single exposure to dust and fluid of goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination:
spore suspension of Stachybotrys no exposure to spore suspension of
chartarum, SC1 group; for detailed Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed
information please see the article), information please see the article), conc.:
conc.: 1.69* ng/ml (mean value), country: nr, country: USA587, *control
USA587, *after 24 h (also at other hour incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female and male
intervals up to 24 h measured) Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: female and male age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: artificial
Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats, (dose: single exposure to dust and fluid of
age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: no spore suspension of Stachybotrys
exposure to spore suspension of chartarum, SC2 group; for detailed
Stachybotrys chartarum (for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), 147.0 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA587,
conc.: nr, country: USA587, *control *after 24 h of single treatment
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: female and male
Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling goats,
age: 10–16 weeks, contamination: artificial Guinea Pig
(dose: single exposure to dust and fluid of
spore suspension of Stachybotrys
 uinea Pig Artificial
G
chartarum, SC2 group; for detailed Contamination
information please see the article), conc.
range: 2.02* to ȣ8.3** ng/ml (mean value),
Guinea pig adrenal may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
country: USA587, after 24* and 0.25 h** (also
metabolites:
at other hour intervals up to 24 h measured)
Trichothecenes
Goat spleen may contain the incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea
following mycotoxins and/or their pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g,
metabolites: contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once;
Macrocyclic trichothecene
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: female and
article), conc. range: £1,276 pmol/mg wet
male Spanish-Boer cross-bred
weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389,
weanling goats, age: 10–16 weeks,
*TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at
contamination: no exposure to spore
other hour intervals up to 672 h
suspension of Stachybotrys chartarum
measured, lowest conc.: 23 pmol/mg wet
(for detailed information please see the
weight after 672 h)
article), conc.: nr, country: USA587,
*control Guinea pig bile may contain the
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female and following mycotoxins and/or their
male Spanish-Boer cross-bred weanling metabolites:
goats, age: 10–16 weeks, contamination:
artificial (dose: six times exposure to dust Trichothecenes
and fluid of spore suspension of incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea pigs
Stachybotrys chartarum, SC1 group; for (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg T-2
174 Guinea Pig

toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; for

for detailed information please see the article), detailed information please see the article),
conc. range: £535,760 pmol/ml* ** (mean conc. range: £1,115 pmol/mg wet weight* **
value), country: USA389, *TRICHO mole eq., (mean value), country: USA389, *TRICHO
**after 12 h (also at other hour intervals up to mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at other hour
672 h measured, lowest conc.: 10 pmol/mg wet intervals up to 672 h measured, lowest
weight after 672 h) conc.: 2 pmol/mg wet weight after 672 h)

Guinea pig brain may contain the Guinea pig kidney may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: metabolites:
Trichothecenes Trichothecenes
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea
pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g, pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once;
for detailed information please see the for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: £355 pmol/mg wet article), conc. range: £2,675 pmol/mg wet
weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389, weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389,
*TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at *TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at
other hour intervals up to 672 h other hour intervals up to 672 h
measured, lowest conc.: 2 pmol/mg wet measured, lowest conc.: 6 pmol/mg wet
weight after 336 and 672 h) weight after 672 h)

Guinea pig fat may contain the

following mycotoxins and/or their
Guinea pig liver may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
metabolites:
Trichothecenes
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Hartley
pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g,
guinea pigs, wt.: 235–450 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nr,
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once;
country: France/Japan24, *control
for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Hartley
article), conc. range: £1,171 pmol/mg wet
guinea pigs, wt.: 235–450 g,
weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389,
contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
*TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at
AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to
other hour intervals up to 672 h
14 days), conc.: 1.40 pmol AFB1-FAPy/mg
measured, lowest conc.: 3 pmol/mg wet
DNA* ** (mean value), country:
weight after 672 h)
France/Japan24, *animals killed after 24 h
Guinea pig heart may contain the of final treatment, **AFB1-DNA adducts
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Hartley
metabolites: guinea pigs, wt.: 235–450 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 80 mg
Trichothecenes AFB 1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea pigs 14 days), conc. range: £12.0 pmol
(Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g, AFB 1-FAPy/mg DNA* ** (mean
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg T-2 values), country: France/Japan 24,
Guinea Pig 175

*animals killed after 24 h of final Guinea pig plasma may contain the
treatment (also measured after 1, 3 following mycotoxins and/or their
and 7 days, lowest conc.: »2.5 pmol metabolites:
AFB 1-FAPy/mg DNA after 1 day),
**AFB 1-DNA adducts Aflatoxin B1
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Hartley
Trichothecenes guniea pigs, wt.: 235–450 g,
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea pigs contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nr,
(Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g, country: France/Japan24, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg T-2 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Hartley
toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; for guinea pigs, wt.: 235–450 g,
detailed information please see the article), contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
conc. range: £1,826 pmol/mg wet weight* AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to 14
** (mean value), country: USA389, *TRICHO days), conc. range: ȣ15 pg
mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at other hour AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin*
intervals up to 672 h measured, lowest ** (mean values), country: France/Japan24,
conc.: 4 pmol/mg wet weight after 672 h) *animals killed after 24 h of final
treatment (also measured after
Guinea pig lung may contain the 1, 3 and 7 days, lowest conc.: »4 pg
following mycotoxins and/or their AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin after 1 day),
metabolites: **AFB1-albumin adducts
Trichothecenes incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Hartley
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea guinea pigs, wt.: 235–450 g,
pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 80 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; for 14 days), conc. range: £77.6 pg
detailed information please see the AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin* ** (mean
article), conc. range: £1,373 pmol/mg wet values), country: France/Japan24,
weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389, *animals killed after 24 h of final
*TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at treatment (also measured after 1, 3 and
other hour intervals up to 672 h 7 days, lowest conc.: 10 pg AFB1-lysine
measured, lowest conc.: 3 pmol/mg wet eq/mg albumin after 1 day),
weight after 672 h) **AFB1-albumin adducts

Trichothecenes
Guinea pig muscle may contain the
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea
following mycotoxins and/or their
pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g,
metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg
Trichothecenes T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once;
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea for detailed information please see the
pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g, article), conc. range: £289 pmol/ml*
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg ** (mean value), country: USA389,
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; for *TRICHO mole eq., **after 12 h (also at
detailed information please see the other hour intervals up to 672 h
article), conc. range: £728 pmol/mg wet measured, lowest conc.: 6 pmol/mg wet
weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389, weight after 672 h)
*TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at
other hour intervals up to 672 h Guinea pig spleen may contain the
measured, lowest conc.: 1 pmol/mg wet following mycotoxins and/or their
weight after 672 h) metabolites:
176 Hamster

Trichothecenes AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., once and

incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea pigs pretreatment with l-BSO, conc.: 4 mmol,
(Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g, 4 and 2 h before AFB1 injection); for
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg T-2 detailed information please see the
toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; for article), conc.: 2.3 AFB1-DNA binding
detailed information please see the article), pmol/mg DNA* (mean value), country:
conc. range: £1,302 pmol/mg wet weight* USA556, *after 2 h
** (mean value), country: USA389, *TRICHO incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Syrian
mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at other hour Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–80 g,
intervals up to 672 h measured, lowest contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
conc.: 6 pmol/mg wet weight after 672 h) AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., once and
pretreatment with DEM (conc.: 3.5 mmol,
Guinea pig testes may contain the 4 h before AFB1 injection) + l-BSO, conc.:
following mycotoxins and/or their 4 mmol, 2 h before AFB1 injection); for
metabolites: detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 2.8 AFB1-DNA binding
Trichothecenes pmol/mg DNA* (mean value), country:
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male guinea USA556, *after 2 h
pigs (Hartley Strain), wt.: 450–500 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.04 mg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Golden
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg, injected, once; for Syrian hamster, wt.: 120–140 g,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
article), conc. range: £493 pmol/mg wet AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once, conc.
weight* ** (mean value), country: USA389, range: ȣ14 ng AFB1 bound/mg rRNA*
*TRICHO mole eq., **after 0.5 h (also at (mean value), country: UK608, *after 6 h
other hour intervals up to 672 h (also measured after 2, 24 and 48 h,
measured, lowest conc.: 4 pmol/mg wet lowest conc.: »4 ng AFB1 bound/mg rRNA
weight after 168 and 336 h) after 48 h)
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Golden
Syrian hamster, wt.: 120–140 g,
Hamster contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once), conc.
Hamster Artificial Contamination
range: ȣ10 ng AFB1 bound/mg DNA*
(mean value), country: UK608, *after 6 h
Hamster kidney may contain the
(also measured after 2, 24 and 48 h,
following mycotoxins and/or their
lowest conc.: »2 ng AFB1 bound/mg DNA
metabolites:
after 48 h)
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Golden
incidence: ?/8*, sa. const.: male Syrian Syrian hamster, wt.: 120–140 g,
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–80 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once), conc.
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., once; for range: ȣ0.6 ng AFB1 bound/mg protein*
detailed information please see the (mean value), country: UK608, *after 6 h
article), conc.: 1.6 AFB1-DNA binding (also measured after 2, 24 and 48 h, lowest
pmol/mg DNA** (mean value), country: conc.: nd after 48 h)
USA556, *control, **after 2 h
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Syrian Hamster liver may contain the
Golden hamsters, weight: 70–80 g, following mycotoxins and/or their
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg metabolites:
Hamster 177

Aflatoxin B1 injection), conc.: 10.3 AFB1-DNA binding

incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Syrian pmol/mg DNA* (mean value), country:
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–130 g, USA556, *after 2 h
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nr,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Golden
country: France/Japan24, *control
Syrian hamster, wt.: 120–140 g,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Syrian
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–130 g,
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once, conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
range: ȣ5.5 ng AFB1 bound/mg rRNA*
AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to
(mean value), country: UK608, *after 2 h
14 days), conc.: 0.75 pmol AFB1-FAPy/
(also measured after 6, 24 and 48 h,
mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
lowest conc.: »2 ng AFB1 bound/mg rRNA
France/Japan24, *animals killed after
after 48 h)
24 h of final treatment, **AFB1-DNA
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Golden
adducts
Syrian hamster, wt.: 120–140 g,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Syrian
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–130 g,
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once, conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 80 mg
range: ȣ5 ng AFB1 bound/mg DNA*
AFB 1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to
(mean value), country: UK608, *after 6 h
14 days), conc. range: £1.39 pmol
(also measured after 2, 24 and 48 h,
AFB 1-FAPy/mg DNA* ** (mean values),
lowest conc.: »1 ng AFB1 bound/mg DNA
country: France/Japan 24, *animals
after 48 h)
killed after 24 h of final treatment
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Golden
(also measured after 1, 3 and 7 days,
Syrian hamster, wt.: 120–140 g,
lowest conc.: »0.5 pmol AFB 1-FAPy/mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
DNA after 1 day), **AFB 1-DNA adducts
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once, conc.
incidence: ?/8*, sa. const.: male Syrian range: ȣ1 ng AFB1 bound/mg protein*
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–80 g, (mean value), country: UK608, *after 2 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg (also measured after 6, 24 and 48 h, lowest
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., once; conc.: nd after 48 h)
for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 5.9 AFB1-DNA binding Hamster plasma may contain the
pmol/mg DNA** (mean value), country: following mycotoxins and/or their
USA556, *control, **after 2 h metabolites:
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Syrian
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–80 g, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Syrian
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., once and Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–130 g,
pretreatment with l-BSO, conc.: 4 mmol, contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nr,
4 and 2 h before AFB1 injection); for country: France/Japan24, *control
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Syrian
article), conc.: 6.5 pmol/mg DNA* (mean Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–130 g,
value), country: USA556, *after 2 h contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Syrian AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–80 g, 14 days), conc. range: »£5 pg AFB1-lysine
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg eq/mg albumin* (mean values), country:
AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., once and France/Japan24, *after 14 days (also
pretreatment with DEM, conc.: 3.5 mmol, measured after 1, 3 and 7 days, lowest
4 h before AFB1 injection) + l-BSO conc.: »0.5 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin
(conc.: 4 mmol, 2 h before AFB1 after 1 day), **AFB1-albumin adducts
178 Hen

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Syrian see the article), conc. range: tr–17.9 ppb
Golden hamsters, wt.: 70–130 g, (mean values), country: Belgium576
contamination: artificial (dose: 80 mg
AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily for up to Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
14 days), conc. range: £46 pg AFB1-lysine incidence: 4/20, sa. const.: eggs from
eq/mg albumin* (mean values), country: laying hens of Belgium, contamination:
France/Japan24, *after 14 days (also natural (for detailed information please
measured after 1, 3 and 7 days, lowest see the article), conc. range: 2.4–23.7 ppb
conc.: »2 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin (mean values), country: Belgium576
after 1 day), **AFB1-albumin adducts
Hen Artificial Contamination

Hare Hen may contain the following

mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Hare Natural Contamination
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Hare liver may contain the following
hens, age: 316 days, wt.: 1.3–1.7 kg,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
contamination artificial (dose: 2.2 mg
Aflatoxin B1 DON (labeled)/bird, o. once; for detailed
incidence: ?/42, sa. const.: livers from free information please see the article), conc.
living hares of Czechoslovakia?, range: £30.0 mg/bird* ** (mean value),
contamination: natural, conc. range: country: Canada135, *total DON eq.
0.232–1.20 mg/kg, country: (DON and/or metabolites), **after 3 h
Czechoslovakia9 (also at other hour intervals up to 96 h
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: livers from measured, lowest conc.: 0.1 mg/bird
hares of Czechoslovakia? living in boxes, after 96 h)
contamination: natural, conc. range: incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: White Leghorn
£0.19 mg/kg, country: Czechoslovakia9 hens, age: 316 days, wt.: 1.3–1.7 kg,
contamination artificial (dose: 2.2 mg
Heifers see Cattle DON (unlabeled)/day/bird, o., for days
1–6 followed by 2.2 mg DON (labeled)/
day/bird, o., for days 7–12; for detailed
Hen information please see the article), conc.
range: £16.0 mg/bird* ** (mean value),
Hen Natural Contamination see
country: Canada135, *total DON eq. (DON
also Chicken
and/or metabolites), **after 8 days of
Hen egg may contain the following DON-administration (also at other day
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: intervals up to 18 days measured, lowest
conc.: 1.9 mg/bird after 18 days)
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from laying Hen Adipose Tissue see Hen fat
hens of the USA?, contamination:
probably natural, conc.: »0.075 ng/g, Hen adrenal may contain the
country: USA75 following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 17/20, sa. const.: eggs from Aflatoxins
laying hens of Belgium, contamination: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
natural (for detailed information please hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
Hen 179

wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination (mean value), country:

artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by Lithuania/Sweden375, *after 50 days
stomach tube, once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. Nivalenol
range: £8.05 mg/g* ** ***, country: USA81, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 4 days hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: no
(also measured after 1 and 7 days, lowest NIV (for detailed information please see
conc.: 4.00 mg/g after 1 day), ***in adrenal the article), conc.: nr, country:
and thyroid Lithuania/Sweden375, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Zearalenone hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o.,
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks, for 50 days; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg please see the article), conc.: 11 ng/ml*
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop, (mean value), country: Lithuania/
once), conc. range: £79 mg eq ZEA/100 g Sweden375, *after 50 days
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
*after 24 h (also measured after 2, 4, Zearalenone
48 and 72 h, lowest conc.: 32 mg eq incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 4 h) laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
Hen Adrenal and Thyroid see Hen ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
adrenal once), conc. range: £56,300 mg eq
ZEA/100 g wet tissue* (mean value),
Hen bile may contain the following country: USA394, *after 24 h (also
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: measured after 2, 4, 48 and 72 h, lowest
conc.: 3,460 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet tissue
Aflatoxins
after 72 h)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, Hen blood may contain the following
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by
stomach tube, once; for detailed Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
range: £40.33 mg/g* **, country: USA81, White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 1 day AFB1 (for detailed information please see
(also measured after 4 and 7 days, lowest the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
conc.: 8.17 mg/g after 7 days) *control
incidence: 9/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
Deoxynivalenol White Leghorn hens, contamination:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for 7
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: no days; for detailed information please see
NIV (for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: £0.07 ng/g* **,
the article), conc.: nr, country: country: USA363, *AFB1-residues, **after 7
Lithuania/Sweden375, *control days
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: Ochratoxin A
artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o., incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
for 50 days; for detailed information Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
please see the article), conc.: 27 ng/ml* 24 weeks, contamination: artificial
180 Hen

(dose: OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., see the article), conc.: 0.05 mg/kg*
for 2 weeks), conc.: 6.9 ppb* (mean value), (mean value), country: USA110, *2 days
country: USA316, *after 14 days after feeding 4 weeks an
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New AF-contaminated diet
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24
weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: Aflatoxin B2
OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
weeks), conc.: 7.0 ppb* (mean value), pullets of the Shaver strain,
country: USA316, *after 14 days contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
detailed information please see the
Zearalenone
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*control
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
incidence: ?/24, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg ZEA
pullets of the Shaver strain,
(labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop, once),
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
conc. range: £95 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
tissue** (mean value), country: USA394,
4 weeks; for detailed information please
*whole blood, **after 4 h (also measured
see the article), conc. range:
after 2, 24, 48 and 72 h, lowest conc.: 39 mg
0.07–0.10 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
eq ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
Hen blood clot may contain the AF-contaminated diet
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
metabolites: pullets of the Shaver strain,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
Aflatoxin B1
(for detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/
USA110, *control
kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
detailed information please see the article),
pullets of the Shaver strain,
conc.: 0.03 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
AF-contaminated diet
4 weeks; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: 0.06–
Aflatoxin B2a
0.12 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
pullets of the Shaver strain,
AF-contaminated diet
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn (for detailed information please see the
pullets of the Shaver strain, article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for *control
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, pullets of the Shaver strain,
*control contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
pullets of the Shaver strain, weeks; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg*
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for (mean values), country: USA110, *after
4 weeks; for detailed information please feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
Hen 181

incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, pullets of the Shaver strain,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
detailed information please see the AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, 4 weeks; for detailed information please
*control see the article), conc. range: 0.01 mg/kg*
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn (mean value), country: USA110, *after
pullets of the Shaver strain, feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for pullets of the Shaver strain,
4 weeks; for detailed information please contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
see the article), conc.: tr* (mean value), detailed information please see the
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxin M1 pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
pullets of the Shaver strain, AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for weeks; for detailed information please see
detailed information please see the the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA110,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
*control AF-contaminated diet
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, Hen brain may contain the following
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
4 weeks; for detailed information please Zearalenone
see the article), conc. range: tr*, country: incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
AF-contaminated diet contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
pullets of the Shaver strain, once), conc. range: £26 mg eq ZEA/100 g
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
(for detailed information please see the *after 4 h (also measured after 2, 24, 48
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, and 72 h, lowest conc.: 11 mg eq
*control ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, Hen Breast see Hen muscle, breast
contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., Hen cloaca may contain the following
for 4 weeks; for detailed information mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an Ochratoxin A
AF-contaminated diet incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
Aflatoxin M2 24 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2
pullets of the Shaver strain, weeks), conc.: 15.1 ppb* (mean value),
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 country: USA316, *after 14 days
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
182 Hen

24 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: (also measured after 1 and 7 days, lowest
OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 conc.: 42.26 mg/g after 7 days)
weeks), conc.: 25.7 ppb* (mean value),
country: USA316, *after 14 days Hen egg may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Hen clutch may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: Aflatoxicol
Zearalenone incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/4, sa. const. From White laying hens, contamination: no AFB1,
Leghorn laying hens, contamination: conc.: nd, country: Italy201, *control
artificial (dose: 10 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg, organic and aqueous phase
by gavage into the crop, once), conc. incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs from
range: £256 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet weight* laying hens, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: USA394, *after (dose: 30 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for
21–26 h (also measured after 1–10, 43–50 7 days), conc. range: £1.15 ng/g*
and 69–72 h, lowest conc.: 19 mg eq (mean value), country: Italy201, *in
ZEA/100 g wet weight after 1–10 h) organic phase, **at day 2 after AFB1-
treatment (also measured after 7 days
Hen comb may contain the following conc.: 0.02 ng/g)
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs from
laying hens, contamination: artificial
Zearalenone (dose: 30 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn 7 days), conc.: 0.17 ng/g* (mean value),
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks, country: Italy201, *in aqueous phase, **at
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg day 7 after AFB1-treatment (also
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop, measured after 2 days but conc.: nd)
once), conc. range: £183 mg eq ZEA/100 g
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
*after 24 h (also measured after 2, 4, 48
AFB1 (for detailed information please see
and 72 h, lowest conc.: 57 mg eq
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 2 h)
*control
Hen Crop and Gizzard see Hen incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
Single Comb White Leghorn hens,
gizzard
contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg
AFB1/g feed, for 7 days; for detailed
Hen digestive tract may contain the information please see the article), conc.
following mycotoxins and/or their range: £3.3 (ng/g) × 10–1* ** ***,
metabolites: country: USA363, *AFL-residues, **after
6.5 days of AFB1-administration,
Aflatoxins ***(also at other day intervals up to 14
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn days measured, lowest conc.: nd after
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, 13.5 and 14 days)
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), Aflatoxin B1
by stomach tube, once; for detailed incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
information please see the article), conc. White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
range: £111.36 mg/g* ** ***, country: AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
USA81, *AFs or their metabolites, **in please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
contents of digestive tract, ***after 4 days USA112, *control
Hen 183

incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from albumen after day 1–2 of withdrawal of
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: the AF-containing diet (up to 6 days
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg measured after withdrawal of AFs)
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to 4 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
weeks; for detailed information please see White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
the article), conc. range: tr–0.06 mg/kg* artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg feed for each
eggs laid during AF-feeding (up to 4 hen, o., for 4 weeks; for detailed
weeks measured) information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from range: tr–0.03 mg/kg* (mean values),
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: country: USA112, *conc. in yolk after day
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg 1–6 of withdrawal of the AF-containing
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to 4 diet (up to 7 days measured after
weeks; for detailed information please see withdrawal of AFs)
the article), conc. range: tr–0.06 mg/kg*
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: eggs from
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
Arbor Acre hens, contamination: no AFB1
albumen during AF-feeding
(for detailed information please see the
(up to 4 weeks measured)
article), conc.: nd, country: USA139
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
Arbor Acre hens, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
(dose: 0.1 ppm AFB1, o., for 10 days; for
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to
detailed information please see the
4 weeks; for detailed information please
article), conc. range: £0.35 ppb*, country:
see the article), conc. range: 0.01–0.06 mg/
USA139, *after 10 days on ration
kg* (mean values), country: USA112, *conc.
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from
in yolk during AF-feeding (up to 4 weeks
Arbor Acre hens, contamination: artificial
measured)
(dose: 0.2 ppm AFB1, o., for 12 days; for
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from detailed information please see the
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no article), conc. range: £2.2 ppb*, country:
AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information USA139, *after 11 days on ration
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from
USA112, *control Arbor Acre hens, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from (dose: 0.4 ppm AFB1, o., for 15 days; for
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg article), conc. range: £3.3 ppb*, country:
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; USA139, *after 10 days on ration
for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: tr–0.03 mg/kg* incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: eggs from
(mean value), country: USA112, *conc. in laying hens, contamination: no AFB1,
eggs after day 1–3 of withdrawal of the conc.: nd, country: Italy201, *control of
AF-containing diet (up to 4 days organic and aqueous phase
measured after withdrawal of AFs) incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White laying hens, contamination: artificial
Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for
(dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg 7 days), conc. range: £1.70 ng/g* ** ***
feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for (mean value), country: Italy201, *in organic
detailed information please see the phase, **value corrected for AFB2a level,
article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg* ***at day 2 after AFB1-treatment (also
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in measured after 7 days conc.: 0.82 ng/g)
184 Hen

incidence: 20/20, sa. const.: eggs from AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information
laying hens, contamination: artificial please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
(dose: 30 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for Germany320, *control
7 days), conc.: nd* ** ***, country: Italy201, incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from white
*in aqeous phase, **value corrected for HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial
AFB2a level, ***at day 2 and 7 after AFB1- (dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1,
treatment o., for 8 weeks; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range:
incidence: 39/39*, sa. const.: eggs from
£0.43 ppb* ** (mean value), country:
white HNL-type hens, contamination: no
Germany320, *after 8 weeks?, **in yolk and
AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information
albumen (40 ppb AFB1/52 ppb AFG1,
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb AFG1 or 1,000 ppb
Germany320, *control
AFB1/310 ppb AFG1 fed = no
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from white
contamination; 3,000 ppb AFB1/930 ppb
HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial
AFG1, 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb AFG1 or
(dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1, o.,
10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1 and
for 8 weeks; for detailed information please
4 weeks later 5,000 ppb AFB1/6,500 ppb
see the article), conc. range: £0.26 ppb* **
AFG1 fed but lower contamination than
(mean value), country: Germany320, *after
the pr. value)
8 weeks?, **in albumen (40 ppb
AFB1/52 ppb AFG1, 100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb incidence: 35/35*, sa. const.: eggs from
AFG1 or 1,000 ppb AFB1/310 ppb AFG1 brown HNL-type hens, contamination: no
fed = no contamination; 3,000 ppb AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information
AFB1/930 ppb AFG1, 5,000 ppb please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
AFB1/1,550 ppb AFG1 or 10,000 ppb Germany320, *control
AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1 and 4 weeks later incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: eggs from
5,000 ppb AFB1/6,500 ppb AFG1 fed but brown HNL-type hens, contamination:
lower contamination than the pr. value) artificial (dose: 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb
incidence: 39/39*, sa. const.: eggs from AFG1, o., for 3 weeks; for detailed
white HNL-type hens, contamination: no information please see the article), conc.
AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information range: £0.16 ppb* ** (mean value),
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: country: Germany320, *after 3 weeks?, **in
Germany320, *control albumen (100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb AFG1 or
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from white 3,000 ppb AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 fed = no
HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial contamination; 10,000 ppb
(dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1, o., AFB1/3,100 ppb AFG1 fed but lower
for 8 weeks; for detailed information please contamination than the pr. value)
see the article), conc. range: £0.79 ppb* ** incidence: 35/35*, sa. const.: eggs from
(mean value), country: Germany320, *after 8 brown HNL-type hens, contamination: no
weeks?, **in yolk (40 ppb AFB1/52 ppb AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information
AFG1, 100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb AFG1 or please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
1,000 ppb AFB1/310 ppb AFG1 fed = no Germany320, *control
contamination; 3,000 ppb AFB1/930 ppb incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: eggs from
AFG1, 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb AFG1 or brown HNL-type hens, contamination:
10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1 and 4 artificial (dose: 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb
weeks later 5,000 ppb AFB1/6,500 ppb AFG1 AFG1, o., for 3 weeks; for detailed
fed but lower contamination than the pr. information please see the article), conc.
value) range: £0.40 ppb* ** (mean value),
country: Germany)320, *after 3 weeks?,
incidence: 39/39*, sa. const.: eggs from
**in yolk (100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb AFG1 or
white HNL-type hens, contamination: no
3,000 ppb AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 fed = no
Hen 185

contamination; 10,000 ppb the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,

AFB1/3,100 ppb AFG1 fed but lower *control
contamination than the pr. value) incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Single
Comb White Leghorn hens,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg
Brown Hyssex laying hens,
AFB1/g feed, for 7 days; for detailed
contamination: no AF (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc.:
range: £3.8 (ng/g) × 10–1* ** ***, country:
nd, country: Spain359, *control
USA363, *AFB1-residues, **after 6.5 days
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Brown
of AFB1-administration, ***(also at other
Hyssex hens, contamination: artificial
day intervals up to 14 days measured,
(dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days;
lowest conc.: nd in part after 13.5 and 14
for detailed information please see the
days)
article), conc. range: £0.56 mg/kg* (mean
value), country: Spain359 (measured at 4th* Aflatoxin B2
day, 8th day, 16th day and 32nd day, lowest incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
value conc.: 0.05 mg/kg after 16 days, White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
intoxication period) AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Brown please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Hyssex hens, contamination: artificial USA112, *control
(dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from
for detailed information please see the White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
article), conc. range: £0.34 mg/kg* (mean artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
value), country: Spain359 (measured at AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to 4
4th day, 8th day, 16th* day and 32nd day, weeks; for detailed information please see
lowest value conc.: 0.05 mg/kg after 4 the article), conc. range: tr–0.05 mg/kg*
and 8 days, intoxication period) (mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
eggs laid during AF-feeding (up to 4
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
weeks measured)
Babcock hens (16 weeks old),
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.:
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
nd, country: Brazil361, *control
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to 4
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Babcock
weeks; for detailed information please see
hens (16 weeks old), contamination:
the article), conc. range: 0.01–0.04 mg/kg*
artificial (dose: 500 mg AFB1/kg feed, for 8
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
weeks; for detailed information please see
albumen during AF-feeding (up to 4
the article), conc. range:
weeks measured)
0.05*–0.16** mg/kg***, Ø conc.: 0.10 mg/kg,
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
country: Brazil361, after 14* and 42** days
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
of AFB1-administration (also at other day
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
intervals up to 54 days measured, lowest
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to 4
conc.: nd after 7 days), ***AFB1-residues
weeks; for detailed information please see
(100 and 300 mg AFB1/kg feed resulted in
the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg*
no contamination)
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb yolk during AF-feeding (up to 4 weeks
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no measured)
AFB1 (for detailed information please see incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
186 Hen

AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
USA112, *control artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: 4 weeks; for detailed information please
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg see the article), conc. range: 0.03–0.13 mg/
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; kg* (mean values), country: USA112, *conc.
for detailed information please see the in albumen during AF-feeding
article), conc. range: £0.02 mg/kg* (mean (up to 4 weeks measured)
value), country: USA112, *conc. in eggs incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
after day 1–3 of withdrawal of the White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
AF-containing diet (up to 4 days artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
measured after withdrawal of AFs) AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White 4 weeks; for detailed information please
Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial see the article), conc. range:
(dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg 0.03–0.11 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for USA112, *conc. in yolk during AF-feeding
detailed information please see the (up to 4 weeks measured)
article), conc. range: tr–0.01 mg/kg* incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
albumen after day 1–2 of withdrawal of AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
the AF-containing diet (up to 6 days please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
measured after withdrawal of AFs) USA112, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from
Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
(dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks;
detailed information please see the for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: tr–0.01 mg/kg* article), conc. range: tr–0.04 mg/kg*
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in (mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
yolk after day 1–6 withdrawal of the eggs after day 1–3 of withdrawal of the
AF-containing diet (up to 7 days AF-containing diet (up to 4 days
measured after withdrawal of AFs) measured after withdrawal of AFs)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White
Aflatoxin B2a Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information detailed information please see the
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*
USA112, *control (mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from albumen after day 1–2 of withdrawal of
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: the AF-containing diet (up to 6 days
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg measured after withdrawal of AFs)
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White
4 weeks; for detailed information please Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial
see the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.09 mg/ (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg
kg* (mean values), country: USA112, *conc. feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for
in eggs laid during AF-feeding detailed information please see the
(up to 4 weeks measured) article), conc. range: tr–0.05 mg/kg*
Hen 187

(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
yolk after day 1–6 of withdrawal of the Germany320, *control
AF-containing diet (up to 7 days incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from white
measured after withdrawal of AFs) HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial
(dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1,
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: eggs from
o., for 8 weeks; for detailed information
laying hens, contamination: no AFB1,
please see the article), conc. range:
conc.: nd, country: Italy201, *control of
£0.90 ppb* ** (mean value), country:
organic and aqueous phase
Germany320, *after 8 weeks?, **in yolk
incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs,
(40 ppb AFB1/52 ppb AFG1, 100 ppb
contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg
AFB1/31 ppb AFG1, 1,000 ppb
AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for 7 days),
AFB1/310 ppb AFG1 or 3,000 ppb
conc. range: £0.03 ng/g* ** (mean value),
AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 fed = no
country: Italy201, *in organic phase, **at
contamination; 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb
day 2 after AFB1-treatment (also
AFG1 or 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb
measured after 7 days conc.: 0.01 ng/g)
AFG1 and 4 weeks later 5,000 ppb
incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs,
AFB1/6,500 ppb AFG1 fed but lower
contamination: artificial (dose: 30 mg
contamination than the pr. value)
AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for 7 days),
conc.: 0.01 ng/g* ** (mean value), incidence: 39/39*, sa. const.: eggs from
country: Italy201, *in aqueous phase, white HNL-type hens, contamination: no
**at day 7 after AFB1-treatment AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information
(also measured after 2 days but conc.: nd) please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Germany320, *control
Aflatoxin G1 incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from white
incidence: 39/39*, sa. const.: eggs from HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial
white HNL-type hens, contamination: no (dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1,
AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information o., for 8 weeks; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: please see the article), conc. range:
Germany320, *control £0.40 ppb* ** (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: eggs from white Germany320, *after 8 weeks?, **in yolk and
HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial albumen (40 ppb AFB1/52 ppb AFG1,
(dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFG1, 100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb AFG1, 1,000 ppb
o., for 8 weeks; for detailed information AFB1/310 ppb AFG1 or 3,000 ppb
please see the article), conc. range: AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 fed = no
£0.15 ppb* ** (mean value), country: contamination; 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb
Germany320, *after 8 weeks?, **in albumen AFG1 or 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb
(40 ppb AFB1/52 ppb AFG1, 100 ppb AFG1 and 4 weeks later 5,000 ppb
AFB1/31 ppb AFG1 1,000 ppb AFB1/6,500 ppb AFG1 fed but lower
AFB1/310 ppb AFG1 or 3,000 ppb contamination than the pr. value)
AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 fed = no incidence: 35/35*, sa. const.: eggs from
contamination; 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb brown HNL-type hens, contamination: no
AFG1 or 10,000 ppb AFB1/13,000 ppb AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information
AFG1 and 4 weeks later 5,000 ppb please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
AFB1/6,500 ppb AFG1 fed but lower Germany320, *control
contamination than the pr. value) incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: eggs from brown
incidence: 39/39*, sa. const.: eggs from HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial
white HNL-type hens, contamination: no (dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/3,100 ppb AFG1,
AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information o., for 3 weeks; for detailed information
188 Hen

please see the article), conc. range: tr* ** incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from White
(mean value), country: Germany320, *after Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial
3 weeks?, **in albumen (100 ppb (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg
AFB1/31 ppb AFG1, 3,000 ppb feed for each hen, o., for up to 4 weeks; for
AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 or 5,000 ppb detailed information please see the article),
AFB1/1,550 ppb AFG1 fed = no conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg* (mean values),
contamination) country: USA112, *conc. in yolk during
incidence: 35/35*, sa. const.: eggs from AF-feeding (up to 4 weeks measured)
brown HNL-type hens, contamination: no incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
AFB1 + AFG1 (for detailed information White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
Germany320, *control please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: eggs from brown USA112, *control
HNL-type hens, contamination: artificial incidence: 2–3/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from
(dose: 10,000 ppb AFB1/3,100 ppb AFG1, White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
o., for 3 weeks; for detailed information artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
please see the article), conc. range: AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks;
£0.14 ppb* ** (mean value), country: for detailed information please see the
Germany320, *after 3 weeks?, **in yolk article), conc.: nd/tr* (mean value), country:
(100 ppb AFB1/31 ppb AFG1 or 3,000 ppb USA112, *conc. in eggs after day 1–2 of
AFB1/930 ppb AFG1 fed = no withdrawal of the AF-containing diet (up to
contamination; 5,000 ppb AFB1/1,550 ppb 4 days measured after withdrawal of AFs)
AFG1 fed but lower contamination than incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White
the pr. value) Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial
(dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg
Aflatoxin M1
feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
detailed information please see the
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA112,
AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
*conc. in albumen after withdrawal of the
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
AF-containing diet (up to 6 days
USA112, *control
measured after withdrawal of AFs)
incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
(dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to
feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for
4 weeks; for detailed information please
detailed information please see the
see the article), conc. range:
article), conc. range: tr–0.01 mg/kg*
tr–0.02 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
USA112, *conc. in eggs laid during
yolk after day 1 of withdrawal of the
AF-feeding (up to 4 weeks measured)
AF-containing diet (up to 7 days
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
measured after withdrawal of AFs)
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: eggs from
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to laying hens, contamination: no AFB1,
4 weeks; for detailed information please conc.: nd, country: Italy201, *control of
see the article), conc. range: organic and aqueous phase
tr–0.02 mg/kg* (mean values), country: incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs from
USA112, *conc. in albumen during laying hens, contamination: artificial
AF-feeding (up to 4 weeks measured) (dose: 30 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for
Hen 189

7 days), conc.: 0.10 ng/g* (mean value), please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
country: Italy201, *in organic phase, **at USA112, *control
day 7 after AFB1-treatment (also incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from
measured after 2 days but conc.: nd) White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: eggs from artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
laying hens, contamination: artificial AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for
(dose: 30 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for 4 weeks; for detailed information please
7 days), conc.: 0.32 ng/g* (mean value), see the article), conc. range:
country: Italy201, *in aqueous phase, **at tr–0.01 mg/kg* (mean value) (mean
day 7 after AFB1-treatment (also values), country: USA112, *conc. in eggs
measured after 2 days but conc.: nd) after day 1–3 of withdrawal of the
AF-containing diet (up to 4 days
measured after withdrawal of AFs)
Aflatoxin M2
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg feed for each
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
hen, o., for 4 weeks; for detailed
USA112, *control
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/2–3, sa. const.: eggs from
range: tr–0.01 mg/kg* (mean values),
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
country: USA112, *conc. in albumen after
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
day 1–2 of withdrawal of the
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to 4
AF-containing diet (up to 6 days
weeks; for detailed information please see
measured after withdrawal of AFs)
the article), conc. range: tr–0.04 mg/kg*
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
Leghorn pullets, contamination: artificial
eggs laid during AF-feeding
(dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg
(up to 4 weeks measured)
feed for each hen, o., for 4 weeks; for
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from
detailed information please see the
White Leghorn pullets, contamination:
article), conc. range: tr–0.01 mg/kg*
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg
(mean values), country: USA112, *conc. in
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to
yolk after day 1–5 of withdrawal of the
4 weeks; for detailed information please
AF-containing diet (up to 7 days
see the article), conc. range: 0.01–0.04 mg/
measured after withdrawal of AFs)
kg* (mean values), country: USA112,
*conc. in albumen during AF-feeding Aflatoxin
(up to 4 weeks measured) incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: eggs from hens, contamination: no AFB1 (for
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1 + 1,680 mg article), conc.: nd, country: India392,
AFB2/kg feed for each hen, o., for up to *control
4 weeks; for detailed information please incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL
see the article), conc. range: hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
0.01–0.04 mg/kg* (mean values), country: 600 ppb AFB1 in feed, o.; for detailed
USA112, *conc. in yolk during AF-feeding information please see the article), conc.
(up to 4 weeks measured) range: £5.9 ppb*, country: India392, *after
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: eggs from feeding period 3 (values after period 1
White Leghorn pullets, contamination: no and 2 lower, period = 28 days with daily
AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information AFB1-consumption)
190 Hen

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL contamination: artificial (dose: 11.26 mg
hens, contamination: artificial (dose: AFs (labeled), by stomach tube, once; for
1,250 ppb AFB1 in feed, o.; for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc. article), conc. range: £12.47 mg/g* ** ***,
range: £6.3 ppb*, country: India392, *after country: USA81, *AFs or their metabolites,
feeding period 3 (values after period 1 **in egg shell membranes, ***after 48 h
and 2 lower, period = 28 days with daily oviposition time (also measured after 10,
AFB1-consumption) 14 and 24 h, lowest conc.: 3.23 mg/g after
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL 10 h of ovulation)
hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
2,120 ppb AFB1 in feed, o.; for detailed Citrinin
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
range: £10.0 ppb*, country: India392, *after Mamourah hens, contamination: no CIT
feeding period 3 (values after period 1 (for detailed information please see the
and 2 lower, period = 28 days with daily article), conc.: nr, country: Egypt591,
AFB1-consumption) *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
hens, contamination: artificial (dose: Mamourah hens, contamination: artificial
2,850 ppb AFB1 in feed, o.; for detailed (dose: 100 ppb CIT in the diet, o., for 6
information please see the article), conc. weeks; for detailed information please see
range: £11.1 ppb*, country: India392, *after the article), conc.: 10.4 ppb* **, country:
feeding period 2 (values after period 1 Egypt591, *egg yolk, **after 6 weeks
and 3 lower, period = 28 days with daily incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
AFB1-consumption) Mamourah hens, contamination: artificial
(dose: 100 ppb CIT in the diet, o.,
Aflatoxins for 6 weeks; for detailed information
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White please see the article), conc.: 6.16 ppb* **,
Leghorn hens (Cornell strain K), country: Egypt591, *egg white,
contamination: artificial (dose: 11.26 mg **after 6 weeks
AFs (labeled), by stomach tube, once; for
detailed information please see the Cyclopiazonic acid
article), conc. range: £7.72 mg/g* ** ***, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
country: USA81, *AFs or their metabolites, crossbred hens, contamination: no CPA
**in albumen, ***after 14 h oviposition (for detailed information please see the
time (also measured after 10, 24 and 48 h, article), conc.: nd, country: Australia367,
lowest conc.: 4.98 mg/g after 10 h of *control
ovulation) incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White crossbred hens, contamination: artificial
Leghorn hens (Cornell strain K), (dose: 2.5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 9 days;
contamination: artificial (dose: 11.26 mg for detailed information please see the
AFs (labeled), by stomach tube, once; for article), conc. range: £350 ng/g ** ***,
detailed information please see the article), country: Australia367, *egg whites, **acute
conc. range: £7.31 mg/g* ** ***, country: study, ***after 9 days of the first dose
USA81, *AFs or their metabolites, **in yolk, (also at other day intervals up to 9 days
***after 48 h oviposition time (also measured, except for the start values
measured after 10, 14 and 24 h, lowest lowest conc.: »100 ng/g after 7 days)
conc.:5.10 mg/g after 10 h of ovulation) incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White crossbred hens, contamination: artificial
Leghorn hens (Cornell strain K), (dose: 5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 9 days;
Hen 191

for detailed information please see the country: Australia367, *egg whites, **chronic
article), conc. range: £381 ng/g ** ***, study, ***at day 17 of CPA-administration
country: Australia367, *egg whites, **acute (also at other day intervals up to 28 days
study, ***after 2 days of the first dose measured, except for the start values lowest
(also at other day intervals up to 9 days conc.: »35 ng/g after 14 days)
measured, except for the start value incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
lowest conc.: »75 ng/g after 4 days) crossbred hens, contamination: no CPA
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from (for detailed information please see the
crossbred hens, contamination: no CPA article), conc.: nd?, country: Australia367,
(for detailed information please see the *control
article), conc.: nd, country: Australia367, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
*control crossbred hens, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from (dose: 1.25 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 28
crossbred hens, contamination: artificial days; for detailed information please see
(dose: 2.5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 9 days; the article), conc. range: £19 ng/g ** ***,
for detailed information please see the country: Australia367, *egg yolks, **chronic
article), conc. range: £1 ng/g ** ***, study, ***at day 10 of CPA-administration
country: Australia367, *egg yolks, **acute (also at other day intervals up to 28 days
study, ***after 8 days of the first dose measured, except for the start values
(also at other day intervals up to 9 days lowest conc.: »2 ng/g after 15 days)
measured, generally low conc.) incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from crossbred hens, contamination: artificial
crossbred hens, contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 28
(dose: 5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 9 days; days; for detailed information please see
for detailed information please see the the article), conc. range: £26 ng/g ** ***,
article), conc. range: £11 ng/g ** ***, country: Australia367, *egg yolks,
country: Australia367, *egg yolks, **acute **chronic study, ***at day 14 of
study, ***after 4 days of the first dose CPA-administration (also at other day
(also at other day intervals up to 9 days intervals up to 28 days measured, except
measured, generally low conc.) for the start value lowest conc.: »3 ng/g
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from after 15 days)
crossbred hens, contamination: no CPA (for
detailed information please see the article), Deoxynivalenol
conc.: nd?, country: Australia367, *control incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from Bovan
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from Goldline hens, which are derived from
crossbred hens, contamination: artificial White Leghorns with addition of other
(dose: 1.25 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 28 genetic material, contamination: neither
days; for detailed information please see DON nor ZEA (for detailed information
the article), conc. range: £430 ng/g**, please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
country: Australia367, *egg whites, Czech Republic/UK414, *control
**chronic study, ***at day 22 of incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Bovan
CPA-administration (also at other day Goldline hens, which are derived from
intervals up to 28 days measured, lowest White Leghorns with addition of other
conc.: »55 ng/g after 15 days) genetic material, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg + 137.5 mg ZEA/kg
crossbred hens, contamination: artificial feed, both for 21 days; for detailed
(dose: 2.5 mg CPA/kg, o., daily for 28 days; information please see the article), Ø
for detailed information please see the conc. range: 0.10*–0.39** mg/kg, country:
article), conc. range: £193 ng/g ** ***, Czech Republic/UK414, after 4* and 2**
192 Hen

weeks of DON- and ZEA-administration intervals up to 18 days measured, lowest

(also measured after 1 and 3 weeks but conc.: 0.757 mg/60-g egg after 7 and conc.:
values between pr. values) 0.868 mg/60-g egg after 18 days)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Bovan
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from White
Goldline hens, which are derived from
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
White Leghorns with addition of other
(dose: no DON (for detailed information
genetic material, contamination: artificial
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
(dose: 7.5 mg DON/kg + 206 mg ZEA/kg
Canada424, *control
feed, both for 21 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White
information please see the article), Ø
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
conc. range: 0.14*–0.54** mg/kg, country:
(dose: 5.5 ppm DON (labeled)/bird/day, o.,
Czech Republic/UK414, after 4* and 2**
for 65 days; for detailed information please
weeks of DON- and ZEA-administration
see the article), conc. range: ȣ1.7 mg/60 g
(also measured after 1 and 3 weeks but
egg* ** (mean value), country: Canada424,
values between pr. values)
*DON and/or metabolites, **after 8 days of
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Bovan
DON-administration (also at other day
Goldline hens, which are derived from
intervals up to 80 days measured, lowest
White Leghorns with addition of other
conc.: almost nd after 80 days)
genetic material, contamination: artificial
(dose: 10 mg DON/kg + 275 mg ZEA/kg
Ochratoxin A
feed, both for 21 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from New
information please see the article), Ø
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens,
conc. range: 0.18*–0.44** mg/kg, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm
Czech Republic/UK414, after 4* and 3**
OTA, o., for 2 weeks; for detailed
weeks of DON- and ZEA-administration
information please see the article), conc.
(also measured after 1 and 2 weeks but
range: 1.9–8.4 ppb* ** (mean values),
values between pr. values)
Ø conc.: 4.78 ppb* ** (mean value),
incidence: ?/£10, sa. const.: eggs from country: USA316, *conc. in yolk,
White Leghorn hens, contamination: **after 2 weeks?
artificial (dose: 2.2 mg DON (labeled), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from New
by intubation, once (acute study); Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens,
for detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm
article), conc. range: £1.91 mg/60-g egg* OTA, o., for 2 weeks; for detailed
** *** (mean value), country: Canada423, information please see the article), conc.
*total DON eq., **albumen, ***after 24 h range: 1.7–8.7 ppb* ** (mean values), Ø
(also measured after 48, 72 and 96 h, conc.: 3.7 ppb* ** (mean value), country:
lowest conc.: 0.11 mg/60-g egg after 96 h) USA316, *conc. in albumen, **after 2 weeks?
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from White incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from New
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens,
(dose: 2.2 mg DON (unlabeled), o., contamination: artificial (dose: 5 ppm
for 6 days and 2.2 mg DON (labeled), o. OTA, o., for 2 weeks; for detailed
for the following 6 days and no DON for information please see the article), conc.
the remaining 6 days (chronic study); range: 3.3–7.8 ppb* ** (mean values), Ø
for detailed information please see the conc.: 5.66 ppb* ** (mean value), country:
article), conc. range: £4.19 mg/60-g egg* USA316, *conc. in yolk, **after 2 weeks?
** *** (mean value), country: Canada423, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from New
*total DON eq., **albumen, ***after 13 Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens,
days of the study (also at other day contamination: artificial (dose: 5 ppm
Hen 193

OTA, o., for 2 weeks; for detailed country: Germany374, *in albumen,
information please see the article), conc. **after feeding OTA for 28 days
range: 1.4–2.3 ppb* ** (mean values), Ø incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White
conc.: 1.88 ppb* ** (mean value), country: Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
USA316, *conc. in albumen, **after 2 weeks? (dose: 5.2 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days;
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: eggs from
article), conc.: 0.1 mg/kg* ** (mean value),
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
country: Germany374, *in albumen, **after
OTA (for detailed information please see
feeding OTA for 28 days
the article), conc.: nd, country:
Germany374, *control incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White Rhode Island Red hens, contamination:
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial no OTA (for detailed information please
(dose: 1.3 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; see the article), conc.: nr, country:
for detailed information please see the Poland590, *control
article), conc.: 1.6 mg/kg* ** (mean value), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Rhode
country: Germany374, *in yolk, **after Island Red hens, contamination: artificial
feeding OTA for 28 days (dose: 2.1 ppm OTA in the diet, o.,
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White for 5 weeks; for detailed information
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial please see the article), conc.: 4.1 ppb*,
(dose: 2.6 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; country: Poland590, *collection of eggs
for detailed information please see the began after 14 days of OTA-
article), conc.: 2.5 mg/kg* ** (mean value), administration
country: Germany374, *in yolk, **after incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from Rhode
feeding OTA for 28 days Island Red hens, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White (dose: 4.1 ppm OTA in the diet, o.,
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial for 5 weeks; for detailed information
(dose: 5.2 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; please see the article), conc.: 7.9 ppb*,
for detailed information please see the country: Poland590, *collection of eggs
article), conc.: 4.0 mg/kg* ** (mean value), began after 14 days of OTA-administration
country: Germany374, *in yolk,
**after feeding OTA for 28 days Zearalenone
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: eggs from incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: eggs from White
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
OTA (for detailed information please see (dose: 10 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage
the article), conc.: nd, country: into the crop, once), conc. range: £22 mg
Germany374, *control eq ZEA/100 g wet weight* ** (mean
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White value), country: USA394, *in white egg,
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial **after 43–50 h (also measured after
(dose: 1.3 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; 1–10, 21–26 and 69–72 h, lowest conc.:
for detailed information please see the 7 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet weight after
article), conc.: 0.1 mg/kg* ** (mean value), 1–10 h)
country: Germany374, *in albumen, incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: eggs from White
**after feeding OTA for 28 days Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White (dose: 10 mg ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial into the crop, once), conc. range: £195 mg
(dose: 2.6 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; eq ZEA/100 g wet weight* ** (mean
for detailed information please see the value), country: USA394, *in yolk egg,
article), conc.: 0.2 mg/kg* ** (mean value), **after 69–72 h (also measured after
194 Hen

1–10, 21–26 and 43–50 h, lowest conc.: the article), conc.: nr, country:
23 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet weight after Lithuania/Sweden375, *control
1–10 h) incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination:
Hen excreta may contain the artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o.,
following mycotoxins and/or their for 50 days; for detailed information
metabolites: please see the article), conc.: tr*,
country: Lithuania/Sweden375,
Aflatoxin B1 *during the investigation
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: brown hens
(HNL-type), contamination: artificial Nivalenol
(dose: AFB1 + AFG1 addition; for detailed incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
information please see the article), conc. hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: no
range: £131.8 ppb*, country: Germany320, NIV (for detailed information please see
*after 24 h (also measured after 48, 72, 96 the article), conc.: nr, country:
and 120 h, lowest conc.: tr after 120 h) Lithuania/Sweden375, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxins hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o.,
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 for 50 days; for detailed information
weeks, wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, please see the article), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 11.26 mg £174 ng/g* (mean value), country:
AFs (labeled), by stomach tube, once; for Lithuania/Sweden375, *after 4–6 days
detailed information please see the feeding contaminated diet (also measured
article), conc.: 0.3976 mg/g (total)* after 1–3, 19–21 and 48–50 days, lowest
** ***, country: USA81, *AFs or their conc.: 29 ng/g after 1–3 days)
metabolites, **in urinary-fecal
excretion, ***mean value from 0 to Deepoxynivalenol
168 h (up to 168 h measured) incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination:
Deoxynivalenol no NIV (for detailed information please
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Single Comb see the article), conc.: nr, country:
White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, Lithuania/Sweden375, *control
contamination: no DAS, DON and ZEA incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
(for detailed information please see the hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination:
article), conc.: nd, country: Canada377, artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o.,
*control for 50 days; for detailed information
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Single Comb please see the article), conc. range:
White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, £292 ng/g* (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 82.80 mg Lithuania/Sweden375, *after 4–6 days
DON/kg + 10.70 mg ZEA/kg diet feeding contaminated diet (also
(DAS can be neglected), o., for 27 days; measured after 1–3, 19–21 and 48–50
for detailed information please see the days, lowest conc.: 13 ng/g after 1–3
article), conc.: 8.7 ppm* (mean value), days)
country: Canada377, *after 27 days
Hen fat may contain the following
Fusarenon-X
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: no Aflatoxins
NIV (for detailed information please see incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
Hen 195

wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: Hen gallbladder may contain the

artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by following mycotoxins and/or their
stomach tube, once; for detailed metabolites:
information please see the article), conc.
range: £6.14 mg/g** ***, country: USA81, Zearalenone
*adipose tissue, **AFs or their incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
metabolites, ***after 4 days (also laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
measured after 1 and 7 days, lowest conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
4.14 mg/g after 1 day) ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
once), conc. range: £4,080 mg eq
Deoxynivalenol ZEA/100 g wet tissue* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn country: USA394, *after 24 h (also
hens, age: 187 days, wt.: 1.3–1.7 kg, measured after 2, 4, 48 and 72 h, lowest
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.2 mg conc.: 386 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet tissue
DON (labeled)/bird, o., once; for detailed after 72 h)
information please see the article), conc.:
25 ng eq DON* **, country: Canada135, Hen gizzard may contain the
*DON (or metabolites) in cutaneous fat, following mycotoxins and/or their
**after 96 h? metabolites:
Ochratoxin A
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
pullets of the Shaver strain,
24 weeks, contamination: artificial
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
(dose: OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for
detailed information please see the
2 weeks), conc.: 11.9 ppb* (mean value),
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
country: USA316, *after 14 days
*control
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens,
pullets of the Shaver strain,
age: 24 weeks, contamination: artificial
contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
(dose: OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o.,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
for 2 weeks), conc.: 37.2 ppb*
weeks; for detailed information please see
(mean value), country: USA316,
the article), conc. range: 0.34–1.29 mg/kg*,
*after 14 days
Ø conc.: 0.67 mg/kg*, country: USA110,
Zearalenone *after feeding 4 weeks an
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn AF-contaminated diet
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg pullets of the Shaver strain,
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
crop, once), conc. range: £41 mg eq detailed information please see the
ZEA/100 g wet tissue* (mean value), article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
country: USA394, *after 72 h (also *control
measured after 2, 4, 24 and 48 h, lowest incidence: 3/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
conc.: 26 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet tissue pullets of the Shaver strain,
after 2 h) contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks;
Hen Feces see Hen excreta for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: tr–0.04 mg/kg*,
196 Hen

country: USA110, *2 days after feeding article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet *control
incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
pullets of the Shaver strain,
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days,
contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
contamination: no AF (for detailed
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o.,
information please see the article), conc.:
for 4 weeks; for detailed information
nd, country: Spain359, *control
please see the article), conc. range:
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
tr–0.05 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *2 days
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
after feeding 4 weeks an
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
AF-contaminated diet
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
range: £7.41 mg/kg* (mean value), Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days,
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th*, contamination: no AF (for detailed
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
0.84 mg/kg after 16 days, intoxication nd, country: Spain359, *control
period) incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc. range: £0.19 mg/kg* (mean value),
range: £22.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th*,
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th, 16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: 0.04 mg/kg after 16 and 32 days,
3.58 mg/kg after 16 days, intoxication intoxication period)
period) incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
Aflatoxin B2 contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
pullets of the Shaver strain, information please see the article), conc.
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 range: £0.67 mg/kg* (mean value),
(for detailed information please see the country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, 16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
*control 0.08 mg/kg after 16 days, intoxication
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn period)
pullets of the Shaver strain,
Aflatoxin B2a
contamination artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
pullets of the Shaver strain,
weeks; for detailed information please see
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
the article), conc. range: 0.16–0.73 mg/kg*,
detailed information please see the
Ø conc.: 0.38 mg/kg*, country: USA110,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
*after feeding 4 weeks an
*control
AF-contaminated diet
incidence: 7/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
detailed information please see the weeks; for detailed information please see
Hen 197

the article), conc. range: tr–0.10 mg/kg*, incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown Hyssex
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an laying hens, age: 27 weeks, contamination:
AF-contaminated diet artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
32 days; for detailed information please see
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn the article), conc.: nd, country: Spain359
pullets of the Shaver strain, (measured at 4th, 8th, 16th and 32nd day,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for intoxication period)
detailed information please see the incidence: 2/16?, sa. const.: Brown Hyssex
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, laying hens, age: 27 weeks, contamination:
*control artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o.,
incidence: 2/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn for 32 days; for detailed information
pullets of the Shaver strain, please see the article), conc. range: tr*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 16th and 32nd day, intoxication period)
weeks; for detailed information please see
the article), conc. range: tr*, country: Aflatoxin M1
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
AF-contaminated diet pullets of the Shaver strain,
Aflatoxin G1 contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown detailed information please see the
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days, article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
contamination: no AF (for detailed *control
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
nd, country: Spain359, *control pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg weeks; for detailed information please see
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed the article), conc. range: tr–0.01 mg/kg*,
information please see the article), conc. country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
range: £1.62 mg/kg* (mean value), AF-contaminated diet
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th*, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: pullets of the Shaver strain,
0.11 mg/kg after 32 days) contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown detailed information please see the
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg *control
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
information please see the article), conc. pullets of the Shaver strain,
range: £7.32 mg/kg* (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th, AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: weeks; for detailed information please see
0.94 mg/kg after 16 days) the article), conc.: nd* and NR, country:
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
Aflatoxin G2 AF-contaminated diet
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days, Aflatoxin M2
contamination: no AF (for detailed incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
information please see the article), conc.: pullets of the Shaver strain,
nd, country: Spain359, *control contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
198 Hen

detailed information please see the Deoxynivalenol

article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Single Comb
*control White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
incidence: 5/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination: no DAS, DON and ZEA
pullets of the Shaver strain, (for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg article), conc.: nd, country: Canada377,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; *control
for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*, White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks contamination: artificial (dose: 82.80 mg
an AF-contaminated diet DON/kg + 10.70 mg ZEA/kg diet
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn (DAS can be neglected), o., for 27 days;
pullets of the Shaver strain, for detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for article), conc.: »20 ppm* (mean value),
detailed information please see the country: Canada377, *after 27 days
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, Ochratoxin A
*control incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, 24 weeks, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg (dose: OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o.,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 for 2 weeks), conc.: 7.3 ppb* (mean value),
weeks; for detailed information please see country: USA316, *after 14 days
the article), conc.: nd* and NR, country: incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
AF-contaminated diet 24 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for
Aflatoxins 2 weeks), conc.: 73.7 ppb* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn country: USA316, *after 14 days
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
Hen heart may contain the following
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled),
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
by stomach tube, once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. Aflatoxin B1
range: £8.65 mg/g* **, country: USA81, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 1 day pullets of the Shaver strain,
(also measured after 4 and 7 days, lowest contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
conc.: 4.48 mg/g after 4 days) detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, *control
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), pullets of the Shaver strain,
by stomach tube, once; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
information please see the article), conc. AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o.,
range: £103.10 mg/g* ** ***, country: for 4 weeks; for detailed information
USA81, *AFs or their metabolites, **in please see the article), conc. range:
contents of crop and gizzard, ***after 0.08–0.18 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
4 days (also measured after 1 and 7 days, USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
lowest conc.: 31.33 µg/g after 7 days) AF-contaminated diet
Hen 199

incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
pullets of the Shaver strain, *control
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
(for detailed information please see the pullets of the Shaver strain,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
*control AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o.,
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White for 4 weeks; for detailed information
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, please see the article), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg 0.05–0.06 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
weeks; for detailed information please see AF-contaminated diet
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA110, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an pullets of the Shaver strain,
AF-contaminated diet contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
(for detailed information please see the
Aflatoxin B2
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*control
pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o.,
*control
for 4 weeks; for detailed information
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
pullets of the Shaver strain,
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AF-contaminated diet
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
weeks; for detailed information please see
Aflatoxin M1
the article), conc. range: 0.05 mg/kg*
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
(mean value), country: USA110, *after
pullets of the Shaver strain,
feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn detailed information please see the
pullets of the Shaver strain, article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for *control
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, pullets of the Shaver strain,
*control contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, weeks; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg the article), conc.: tr* (mean value),
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
for 4 weeks; for detailed information AF-contaminated diet
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
pullets of the Shaver strain,
AF-contaminated diet
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
Aflatoxin B2a detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
pullets of the Shaver strain, *control
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White
(for detailed information please see the Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
200 Hen

contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:

AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2
4 weeks; for detailed information please weeks), conc.: 12.0 ppb* (mean value),
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: country: USA316, *after 14 days
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
AF-contaminated diet Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
24 weeks, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin M2 (dose: OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn 2 weeks), conc.: 43.8 ppb* (mean value),
pullets of the Shaver strain, country: USA316, *after 14 days
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 24/24*, sa. const.: Rhode Island
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
*control no OTA (for detailed information please
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn see the article), conc.: nd, country:
pullets of the Shaver strain, Poland590, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
4 weeks; for detailed information please artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm OTA in the
see the article), conc.: 0.02 mg/kg* (mean diet, o., for 5 weeks; for detailed
value), country: USA110, *after feeding information please see the article),
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet conc.: 2.1 ppb*, country: Poland590,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn *after 5 weeks?
pullets of the Shaver strain, incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for Red cockerels, age: 54 weeks,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White detailed information please see the
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, article), conc.: 0.07 ppb*, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg Poland590, *after 5 weeks?
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island
4 weeks; for detailed information please Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm OTA in the diet,
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information
AF-contaminated diet please see the article), conc.: 18.6 ppb*,
country: Poland590, *after 5 weeks?
Aflatoxins incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn Red cockerels, age: 54 weeks,
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
artificial (11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by detailed information please see the
stomach tube, once; for detailed article), conc.: nd*, country: Poland590,
information please see the article), conc. *after 5 weeks?
range: £16.59 mg/g* **, country: USA81,
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 7 days Zearalenone
(also measured after 1 and 4 days, lowest incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
conc.: 7.07 mg/g after 4 days) laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
Ochratoxin A ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New once), conc. range: £57 mg eq ZEA/100 g
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 wet tissue (mean value), country: USA394,
Hen 201

*after 2 h (also measured after 4, 24, 48 incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
and 72 h, lowest conc.: 25 mg eq laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 48 h) no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Hen intestine may contain the Italy515, *control
following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
metabolites: laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
Ochratoxin A feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New for detailed information please see the
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 article), conc.: 0.40 mg/kg* (mean value),
weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Italy515, *after 169 days
OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2
weeks), conc.: 21.3 ppb* (mean value), Aflatoxin B1
country: USA316, *after 14 days incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New pullets of the Shaver strain,
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: detailed information please see the
OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
weeks), conc.: 33.8 ppb* (mean value), *control
country: USA316, *after 14 days incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain,
Hen kidney may contain the
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
following mycotoxins and/or their
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
metabolites:
4 weeks; for detailed information please
Aflatoxicol see the article), conc. range:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain 0.27–0.87 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: no USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
AFB1 (for detailed information please see the AF-contaminated diet
article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232, *control incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain pullets of the Shaver strain,
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for (for detailed information please see the
169 days; for detailed information please article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
see the article), conc.: 0.04 mg/kg* (mean *control
value), country: Italy232, *after 169 days incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for
AFB1 (for detailed information please see
detailed information please see the article),
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
conc.: 0.02 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
*control
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
incidence: 9/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
AF-contaminated diet
White Leghorns hens, contamination:
artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
7 days; for detailed information please see laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
the article), conc. range: £0.15 ng/g* **, no AFB1 (for detailed information please
country: USA363, *AFL-residues, **after 7 see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
days *control
202 Hen

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: for detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for article), conc.: 0.32 mg/kg* (mean value),
169 days; for detailed information please country: Italy515, *after 169 days
see the article), conc.: 0.08 mg/kg* (mean
value), country: Italy232, *after 169 days Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days,
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
contamination: no AF (for detailed
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
information please see the article),
USA110, *control
conc.: nd, country: Spain359, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown Hyssex
pullets of the Shaver strain,
laying hens, age: 27 weeks, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
artificial (dose: 2.5 mg AF/kg feed, o., for 32
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
days; for detailed information please see the
4 weeks; for detailed information please
article), conc. range: £0.25 mg/kg* (mean
see the article), conc. range:
value), country: Spain359 (measured at 4th,
0.12–0.30 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
8th*, 16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
0.07 mg/kg after 32 days, intoxication period)
AF-contaminated diet
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg pullets of the Shaver strain,
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
information please see the article), conc. (for detailed information please see the
range: £0.37 mg/kg* (mean value), article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th*, *control
16th and 32nd* day, lowest conc.: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
0.1 mg/kg after 32 days, intoxication pullets of the Shaver strain,
period) contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb 4 weeks; for detailed information please
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no see the article), conc. range: 0.01 mg/kg*
AFB1 (for detailed information please see (mean value), Ø conc.: 0.01 mg/kg**,
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363, country: USA110, *2 days after feeding
*control 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
incidence: 7/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
White Leghorns hens, contamination: Aflatoxin B2a
artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for 7 incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
days; for detailed information please see pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
the article), conc. range: £0.62 ng/g* **, no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
country: USA363, *AFB1-residues, please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
**after 7 days USA110, *control
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: pullets of the Shaver strain,
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
Italy515, *control weeks; for detailed information please see
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain the article), conc. range: 1.93–2.30 mg/kg*
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: (mean values), country: USA110, *after
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
Hen 203

incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn see the article), conc.: nr, country:
pullets of the Shaver strain, Italy232, *control
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
detailed information please see the laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
*control 169 days; for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn the article), conc.: 0.01 mg/kg* (mean value),
pullets of the Shaver strain, country: Italy232, *after 169 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
weeks; for detailed information please see
AFB1 (for detailed information please see
the article), conc. range: 0.03 mg/kg*
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
(mean value), Ø conc.: 0.03 mg/kg*,
*control
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4
incidence: 9/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
weeks an AF-contaminated diet
White Leghorns hens, contamination:
artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for
Aflatoxin M1 7 days; for detailed information please see
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn the article), conc. range: £0.10 ng/g* **,
pullets of the Shaver strain, country: USA363, *AFM1-residues,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for **after 7 days
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
*control laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
pullets of the Shaver strain, please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg Italy515, *control
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
weeks; for detailed information please see laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
the article), conc. range: artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1 + 50 mg OTA/kg
0.07–0.11 mg/kg* (mean values), country: feed, o., for 169 days; for detailed
USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an information please see the article), conc.:
AF-contaminated diet 0.01 mg/kg* (mean value), country: Italy515,
*after 169 days
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, Aflatoxin M2
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
detailed information please see the pullets of the Shaver strain,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
*control detailed information please see the
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg pullets of the Shaver strain,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
weeks; for detailed information please see AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA110, weeks; for detailed information please
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an see the article), conc. range:
AF-contaminated diet 0.03–0.08 mg/kg* (mean values), country:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: AF-contaminated diet
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
204 Hen

incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn weeks), conc.: 124.0 ppb* (mean value),
pullets of the Shaver strain, country: USA316, *after 14 days
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
detailed information please see the
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
*control
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White
Italy515, *control
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1 + 50 mg
weeks; for detailed information please see
OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days; for detailed
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA110, *2
information please see the article), conc.:
days after feeding 4 weeks an
3.1 mg/kg* (mean value), country: Italy515,
AF-contaminated diet
*after 169 days
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Deoxynivalenol laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
hens, age: 316 days, wt.: 1.3–1.7 kg, please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.2 mg DON Italy515, *control
(unlabeled)/day/bird, o., for 6 days followed incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
by 2.2 mg DON (labeled)/day/bird, o., for 6 laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
days; for detailed information please see artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1 + 50 mg
the article), conc. range: ȣ60 ng/g* (mean OTA/kg feed, o., for 87 days; for detailed
value), country: Canada135, *after 8 days of information please see the article), conc.
DON-administration (also measured after range: 0.5 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 days, lowest conc.: nd Italy515, *33 and 82 days after withdrawal
after 96 h?) from treatment
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens, age: 187 days, wt.: 1.3–1.7 kg, incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: H and N
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.2 mg White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
DON (labeled)/bird, o., once; for detailed contamination: no OTA (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
25 ng eq DON* **, country: Canada135, nd, country: Canada525, *control
*DON (or metabolites), **after 96 h? incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: H and N White
(lowest conc.: significantly lower than the Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
above indicated value after 18 days) contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
Ochratoxin A 36.8 ppm* (mean value), country:
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: treated feed for 6 weeks
24 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: H and N White
OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
weeks), conc.: 124.1 ppb* (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm
country: USA316, *after 14 days OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New information please see the article), conc.:
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 77.0 ppm* (mean value), country:
weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2
Hen 205

Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from diet, o., for 5 weeks; for detailed
treated feed for 6 weeks information please see the article),
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White conc.: 9.0 ppb*, country: Poland590,
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, *after 5 weeks?
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed Red cockerels, age: 54 weeks,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm
106.9 ppm* (mean value), country: OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from detailed information please see the
treated feed for 6 weeks article), conc.: 5.9 ppb*, country:
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White Poland590, *after 5 weeks?
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm Zearalenone
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
information please see the article), conc.: laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
31.0 ppm* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
Canada525, *after 24 h off treated feed for ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
6 weeks once), conc. range: £144 mg eq ZEA/100 g
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, *after 24 h (also measured after 2, 4, 48
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm and 72 h, lowest conc.: 31 mg eq
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
information please see the article), conc.:
13.1 ppm* (mean value), country: Hen Leg see Hen muscle, leg
Canada525, *after 48 h off treated feed
for 6 weeks
Hen liver may contain the following
incidence: 24/24*, sa. const.: Rhode Island mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
no OTA (for detailed information please Aflatoxicol
see the article), conc.: nd, country: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Poland590, *control laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island no AFB1 (for detailed information please
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination: see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm OTA in the *control
diet, o., for 5 weeks; for detailed incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
information please see the article), laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
conc.: 8.1 ppb*, country: Poland590, artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
*after 5 weeks? 169 days; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island see the article), conc.: 0.60 mg/kg* (mean
Red cockerels, age: 54 weeks, value), country: Italy232, *after 169 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
detailed information please see the AFB1 (for detailed information please see
article), conc.: 2.9 ppb*, country: the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
Poland590, *after 5 weeks? *control
incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination: White Leghorns hens, contamination:
artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm OTA in the artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for
206 Hen

7 days; for detailed information please see incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
the article), conc. range: £0.32 ng/g* **, laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
country: USA363, *AFL-residues, no AFB1 (for detailed information please
**after 7 days see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
*control
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
169 days; for detailed information please
Italy515, *control
see the article), conc.: 0.10 mg/kg* (mean
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
value), country: Italy232, *after 169 days
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Warren laying
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days; hens, age: 11 months, wt.: »2.2 kg,
for detailed information please see the contamination: neither AFB1 nor CPL (for
article), conc.: 1.80 mg/kg* (mean value), detailed information please see the
country: Italy515, *after 169 days article), conc.: nd, country: Italy280,
*control
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Warren laying
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn hens, age: 11 months, wt.: »2.2 kg,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: no AFB1 but CPL (2%) in
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 the diet for 4 weeks; for detailed
(for detailed information please see the information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, nd*, country: Italy280, *after 4 weeks
*control incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Warren laying
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn hens, age: 11 months, wt.: »2.2 kg,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 ppm
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1, o. and diet without CPL for 4
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for weeks; for detailed information please see
4 weeks; for detailed information please the article), conc.: 2.21 ng/g* (mean
see the article), conc. range: value), country: Italy280, *after 4 weeks
0.07–0.44 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.2 mg/kg*, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Warren laying
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an hens, age: 11 months, wt.: »2.2 kg,
AF-contaminated diet contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 ppm
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn AFB1, o. and diet with CPL (2%)
pullets of the Shaver strain, for 4 weeks; for detailed information please
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for see the article), conc.: 0.98 ng/g* (mean
detailed information please see the value), country: Italy280, *after 4 weeks
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, incidence: 1/?, sa. const.: brown hens
*control (HNL-type), contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn (dose: AFB1 + AFG1 fed; for detailed
pullets of the Shaver strain, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg range: £3.83 ppb, country: Germany320
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
weeks; for detailed information please see incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
the article), conc.: tr*, country: USA110, Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days,
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an contamination: no AF (for detailed
AF-contaminated diet information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: Spain359, *control
Hen 207

incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown feeding period 3 (84 days) (period = 28
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, days with daily AFB1-consumption)
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed SCWL hens, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc. (dose: 2,120 ppb AFB1 in feed; o.; for
range: £0.35 mg/kg* (mean value), detailed information please see the
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th*, article), conc.: 2,245 ppb*, country:
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: 0.04 mg/ India392, *after feeding period 3 (84
kg after 32 days, intoxication period) days) (period = 28 days with daily AFB1-
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown consumption)
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed 2,850 ppb AFB1 in feed; o.; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. information please see the article), conc.:
range: £0.23 mg/kg* (mean value), 2,186 ppb*, country: India392, *after
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th, feeding period 3 (84 days) (period = 28
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: 0.07 mg/kg days with daily AFB1-consumption)
after 32 days, intoxication period)
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
AFB1 (for detailed information please see please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363, Italy515, *control
*control incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: Single Comb laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
White Leghorns hens, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
7 days; for detailed information please for detailed information please see the
see the article), conc. range: £0.83 ng/g* article), conc.: 0.20 mg/kg* (mean value),
**, country: USA363, *AFB1-residues, country: Italy515, *after 169 days
**after 7 days
incidence: 24/24*, sa. const.: Warren
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL laying hens, age: 44 weeks, wt.: Ø 2.2 kg,
hens, contamination: no AFB1 (for contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc.: nd, country: India392, nd, country: Italy630, *control
*control incidence: ?/24, sa. const.: Warren laying
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL hens, age: 44 weeks, wt.: Ø 2.2 kg,
hens, contamination: artificial (dose: contamination: 2.5 ppm AFB1, o., for
600 ppb AFB1 in feed; o.; for detailed 4 weeks (for detailed information please
information please see the article), conc.: see the article), conc.: 4.13 ppb*, country:
569 ppb*, country: India392, *after feeding Italy630, *after 4 weeks
period 3 (84 days) (period = 28 days with incidence: 24/24, sa. const.: Warren laying
daily AFB1-consumption) hens, age: 44 weeks, wt.: Ø 2.2 kg,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from SCWL contamination: no AFB1 but MOS-diet
hens, contamination: artificial (dose: (0.11%) for 4 weeks (for detailed
1,250 ppb AFB1 in feed; o.; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: Italy630, *after 4 weeks
1,244 ppb*, country: India392, *after incidence: ?/24, sa. const.: Warren laying
hens, age: 44 weeks, wt.: Ø 2.2 kg,
208 Hen

contamination: 2.5 ppm AFB1, o. together weeks; for detailed information please see
with MOS-diet (0.11%) for 4 weeks the article), conc. range: 0.35–3.87 mg/kg*,
(for detailed information please see the Ø conc.: 1.52 mg/kg*, country: USA110,
article), conc.: 2.21 ppb*, country: Italy630, *after feeding 4 weeks an
*after 4 weeks AF-contaminated diet
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxin B2 pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
pullets of the Shaver strain, detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 7/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, pullets of the Shaver strain,
*control contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
pullets of the Shaver strain, weeks; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg the article), conc. range: tr–0.09 mg/kg*,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4
4 weeks; for detailed information please weeks an AF-contaminated diet
see the article), conc. range:
0.03–0.26 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.13 mg/kg*, incidence: 16/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days,
AF-contaminated diet contamination: no AF (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
nd, country: Spain359, *control
pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
(for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
*control
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 2/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
range: £0.41 mg/kg* (mean value),
pullets of the Shaver strain,
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.: nd after
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
16 days, intoxication period)
weeks; for detailed information please see
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
the article), conc. range: 0.01–0.02 mg/kg*,
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
Ø conc.: 0.015 mg/kg*, country: USA110,
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
AF-contaminated diet
information please see the article), conc.
Aflatoxin B2a range: £0.67 mg/kg* (mean value),
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th,
pullets of the Shaver strain, 16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for 0.18 mg/kg after 16 days, intoxication
detailed information please see the period)
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
*control Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: 1/?, sa. const.: brown hens
pullets of the Shaver strain, (HNL-type), contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg (dose: AFB1 addition; for detailed
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for 4
Hen 209

information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
0.28 ppb, country: Germany320 AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
Aflatoxin M1 range: £0.11 mg/kg* (mean value),
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th,
pullets of the Shaver strain, 16th* and 32nd day, lowest conc.: nd after
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 32 days, intoxication period)
(for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
pullets of the Shaver strain,
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
Italy515, *control
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
weeks; for detailed information please see
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
the article), conc. range:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
tr–0.05 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn article), conc.: <0.01 mg/kg* (mean value),
pullets of the Shaver strain, country: Italy515, *after 169 days
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
detailed information please see the Aflatoxin M2
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White
*control Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for *control
4 weeks; for detailed information please incidence: 7/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
see the article), conc.: nd* and NR, pullets of the Shaver strain,
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown 4 weeks; for detailed information please
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days, see the article), conc. range:
contamination: no AF (for detailed tr–0.10 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
information please see the article), conc.: feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
nd, country: Spain359, *control incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown pullets of the Shaver strain,
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg detailed information please see the
AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
information please see the article), *control
conc. range: £0.32 mg/kg* (mean value), incidence: 1/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: Spain359 (measured at 4th, 8th, pullets of the Shaver strain,
16th and 32nd* day, lowest conc.: nd contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
after 4 and 16 days, intoxication AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
period) 4 weeks; for detailed information please
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown see the article), conc.: tr*, country: USA110,
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
210 Hen

*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New Hampshire-
AF-contaminated diet Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA
Aflatoxins 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 weeks),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn conc.: 80.2 ppb* (mean value), country:
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, USA316, *after 14 days
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by
hens, contamination: no OTA (for detailed
stomach tube, once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.
nd, country: Germany374, *control
range: £18.69 mg/g* **, country: USA81,
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 4 days
hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
(also measured after 1 and 7 days, lowest
1.3 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; for
conc.: 10.65 mg/g after 7 days)
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 9.1 mg/kg* (mean value),
Deoxynivalenol
country: Germany374, **after feeding OTA
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
for 28 days
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: no
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: White Leghorn
NIV (for detailed information please see
hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
the article), conc.: nr, country:
2.6 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; for
Lithuania/Sweden375, *control
detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: 17.9 mg/kg* (mean value),
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination:
country: Germany374, **after feeding OTA
artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o., for 50
for 28 days
days; for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: eggs from White
the article), conc.: tr*, country:
Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
Lithuania/Sweden375, *after 50 days
(dose: 5.2 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days;
for detailed information please see the
Nivalenol
article), conc.: 18.0 mg/kg* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: Germany374, **after feeding OTA
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: no
for 28 days
NIV (for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nr, country: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Lithuania/Sweden375, *control laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
hens, age: 55 weeks, contamination: please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
artificial (dose: 5 mg NIV/kg, o., for 50 Italy515, *control
days; for detailed information please see incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
the article), conc.: tr*, country: Lithuania/ laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
weden375, *after 50 days artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
Ochratoxin A for detailed information please see the
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New article), conc.: 2.0 mg/kg* (mean value),
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: country: Italy515, *after 169 days
24 weeks, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
(dose: OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
2 weeks), conc.: 12.5 ppb* (mean value), no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
country: USA316, *after 14 days please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Italy515, *control
Hen 211

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg information please see the article), conc.:
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 87 days; 8.7 ppm* (mean value), country: Canada525,
for detailed information please see the *after 48 h off treated feed for 6 weeks
article), conc. range: 0.5*–0.9** mg/kg
incidence: 24/24*, sa. const.: Rhode Island
(mean value), country: Italy515, 33** and
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
82* days after withdrawal from
no OTA (for detailed information please
treatment
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: H and N Poland590, *control
White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island
contamination: no OTA (for detailed Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.: artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm OTA in the
nd, country: Canada525, *control diet, o., for 5 weeks; for detailed
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: H and N White information please see the article),
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, conc.: 3.3 ppb*, country: Poland590,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm *after 5 weeks?
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island
information please see the article), conc.: Red cockerels, age: 54 weeks,
26.3 ppm* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
treated feed for 6 weeks detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: H and N White article), conc.: 1.3 ppb*, country:
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, Poland590, *after 5 weeks?
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.: artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm OTA in the diet,
57.6 ppm* (mean value), country: o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from please see the article), conc.: 11.9 ppb*,
treated feed for 6 weeks country: Poland590, *after 5 weeks?
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, Red cockerels, age: 54 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm contamination: artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed OTA in the diet, o., for 5 weeks; for
information please see the article), conc.: detailed information please see the
72.6 ppm* (mean value), country: article), conc.: 1.7 ppb*, country:
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from Poland590, *after 5 weeks?
treated feed for 6 weeks
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White Zearalenone
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
information please see the article), conc.: ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
26.3 ppm* (mean value), country: once), conc. range: £397 mg eq ZEA/100 g
Canada525, *after 24 h off treated feed for wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
6 weeks *after 4 h (also measured after 2, 24, 48
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White and 72 h, lowest conc.: 50 mg eq
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
212 Hen

Hen lung may contain the following Aflatoxin B1

mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 16?/16?*, sa. const.: Brown
Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 days,
Aflatoxins contamination: no AF (for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn information please see the article), conc.:
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, nd, country: Spain359, *control
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs, by stomach Hyssex laying hens, age: 27 weeks,
tube, once; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
please see the article), conc. range: AF/kg feed, o., for 32 days; for detailed
£8.10 mg/g* ** ***, country: USA81, information please see the article), conc.
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 7 days range: £0.2 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
(also measured after 1 day and 4 days, Spain359 (measured at 4th*, 8th, 16th and
lowest conc.: 3.20 mg/g after 1 day), 32nd* day, lowest conc.: 0.02 mg/kg
***in lung and trachea after 8 and 16 days, intoxication period)
incidence: 16?/16?, sa. const.: Brown Hyssex
Ochratoxin A laying hens, age: 27 weeks, contamination:
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New artificial (dose: 5.0 mg AF/kg feed, o., for
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 32 days; for detailed information please see
24 weeks, contamination: artificial the article), conc. range: £0.1 mg/kg* (mean
(dose: OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., value), country: Spain359 (measured at 4th*,
for 2 weeks), conc.: 17.3 ppb* (mean 8th, 16th and 32nd day, lowest conc.:
value), country: USA316, *after 14 days 0.02 mg/kg after 32 days, intoxication
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New period)
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24
weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: Hen muscle, breast may contain the
OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 following mycotoxins and/or their
weeks), conc.: 87.0 ppb* (mean value), metabolites:
country: USA316, *after 14 days
Aflatoxicol
Zearalenone
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
AFB1 (for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
*control
once), conc. range: £63 mg eq ZEA/100 g
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
White Leghorns hens, contamination:
*after 48 h (also measured after 2, 4, 24
artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for 7 days;
and 72 h, lowest conc.: 26 mg eq
for detailed information please see the
ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
article), conc. range: £0.11 ng/g* **, country:
USA363, *AFL-residues, **after 7 days
Hen Lungs and Trachea see Hen
lung Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White
Hen muscle may contain the Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
following mycotoxins and/or their contamination no AFB1 + AFB2
metabolites: (for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control
Hen 213

incidence: 2/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4
pullets of the Shaver strain, weeks an AF-contaminated diet
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 Aflatoxin B2a
weeks; for detailed information please see incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
the article), conc. range: tr–0.05 mg/kg*, pullets of the Shaver strain,
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
AF-contaminated diet detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
pullets of the Shaver strain, *control
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for incidence: 7/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
detailed information please see the pullets of the Shaver strain,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
*control AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn weeks; for detailed information please see
pullets of the Shaver strain, the article), conc. range: tr–0.03 mg/kg*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 AF-contaminated diet
weeks; for detailed information please see incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
the article), conc. range: tr–0.01 mg/kg*, pullets of the Shaver strain,
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
weeks an AF-contaminated diet detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
Aflatoxin B2 *control
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, pullets of the Shaver strain,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
detailed information please see the AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control weeks; for detailed information please see
incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn the article), conc. range: tr*, country:
pullets of the Shaver strain, USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AF-contaminated diet
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
weeks; for detailed information please see Aflatoxin M1
the article), conc. range: tr–0.05 mg/kg*, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
AF-contaminated diet no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
pullets of the Shaver strain, USA110, *control
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for incidence: 1/16, sa. const.: White Leghorn
detailed information please see the pullets of the Shaver strain,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
*control AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn weeks; for detailed information please see
pullets of the Shaver strain, the article), conc.: tr*, country: USA110,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg *after feeding 4 weeks an
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 AF-contaminated diet
weeks; for detailed information please see incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
the article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*, pullets of the Shaver strain,
214 Hen

contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for range: £9.9 mg/g* **, country: USA81, *AFs
detailed information please see the or their metabolites, **after 7 days (also
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, measured after 1 and 4 days, lowest conc.:
*control 6.46 mg/g after 4 days)
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, Ochratoxin A
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24
weeks; for detailed information please see weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA110, OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an weeks), conc.: 3.3 ppb* (mean value),
AF-contaminated diet country: USA316, *after 14 days
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
Aflatoxin M2
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination:
OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
weeks), conc.: 8.4 ppb* (mean value),
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
country: USA316, *after 14 days
USA110, *control
incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn Zearalenone
pullets of the Shaver strain, incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
weeks; for detailed information please see ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the
the article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*, crop, once), conc. range: £12 mg eq
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an ZEA/100 g wet tissue* (mean value),
AF-contaminated diet country: USA394, *after 72 h
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn (also measured after 2, 4, 24 and 48 h,
pullets of the Shaver strain, lowest conc.: 7 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for tissue after 2 h)
detailed information please see the
Hen muscle, leg may contain the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
following mycotoxins and/or their
*control
metabolites:
incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 pullets of the Shaver strain,
weeks; for detailed information please see contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
the article), conc.: nd* and CPR, country: (for detailed information please see the
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
AF-contaminated diet *control
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxins pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: 4 weeks; for detailed information please
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by see the article), conc. range:
stomach tube, once; for detailed tr–0.11 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
information please see the article), conc. feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
Hen 215

incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
pullets of the Shaver strain, detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
detailed information please see the *control
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 5/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for weeks; for detailed information please see
4 weeks; for detailed information please the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg*,
see the article), conc. range: Ø conc.: 0.03 mg/kg*, country: USA110,
tr–0.01 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
AF-contaminated diet incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxin B2 pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
pullets of the Shaver strain, detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
detailed information please see the *control
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for detailed information please see
weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*,
the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.22 mg/kg*, Ø country: USA110, *2 days after feeding
conc.: 0.056 mg/kg*, country: USA110, 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
*after feeding 4 weeks an
AF-contaminated diet Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control
*control incidence: 2/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for detailed information please see
weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc. range:
the article), conc. range: tr–0.03 mg/kg*, tr–0.01 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
weeks an AF-contaminated diet
please like in the way of the other incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
mycotoxins pullets of the Shaver strain,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
Aflatoxin B2a detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
pullets of the Shaver strain, *control
216 Hen

incidence: 16/16, sa. const.: White Ochratoxin A

Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age: 24
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
weeks; for detailed information please see OTA 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o.,
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA110, for 2 weeks), conc.: 4.2 ppb* (mean value),
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an country: USA316, *after 14 days
AF-contaminated diet incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New
Hampshire-Leghorn cross hens, age:
Aflatoxin M2 24 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn (dose: OTA 5.0 ppm (feed weight), o.,
pullets of the Shaver strain, for 2 weeks), conc.: 7.2 ppb* (mean value),
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for country: USA316, *after 14 days
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, *control Zearalenone
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
weeks; for detailed information please see once), conc. range: £18 mg eq ZEA/100 g
the article), conc. range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*, wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
country: USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an *after 48 h (also measured after 2, 4, 24
AF-contaminated diet and 72 h, lowest conc.: 9 mg eq ZEA/100 g
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn wet tissue after 2 h)
pullets of the Shaver strain,
contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
Hen muscle, red may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
detailed information please see the
metabolites:
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
*control Citrinin
incidence: 2/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: 9/9*, sa. const.: sex mature
pullets of the Shaver strain, Mamourah hens, age: »13 months, b. wt.: Ø
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg 1,998 g, contamination: no CIT (for
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 detailed information please see the article),
weeks; for detailed information please see conc.: nr, country: Egypt591, *control
the article), conc. range: tr*, country: incidence: ?/9, sa. const.: sex mature
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an Mamourah hens, age: »13 months, b. wt.:
AF-contaminated diet Ø 1,998 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
100 ppb CIT in the diet, o., for 6 weeks;
Aflatoxins
for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: 9.84 ppb*, country:
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
Egypt591, *after 6 weeks
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), Ochratoxin A
by stomach tube, once; for detailed incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: H and N
information please see the article), conc. White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
range: £7.89 mg/g* **, country: USA81, contamination: no OTA (for detailed
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 4 days information please see the article), conc.:
(also measured after 1 and 7 days, lowest nd, country: Canada525, *control
conc.: 5.70 mg/g after 7 days)
Hen 217

incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: H and N White incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
information please see the article), conc.: for detailed information please see the
8.0 ppm* (mean value), country: article), conc.: <0.04 mg/kg* (mean value),
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from country: Italy515, *after 169 days
treated feed for 6 weeks
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: H and N White Aflatoxin B1
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed no AFB1 (for detailed information please
information please see the article), conc.: see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
12.6 ppm* (mean value), country: *control
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
treated feed for 6 weeks laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o.,
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks, for 169 days; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm please see the article), conc.: 0.07 mg/kg*
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed (mean value), country: Italy232,
information please see the article), conc.: *after 169 days
20.8 ppm* (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
treated feed for 6 weeks
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
Italy515, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
ndr, country: Canada525, *after 24 h off
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
treated feed for 6 weeks
for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White
article), conc.: 0.06 mg/kg* (mean value),
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
country: Italy515, *after 169 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm
OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
Aflatoxin M1
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
ndr, country: Canada525, *after 48 h off
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
treated feed for 6 weeks
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
Hen muscle, thigh may contain the *control
following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
metabolites:
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
Aflatoxicol
169 days; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
see the article), conc.: 0.02 mg/kg* (mean
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
value), country: Italy232, *after 169 days
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
Italy515, *control laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
218 Hen

no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information 1,998 g, contamination: artificial (dose:

please see the article), conc.: nr, country: 100 ppb CIT in the diet, o., for 6 weeks;
Italy515, *control for detailed information please see the
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain article), conc.: 10.3 ppb*, country:
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: Egypt591, *after 6 weeks
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days; Ochratoxin A
for detailed information please see the incidence: 12/12*, sa. const.: H and N
article), conc.: 0.10 mg/kg* (mean value), White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
country: Italy515, *after 169 days contamination: no OTA (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
Ochratoxin A nd, country: Canada525, *control
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: H and N
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: White Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 ppm
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
Italy515, *control information please see the article),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain conc.: nd, country: Canada525, *directly
laying hens, age: 14 days, after withdrawal from treated feed for 6
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg weeks
AFB1/kg feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: H and N White
169 days; for detailed information please Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
see the article), conc.: 1.0 mg/kg* (mean contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm
value), country: Italy515, *after 169 days OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain information please see the article), conc.:
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: 4.6 ppm* (mean value), country:
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: treated feed for 6 weeks
Italy515, *control incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 87 days; information please see the article), conc.:
for detailed information please see the 15.9 ppm* (mean value), country:
article), conc. range: 0.5 mg/kg* (mean Canada525, *directly after withdrawal from
value), country: Italy515, *33 and 82 days treated feed for 6 weeks
after withdrawal from treatment incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White
Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
Hen muscle, white may contain the contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm
following mycotoxins and/or their OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
metabolites: information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: Canada525, *after 24 h off
Citrinin treated feed for 6 weeks
incidence: 9/9*, sa. const.: sex mature incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: H and N White
Mamourah hens, age: »13 months, Ø wt.: Leghorn hens, age: 26 weeks,
1,998 g, contamination: no CIT (for contamination: artificial (dose: 4.0 ppm
detailed information please see the article), OTA in feed, o., for 42 days; for detailed
conc.: nr, country: Egypt591, *control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/9, sa. const.: sex mature nd, country: Canada525, *after 48 h off
Mamourah hens, age: »13 months, Ø wt.: treated feed for 6 weeks
Hen 219

Hen muscle, wing may contain the please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
following mycotoxins and/or their USA110, *control
metabolites: incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain,
Aflatoxins contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, weeks; for detailed information please see
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: the article), conc. range: 0.03–0.15 mg/kg*, Ø
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by conc.: 0.07 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
stomach tube, once; for detailed feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Legorn
range: £8.18 mg/g* **, country: USA81, pullets of the Shaver strain,
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 1 day contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
(also measured after 4 and 7 days, lowest detailed information please see the
conc.: 6.29 mg/g after 7 days) article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
*control
Zearalenone
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain,
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the
weeks; for detailed information please see
crop, once), conc. range: £12 mg eq
the article), conc. range: tr–0.08 mg/kg*,
ZEA/100 g wet tissue* (mean value),
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4
country: USA394, *after 24 h
weeks an AF-contaminated diet
(also measured after 2, 4, 48 and 72 h,
lowest conc.: 8 mg eq ZEA/100 g wet incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb
tissue after 2 h) White Leghorn hens, contamination: no
AFB1 (for detailed information please see
Hen ova may contain the following the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: *control
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: Single Comb
Aflatoxicol White Leghorns hens, contamination:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Single Comb artificial (dose: 8 mg AFB1/g feed, for 7
White Leghorn hens, contamination: no days; for detailed information please see
AFB1 (for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: £0.37 ng/g* **,
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA363, country: USA363, *AFB1-residues, **after
*control 7 days
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: Single
Comb White Leghorns hens, Aflatoxin B2
contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
AFB1/g feed, for 7 days; for detailed pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
information please see the article), no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
conc. range: £0.42 ng/g* **, country: please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
USA 363, *AFL-residues, **after 7 days USA110, *control
incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
Aflatoxin B1 pullets of the Shaver strain,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information weeks; for detailed information please see
220 Hen

the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.04 mg/kg*, Ø Aflatoxin M1

conc.: 0.03 mg/kg*, country: USA110, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*after feeding 4 weeks an pullets of the Shaver strain,
AF-contaminated diet contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn detailed information please see the
pullets of the Shaver strain, article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for *control
detailed information please see the incidence: 5/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, pullets of the Shaver strain,
*control contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
pullets of the Shaver strain, 4 weeks; for detailed information please
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg see the article), conc. range:
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 tr–0.02 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
weeks; for detailed information please see feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
the article), conc. range: tr–0.03 mg/kg*, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
weeks an AF-contaminated diet no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Aflatoxin B2a USA110, *control
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: 1/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination pullets of the Shaver strain,
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
USA110, *control 4 weeks; for detailed information please
incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn see the article), conc.: 0.01 mg/kg*,
pullets of the Shaver strain, country: USA110, *2 days after feeding
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for
4 weeks; for detailed information please Aflatoxin M2
see the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.04 mg/ incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
kg*, Ø conc.: 0.03 mg/kg*, country: USA110, pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
*after feeding 4 weeks an no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
AF-contaminated diet please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn USA110, *control
pullets of the Shaver strain, incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for pullets of the Shaver strain,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
*control 4 weeks; for detailed information please
incidence: 7/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn see the article), conc. range:
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: tr–0.02 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *after
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/kg + feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
detailed information please see the pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
article), conc. range: tr–0.05 mg/kg*, no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet USA110, *control
Hen 221

incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: White Leghorn Hen pancreas may contain the
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: following mycotoxins and/or their
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg metabolites:
AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article), conc. Aflatoxins
range: tr–0.02 mg/kg*, country: USA110, *2 incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
days after feeding 4 weeks an hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
AF-contaminated diet wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled),
Aflatoxins stomach tube, once; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn information please see the article), conc.
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, range: £12.54 mg/g* **, country: USA81,
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: *AFs or their metabolites, **after 7 days
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by (also measured after 1 and 4 days, lowest
stomach tube, once; for detailed conc.: 5.10 mg/g after 1 day)
information please see the article), conc. Zearalenone
range: £8.29 mg/g* ** ***, country: USA81, incidence: ?/20, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*AFs or their metabolites, **in large ova laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
(>10 mm), ***after 4 days (also measured contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg ZEA
after 1 and 7 days, lowest conc.: 6.75 mg/g (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop, once),
after 1 day) conc. range: £38 mg eq zearalenone/100 g
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, *after 2 h (also measured after 4, 24, 48
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: and 72 h, lowest conc.: 15 mg eq ZEA/100 g
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by wet tissue after 72 h)
stomach tube, once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
Hen plasma may contain the
range: £13.72 mg/g* ** ***, country:
following mycotoxins and/or their
USA81, *AFs or their metabolites, **in
metabolites:
small ova (<10 mm), ***after 7 days (also
measured after 1 and 4 days, lowest conc.: Deoxynivalenol
7.09 mg/g after 4 days) incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
hens, age: 316 days, wt.: 1.3–1.7 kg,
Hen Ovaries see Hen ova contamination: artificial (dose: 2.2 mg
DON (unlabeled)/day/bird, o., for 6 days
followed by 2.2 mg DON (labeled)/day/
Hen oviduct may contain the bird, o., for 6 days; for detailed
following mycotoxins and/or their information please see the article), conc.
metabolites: range: »£38–54 ng/ml* (mean value),
country: Canada135, *after 8–12 days
Zearalenone
exposure to DON (also measured after
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
14, 16 and 18 days, lowest conc.:
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
significantly lower than the above
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
indicated value after 18 days)
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
once), conc. range: £68 mg eq ZEA/100 g Fumonisin B1
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394, incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: White Leghorn
*after 24 h (also measured after 2, 4, 48 laying hens, age: 30 weeks, wt.: 1.30–
and 72 h, lowest conc.: 39 mg eq 1.68 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 2 h) 2.0 mg FB1 (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
222 Hen

wt., o., once; for detailed information *after 4 h (also measured after 2, 24, 48
please see the article), conc. range: and 72 h, lowest conc.: 12 mg eq
28–103 ng/ml* **, country: Canada129, ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
*FB1 and/or metabolites, **(measured at
other hour intervals up to 28 h, lowest Hen red blood cells may contain the
conc.: nd after 24 h) following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Ochratoxin A
incidence: ?/24*, sa. const.: Rhode Island
Zearalenone
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
no OTA (for detailed information please
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
Poland590, *control
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island
once), conc. range: £269 mg eq ZEA/100 g
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination:
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm OTA in the diet,
*after 48 h (also measured after 2, 4,
o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information
24 and 72 h, lowest conc.: 125 mg eq
please see the article), conc.: 13.3 ppb*,
ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
country: Poland590, *after 4 weeks of
OTA-administration
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island Red Hen reproductive organs may
cockerels, age: 54 weeks, contamination: contain the following mycotoxins and/or
artificial (dose: 2.1 ppm OTA in the diet, their metabolites:
o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information Aflatoxins
please see the article), conc.: 5.7 ppb*, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: Poland590, *after 4 weeks of hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
OTA-administration wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/22, sa. const.: Rhode Island artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled),
Red hens, age: 54 weeks, contamination: stomach tube, once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm OTA in the diet, information please see the article), conc.
o., for 5 weeks; for detailed information range: £13.48 mg/g* **, country: USA81,
please see the article), conc.: 37.0 ppb*, *AFs or their metabolites, **after 1 day
country: Poland590, *after 4 weeks of (also measured after 4 and 7 days, lowest
OTA-administration conc.: 4.49 mg/g after 4 days)
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Rhode Island Red
cockerels, age: 54 weeks, contamination: Hen serum may contain the following
artificial (dose: 4.1 ppm OTA in the diet, o., mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
for 5 weeks; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: 16.0 ppb*, Aflatoxin B1
country: Poland590, *after 4 weeks of incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
OTA-administration pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
Zearalenone please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn USA110, *control
laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg pullets of the Shaver strain,
ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop, contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
once), conc. range: £82 mg eq ZEA/100 g AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394, 4 weeks; for detailed information please
Hen 223

see the article), conc. range: 0.02–0.03 mg/ no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
kg* (mean values), country: USA110, *after please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet USA110, *control
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination pullets of the Shaver strain,
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for
USA110, *control 4 weeks; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn see the article), conc. range: 0.01–0.02 mg/
pullets of the Shaver strain, kg* (mean values), country: USA110, *after
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
4 weeks; for detailed information please pullets of the Shaver strain,
see the article), conc.: 0.01 mg/kg* (mean contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
value), country: USA110, *2 days after detailed information please see the
feeding 4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
*control
Aflatoxin B2
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain,
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
4 weeks; for detailed information please
USA110, *control
see the article), conc.: tr* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
country: USA110, *2 days after feeding
pullets of the Shaver strain,
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for
4 weeks; for detailed information please Aflatoxin M1
see the article), conc. range: incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
0.04–0.05 mg/kg* (mean values), country: pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination
USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information
AF-contaminated diet please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn USA110, *control
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination incidence: 16/24, sa. const.: White
no AFB1 + AFB2 (for detailed information Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain,
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg
USA110, *control AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o, for
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn 4 weeks; for detailed information please
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination: see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
artificial (dose: 3,310 mg AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg USA110, *after feeding 4 weeks an
AFB2/kg, o., for 4 weeks; for detailed AF-contaminated diet
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn
0.01 mg/kg * (mean value), country: USA110, pullets of the Shaver strain,
*2 days after feeding 4 weeks an contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for
AF-contaminated diet detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110,
Aflatoxin B2a *control
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, contamination pullets of the Shaver strain,
224 Hen

contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: White Leghorn
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
4 weeks; for detailed information please 2.6 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; for
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: detailed information please see the
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an article), conc.: 14.1 mg/l* (mean value),
AF-contaminated diet country: Germany374, **after feeding OTA
for 28 days
Aflatoxin M2 incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: eggs from White
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn hens, contamination: artificial
Leghorn pullets of the Shaver strain, (dose: 5.2 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days;
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc.: 11.7 mg/l* (mean value),
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, country: Germany374, **after feeding OTA
*control for 28 days
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
pullets of the Shaver strain, Hen skin may contain the following
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for
4 weeks; for detailed information please Aflatoxicol
see the article), conc. range: tr* (mean incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
value), country: USA110, *after feeding laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
4 weeks an AF-contaminated diet no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: White Leghorn please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
pullets of the Shaver strain, Italy515, *control
contamination no AFB1 + AFB2 (for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
detailed information please see the laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
article), conc.: nr, country: USA110, artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
*control feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days;
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn for detailed information please see the
pullets of the Shaver strain, article), conc.: <0.04 mg/kg* (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 3,310 mg country: Italy515, *after 169 days
AFB1/kg + 1,680 mg AFB2/kg, o., for Aflatoxin B1
4 weeks; for detailed information please incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
USA110, *2 days after feeding 4 weeks an no AFB1 (for detailed information please
AF-contaminated diet see the article), conc.: nr, country: Italy232,
*control
Ochratoxin A incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: White Leghorn laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
hens, contamination: no OTA (for detailed artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg feed, o., for
information please see the article), conc.: 169 days; for detailed information please
nd, country: Germany374, *control see the article), conc.: 0.12 mg/kg* (mean
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: White Leghorn value), country: Italy232, *after 169 days
hens, contamination: artificial (dose:
1.3 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 28 days; for incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
detailed information please see the laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
article), conc.: 4.7 mg/l* (mean value), no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
country: Germany374, **after feeding OTA please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
for 28 days Italy515, *control
Hen 225

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: Italy515, *control
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days; laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
for detailed information please see the artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg
article), conc.: 0.04 mg/kg* (mean value), feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 87 days;
country: Italy515, *after 169 days for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: <0.5 mg/kg* (mean
Aflatoxin M1 value), country: Italy515, *33 and 82 days
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain after withdrawal from treatment
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination:
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information Hen spleen may contain the following
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Italy515, *control
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain Aflatoxins
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks,
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days; wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination:
for detailed information please see the artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by
article), conc.: <0.01 mg/kg* (mean value), stomach tube, once; for detailed
country: Italy515, *after 169 days information please see the article), conc.
Aflatoxins range: £12.47 mg/g* ** ***, country:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: White Leghorn USA81, *AFs or their metabolites,
hens (Cornell strain K), age: 20–22 weeks, **after 7 days (also measured after 1 and
wt.: 1,600–1,800 g, contamination: 4 days, lowest conc.: 7.14 mg/g after
artificial (dose: 11.26 mg AFs (labeled), by 4 days), ***in spleen and kidney
stomach tube, once; for detailed Zearalenone
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: White Leghorn
range: £4.71 mg/g* **, country: USA81, laying hens, age: 26–39 weeks,
*AFs or their metabolites, **after 1 day contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
(also measured after 4 and 7 days, lowest ZEA (labeled)/kg, by gavage into the crop,
conc.: 3.25 mg/g after 4 days) once), conc. range: £64 mg eq ZEA/100 g
wet tissue* (mean value), country: USA394,
Ochratoxin A *after 24 h (also measured after 2, 4, 48
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain and 72 h, lowest conc.: 28 mg eq
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: ZEA/100 g wet tissue after 72 h)
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: Hen Spleen and Kidney see Hen
Italy515, *control spleen
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Hubbard strain
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: Hen stomach may contain the
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/kg following mycotoxins and/or their
feed + 50 mg OTA/kg feed, o., for 169 days; metabolites:
for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 2.0 mg/kg* (mean value), Ochratoxin A
country: Italy515, *after 169 days incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New Hampshire-
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Hubbard strain Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 weeks,
laying hens, age: 14 days, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: OTA
no AFB1 + OTA (for detailed information 0.5 ppm (feed weight), o.,
226 Lamb

for 2 weeks), conc.: 19.8 ppb* (mean value), natural, conc. range: £0.77 ng/ml**,
country: USA316, *after 14 days country: New Zealand230, *export animals,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: New Hampshire- **most probable of Fusarium origin
Leghorn cross hens, age: 24 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA Zearalenols
5.0 ppm (feed weight), o., for 2 weeks), incidence: 38/90*, sa. const.: urine from
conc.: 94.3 ppb* (mean value), country: lambs of New Zealand, contamination:
USA316, *after 14 days natural, conc. range: £34 ng/ml, country:
New Zealand230, *export animals
Horse
Lamb Artificial Contamination
Horse Natural Contamination
Lamb feces may contain the following
Horse liver may contain the following mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
incidence: 2?/?, sa. const.: livers from Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
horses of Thailand and the USA, »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
contamination: natural, conc. range: country: Spain358, *control
9–18 ppb, Ø conc.: 13.5 ppb, country: incidence: ?/12?, sa. const.: male Rasa
Thailand/USA141 Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Horse urine may contain the 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
following mycotoxins and/or their 6.86–36.29 mg/kg* (mean values), Ø conc.:
metabolites: 17.25 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Spain358, *during intoxication period over
Zearalanols
21 days (measured after 7, 14* and 21
incidence: 47/76*, sa. const.: urine from
days) (for overall information please see
horses of New Zealand, contamination:
the article)
natural, conc. range: £18.8 ng/ml**,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
country: New Zealand230, *export animals,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
**most probable of Fusarium origin
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Zearalenols country: Spain358, *control
incidence: 47/76*, sa. const.: urine from incidence: ?/12?, sa. const.: male Rasa
horses of New Zealand, contamination: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
natural, conc. range: £2,157 ng/ml, »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: New Zealand230, *export animals 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
7.95–19.66 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 13.33 mg/kg*,
country: Spain358, *during clearance
Lamb period (at the 1st, 2nd* and 4th day
Lamb Natural Contamination contamination, at the 8th day no
contamination anymore) (for overall
Lamb urine may contain the information please see the article)
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Zearalanols Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 38/90*, sa. const.: urine from »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
lambs of New Zealand, contamination: country: Spain358, *control
Lamb 227

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Rasa kg***, country: Spain358, ***during
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: clearance period (at the 1st**, 2nd 4th
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: and 8th* day contamination) (for overall
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: information please see the article)
1.3*–27.47** mg/kg*** (mean values), Ø
conc.: 10.96 mg/kg*** (mean value), Lamb kidney may contain the
country: Spain358, ***during intoxication following mycotoxins and/or their
period over 21 days (measured after 7**, metabolites:
14 and 21* days) (for overall information
please see the article) Aflatoxicol
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
country: Spain358, *control country: Spain358, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Rasa incidence: 2/12?, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: (dose: 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc.
1.22–1.4 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: range: tr?*, country: Spain358, *clearance
1.31 mg/kg*, country: Spain358, *during period (8 days after removal of the
clearance period (at the 1st* day still contaminated diet)
contamination, at the 2nd, 4th and 8th
day no contamination anymore) (for Aflatoxin B1
overall information please see the article) incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
Aflatoxin M1 »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa country: Spain358, *control
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
country: Spain358, *control »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Rasa 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: 0.38–2.93 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 1.29 mg/kg*,
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Spain358, *intoxication period
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: (after 21 days of intoxication)
8.16*–61.82** mg/kg*** (mean value), Ø incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
conc.: 27.2 mg/kg*** (mean value), Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
country: Spain358, ***during intoxication »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.:
period over 21 days (measured after 7**, nd, country: Spain358, *control
14* and 21 days) (for overall information incidence: 7/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
please see the article) Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, 0.02–0.71 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.20 mg/kg*,
country: Spain358, *control country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Rasa after removal of the contaminated diet)
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: Aflatoxin B2a
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
0.23*–13.94** mg/kg***, Ø conc.: 4.01 mg/ Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
228 Lamb

»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
nd, country: Spain358, *control Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 3/12, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.98–15.46 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 5.45 mg/kg*,
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: country: Spain358, *intoxication period
0.02–0.09 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 0.05 mg/kg*, (after 21 days of intoxication)
country: Spain358, *intoxication period incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
(after 21 days of intoxication) Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: country: Spain358, *control
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: incidence: 9/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
nd, country: Spain358, *control Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 5/12, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05–1.27 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.35 mg/kg*,
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: 0.03– country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days
0.69 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.19 mg/kg*, country: after removal of the contaminated diet)
Spain358, *clearance period (8 days after
removal of the contaminated diet) Lamb liver may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.:
nd, country: Spain358, *control
nd, country: Spain358, *control
incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
0.03–0.52 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.31 mg/kg*,
0.34–4.05 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 1.94 mg/kg*,
country: Spain358, *intoxication period
country: Spain358, *intoxication period
(after 21 days of intoxication)
(after 21 days of intoxication)
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.:
nd, country: Spain358, *control
nd, country: Spain358, *control
incidence: 3/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
incidence: 9/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
0.01–0.04 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.03 mg/kg*,
0.14–1.03 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.44 mg/kg*,
country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days
country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days
after removal of the contaminated diet)
after removal of the contaminated diet)
Aflatoxin M1 Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.:
nd, country: Spain358, *control nd, country: Spain358, *control
Lamb 229

incidence: 11/12, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt: country: Spain358, *control
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
0.03–2.94 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 1.3 mg/kg*, »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: Spain358, *intoxication period 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
(after 21 days of intoxication) 0.30–5.16 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 1.78 mg/l*,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa country: Spain358, *intoxication period
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: (after 21 days of intoxication)
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
nd, country: Spain358, *control Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 2/12, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: country: Spain358, *control
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 3/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
0.02–0.03 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.025 mg/kg*, »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
days after removal of the contaminated 0.07–0.19 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 0.14 mg/l*,
diet) country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days
Aflatoxin M1 after removal of the contaminated diet)
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: Aflatoxin B2a
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
country: Spain358, *control Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: country: Spain358, *control
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
0.10–0.72 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.35 mg/kg*, »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: Spain358, *intoxication period 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
(after 21 days of intoxication) 0.01–0.98 mg/l, Ø conc.: 0.35 mg/l*,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa country: Spain358, *intoxication period
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: (after 21 days of intoxication)
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
country: Spain358, *control Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 7/12, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: country: Spain358, *control
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 10/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: 0.07– Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
0.16 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.12 mg/kg*, country: »15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Spain358, *clearance period (8 days after 2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
removal of the contaminated diet) 0.09–1.26 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 0.29 mg/l*,
country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days
Lamb urine may contain the after removal of the contaminated diet)
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aflatoxin B1 Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa »15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd,
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: country: Spain358, *control
230 Monkey

incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa Monkey, macaque bile may contain
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: the following mycotoxins and/or their
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: metabolites:
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: 0.46–
10.52 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 2.69 mg/l*, country: Aflatoxin B1
Spain358, *intoxication period (after 21 days incidence: 3/4*, sa. const.: female
of intoxication) macaque monkeys, age: 38–44 months,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: (for detailed information please see the
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, article), conc. range: tr, country:
country: Spain358, *control USA/Thailand98, *control
incidence: 1/12, sa. const.: male Rasa incidence: 15/16, sa. const.: female
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: macaques monkeys, age: 38–44 months,
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: artificial
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc.: (dose: 0.5*, 1.5*, 4.5*, 13.5* or 40.5* mg
1.67 mg/l*, country: Spain358, *clearance crystalline AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for
period (8 days after removal of the detailed information please see the
contaminated diet) article), conc. range: tr–163 mg/ml* **,
country: USA/Thailand98, **7 days after
Aflatoxin M1 AFB1-administration
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: Monkey, macaque blood may
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, contain the following mycotoxins and/or
country: Spain358, *control their metabolites:
incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: male Rasa
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: Aflatoxin B1
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
1.90–27.84 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 7.37 mg/l*, 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1
country: Spain358, *intoxication period (for detailed information please see the
(after 21 days of intoxication) article), conc.: no specimen?, country:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Rasa USA/Thailand98
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: incidence: 1/?*, sa. const.: female
»15.3 kg, contamination: no AF, conc.: nd, macaques monkeys, age: 38–44 months,
country: Spain358, *control wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 10/12, sa. const.: male Rasa (dose: 0.5, 1.5, 4.5, 13.5 or 40.5** mg
Aragonesa lambs, age: 40–45 days, wt.: AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
»15.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article), conc.:
2.5 mg AF, o., for 21 days), conc. range: 37 mg/ml** ***, country: USA/Thailand98,
0.22–1.13 mg/l*, Ø conc.: 0.54 mg/l*, *heart blood, ***7 days after
country: Spain358, *clearance period (8 days AFB1-administration
after removal of the contaminated diet)
Monkey, macaque brain may
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
Monkey their metabolites:

Monkey Artificial Contamination Aflatoxin B1

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque
Monkey, Macaque monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
Monkey 231

1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1 incidence: 4/16, sa. const.: female

(for detailed information please see the macaques monkeys, age: 38–44 months,
article), conc.: nd, country: wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: artificial
USA/Thailand98 (dose: 0.5*, 1.5*, 4.5*, 13.5* or 40.5* mg
incidence: 4/19, sa. const.: female AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
macaque monkeys, age: 38–44 months, information please see the article), conc.
wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: artificial range: tr–162 mg/kg* **, country: USA/
(dose: 0.5, 1.5, 4.5, 13.5* or 40.5* mg Thailand98, **7 days after AFB1-
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed administration
information please see the article), conc.
range: tr–30 mg/kg* **, country: Monkey, macaque liver may
USA/Thailand98, **7 days after contain the following mycotoxins and/or
AFB1-administration their metabolites:

Monkey, macaque heart may Aflatoxin B1

contain the following mycotoxins and/or incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque
their metabolites: monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1 (for
detailed information please see the
Aflatoxin B1
article), conc.: nd, country: USA/
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque
Thailand98
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2–
incidence: 4/19, sa. const.: female macaque
2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1 (for
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg,
detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5, 1.5, 4.5,
article), conc.: no specimen, country:
13.5* or 40.5* mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for
USA/Thailand98
detailed information please see the article),
incidence: 6/8, sa. const.: female macaque
conc. range: tr–163 mg/kg* **, country:
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2–
USA/Thailand98, **7 days after AFB1-
2.4 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
administration
0.5*, 1.5*, 4.5, 13.5* or 40.5 mg AFB1/kg b.
wt., o., once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range:
Monkey, macaque lung may
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
tr–176 mg/kg* **, country: USA/
their metabolites:
Thailand98, **7 days after AFB1-
administration
Aflatoxin B1
Monkey, macaque heart incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
blood see Monkey blood
1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1
(for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nd?, country:
Monkey, macaque kidney may
USA/Thailand98
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
incidence: 2/?, sa. const.: female
their metabolites:
macaque monkeys, age: 38–44 months,
Aflatoxin B1 wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque (dose: 0.5, 1.5, 4.5*, 13.5* or 40.5 mg
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2– AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1 (for information please see the article),
detailed information please see the conc. range: tr* **, country: USA/
article), conc. range: tr, country: USA/ Thailand98, **7 days after AFB1-
Thailand98 administration
232 Monkey

Monkey, macaque pancreas may incidence: 2/?, sa. const.: female macaque
contain the following mycotoxins and/or monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2–
their metabolites: 2.4 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5,
1.5, 4.5*, 13.5* or 40.5 mg AFB1/kg b. wt.,
Aflatoxin B1 o., once; for detailed information please
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque see the article), conc. range: tr* **,
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2–2.4 kg, country: USA/Thailand98, **7 days after
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed AFB1-administration
information please see the article), conc.:
nd?, country: USA/Thailand98 Monkey, Marmoset
incidence: 1/?, sa. const.: female macaque
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2– Monkey, marmoset liver may
2.4 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5, contain the following mycotoxins and/or
1.5, 4.5, 13.5* or 40.5 mg their metabolites:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male marmosets,
tr* **, country: USA/Thailand98, **7 days
age: 3–9 years, wt.: 250–406 g,
after AFB1-administration
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg AFB1
(labeled)/kg, by gavage, twice; for detailed
Monkey, macaque plasma may
information please see the article), conc.
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
range: 0.48–1.44 pmol [3H]-AFB eq/mg
their metabolites:
DNA* ** ***, country: USA430, *control,
Ochratoxin A **AFB1-DNA adducts, ***on day 28
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female macaque incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male marmosets,
monkeys, age: adult, wt.: 4 kg, age: 3–9 years, wt.: 250–406 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 ng OTA contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
ng/g b. wt., o., once), conc.: 500 ng/ml, AFB1 (labeled)/kg, by gavage, twice; for
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193 (at detailed information please see the
different min, hour and day intervals up article), conc. range: 0.23–0.45 pmol
to 38 days measured) [3H]-AFB eq/mg DNA* ** ***, country:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male macaque USA430, *oltipraz-diet (18 mg/kg/day) for
monkey, age: adult, wt.: 5 kg, 13 days (day 16–28) at day 0 and day
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 ng OTA 26 AFB1 was administered, **AFB1-DNA
ng/g b. wt., i.v., once), conc.: 980 ng/ml, adducts, ***on day 28
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193 (at incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male marmosets,
different min, hour and day intervals up age: 3–9 years, wt.: 250–406 g,
to 38 days measured) contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, by gavage, twice;
Monkey, macaque spleen may for detailed information please see the
contain the following mycotoxins and/or article), conc. range: 0.18–0.84 pmol
their metabolites: [3H]-AFB eq/mg DNA* ** ***, country:
USA430, *EQ-diet (30 mg/kg/day) for
Aflatoxin B1 13 days (day 16–28) at day 0 and day
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female macaque 26 AFB1 was administered, **AFB1-DNA
monkeys, age: 38–44 months, wt.: 1.2– adducts, ***on day 28
2.4 kg, contamination: no AFB1 (for
detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
article), conc.: nd?, country: marmoset, age: adult, wt.: 300–350 g,
USA/Thailand98 contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1
Mouse 233

(labeled)/kg, i.v., once; for detailed 6.42 mg FB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by gavage,
information please see the article), conc.: once), conc. range: <210 ng/ml*, country:
£122 pmol AFB1 × 103/mg protein*, South Africa/Canada130, *1–2 h after
country: Sweden614, *after 15 min (also dosing (at 30 min and also at other hour
measured after 2 and 6 h, lowest conc.: intervals up to 7 h measured, lowest conc.:
2 pmol AFB1 × 103/mg protein after 6 h) »38 ng/ml after 7 h).
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male vervet
marmoset, age: adult, wt.: 300–350 g, monkey, age: 20–26 months, wt.: 2.10–
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 2.32 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(labeled)/kg, i.v., once; for detailed 6.42 mg FB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by gavage,
information please see the article), conc.: once), conc. range: 85 ng/ml*, country:
£26 pmol AFB1-metabolites × 103/mg South Africa/Canada130, *2 h after dosing
protein* **, country: Sweden614, *after (at 30 min and also at other hour
15 min (also measured after 2 and 6 h, intervals up to 7 h measured, lowest conc.:
lowest conc.: 5 pmol AFB1- »30 ng/ml after 0.5 and 4 h)
metabolites × 103/mg protein after 6 h),
**chloroform-soluble AFB1-metabolites incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female vervet
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female monkeys, age: 20–43 months, weight: 2.1–
marmoset, age: adult, wt.: 300–350 g, 3.1 kg, contamination: artificial (1.6 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 FB1/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range: £8
(labeled)/kg, i.v., once; for detailed mg/ml*, country: South Africa535, *after
information please see the article), conc.: »10 min (also at other min intervals up to
£92 pmol AFB1-metabolites × 103/mg 180 min measured, lowest conc.: <0.2 mg/
protein* **, country: Sweden614, *after 2 h ml after 180 min)
(also measured after 15 min and 6 h, Fumonisin B2
lowest conc.: 38 pmol AFB1- incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: male vervet
metabolites × 103/mg protein after 6 h), monkeys, age: »11 and 13 years, wt.:
**water-soluble AFB1-metabolites 5.23 and 4.76 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female marmoset, (7.5 mg FB2/kg b. wt., by gavage, once),
age: adult, wt.: 300–350 g, contamination: conc.: 25–40 ng/ml*, country: South
artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.v., Africa127, *3–5 h after dosing
once; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: £66 pmol AFB1- Mothers’ Breast Milk see Human
metabolites × 103/mg protein* **, country: breast milk
Sweden614, *after 2 h (also measured after
15 min and 6 h, lowest conc.: 27 pmol
AFB1-metabolites × 103/mg protein after
15 min), **tissue-bound AFB1-metabolites
Mouse
Mouse Artificial Contamination
Monkey, Vervet
Mouse amniotic fluid may contain
Monkey, vervet plasma may the following mycotoxins and/or their
contain the following mycotoxins and/or metabolites:
their metabolites:
Ochratoxin A
Fumonisin B1 incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of Slc:ICR
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male vervet mice, contamination: no OTA (for detailed
monkey, age: 20–26 months, wt.: 2.10– information please see the article), conc.: nr,
2.32 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Japan287,* control
234 Mouse

incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: embryos of Norway/New Zealand631, *after 60 min

Slc:ICR mice, contamination: artificial (also measured after 30 and 120 min)
(dose: 5 mg crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once
at 13th day of gestation; for detailed Mouse embryo may contain the
information please see the article), conc. following mycotoxins and/or their
range: £409 ng/ml* ** (mean value), metabolites:
country: Japan287, *in 13-day-pregnant
mice, **after 24 h of OTA-administration Ochratoxin A
(also at other hour intervals up to 72 h incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of
measured, lowest conc.: »20 ng/ml Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for
after »2 h) detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,*
control, **in 11-day and 13-day embryos
Mouse blood may contain the incidence: ?/8–13, sa. const.: embryos of
following mycotoxins and/or their Slc:ICR mice, contamination: artificial
metabolites: (dose: 5 mg crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once
T-2 Toxin at 11th day of gestation; for detailed
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: ddYS male information please see the article), conc.
mice, age: 6 weeks, wt.: 30 g, range: £360 ng/g* ** (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg T-2 country: Japan287, *in 11-day embryos,
toxin (labeled)/kg, o., once; for detailed **after 48 h of OTA-administration (also
information please see the article), conc.: measured at other hour intervals up to
0.7 mg/ml, country: Japan385, *after »1 h 72 h, lowest conc.: almost nd after 2 h)
(also measured after 3, 24, 48 and 72 h) incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: embryos of
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: artificial
(dose: 5 mg crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once
Mouse brain may contain the at 13th day of gestation; for detailed
following mycotoxins and/or their information please see the article), conc.
metabolites: range: £492 ng/g* ** (mean value),
Deoxynivalenol country: Japan287, *in 13-day embryos,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 **after 30 h of OTA-administration (also
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks, measured at other hour intervals up to
contamination: no DON (for detailed 72 h, lowest conc.: 30 ng/g after 2 h)
information please see the article), conc.:
nr, country: USA494 Mouse gastrointestinal tract may
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 contain the following mycotoxins and/or
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks, their metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 mg
DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for Penitrem A
detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male C57BL/6
article), conc. range: 0.8 mg/g* (mean mouse, age: »20 weeks, wt.: 30 g,
value), country: USA494, *after 5 min (also contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg
at other hour intervals up to 25 h PNA/kg, o., once), conc.: £710 nmol/g*,
measured) country: Norway/New Zealand631, *after
60 min (also measured after 30 and
Penitrem A 120 min)
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male C57BL/6
mouse, age: »20 weeks, wt.: 30 g, Mouse heart may contain the
contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg PNA/ following mycotoxins and/or their
kg, o., once), conc.: £19.2 nmol/g*, country: metabolites:
Mouse 235

Deoxynivalenol conc.: 2.50 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 after 24 h)
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
contamination: no DON (for detailed [C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
information please see the article), conc.: age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON
nr, country: USA494 (for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: sa. const.: male article), conc.: nr, country: USA370,
B6C3F1 (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: *control
7 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
25 mg DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; [C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
for detailed information please see the age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
article), conc. range: £6.8 mg/g* (mean (dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by o.
value), country: USA494, *after 15 min gavage, once; for detailed information
(also at other hour intervals up to 25 h please see the article), conc. range:
measured) £2.25 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* **
(mean value), country: USA370, *in large
Mouse intestine may contain the intestine, **after 0.5 h (also at other hour
following mycotoxins and/or their intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest
metabolites: conc.: 0.78 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight
Deoxynivalenol after 24 h)
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, [C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
(for detailed information please see the (dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
article), conc.: nr, country: USA370, o. gavage, once; for detailed information
*control please see the article), conc. range:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 £12.4 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* **
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, (mean value), country: USA370, *in large
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial intestine, **after 0.5 h (also at other hour
(dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by o. intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest
gavage, once; for detailed information conc.: 1.49 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight
please see the article), conc. range: after 4 h)
£4.38 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* **
(mean value), country: USA370, *in small Mouse kidney may contain the
intestine, **after 0.5 h (also at other hour following mycotoxins and/or their
intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest metabolites:
conc.: 0.23 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight
after 24 h) Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
(dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by conc.: 0.2 mmol/mol DNA* ** *** (mean
o. gavage, once; for detailed information value), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
please see the article), conc. range: China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts,
£13.9 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* ** ***measured by scintillation counting
(mean value), country: USA370, *in small incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
intestine, **after 1 h (also at other hour age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest (dose: 6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
236 Mouse

conc.: nd, country: USA/Taiwan, Republic incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
of China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-FAPy (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
adducts, ***measured by ELISA contamination: no DON (for detailed
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice, information please see the article), conc.:
age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial nr, country: USA494
(dose: 12 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: sa. const.: male
conc.: 2.3 mmol/mol DNA* ** *** (mean B6C3F1 (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age:
value), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of 7 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose:
China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts, 25 mg DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
***measured by scintillation counting detailed information please see the article),
conc. range: 9.0 mg/g* (mean value),
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
country: USA494, *after 15 min (also at other
age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
hour intervals up to 25 h measured)
(dose: 12 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
conc.: nd, country: USA/Taiwan, Republic incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
of China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-FAPy female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
adducts, ***measured by ELISA contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
DON/kg b. wt., i.n., once; for detailed
Deoxynivalenol information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 range: £3.73 mg/g* ** (mean value),
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, country: USA534, *after 15 min
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON (also measured after 30, 60 and 120 min,
(for detailed information please see the lowest conc.: »0.8 mg/g** after 120 min),
article), conc.: nr, country: USA370, **DON eq.
*control incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
artificial (dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg detailed information please see the
b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for detailed article), conc. range: £1.76 mg/g* **
information please see the article), (mean value), country: USA534, *after
conc. range: £5.61 pmol [3H]DON/mg 15 min (also measured after 30, 60 and
wet weight* (mean value), country: 120 min, lowest conc.: »0.6 mg/g** after
USA370, *after 0.5 h (also at other hour 120 min), **DON eq.
intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest
conc.: 0.17 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet Ochratoxin A
weight after 24 h) incidence: ?/9, sa. const.: pregnant Slc:ICR
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 mice, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once at 11th day
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial of gestation; for detailed information
(dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by please see the article), conc. range:
o. gavage, once; for detailed information ȣ9 mg/g* (mean value), country: Japan287,
please see the article), conc. range: *after 2 h of OTA-administration (also at
£19.8 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* other hour intervals up to 72 h measured,
(mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h lowest conc.: »0.25 mg/g after 72 h)
(also at other hour intervals up to 24 h incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of
measured, lowest conc.: 4.13 pmol [3H] Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA
DON/mg wet weight after 24 h) (for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,*
control, **on day 11 of gestation
Mouse 237

incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: pregnant Slc:ICR incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
mice, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once at 13th day (dose: 6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
of gestation; for detailed information conc.: 1 mmol/mol DNA* ** *** (mean
please see the article), conc. range: value), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
ȣ6 mg/g* (mean value), country: Japan287, China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts,
*after 2 h of OTA-administration (also at ***measured by scintillation counting
other hour intervals up to 72 h measured, incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
lowest conc.: »0.2 mg/g after 72 h) age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of (dose: 6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for conc.: nd, country: USA/Taiwan, Republic
detailed information please see the of China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-FAPy
article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,* adducts, ***measured by ELISA
control, **on day 13 of gestation incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
Penitrem A (dose: 12 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male C57BL/6 conc.: 65.1 mmol/mol DNA* ** *** (mean
mouse, age: »20 weeks, wt.: 30 g, value), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg PNA/kg, China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts,
o., once), conc.: £35.1 nmol/g*, country: ***measured by scintillation counting
Norway/New Zealand631, *after 60 min (also incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: BALB/c mice,
measured after 30 and 120 min) age: 6–8 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 12 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
Mouse liver may contain the conc.: 41.7 mmol/mol DNA* ** *** (mean
following mycotoxins and/or their value), country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
metabolites: China49, *after 4 h, **AFB1-FAPy adducts,
***measured by ELISA
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male C57BL incidence: ?/6*, sa. const.: male Swiss-
mice, weight: 16–20 g, contamination: Webster mice, wt.: 28–32 g,
artificial no AFB1, conc.: nr, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
France/Japan24, *control AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male C57BL mice, information please see the article), conc.:
wt.: 16–20 g, contamination: artificial 6.24 adducts/107 nucleotides** *** (mean
(dose: 20 mg AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily value), country: USA511, *control, **after
for up to 14 days), conc.: 0.44 pmol AFB1- 2 h, ***AFB-DNA adducts
FAPy/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: incidence: ?/6*, sa. const.: male Swiss-
France/Japan24, *animals killed after 24 h Webster mice, wt.: 28–32 g,
of final treatment, **AFB1-DNA adduct contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male C57BL mice, AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
wt.: 16–20 g, contamination: artificial information please see the article), conc.
(dose: 80 mg AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily range: 184 adducts/107 nucleotides** ***
for up to 14 days), conc.: »1 pmol AFB1- (mean value), country: USA511, *control,
FAPy/mg DNA* ** (mean value), country: on day 14 BSO (0.6 g/kg i.p.) and (DEM
France/Japan24, *after 1 and 14 days of 0.75 ml/kg i.p.) at 2 and 15 h prior to
AFB1-administration, **AFB1-DNA AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h, ***AFB-DNA
adducts adducts
incidence: ?/7*, sa. const.: male Swiss-
Webster mice, wt.: 28–32 g, contamination:
238 Mouse

artificial (dose: 0.25 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, (mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h
i.p., once; for detailed information please (also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
see the article), conc. range: 3.39 measured, lowest conc.: 0.30 pmol [3H]
adducts/107 nucleotides** *** (mean DON/mg wet weight after 24 h)
value), country: USA511, *BHA-diet (0.75%) incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
for 14 days prior to AFB1-treatment, [C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
**after 2 h, ***AFB-DNA adducts age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/7*, sa. const.: male Swiss- (dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
Webster mice, wt.: 28–32 g, o. gavage, once; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg please see the article), conc. range:
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed £18.4 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight*
information please see the article), conc. (mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h
range: 5.51 adducts/107 nucleotides** *** (also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
(mean value), country: USA511, *BHA-diet measured, lowest conc.: 2.29 pmol [3H]
(0.75%) for 14 days + on day 14 BSO DON/mg wet weight after 24 h)
(0.6 g/kg i.p.) and (DEM 0.75 ml/kg i.p.)
at 2 and 15 h prior to AFB1-treatment, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
**after 2 h, ***AFB-DNA adducts (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
contamination: no DON; for detailed
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: female CD-1 information please see the article), conc.:
mice, wt.: 25–30 g, contamination: nr, country: USA494
artificial (dose: 0.25 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
i.p., once; for detailed information please
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
see the article), conc.: »4 AFB adduct/107
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 mg
DNA nucleotides** (mean value), country:
DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
USA616, *control, **after 2 h
detailed information please see the
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female CD-1 article), conc. range: 19.6 mg/g* (mean
mice, wt.: 25–30 g, contamination: value), country: USA494, *after 5 min
artificial (dose: 0.25 mg AFB1 (also at other hour intervals up to 25 h
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed measured)
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
»1 AFB adduct/107 DNA nucleotides* **
female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
(mean value), country: USA616, *BHA-diet
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
(0.75%) for 10 days prior to
DON/kg b. wt., i.n., once; for detailed
AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h
information please see the article), conc.
Deoxynivalenol range: £2.37 mg/g* ** (mean value),
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 country: USA534, *after 30 min (also
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, measured after 15, 60 and 120 min, lowest
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON conc.: »0.6 mg/g** after 120 min),
(for detailed information please see the **DON eq.
article), conc.: nr, country: USA370, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
*control female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial detailed information please see the
(dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by o. article), conc. range: £1.10 mg/g* ** (mean
gavage, once; for detailed information value), country: USA534, *after 15 min
please see the article), conc. range: (also measured after 30, 60 and 120 min,
£4.88 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight*
Mouse 239

lowest conc.: »0.4 mg/g** after 120 min), contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg DON/
**DON eq. kg b. wt., i.n., once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range:
Ochratoxin A £2.20 mg/g* ** (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/9, sa. const.: pregnant Slc:ICR USA534, *after 30 min (also measured after
mice, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg 15, 60 and 120 min, lowest conc.:
crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once at 11th day »0.5 mg/g** after 120 min), **DON eq.
of gestation; for detailed information incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
please see the article), conc. range: female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
ȣ10.5 mg/g* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
Japan287, *after 2 h of OTA-administration DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
(also at other hour intervals up to 72 h detailed information please see the
measured, lowest conc.: »0.35 mg/g after article), conc. range: £0.95 mg/g* ** (mean
48 h) value), country: USA534, *after 15 min
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of (also measured after 30, 60 and 120 min,
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for lowest conc.: »0.3 mg/g** after 120 min),
detailed information please see the **DON eq.
article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,
*control, **on day 11 of gestation Gliotoxin
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: pregnant Slc:ICR incidence: ?/10*, sa. const.: female Swiss-
mice, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg webster mice, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once at 13th day of 20–25 g, contamination: no Aspergillus
gestation; for detailed information please fumigatus (for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: ȣ8.5 mg/g* see the article), conc.: 3,976 ng/g (mean
(mean value), country: Japan287, *after 2 h value), country: USA78, *control
of OTA-administration (also at other hour incidence: ?/10*, sa. const.: female
intervals up to 72 h measured, lowest Swiss-webster mice, age: 38–44
conc.: »0.5 mg/g after 72 h) months, wt.: 20–25 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of artificial (dose: Aspergillus fumigatus
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for addition; for detailed information
detailed information please see the please see the article), conc.: »1,150 ng/g
article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,* (mean value), country: USA78, *AMB
control, **on day 13 of gestation deoxycholate (0.25 mg/kg/day) i.p.
Penitrem A daily until 96 h after A. fumigatus
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male C57BL/6 inoculation
mouse, age: »20 weeks, wt.: 30 g, incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: female Swiss-
contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg webster mice, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
PNA/kg, o., once), conc.: £117 nmol/g*, 20–25 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: Norway/New Zealand631, *after Aspergillus fumigatus addition; for
60 min (also measured after 30 and detailed information please see the
120 min) article), conc.: »1,800 ng/g (mean value),
country: USA78, *AMB deoxycholate
Mouse lung may contain the (0.5 mg/kg/day) i.p. daily until 96 h after
following mycotoxins and/or their A. fumigatus inoculation
metabolites: incidence: ?/15*, sa. const.: female
Swiss-webster mice, age: 38–44 months,
Deoxynivalenol wt.: 20–25 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free (dose: Aspergillus fumigatus addition; for
female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
240 Mouse

detailed information please see the (dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by o.

article), conc.: »1,900 ng/g (mean value), gavage, once; for detailed information
country: USA78, *AMB deoxycholate please see the article), conc. range:
(1 mg/kg/day) i.p. daily until 96 h after A. £1.89 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight*
fumigatus inoculation (mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h
(also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
Mouse milk may contain the measured, lowest conc.: 0.13 pmol [3H]
following mycotoxins and/or their DON/mg wet weight after 24 h)
metabolites: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
Aflatoxin B1 age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: lactating mice (dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b.w., by o.
(strain-HA/ICR), Ø wt.: 50 g, contamination: gavage, once; for detailed information
artificial (dose: 5 mg AFB1 (labeled and please see the article), conc. range:
unlabeled)/mouse, i.p., once; for detailed £1.95 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight*
information please see the article), conc. (mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h
range: £7 ng/ml (mean value), country: (also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
USA124, *after 1 h (also measured after 3 and measured, lowest conc.: 0.82 pmol [3H]
10 h, lowest conc.: 3.1 ng/ml after 10 h) DON/mg wet weight after 24 h)

Aflatoxin M1
Mouse placenta may contain the
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: lactating mice
following mycotoxins and/or their
(strain-HA/ICR), Ø wt.: 50 g,
metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg AFB1
(labeled and unlabeled)/mouse, i.p., once), Ochratoxin A
conc. range: £7.0 ng/ml* (mean value), incidence: ?/9, sa. const.: pregnant Slc:ICR
country: USA124, *after 0.5 h (also at other mice, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
hour intervals up to 24 h measured, crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once at 11th day of
lowest conc.: 0.6 ng/ml after 24 h) gestation; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: lactating mice see the article), conc. range: »£4.6 mg/g*
(strain-HA/ICR), Ø wt.: 50 g, contamination: (mean value), country: Japan287, *after 2 h
artificial (dose: 50 mg AFB1/mouse, i.p., of OTA-administration (also at other hour
once), conc. range: £63.3 ng/ml* (mean intervals up to 72 h measured, lowest
value), country: USA124, *after 0.5 h (also at conc.: »1 mg/g after 72 h)
other hour intervals up to 24 h measured, incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of
lowest conc.: 1.6 ng/ml after 24 h) Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for
detailed information please see the
Mouse Peyer´s patches may article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,
contain the following mycotoxins and/or
*control, **on day 11 of gestation
their metabolites:
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: pregnant
Deoxynivalenol Slc:ICR mice, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 (dose: 5 mg crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, at 13th day of gestation; for detailed
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON information please see the article), conc.
(for detailed information please see the range: ȣ3.1 mg/g* (mean value),
article), conc.: nr, country: USA370, *control country: Japan287, *after 2 h of OTA-
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 administration (also at other hour
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, intervals up to 72 h measured, lowest
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial conc.: »0.7 mg/g after 72 h)
Mouse 241

incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for [C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
detailed information please see the age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287, (dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by o.
*control, **on day 13 of gestation gavage, once; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: £22.3 pmol [3H]
Mouse plasma may contain the DON/ml* (mean value), country: USA370,
following mycotoxins and/or their *after 0.5 h (also at other hour intervals up
metabolites: to 24 h measured, lowest conc.: 2.59 pmol
[3H]DON/µl after 24 h)
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
incidence:?/?*, sa. const.: male C57BL
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
mice, weight: 16–20 g, contamination:
contamination: no DON (for detailed
artificial no AFB1, conc.: nr, country:
information please see the article), conc.:
France/Japan24, *control
nr, country: USA494
incidence:?/?, sa. const.: male C57BL mice,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
weight: 16–20 g, contamination: artificial
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
(dose: 20 mg AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 mg
for up to 14 days), conc.: ndr* (for
DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the
article), country: France/Japan24, *AFB1-
article), conc. range: £12.1 mg/ml (mean
albumin adducts
value), country: USA494, *after 5 min (also
incidence:?/?, sa. const.: male C57BL mice,
at other hour intervals up to 25 h
weight: 16–20 g, contamination: artificial
measured)
(dose: 80 mg AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily
for up to 14 days), conc. range: £13.4 pg incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin* ** (mean (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
values), country: France/Japan24, *animals contamination: no DON (for detailed
killed after 24 h of final treatment (also information please see the article), conc.:
measured after 1, 3 and 7 days, lowest conc.: nd, country: USA494
»nd after 1 day), **AFB1-albumin adducts incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
Deoxynivalenol contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg DON/kg
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 diet, o., for 4 weeks (subchronic dietary
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, exposure); for detailed information please
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON see the article), conc.: 20 ng/ml (mean value),
(for detailed information please see the country: USA494, *after 4 weeks
article), conc.: nr, country: USA370, incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
*control (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, DON/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks (subchronic
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial dietary exposure); for detailed
(dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by information please see the article), conc.:
o. gavage, once; for detailed information »33 ng/ml (mean value), country: USA494,
please see the article), conc. range: *after 4 weeks
£4.42 pmol [3H]DON/ml* (mean value), incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
country: USA370, *after 0.5 h (also at (C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
other hour intervals up to 24 h contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
measured, lowest conc.: 0.29 pmol [3H] DON/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks (subchronic
DON/µl after 24 h) dietary exposure); for detailed
242 Mouse

information please see the article), conc.: Mouse serum may contain the
»58 ng/ml (mean value), country: USA494, following mycotoxins and/or their
*after 4 weeks metabolites:
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg incidence: ?/11*, sa. const.: female
DON/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks (subchronic HBV-transgenic mice of the linea 50–4
dietary exposure); for detailed mated with nontransgenic C57 male mice,
information please see the article), conc.: age: 3 months, contamination: artificial
100 ng/ml (mean value), country: USA494, (dose: 1.0 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
*after 4 weeks once?; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: 4.84 ng AFB1/mg
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
albumin** *** **** (mean value),
female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
country: France/USA16, *HBV-positive,
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
**after 24 h, ***AFB1-albumin adducts,
DON/kg b. wt., i.n., once; for detailed
****P450 nd
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/11*, sa. const.: female
range: ȣ3.4 mg/ml* ** (mean value),
HBV-transgenic mice of the linea 50–4
country: USA534, *after 30 min (also
mated with nontransgenic C57 male mice,
measured after 15, 60 and 120 min, lowest
age: 3 months, contamination: artificial
conc.: »0.5 mg/ml** after 120 min),
(dose: 1.0 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.w.,
**DON eq.
once?; for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free
the article), conc.: 4.01 ng AFB1/mg
female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks,
albumin** *** **** (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
country: France/USA16, *HBV-negative,
DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
**after 24 h, ***AFB1-albumin adducts,
detailed information please see the
****P450 nd
article), conc. range: ȣ1.0 mg/ml* **
incidence: ?/7*, sa. const.: female HBV-
(mean value), country: USA534, *after
transgenic mice of the linea 50–4 mated
15 min (also measured after 30, 60 and
with nontransgenic C57 male mice, age: 9
120 min, lowest conc.: »0.2 mg/ml** after
months, contamination: no AFB1 (for
120 min), **DON eq.
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nd** *** (mean value),
Ochratoxin A country: France/USA16 *HBV-positive,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: white male NIH- **after 24 h, ***together with 0.56 nmol
Bethesda mice, wt.: »20 g, contamination: P450/mg microsomal protein measured
artificial (dose: 50 ng OTA ng/g b. wt., o., incidence: ?/8*, sa. const.: female HBV-
once), conc.: 370 ng/ml (mean value), transgenic mice of the linea 50–4 mated
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193 (at with nontransgenic C57 male mice, age: 9
different min, hour and day intervals up months, contamination: no AFB1 (for
to 7 days measured) detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: white male article), conc.: nd** *** (mean value),
NIH-Bethesda mice, wt.: »20 g, country: France/USA16, *HBV-negative,
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 ng **after 24 h, ***together with 0.58 nmol
OTA ng/g b. wt., i.v., once), conc.: P450/mg microsomal protein measured
370 ng/ml (mean value), country: incidence: ?/10*, sa. const.: female
Sweden/Yugoslavia193 (at different min, HBV-transgenic mice of the linea 50–4
hour and day intervals up to 7 days mated with nontransgenic C57 male mice,
measured) age: 12 months, contamination: artificial
Mouse 243

(dose: 1.0 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., Aspergillus fumigatus addition; for

once?; for detailed information please see detailed information please see the
the article), conc.: 5.22 ng AFB1/mg article), conc.: »3.5 ng/mg (mean value),
albumin** *** **** (mean value), country: USA78, *AMB deoxycholate
country: France/USA16, *HBV-positive, (1 mg/kg/day) i.p. daily until 96 h after A.
**after 24 h, ***AFB1-albumin adducts, fumigatus inoculation
****together with 0.50 nmol P450/mg
Ochratoxin A
microsomal protein measured
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: pregnant
incidence: ?/9*, sa. const.: female
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: artificial
HBV-transgenic mice of the linea 50–4
(dose: 5 mg crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once
mated with nontransgenic C57 male mice,
at 11th day of gestation; for detailed
age: 12 months, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc.
(dose: 1.0 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
range: ȣ49 mg/ml** (mean value),
once?; for detailed information please see
country: Japan287, *maternal serum,
the article), conc.: 7.33 ng AFB1/mg
**after 2 h of OTA-administration (also at
albumin** *** **** (mean value),
other hour intervals up to 72 h measured,
country: France/USA16, *HBV-negative,
lowest conc.: »5 mg/g after 72 h)
**after 24 h, ***AFB1-albumin adducts,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of
****together with 0.7 nmol P450/mg
Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for
microsomal protein measured
detailed information please see the
Gliotoxin article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,
incidence: ?/10*, sa. const.: female Swiss- *control, **on day 11 of gestation
Webster mice, age: 38–44 months, wt.: incidence: ?/5*, sa. const.: pregnant
20–25 g, contamination: no Aspergillus Slc:ICR mice, contamination: artificial
fumigatus (for detailed information (dose: 5 mg crystalline OTA/kg, i.p., once
please see the article), conc.: 37 ng/ml at 13th day of gestation; for detailed
(mean value), country: USA78, *control information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/10*, sa. const.: female Swiss- range: ȣ49 mg/ml** (mean value),
webster mice, age: 38–44 months, wt.: country: Japan287, *maternal serum,
20–25 g, contamination: artificial (dose: **after 2 h of OTA-administration (also at
Aspergillus fumigatus addition; for other hour intervals up to 72 h measured,
detailed information please see the lowest conc.: »3 mg/g after 72 h)
article), conc.: »11 ng/mg (mean value), incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: embryos of
country: USA78, *AMB deoxycholate Slc:ICR mice, contamination: no OTA (for
(0.25 mg/kg/day) i.p. daily until 96 h after detailed information please see the
A. fumigatus inoculation article), conc.: nr**, country: Japan287,
incidence: ?/20*, sa. const.: female Swiss- *control, **on day 13 of gestation
webster mice, age: 38–44 months, wt.:
20–25 g, contamination: artificial (dose: Mouse spleen may contain the
Aspergillus fumigatus addition; for following mycotoxins and/or their
detailed information please see the metabolites:
article), conc.: »10.5 ng/mg (mean value),
country: USA78, *AMB deoxycholate Deoxynivalenol
(0.5 mg/kg/day) i.p. daily until 96 h after incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
A. fumigatus inoculation [C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
incidence: ?/15*, sa. const.: female Swiss- age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: no DON
webster mice, age: 38–44 months, wt.: (for detailed information please see the
20–25 g, contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: nr, country: USA370, *control
244 Pig

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1 contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg

[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice, DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial detailed information please see the
(dose: 5 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by o. article), conc. range: £0.77 mg/g* ** (mean
gavage, once; for detailed information value), country: USA534, *after 15 min
please see the article), conc. range: (also measured after 30, 60 and 120 min,
£2.29 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* lowest conc.: »0.2 mg/g** after 120 min),
(mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h **DON eq.
(also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
measured, lowest conc.: 0.08 pmol [3H]
DON/mg wet weight after 24 h) Pig
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
[C57BL/6(H-2b) × C3H/HeN(H-2k) mice,
Pig Natural Contamination
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
Pig bile may contain the following
(dose: 25 mg DON (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
o. gavage, once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range: Deoxynivalenol
£6.58 pmol [3H]DON/mg wet weight* incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
(mean value), country: USA370, *after 0.5 h growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
(also at other hour intervals up to 24 h contamination: natural (for detailed
measured, lowest conc.: 0.87 pmol [3H] information please see the article), conc.
DON/mg wet weight after 24 h) range: £21.2 ng/ml** (mean value),
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
(wheat variety: Contur), **in the year
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
2001, further data of the years 1999 and
contamination: no DON; for detailed
2000 in the article
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
nr, country: USA494
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male B6C3F1
contamination: natural (for detailed
(C57B1/6J × C3H/HeJ) mice, age: 7 weeks,
information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 25 mg
range: £34.8 ng/ml** (mean value),
DON/kg b. wt., by o. gavage, once; for
country: Germany475, *fed conventional
detailed information please see the
diet (wheat variety: Contur), **in the year
article), conc. range: £7.9 mg/g* (mean
2001, further data of the years 1999 and
value), country: USA494, *after 15 min
2000 in the article
(also at other hour intervals up to 25 h
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
measured)
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free contamination: natural (for detailed
female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg range: £19.2 ng/ml** (mean value),
DON/kg b. wt., i.n., once; for detailed country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
information please see the article), conc. (wheat variety: Batis), **in the year 2000,
range: £1.87 mg/g* ** (mean value), further data of the years 1999 and 2001 in
country: USA534, *after 15 min the article
(also measured after 30, 60 and 120 min, incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
lowest conc.: »0.4 mg/g** after 120 min), growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, contamination:
**DON eq. natural (for detailed information please
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pathogen-free see the article), conc.: ±15.6 ng/ml**
female B6C3F1 mice, age: 9–10 weeks, (mean value), country: Germany475, *fed
Pig 245

conventional diet (wheat variety: Batis), see the article), conc. range: £81.0 ng/ml**
**in the year 2000, further data of the (mean value), country: Germany475, *fed
years 1999 and 2001 in the article organic diet (wheat variety: Batis), **sum
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL of ZEA, a- and b-ZEAOL, **in the year
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, 2001, further data of the years 1999 and
contamination: natural (for detailed 2000 in the article
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
range: £6.9 ng/ml** (mean value), growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet contamination: natural (for detailed
(wheat variety: Petrus), **in the year information please see the article), conc.:
2001, further data of the year 2000 in the ±92.4 ng/ml** (mean value), country:
article Germany475, *fed conventional diet
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL (wheat variety: Batis), **sum of ZEA, a-
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further
contamination: natural (for detailed data of the years 1999 and 2000 in the
information please see the article), conc. article
range: £49.2 ng/ml** (mean value), incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
country: Germany475, *fed conventional growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
diet (wheat variety: Petrus), **in the year contamination: natural (for detailed
2001, further data of the year 2000 in the information please see the article), conc.
article range: £44.5 ng/ml** (mean value),
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
Zearalenone (wheat variety: Petrus), **sum of ZEA, a-
incidence: 764/794, sa. const.: breeding and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2000, further
sows, contamination: natural, conc. range: data of the year 2001 in the article
£220.4 ng/g*, country: Germany404, *ZEA incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL
and/or ZEA derivatives growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL contamination: natural (for detailed
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, contamination: information please see the article), conc.
natural (for detailed information please range: £80.6 ng/ml** (mean value),
see the article), conc. range: £54.0 ng/ml** country: Germany475, *fed conventional
(mean value), country: Germany475, *fed diet (wheat variety: Petrus), **sum of
organic diet (wheat variety: Contur), ZEA, a- and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2000,
**sum of ZEA, a- and b-ZEAOL, **in the further data of the year 2001 in the article
year 2001, further data of the years 1999 incidence: 52/52, sa. const.: gilts with
and 2000 in the article reproductive problems, contamination:
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL natural, conc. range: £40.0 ng/ml, country:
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, Germany526
contamination: natural (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: a-Zearalenol
±94.7 ng/ml** (mean value), country: incidence: 52/52, sa. const.: gilts with
Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat reproductive problems, contamination:
variety: Contur), **sum of ZEA, a- and b- natural, conc. range: £66.1 ng/ml, country:
ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further data of Germany526
the years 1999 and 2000 in the article
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Pietrain × DL Pig blood may contain the following
growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, contamination: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
natural (for detailed information please
246 Pig

Ochratoxin A incidence: 94/174*, sa. const.: blood from

incidence: 40/261, sa. const.: blood from pigs of Sweden, contamination: natural,
pigs of Germany, contamination: natural, conc. range: ³2 ng/ml (49 sa), ³5 ng/ml
conc. range: £2.05 ppb, country: (29 sa), ³10 ng/ml (16 sa), Ø conc.:
Germany264 13.2 ng/ml, country: Sweden411, *fed with
incidence: 147/255, sa. const.: blood from long stored grain
pigs of Czechoslovakia, contamination:
natural, conc. range: 0.1–1 mg/l (98 sa), Pig digesta may contain the following
1–5 mg/l (44 sa), 5–20 mg/l (5 sa), Ø conc.: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
1.9 mg/l, country: Czechoslovakia281
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 36/195, sa. const.: blood from incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: digesta from a
pigs of Poland, contamination: natural, pig of Germany?, contamination: natural,
conc. range: 3–270 ng/ml, country: conc.: 145 ng/g, country: Germany364
Poland/Sweden304
incidence: 47/279, sa. const.: blood from Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
slaughter pigs of Sweden, contamination: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: digesta from a
natural, conc. range: 2–187 ng/ml, Ø pig of Germany?, contamination: natural,
conc.: 15.74 ng/ml, country: Sweden306 conc.: 274 ng/g, country: Germany364
incidence: 26/45*, sa. const.: blood from
pigs of Poland, contamination: natural,
Pig kidney may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
conc. range: £69.5 ng/ml, country:
Poland326, *blood serum Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 63/105*, sa. const.: blood from incidence: 1/40, sa. const.: kidneys from
pigs of Poland, contamination: natural, pigs of Brazil, contamination: natural,
conc. range: £122 ng/ml, country: conc.: tr, country: Brazil249
Poland327, *blood serum
Citrinin
incidence: 910/1200, sa. const.: blood from
incidence: 9/125, sa. const.: kidneys from
pigs of Canada, contamination: natural,
sows of the UK, contamination: natural,
conc. range: <10 ng/ml (774 sa),
conc. range: 0.1–<1 mg/kg (1 sa),
10–20 ng/ml (87 sa), 20–50 ng/ml (36 sa),
1–<5 mg/kg (4 sa), 5–<10 mg/kg (2 sa),
50–100 ng/ml (8 sa), 100–150 ng/ml (2 sa),
>10 mg/kg (2 sa), country: UK289
150–200 ng/ml (2 sa), 229 ng/ml (1 sa),
country: Canada334 Ochratoxin A
incidence: 26/122, sa. const.: blood from incidence: 41/300, sa. const.: kidneys from
slaughter pigs of Sweden, contamination: pigs of Germany, contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 2.0–62 ng/ml, Ø conc. range: 0.5–10 mg/kg, country:
conc.: 8.69 ng/ml, country: Sweden371 Germany263
incidence: 6/38, sa. const.: blood from pigs incidence: 6/54, sa. const.: kidneys from
of Yugoslavia, contamination: natural, pigs of Germany, contamination: natural,
conc. range: 36–77 mg/l, country: conc. range: £0.75 ppb, country:
Crotia/Yugoslavia393 Germany264
incidence: 179/359*, sa. const.: blood from incidence: 1/63*, sa. const.: kidneys from
pigs of Sweden, contamination: natural, pigs of Czechoslovakia, contamination:
conc. range: ³2 ng/ml (136 sa), ³5 ng/ml natural, conc.: 2.8 mg/kg, country:
(29 sa), ³10 ng/ml (14 sa), Ø conc.: Czechoslovakia281, *healthy
8.2 ng/ml, country: Sweden411, *fed with incidence: 20/96*, sa. const.: kidneys from
short stored grain pigs of Czechoslovakia, contamination:
Pig 247

natural, conc. range: 1–5 mg/kg (18 sa), incidence: 24/90, sa. const.: kidneys from
5–20 mg/kg (2 sa), country: pigs of Sweden, contamination: natural,
Czechoslovakia281, *macroscopic lesions conc. range: >2–88 mg/kg, country:
incidence: 136/378, sa. const.: kidneys Sweden315
from sows of the UK, contamination: incidence: 284/300, sa. const.: kidneys
natural, conc. range: 0.5–<1 mg/kg (53 sa), from pigs of Denmark, contamination:
1–<5 mg/kg (68 sa), 5–<10 mg/kg (10 sa), natural, conc. range: 0.02–0.06 mg/kg
10–<25 mg/kg (4 sa), >25 mg/kg (1 sa), (54 sa), 0.06–0.09 mg/kg (27 sa),
country: UK289 0.09–0.50 mg/kg (140 sa), 0.5–1.00 mg/kg
incidence: 22/104*, sa. const.: kidneys (39 sa), £15 mg/kg (24 sa), Ø conc.:
from pigs of Germany, contamination: 0.50 mg/kg, country: Denmark324
natural, conc. range: 0.1–1.8 mg/kg, Ø incidence: 81/191, sa. const.: kidneys from
conc.: 0.45 mg/kg, country: Germany291, slaughter pigs of Austria, contamination:
*suspected natural, conc. range: <10 ppb (69 sa),
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: kidneys from 10–25 ppb (7 sa), £88.89 ppb (5 sa),
pigs of Denmark, contamination: natural, country: Austria325
conc. range: 0.2–195.5 mg/kg, Ø conc.: incidence: 35/85, sa. const.: kidneys from
34.24 mg/kg, country: Germany 291, pigs of Poland, contamination: natural,
*suspected conc. range: £3.1 ng/g, country: Poland327
incidence: 12/36, sa. const.: kidneys from incidence: 21/60*, sa. const.: kidneys from
pigs of Switzerland, contamination: pigs of Denmark, contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 0.1–0.2 mg/kg (11 sa), conc. range: £68 mg/kg, country:
0.3 mg/kg (1 sa), country: Switzerland292 Denmark328, *condemned
incidence: 4498/7639, sa. const.: kidneys incidence: 15/104, sa. const.: kidneys from
from pigs of Denmark, contamination: pigs of the UK or imported, contamination:
natural, conc. range: >25 mg/kg (4293 sa), natural, conc. range: 1–5 mg/kg (12 sa),
>150 mg/kg (205 sa), country: Denmark295 £9.3 mg/kg (3 sa), country: UK331
incidence: 238/10, sa. const.: kidneys from incidence: 112/303*, sa. const.: kidneys
pigs of France, contamination: natural, from pigs of the UK, contamination:
conc. range: tr (184 sa), 0.5-5 µg/kg (54 natural, conc. range: 0.5–<1 ng/g (51 sa),
sa), country: France297 1–<2 ng/g (39 sa), 2–<5 ng/g (14 sa),
incidence: 21/71*, sa. const.: kidneys from 5–<10 ng/g (6 sa), £12.4 ng/g (2 sa),
pigs of Czechoslovakia, contamination: country: UK335, *rejected as unsuitable for
natural, conc. range: 1–5 mg/kg (18 sa), human consumption
5–20 mg/kg (3 sa), country: incidence: 2/131, sa. const.: kidneys from
Czechoslovakia300, *suspected pigs of Norway?, contamination: natural,
incidence: 27/113*, sa. const.: kidneys conc. range: 7–10 mg/kg, Ø conc.:
from pigs of Poland, contamination: 8.5 mg/kg, country: Norway337
natural, conc. range: tr–23 ng/g, country: incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: kidneys from
Poland/Sweden304, *suspected pigs of Denmark, contamination: natural,
incidence: 52/122*, sa. const.: kidneys conc. range: 4–112.7 ng/g, Ø conc.:
from pigs of Poland, contamination: 46.05 ng/g, country: Belgium/Scotland,
natural, conc. range: 1£x<2 ng/g (27 sa), UK342
2£x<10 ng/g (25 sa), country: incidence: 28/95, sa. const.: kidneys from
Poland/Sweden305, *suspected pigs of Belgium, contamination: natural,
248 Pig

conc. range: 0.2–0.99 ng/g (6 sa), incidence: 187/250, sa. const. kidneys from
1–4.99 ng/g (19 sa), 5–9.99 ng/g (3 sa), pigs of the UK, contamination: natural,
country: Belgium343 conc. range: 0.2–0.5 mg/kg (151 sa), 0.51–
incidence: 6/13, sa. const.: kidneys from 1.0 mg/kg (29 sa), 1.01–1.5 mg/kg (4 sa),
pigs of Belgium, contamination: natural, 1.51–2.0 mg/kg (2 sa), 2.3 mg/kg (1 sa),
conc. range: 1.0–1.6 ng/g, Ø conc.: country: UK553
1.22 ng/g, country: Belgium343
incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: kidneys from Pig liver may contain the following
piglets of Belgium, contamination: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
natural, conc. range: 0.5–1.8 ng/g, Ø conc.:
1.33 ng/g, country: Belgium343 Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 32/129, sa. const.: kidneys from incidence: 1/3, sa. const.: livers from
pigs of Sweden, contamination: natural, feeder pigs of the USA, contamination:
conc. range: ³2–<5 ppb (25 sa), natural, conc.: 0.012 ng/g, country: USA113
³5–<10 ppb (2 sa), ³10–£104 ppb (5 sa), incidence: 1/43, sa. const.: livers from pigs
country: Sweden344 of Brazil, contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: 10/193*, sa. const.: kidneys 27 ng/g, country: Brazil249
from pigs of Finland, contamination: incidence: 8/160, sa. const.: livers from
natural, conc. range: <1–5 mg/kg, country: hogs of the USA, contamination: natural,
Finland348, *33 suspected conc. range: 0.04–0.24 ppb, country:
incidence: 82/104, sa. const.: kidneys from USA519
pigs of Romania, contamination: natural,
conc. range: £3.18 ng/g, Ø conc.: 0.54 ng/g, Aflatoxin M1
country: Romania/Germany350 incidence: 4/160, sa. const.: livers from
incidence: 7/25, sa. const.: kidneys from hogs of the USA, contamination: natural,
slaughter pigs of Germany, conc. range: 0.20–0.44 ppb, country:
contamination: natural, conc. range: USA519
0.4–5.1 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 1.16 mg/kg,
country: Germany379 Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 3/38, sa. const.: kidneys from incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
pigs of Croatia, contamination: natural, Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
conc. range: 26–76 mg/kg, country: contamination: natural (for detailed
Croatia/Yugoslavia393 information please see the article), conc.
range: £10.9 ng/mg** (mean value),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: kidneys from
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
pigs of Italy, contamination: natural,
(wheat variety: Contur), **in the year
conc.: 1.9 ng/g, country: Italy431
2001, further data of the years 1999 and
incidence: 42/54*, sa. const.: kidneys from 2000 in the article
pigs of different countries, contamination: incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
natural, conc. range: 0.26–3.05 ng/g, Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
country: Italy441, *contaminated sa. from contamination: natural (for detailed
Belgium (9 sa), Germany (13 sa), Italy (9 information please see the article), conc.
sa) and The Netherlands (11 sa) range: £10.8 ng/mg** (mean value),
incidence: 16/60, sa. const.: kidneys from country: Germany475, *fed conventional
pigs of Spain, contamination: natural, diet (wheat variety: Contur), **in the year
conc. range: 0.5–1 ng/g (12 sa), 1–3 ng/g 2001, further data of the years 1999 and
(4 sa), country: Spain527 2000 in the article
Pig 249

incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from information please see the article), conc.
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, range: £5.6 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
contamination: natural (for detailed Germany475, *fed organic diet (wheat
information please see the article), conc. variety: Contur), **sum of ZEA, a- and b-
range: £9.0 ng/mg** (mean value), ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further data of
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet the years 1999 and 2000 in the article
(wheat variety: Batis), **in the year 2001, incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
further data of the years 1999 and 2000 in Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
the article contamination: natural (for detailed
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from information please see the article), conc.
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, range: £22.0 ng/mg** (mean value),
contamination: natural (for detailed country: Germany475, *fed conventional
information please see the article), conc. diet (wheat variety: Contur), **sum of
range: £15.7 ng/mg** (mean value), ZEA, a- and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001,
country: Germany475, *fed conventional further data for the years 1999 and 2000
diet (wheat variety: Batis), **in the year in the article
2001, further data of the years 1999 and incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
2000 in the article Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from contamination: natural (for detailed
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: natural (for detailed range: £18.5 ng/mg** (mean value),
information please see the article), conc. country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
range: £5.2 ng/mg** (mean value), (wheat variety: Batis), **sum of ZEA, a-
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further
(wheat variety: Petrus), **in the year 2001, data of the years 1999 and 2000 in the article
further data of the year 2000 in the article incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, contamination: natural (for detailed
contamination: natural (for detailed information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc. range: £5.9 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
range: 8.3 ng/mg** (mean value), country: Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat
Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat variety: Batis), **sum of ZEA, a- and b-
variety: Petrus), **in the year 2001, ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further data of
further data of the year 2000 in the article the years 1999 and 2000 in the article
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
Ochratoxin A Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
incidence: 73/191, sa. const.: livers from contamination: natural (for detailed
slaughter pigs of Austria, contamination: information please see the article), conc.
natural, conc. range: <10 ppb (61 sa), range: £7.4 ng/mg** (mean value),
10–25 ppb (8 sa), £97.33 ppb (4 sa), country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
country: Austria325 (wheat variety: Petrus), **sum of ZEA, a-
incidence: 39/52, sa. const.: livers from and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further
pigs of Romania, contamination: natural, data of the year 2000 in the article
conc. range: £0.61 ng/g, Ø conc.: 0.16 ng/g, incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from
country: Romania/Germany350 Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
contamination: natural (for detailed
Zearalenone information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: livers from range: 6.0 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat
contamination: natural (for detailed variety: Petrus), **sum of ZEA, a- and
250 Pig

b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further data Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat
of the year 2000 in the article variety: Batis), **in the year 1999, further
data of the years 2000 and 2001 in the article
Pig meat may contain the following incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
contamination: natural (for detailed
Ochratoxin A
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 228/300, sa. const.: meat from
range: £1.6 ng/mg** (mean value),
pigs of Denmark, contamination: natural,
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
conc. range: 0.03–0.06 mg/kg (134 sa),
(wheat variety: Petrus), **in the year 2000,
0.06–0.09 mg/kg (27 sa), 0.09–0.50 mg/kg
further data of the year 2001 in the article
(55 sa), 0.50–1.00 mg/kg (3 sa), £2.9 mg/kg
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
(9 sa), Ø conc.: 0.12 mg/kg, country:
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
Denmark324
contamination: natural (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
Pig muscle may contain the following
range: 2.7 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat
Deoxynivalenol variety: Petrus), **in the year 2000,
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from further data of the year 2001 in the article
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
Ochratoxin A
contamination: natural (for detailed
incidence: 2/22*, sa. const.: muscles from
information please see the article), conc.
pigs of Italy, contamination: natural, conc.
range: £2.1 ng/mg** (mean value),
range: £0.06 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 0.05 mg/kg,
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet
country: Italy339, *for ham
(wheat variety: Contur), **in the year
incidence: 9/52, sa. const.: muscles from
2001, further data of the years 1999 and
pigs of Romania, contamination: natural,
2000 in the article
conc. range: £0.53 ng/g, Ø conc.: 0.15 ng/g,
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
country: Romania/Germany350
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
contamination: natural (for detailed Zearalenone
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
range: £8.0 ng/mg** (mean value), Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
country: Germany475, *fed conventional contamination: natural (for detailed
diet (wheat variety: Contur), **in the year information please see the article), conc.
2001, further data of the years 1999 and range: £6.1 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
2000 in the article Germany475, *fed organic diet (wheat
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from variety: Contur), **sum of ZEA, a- and b-
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, ZEAOL, **in the year 1999, further data of
contamination: natural (for detailed the years 2000 and 2001 in the article
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
range: £1.4 ng/mg** (mean value), Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet contamination: natural (for detailed
(wheat variety: Batis), **in the year 1999, information please see the article), conc.:
further data of the years 2000 and 2001 in ±0.9 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
the article Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from variety: Contur), **sum of ZEA, a- and b-
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, ZEAOL, **in the year 1999, further data of
contamination: natural (for detailed the years 2000 and 2001 in the article
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
±0.4 ng/mg** (mean value), country: Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
Pig 251

contamination: natural (for detailed Pig serum may contain the following
information please see the article), conc. mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
range: £6.2 ng/mg** (mean value), country:
Germany475, *fed organic diet (wheat Citrinin
variety: Batis),**sum of ZEA, a- and b- incidence: 7/10, sa. const.: serum from
ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further data of pigs with nephropathy problems of
the years 1999 and 2000 in the article Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from 1.3 mg/l* (mean value), country:
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year
contamination: natural (for detailed 2006
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 8/10, sa. const.: serum from
range: £1.2 ng/mg** (mean value), country: pigs with nephropathy problems of
Germany475, *fed conventional diet (wheat Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
variety: Batis), **sum of ZEA, a- and b- 1.6 mg/l* (mean value), country:
ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, further data of Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
the years 1999 and 2000 in the article
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: serum from a
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg,
pig of Germany?, contamination: natural,
contamination: natural (for detailed
conc.: 33 ng/ml, country: Germany364
information please see the article), conc.
range: £16.1 ng/mg** (mean value), incidence: 1/10, sa. const.: serum from
country: Germany475, *fed organic diet pigs with nephropathy problems of
(wheat variety: Petrus), **sum of ZEA, Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
a- and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001, 7.6 mg/l*, country: Bulgaria/South
further data of the year 2000 in the article Africa581, *in the year 2006
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: muscles from incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: serum from pigs
Pietrain × DL growing pigs, wt.: »22.2 kg, with nephropathy problems of Bulgaria,
contamination: natural (for detailed contamination: natural, conc.: nd*, country:
information please see the article), conc. Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
range: 14.3 ng/mg** (mean value),
Ochratoxin A
country: Germany475, *fed conventional
incidence: 93/191, sa. const.: serum from
diet (wheat variety: Petrus), **sum of
slaughter pigs of Germany, contamination:
ZEA, a- and b-ZEAOL, **in the year 2001,
natural, conc. range: 0.1–67.3 mg/kg, Ø
further data of the year 2000 in the article
conc.: 5.8 mg/kg, country: Germany291
Pig plasma may contain the following incidence: 52/200, sa. const.: serum from
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: pigs of Austria, contamination: natural,
conc. range: <1 ppb (50 sa), £1.24 ppb (2
Aflatoxin B1 sa), country: Austria296
incidence: 3/9, sa. const.: plasma from incidence: 66/287, sa. const.: serum from
feeder pigs of the USA, contamination: pigs of Austria, contamination: natural,
natural, conc. range: 5.1–36.7 ng/ml, conc. range: <1 ppb (59 sa), >1 ppb (5 sa),
country: USA113 £30.36 ppb (2 sa), country: Austria296
Ochratoxin A incidence: 3/300, sa. const.: serum from
incidence: 191/216, sa. const.: plasma pigs of France, contamination: natural,
from pigs of Norway, contamination: conc. range: 0.40–1.4 mg/kg, Ø conc.:
natural, conc. range: ³0.1 ng/ml (178 sa), 0.787 mg/kg, country: France297
³1 ng/ml (11 sa), £12.5 ng/ml (2 sa), Ø incidence: 6/100, sa. const.: serum from
conc.: 0.5 ng/ml, country: Norway307 pigs of France, contamination: natural,
252 Pig

conc. range: 0.16–0.48 mg/kg, country: Penicillic Acid

France297 incidence: 8/10, sa. const.: serum from
incidence: 148/388, sa. const.: serum from pigs with nephropathy problems of
pigs of Poland, contamination: natural, Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
conc. range: 1–520 ng/ml, country: 23.3 mg/l* (mean value), country:
Poland305 Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year
2006
incidence: 45/85, sa. const.: serum from incidence: 9/10, sa. const.: serum from
pigs of Germany, contamination: natural, pigs with nephropathy problems of
conc. range: 0.29–17.6 mg/kg (mean Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
values), country: Germany333 22.9 mg/l* (mean value), country:
incidence: 572/1588, sa. const.: serum Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
from pigs of Canada, contamination:
natural, conc. range: 0.3–211 ng/ml, Ø Penitrem A
conc.: 14.1 ng/ml, country: Canada338 incidence: 3/10, sa. const.: serum from
pigs with nephropathy problems of
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: serum from
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
sows of Belgium, contamination: natural,
64.0 mg/l* (mean value), country:
conc. range: 3.1–3.7 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2006
3.4 ng/ml, country: Belgium343
incidence: 3/10, sa. const.: serum from
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: serum from
pigs with nephropathy problems of
sows of Belgium, contamination: natural,
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
conc. range: 2.3–3.7 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
45.6 mg/l* (mean value), country:
2.95 ng/ml, country: Belgium343
Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
incidence: 51/52, sa. const.: serum from
pigs of Romania, contamination: natural, Zearalenone
conc. range: £13.4 ng/ml, Ø conc.: incidence: 9/52, sa. const.: serum from
2.43 ng/ml, country: Romania/ pigs of romania, contamination: natural,
Germany350 conc. range: £0.96 ng/ml, Ø conc.:
incidence: 3/25, sa. const.: serum from 0.8 ng/ml, country: Romania/Germany350
slaughter pigs of Germany, incidence: 5/10, sa. const.: serum from
contamination: natural, conc. range: 2.8– pigs with nephropathy problems of
12.9 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 6.77 mg/kg, country: Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
Germany379 0.24 mg/l* (mean value), country:
incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: serum from pigs Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2006
of Belgium, contamination: natural, conc. incidence: 5/10, sa. const.: serum from
range: 209.4–363.1 ng/ml, Ø conc.: pigs with nephropathy problems of
285.06 ng/ml, country: Belgium410 Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
0.33 mg/l* (mean value), country:
incidence: 8/10, sa. const.: serum from Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
pigs with nephropathy problems of
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
28.8 mg/l* (mean value), country: Pig urine may contain the following
Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2006 mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 9/10, sa. const.: serum from Citrinin
pigs with nephropathy problems of incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.: pigs with nephropathy problems of
6.3 mg/l* (mean value), country: Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
Pig 253

1.7 mg/l* (mean value), country: Bulgaria/ Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
South Africa581, *in the year 2006 nd*, country: Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from the year 2007
pigs with nephropathy problems of
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.: Zearalenone
1.8 mg/l* (mean value), country: incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from
Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007 pigs with nephropathy problems of
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
Deoxynivalenol 9.4 mg/l* (mean value), country: Bulgaria/
incidence: 1/10, sa. const.: urine from pigs South Africa581, *in the year 2006
with nephropathy problems of Bulgaria, incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from
contamination: natural, conc.: 5.1 mg/l*, pigs with nephropathy problems of
country: Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.:
year 2006 13.1 mg/l* (mean value), country:
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from pigs Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007
with nephropathy problems of Bulgaria,
contamination: natural, conc.: nd*, country: Pig Artificial Contamination
Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in the year 2007

Ochratoxin A Pig adipose tissue see Pig fat

incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from
pigs with nephropathy problems of
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.: Pig adrenals may contain the
3.5 mg/l* (mean value), country: Bulgaria/ following mycotoxins and/or their
South Africa581, *in the year 2006 metabolites:
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from Deoxynivalenol
pigs with nephropathy problems of incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.: Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
6.2 mg/l* (mean value), country: Bulgaria/ wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
South Africa581, *in the year 2007 conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
Penicillic Acid incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
incidence: 6/10, sa. const.: urine from pigs barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
with nephropathy problems of Bulgaria, contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
contamination: natural, conc.: 1.6 mg/l* DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
(mean value), country: Bulgaria/South £242.2 ng/g* (mean value), country:
Africa581, *in the year 2006 Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured
incidence: 6/10, sa. const.: urine from pigs after 1, 3, 8, and 24 h, lowest conc.: nd
with nephropathy problems of Bulgaria, after 24 h)
contamination: natural, conc.: 1.7 mg/l*
(mean value), country: Bulgaria/South Pig bile may contain the following
Africa581, *in the year 2007 mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:

Penitrem A Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
pigs with nephropathy problems of Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
Bulgaria, contamination: natural, conc.: piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
nd*, country: Bulgaria/South Africa581, *in (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
the year 2006 once; for detailed information please see
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: urine from the article), conc.: 1.3 ppb* **, country:
pigs with nephropathy problems of Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h
254 Pig

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred pigs, weight: »24.6 kg,
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57,
piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: or 1.23* mg DON/kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55,
artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg or 1.13 mg DON/kg pellets, o., for
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information 11 weeks; for detailed information please
please see the article), conc.: 2.9 ppb* **, see the article), conc. range: £44.0 ng/ml*
country: Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after ** *** (mean value), country: Germany483,
48 h **after 78/79 days (thereof 11 weeks of
DON-administration), ***values of the
Deoxynivalenol other DON-treatments lower
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON, Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg,
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg, for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg article), conc. range: £103.2 ng/ml* **
DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range: (mean value), country: Germany537,
£10,962.5 ng/g* (mean value), country: *9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet
Canada407, *after 8 h (also measured after fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after 36
0.33, 1, 3, and 24 h, lowest conc.: days (thereof 35 days of DON- and ZEA-
1,283.0 ng/g after 24 h) administration)

incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large Fumonisin B1

White × German Landrace, db Classic incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg, barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57, 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
or 1.23 mg DON/kg mash or 0.07, 0.55, or FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
1.13* mg DON/kg pellets*, o., for see the article), conc.: nd, country:
11 weeks; for detailed information please Hungary/Germany87, *control
see the article), conc. range: £144.0 ng/ml* incidence: 1/10, sa. const.: weaned
** *** (mean value), country: Germany483, barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
**after 78/79 days (thereof 11 weeks of 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
DON-administration), ***values of the 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal,
other DON-treatments lower o., for 22 days; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: 322.8 ng/g*,
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
country: Hungary/Germany87,
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg,
*after 22 days toxin feeding period
contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
Fumonisin B2
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
article), conc. range: £223.8 ng/ml* **
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
(mean value), country: Germany537,
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
*9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after 36
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
days (thereof 35 days of DON- and ZEA-
Hungary/Germany87, *control
administration)
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
White × German Landrace, db Classic 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal,
Pig 255

o., for 22 days; for detailed information incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
Hungary/Germany87, *after 22 days toxin artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
feeding period diet/day, in the morning and evening half
of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
HT-2 Toxin information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred 17.03 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Germany365, *after 28 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
once), conc. range: 2,336–4,698 ng/ml* **, Ø artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
conc.: 3,517 ng/ml* **, country: USA308, OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
*after 4 h, **free and conjugated HT-2 toxin evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days;
for detailed information please see the
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin article), conc.: 5.13 ng/ml* (mean value),
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred country: Germany365, *after 28 days
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
once), conc. range: 1,712–2,097 ng/ml* **, OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning total
Ø conc.: 1,904.5 ng/ml* **, country: USA308, OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
*after 4 h, **free and conjugated 3¢-OH information please see the article), conc.:
HT-2 toxin 4.78 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
Germany365, *after 28 days
Neosolaniol
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: pigs,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: no OTA (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 information please see the article), conc.:
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., <0.59 ng/ml (mean value), country:
once), conc. range: 93–232 ng/ml* **, Ø Germany366, *control
conc.: 162.5 ng/ml* **, country: USA308, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
*after 4 h, **free and conjugated contamination: artificial (dose: 22.11 mg
neosolaniol OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
4-Deacetylneosolaniol no value*, country: Germany366,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred *after 90 days
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 88.44 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed
i.v., once), conc. range: 160–324 ng/ml* **, information please see the article), conc.:
Ø conc.: 242 ng/ml* **, country: USA308, 77.6 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
*after 4 h, **free and conjugated Germany366, *after 90 days
4-deacetylneosolaniol
T-2 Toxin
Ochratoxin A incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
no OTA (for detailed information please T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
see the article), conc.: nd, country: wt., i.v., once), conc. range: 3,634–
Germany365, *control 11,831 ng/ml* **, Ø conc.: 7,732.5 ng/ml*
256 Pig

**, country: USA308, *after 4 h, **free and days (thereof 35 days of DON- and ZEA-
conjugated T-2 toxin administration)
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swines a-Zearalenol
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
contamination: no T-2 toxin, conc.: nr, Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg,
country: USA403, *control contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
incidence: 1/4, sa. const.: female swines of in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.2 mg T-2 article), conc. range: £309.5 ng/g* **
toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc.: <40 ppb*, (mean value), country: Germany537,
country: USA403, *after 130 min *9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet
fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after 36
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
days (thereof 35 days of DON- and ZEA-
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
administration)
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 b-Zearalenol
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
once), conc. range: 432–1,202 ng/ml* **, Ø Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg,
conc.: 817 ng/ml* **, country: USA308, *after contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
4 h, **free and conjugated 3¢-OH T-2 toxin in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
for detailed information please see the
T-2 Tetraol
article), conc. range: £17.8 ng/g* ** (mean
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
value), country: Germany537, *9.57 mg
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet fed (both
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
fed in highest conc.), **after 36 days
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.v.,
(thereof 35 days of DON- and ZEA-
once), conc. range: 322–366 ng/ml* **, Ø
administration)
conc.: 344 ng/ml* **, country: USA308,
*after 4 h, **free and conjugated T-2 tetraol
Pig blood may contain the following
T-2 Triol mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
once), conc. range: 801–1,008 ng/ml* **, Ø contamination: no AFB1, conc.: na,
conc.: 904.5 ng/ml* **, country: USA308, country: USA136, *control
*after 4 h, **free and conjugated T-2 triol incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
Zearalenone contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg, 0.03–0.30 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.17 mg/kg*,
contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days; incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
for detailed information please see the feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
article), conc. range: £268.3 ng/g* ** contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
(mean value), country: Germany537, AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
*9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet 0.21–0.47 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.33 mg/kg*,
fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after 36 country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
Pig 257

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female article), conc. range: £4.8 ng/ml* (mean
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, value), country: Sweden501, *on 3rd day
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: Ochratoxin A
0.32–3.33 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 1.15 mg/kg*, incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male and
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
no OTA (for detailed information please
Aflatoxin M1 see the article), conc. range: £0.32 ng/ml**
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and *** (mean value), country: Germany365,
female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, *control, **in full blood, ***after the
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: na, start of the experiment (also at other day
country: USA136, *control intervals up to 28 days measured, lowest
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female conc.: 0.25 ng/ml after 28 days)
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
0.04–0.11 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.06 mg/kg*, diet/day, in the morning and evening
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female detailed information please see the
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, article), conc. range: £50.76 ng/ml* **
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg *** (mean value), country: Germany365,
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: **in full blood, ***after 22 days of
0.07–0.18 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.12 mg/kg*, OTA-administration (also at other day
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks intervals up to 28 days measured, lowest
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female conc.: 0.71 ng/ml after the start of the
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, experiment)
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
0.06–0.23 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.14 mg/kg*, artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days;
Nivalenol for detailed information please see the
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male castrated article), conc. range: £14.67 ng/ml*
Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire pigs, wt.: ** *** (mean value), country: Germany365,
37–63 kg, contamination: artificial **in full blood, ***after 22 days of
(dose: 0.05 mg NIV/kg b. wt., o., twice OTA-administration (also at other day
daily for 3 days (trial 1); for detailed intervals up to 28 days measured, lowest
information please see the article), conc. conc.: 0.70 ng/ml after the start of the
range: £4.4 ng/ml* ** (mean value), experiment)
country: Sweden501, *on 3rd day, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
**systemic concentration females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male castrated artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire pigs, wt.: OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning total
37–63 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
0.05 mg NIV/kg b. wt., o., twice daily for 3 information please see the article), conc.
days (trial 2 = NIV-administration also range: £17.26 ng/ml* ** *** (mean value),
16 h before first blood sa taken); for country: Germany365, **in full blood,
detailed information please see the ***after 22 days of OTA-administration
(also at other day intervals up to 28 days
258 Pig

measured, lowest conc.: 0.90 ng/ml after artificial (dose: 0.58 mg natural OTA/kg
the start of the experiment) feed, o., daily for 28 days), conc. range:
£43.2 mg/l* **, country: Germany409, *at
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: pigs,
day 28 (also measured after 14 days,
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
lowest conc.: 18.4 mg/l after 14 days), **in
information please see the article), conc.:
full blood
0.85 ng/ml** (mean value), country:
Germany366, *control, **after 90 days T-2 Toxin
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling
contamination: artificial (dose: 22.11 mg crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc ×
OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for Hampshire swine, wt.: 7.5 kg,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 mg T-2
article), conc.: 20.0 ng/ml* ** (mean toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt., intubated, once),
value), country: Germany366, *in full conc.: 4.0 ppb* ** ***, country: USA318,
blood, **after 90 days *calculated residue level, **T-2 toxin and/
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs, or metabolites, ***after 18 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 88.44 mg
Zearalenone
OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: female hybrid
detailed information please see the
Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
article), conc.: 77.0 ng/ml* ** (mean
120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg,
value), country: Germany366, *in full
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
blood, **after 90 days
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 9/9*, sa. const.: Deutsches nd, country: Poland418, *control
Landschwein, Deutsches incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: no 120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg,
OTA, conc.: nd, country: Germany409, contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
*control ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed
incidence: 2*/9, sa. const.: Deutsches information please see the article), conc.
Landschwein, Deutsches range: £8.07 ng/ml* (mean value),
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische country: Poland418, *after 5.5 h on day 1 of
Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: ZEA-administration (also measured after
artificial (dose: 0.15 mg natural OTA/kg 2 and 7.5 h, lowest conc.: 0.93 ng/ml after
feed, o., daily for 28 days), conc. range: 7.5 h)
£12.0 mg/l* **, country: Germany409, *at incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid
day 14 (also measured after 28 days, Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age: 120–
lowest conc.: <3 mg/l after 14 and 28 days 125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg, contamination:
(several animals)), **in full blood artificial (dose: 400 mg ZEA/kg b. wt., o.,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: Deutsches for 7 days; for detailed information please
Landschwein, Deutsches see the article), conc. range: £7.22 ng/ml*
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische (mean value), country: Poland418, *after
Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: no 5.5 h on day 1 of ZEA-administration (also
OTA, conc.: nd**, country: Germany409, measured after 2 and 7.5 h, lowest conc.:
*control, **in full blood 2.50 ng/ml after 7.5 h)
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Deutsches incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: female hybrid
Landschwein, Deutsches Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische 120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg,
Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
Pig 259

information please see the article), conc.: country: Poland418, *after 2 h on day 1 of
nd, country: Poland418, *control ZEA-administration (also measured after
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid 5.5 and 7.5 h, lowest conc.: 12.84 ng/ml
Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age: after 7.5 h)
120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: female hybrid
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed 120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg,
information please see the article), conc. contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
range: £9.92 ng/ml* (mean value), information please see the article), conc.:
country: Poland418, *after 5 days of nd, country: Poland418, *control
ZEA-administration (also after other day incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid
intervals up to 7 days measured, lowest Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
conc.: 0.10 ng/ml after 4 days) 120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age: ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed
120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg range: £8.11 ng/ml* (mean value),
ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed country: Poland418, *after 1 day of
information please see the article), conc. ZEA-administration (also at other day
range: £14.45 ng/ml* (mean value), intervals up to 7 days measured, lowest
country: Poland418, *after 7 days of conc.: 2.86 ng/ml after 7 days)
ZEA-administration (also after other day incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid
intervals up to 7 days measured, lowest Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
conc.: 2.34 ng/ml after 4 days) 120–125 days, wt: »49.2 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
a-Zearalenol
ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: female hybrid
information please see the article), conc.
Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
range: £17.79 ng/ml* (mean value),
120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg,
country: Poland418, *after 1 day of
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
ZEA-administration (also at other day
information please see the article), conc.:
intervals up to 7 days measured, lowest
nd, country: Poland418, *control
conc.: 4.48 ng/ml after 7 days)
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid
Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg, Pig bone marrow may contain the
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg following mycotoxins and/or their
ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed metabolites:
information please see the article), conc. HT-2 Toxin
range: £9.43 ng/ml* (mean value), incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
country: Poland418, *after 5.5 h on day 1 Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
of ZEA-administration (also measured contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
after 2 and 7.5 h, lowest conc.: 6.97 ng/ml toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
after 7.5 h) once), conc. range: 1.16–1.35 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: female hybrid 1.255 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
Large Polish × Polish White gilts, age:
120–125 days, wt.: »49.2 kg, 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
ZEA/kg b. wt., o., for 7 days; for detailed Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
information please see the article), conc. contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
range: £24.13 ng/ml* (mean value), toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
260 Pig

once), conc. range: 1.67–2.51 ng/g*, Ø conc.: Pig brain may contain the following
2.09 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h mycotoxins:
T-2 Toxin Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
once), conc. range: 0.38–0.58 ng/g*, Ø conc.: once; for detailed information please see
0.48 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h the article), conc.: <0.2 ppb* **, country:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 18–25 ng/g*, (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
Ø conc.: 21.50 ng/g* **, country: USA425, once; for detailed information please see
*after 4 h, **total metabolites the article), conc.: <0.2 ppb*, country:
Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 48 h
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Deoxynivalenol
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.40–1.32 ng/g*, conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
Ø conc.: 0.86 ng/g*, country: USA425, incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
*after 4 h barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
T-2 Tetraol contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, £54.9 ng/g* (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. after 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: nd
wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 0.04 ng/g*, country: after 24 h)
USA425, *after 4 h
Fumonisin B1
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs of
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg information please see the article), conc.:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., nd, country: Germany/Hungary109, *control
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.66–0.74 ng/g*, incidence: 8/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs of
Ø conc.: 0.70 ng/g*, country: USA425, identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
*after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg FB1
daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
T-2 Triol information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred range: 1–1,860 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 240.5 mg/kg*,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, country: Germany/Hungary109, *on 6th day
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 of the experiment
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
vs., once), conc. range: 0.07–0.15 ng/g*, HT-2 Toxin
Ø conc.: 0.11 ng/g*, country: USA425, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
*after 4 h Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Pig 261

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg

toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
once), conc. range: 0.10–0.13 ng/g*, Ø conc.: wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 8–13 ng/g*,
0.115 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h Ø conc.: 10.5 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
*after 4 h, **total metabolites
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
once), conc. range: 0.07–0.22 ng/g*, Ø conc.: toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
0.145 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h vs., once), conc. range: 0.07–0.10 ng/g*,
Ø conc.: 0.085 ng/g*, country: USA425,
Ochratoxin A *after 4 h
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
contamination: no OTA and/or DON (for Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol
detailed information please see the incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany378, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
*control contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
incidence: 5/6, sa. const.: pigs, toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm vs., once), conc. range: 0.28–0.32 ng/g*, Ø
crystalline OTA + 1.0 ppm crystalline conc.: 0.30 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
DON, o., twice daily for 90 days; for T-2 Triol
detailed information please see the incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
article), conc. range: 0.14–0.34 ng/g*, Ø Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
conc.: 0.224 ng/g*, country: Germany378, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
*after 90 days toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
incidence: 2/3, sa. const.: pigs, vs., once), conc. range: 0.03–0.05 ng/g*, Ø
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm conc.: 0.04 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
crystalline OTA, o., twice daily for 90
days; for detailed information please see Pig cecum may contain the following
the article), conc. range: 0.14–0.20 ng/g*, mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Ø conc.: 0.17 ng/g*, country: Germany378,
*after 90 days Deoxynivalenol + Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, incidence: ?/11, sa. const.: castrated male
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm pigs, Ø wt.: 88.1 kg, contamination:
crystalline DON, o., twice daily for 90 artificial (dose: 4.2 mg DON/kg, o., for 7
days; for detailed information please see days), conc. range: ȣ660 mg/g* (mean
the article), conc.: nd*, country: value), country: Germany413, *»5 h after
Germany378, *after 90 days final DON-administration (also at other
hour intervals up to 24 h measured,
T-2 Toxin lowest conc.: »65 mg/g after 24 h)
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Pig colon may contain the following
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.02–0.05 ng/g*, Deoxynivalenol
Ø conc.: 0.035 ng/g*, country: USA425, incidence: 9/9, sa. const.: male and female
*after 4 h crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred contamination: artificial (dose: 5.8 ppm
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, DON in the diet, for 1–5 weeks; for detailed
262 Pig

information please see the article), conc. 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin

range: tr–327 ppb* **, country: Canada/ incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
USA70, *in colon contents (pigs fed 0.7 or Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
3.1 ppm DON = no data), **measured at contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
1st, 4th, and 5th week (pr. residue values toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
are each lowest and highest value of 1st to vs., once), conc. range: 2.87–5.83 ng/g*, Ø
5th week measurement) conc.: 4.35 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Deoxynivalenol + Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: ?/11, sa. const.: castrated male
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
pigs, Ø wt.: 88.1 kg, contamination:
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
artificial (dose: 4.2 mg DON/kg, o., for
vs., once), conc. range: 4.08–7.76 ng/g* **,
7 days), conc. range: ȣ1,020 mg/g* (mean
Ø conc.: 5.92 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in
value), country: Germany413, *»5 h after
duodenum contents, **after 4 h
final DON-administration (also at other
hour intervals up to 24 h measured, T-2 Toxin
lowest conc.: »150 mg/g after 24 h) incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
T-2 Toxin Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: female swines contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., ivs.,
contamination: no T-2 toxin (for detailed once), conc. range: 0.30–0.61 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
information please see the article), conc.: 0.455 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
nr**, country: USA403, *control, **in spiral incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
colon contents Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 1/?, sa. const.: female swines of contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.4 mg T-2 wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 32–101 ng/g*,
toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc.: 66 ppb* **, Ø conc.: 66.5 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
country: USA403, *in spiral colon contents, *after 4 h, **total metabolites
**after »19.5 h incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Pig duodenum may contain the T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
following mycotoxins and/or their wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
metabolites: 0.22–0.68 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 0.45 ng/g* **,
country: USA425, *in duodenum contents,
HT-2 Toxin **after 4 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
vs., once), conc. range: 1.80–2.84 ng/g*, Ø wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 55–144 ng/g*
conc.: 2.32 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h **, Ø conc.: 99.5 ng/g* ** ***, country:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred USA425, *in duodenum contents, **after
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, 4 h, ***total metabolites
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
vs., once), conc. range: 1.76–3.75 ng/g* **, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Ø conc.: 2.755 ng/g* **, country: USA425, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
*in duodenum contents, **after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
Pig 263

toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
once), conc. range: 0.51–1.42 ng/g*, Ø conc.: vs., once), conc. range: 0.13–0.33 ng/g* **,
0.965 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h Ø conc.: 0.23 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred duodenum contents, **after 4 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 Deepoxy T-2 Triol
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
vs., once), conc. range: 0.55–2.10 ng/g* **, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Ø conc.: 1.325 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
duodenum contents, **after 4 h T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
wt., i.vs., once), conc.: nd*, country:
T-2 Tetraol USA425, *after 4 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
vs., once), conc. range: 0.19–0.69 ng/g*, Ø vs., once), conc.: 0.18 ng/g* **, country:
conc.: 0.44 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h USA425, *in duodenum contents, **after 4 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Pig eye may contain the following
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.09–0.13 ng/g* **, Fumonisin B1
Ø conc.: 0.11 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs of
duodenum contents, **after 4 h identical genotype, weight: »12–14 kg,
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred nd, country: Germany/Hungary109, *control
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 12/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
once), conc. range: 0.62–1.59 ng/g*, Ø conc.: FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
1.105 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred range: 8–226 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 57.31 mg/kg*,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, country: Germany/Hungary109, *on 6th
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 day of the experiment
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
vs., once), conc. range: 0.95–3.27 ng/g* **, Pig fat may contain the following
Ø conc.: 2.11 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
duodenum contents, **after 4 h
Aflatoxin B1
T-2 Triol incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt: 20 kg, piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. once; for detailed information please see
wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 0.40 ng/g*, country: the article), conc.: 0.5 ppb* **, country:
USA425, *after 4 h Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
264 Pig

(dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., see the article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g* (mean
once; for detailed information please see value), country: USA597, *after 35 days
the article), conc.: 0.2 ppb* **, country: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 48 h pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: information please see the article), conc.:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at nd, country: USA597, *control
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
(for detailed information please see the pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: 590 ng/g
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
USA101, *control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 7/18*, sa. const.: male and 0.060 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: *after 15 days
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
AFB1 + AFB2 (overall 300 ppb AFs), o., for 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%),
120–164 days**; for detailed information o., for 15 days; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range: tr** please see the article), conc.: 0.020 ng/g*
***, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of (mean value), country: USA597,
some of these pigs rejected at meat *after 15 days
inspection, **after 120–164 days, ***in incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature
adipose tissue pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 10/18*, sa. const.: male and 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: followed by 2 weeks control diet; for
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at detailed information please see the
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g* (mean value),
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb country: USA597, *after 29 days (thereof
AFs), o., for 135–216 days**; for detailed 15 days of AFB1- and
information please see the article), conc. AFB2-administration)
range: tr** ***, country: Denmark/USA101
*livers of some of these pigs rejected at Aflatoxin B2
meat inspection, **after 135–216 days, incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and
***in adipose tissue female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, 90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, (for detailed information please see the
o., for 35 days; for detailed information article), conc.: nd, country:
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/USA101, *control
USA597, *control incidence: 7/18*, sa. const.: male and
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed 90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb
0.030 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597, AFs), o., for 120–231 days**; for detailed
*after 35 days information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, nd** ***, country: Denmark/USA101,
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g *livers of some of these pigs rejected at
AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., meat inspection, **after 120–231 days,
for 35 days; for detailed information please ***in adipose tissue
Pig 265

incidence: 10/18*, sa. const.: male and detailed information please see the
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at 29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: AFB2-administration)
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb
Aflatoxin M1
AFs), o., for 120–231 days**; for detailed
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2,
nd** ***, country: Denmark/USA101
o., for 35 days; for detailed information
*livers of some of these pigs rejected at
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
meat inspection, **after 120–231 days,
USA597, *control
***in adipose tissue
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
o., for 35 days; for detailed information information please see the article), conc.:
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: 0.010 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
USA597, *control *after 35 days
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for 35
information please see the article), conc.: days; for detailed information please see
nd*, country: USA597, *after 35 days the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597,
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, *after 35 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for 35
pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
days; for detailed information please see
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597,
information please see the article), conc.:
*after 35 days
nd, country: USA597, *control
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male
pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g miniature pigs, contamination: artificial
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15
information please see the article), conc.: days; for detailed information please
nd, country: USA597, *control see the article), conc.: 0.070 ng/g*
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature (mean value), country: USA597, *after 15
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: days
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature
for detailed information please see the pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%),
15 days o., for 15 days; for detailed information
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: USA597, *after 15 days
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature
o., for 15 days; for detailed information pigs, contamination: artificial
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for
USA597, *after 15 days 15 days followed by 2 weeks control diet;
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature for detailed information please see the
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days 29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and
followed by 2 weeks control diet; for AFB2-administration)
266 Pig

Aflatoxin M incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: barrows

incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and (Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: artificial (dose: 6.0 mg crystalline DON/
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at kg dry weight, o., for 4 weeks (feeding
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 trial 2); for detailed information please
(for detailed information please see the see the article), conc. range: £22.7 ng/g*
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ **, country: Canada406, *in back fat,
USA101, *control **after 4 weeks
incidence: 7/18*, sa. const.: male and incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: (Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at no DON (for detailed information please
90 kg, contamination: artificial see the article), conc.: nd, country:
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall Canada406, *control
300 ppb AFs), o., for 120–231 days**; incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: barrows
for detailed information please see the (Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
article), conc.: nd** ***, country: artificial (dose: 7.6 mg natural DON/kg dry
Denmark/USA101, *livers of some of these weight, o., for 7 weeks (feeding trial 3); for
pigs rejected at meat inspection, **after detailed information please see the article),
120–231 days, ***in adipose tissue conc. range: £19.5 ng/g* **, country:
incidence: 10/18*, sa. const.: male and Canada406, *in back fat, **after 7 weeks
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
90 kg, contamination: artificial
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
500 ppb AFs), o., for 120–231 days**;
for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
article), conc.: nd** ***, country: barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
Denmark/USA101 *livers of some of these contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
pigs rejected at meat inspection, **after DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
120–231 days, ***in adipose tissue £491.6 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after
0.33, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: 3.4 ng/g
Deoxynivalenol after 24 h), **in abdominal fat
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows
incidence: ?/25, sa. const.: healthy
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
no DON (for detailed information please
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: artificial
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
(dose: 1.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once),
Canada406, *control
conc. range: £294.7 ng/g* ** (mean value),
incidence: 50?/50, sa. const.: barrows country: Canada407, *after 1 h (also
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: measured after 0.33, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest
artificial (dose: 6.0 mg natural DON/kg dry conc.: 12.4 ng/g after 24 h), **in back fat
weight, o., for 3 weeks (feeding trial 1); for
detailed information please see the article), Fumonisin B1
conc. range: £51.3 ng/g* **, country: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
Canada406, *in back fat, **after 3 weeks barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
no DON (for detailed information please see the article), conc.: nd**, country:
see the article), conc.: nd, country: Hungary/Germany87, *control, **neither
Canada406, *control in abdominal nor in subcutaneous fat
Pig 267

incidence: 9/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows abdominal fat, **after 22 days toxin
of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg, feeding period
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1, incidence: 7/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows
20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for 22 of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg,
days; for detailed information please see contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1,
the article), conc. range: 0.8–111.2 ng/g* 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for 22
**, Ø conc.: 16.27 ng/g* **, country: days; for detailed information please see the
Hungary/Germany87, *in abdominal fat, article), conc. range: 0.8–3.2 ng/g* **, Ø
**after 22 days toxin feeding period conc.: 1.71 ng/g* **, country: Hungary/
incidence: 8/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows Germany87, *in subcutaneous fat, **after 22
of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg, days toxin feeding period
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1,
20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for 22 Ochratoxin A
days; for detailed information please see incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: female pigs of
the article), conc. range: 0.8–8.8 ng/g* **, Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
Ø conc.: 3.4 ng/g* **, country: Hungary/ »20 kg, contamination: no OTA (for
Germany87, *in subcutaneous fat, **after detailed information please see the
22 days toxin feeding period article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs USA102, *control
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
information please see the article), conc.: »20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
nd, country: Germany/Hungary109, 1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
*control 1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
incidence: 6/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs various intervals; for detailed
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg 5.95 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed Denmark/USA102, *1 day after
information please see the article), conc. termination of OTA-exposure
range: 1–11 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 4.83 mg/kg*, incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
country: Germany/Hungary109, *on 6th Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
day of the experiment »20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
Fumonisin B2 1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned various intervals; for detailed
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: information please see the article), conc.:
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, 2.54 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please Denmark/USA102, *8 days after
see the article), conc.: nd**, country: termination of OTA-exposure
Hungary/Germany87, *control, **neither incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
in abdominal nor in subcutaneous fat Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
incidence: 5/10, sa. const.: weaned »20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: 1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, various intervals; for detailed
o., for 22 days; for detailed information information please see the article), conc.:
please see the article), conc. range: 1.6– nd* (mean value), country: Denmark/
16 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 5.28 ng/g* **, USA102, *15 days after termination of
country: Hungary/Germany87, *in OTA-exposure
268 Pig

incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: female pigs of natural CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks; for
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: detailed information please see the
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: 8 mg/kg* ** (mean value),
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for country: Denmark/USA330, *in leaf fat,
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets **after 6 weeks
for various intervals; for detailed
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
information please see the article), conc.:
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
nd* (mean value), country: Denmark/
no OTA (for detailed information please
USA102, *29 days after termination of
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
OTA-exposure
Germany365, *control
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: weaners (specific incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
pathogen free), wt.: 14–18 kg, females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: ? mg OTA artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
addition; for detailed information please diet/day, in the morning and evening half
see the article), conc. range: £17 mg/kg*, of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
country: Denmark204, *calculated value information please see the article), conc.:
based on the amount of OTA in blood 6.56 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
after 24 h on toxin-free diet Germany365, *in leaf fat, **after 28 days
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and females
incidence: 13/13*, sa. const.: castrated
pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: artificial
pigs, weight: 20 kg, contamination: no
(dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/kg diet/day,
OTA and/or CIT (for detailed information
in the morning and evening half of OTA-
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
Denmark/USA330, *control
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1?, sa. const.: castrated pigs, 1.81 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
weight: 20 kg, contamination: artificial Germany365, *in leaf fat, **after 28 days
(dose: 1,400 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
o., for 6 weeks; for detailed information females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
please see the article), conc.: 4 mg/kg* ** artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/
(mean value), country: Denmark/USA330, kg diet/day, in the morning total OTA-
*in leaf fat, **after 6 weeks ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
incidence: 1/1?, sa. const.: castrated pigs, information please see the article), conc.:
weight: 20 kg, contamination: artificial 2.49 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
(dose: 650 mg crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., Germany365, *in leaf fat, **after 28 days
for 6 weeks; for detailed information
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
please see the article), conc.: nd* **,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
country: Denmark/USA330, *in leaf fat,
no OTA (for detailed information please
**after 6 weeks
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
incidence: 1/1?, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
Germany365, *control
weight: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
(dose: 1,400 mg crystalline OTA + 650 mg
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks;
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
for detailed information please see the
diet/day, in the morning and evening
article), conc.: 3 mg/kg* **, (mean value),
half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for
country: Denmark/USA330, *in leaf fat,
detailed information please see the
**after 6 weeks
article), conc.: 5.58 ng/g* ** (mean
incidence: 1/1?, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
value), country: Germany365, *in neck fat,
weight: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
**after 28 days
(dose: 1,400 mg natural OTA + 650 mg
Pig 269

incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for
OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and 90 days; for detailed information please
evening half of OTA-ration, o., for see the article), conc. range: £2.31 ng/g*,
28 days; for detailed information please country: Germany380, *after 91 days
see the article), conc.: 1.54 ng/g* ** (thereof 90 days of OTA- and
(mean value), country: Germany365, *in ZEA-administration)
neck fat, **after 28 days
incidence: 2/3, sa. const.: pigs,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/
detailed information please see the
kg diet/day, in the morning total OTA-
article), conc. range: £1.41 ng/g*, country:
ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
Germany380, *after 91 days (thereof 90
information please see the article), conc.:
days of OTA-administration)
1.86 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
Germany365, *in neck fat, **after 28 days incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female pigs of
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
»20 kg, contamination: no OTA (for
contamination: no OTA and/or DON (for
detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany378,
USA/Sweden383, *control
*control
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: female pigs of
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
crystalline OTA + 1.0 ppm crystalline
1 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, o., for 3
DON, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
months; for detailed information please
detailed information please see the
see the article), conc.: »2.5 mg/kg (mean
article), conc. range: 0.31–1.11 ng/g*, Ø
value), country: Denmark/USA/Sweden383,
conc.: 0.828 ng/g*, country: Germany378,
*after »3 months
*after 90 days
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs, T-2 Toxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling
crystalline OTA, o., twice daily for 90 crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire
days; for detailed information please see swine, wt.: 7.5 kg, contamination: artificial
the article), conc. range: 0.56–0.82 ng/g*, (dose: 0.1 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
Ø conc.: 0.696 ng/g*, country: Germany378, intubated, once), conc.: 4.9 ppb* ** ***,
*after 90 days country: USA318, *calculated residue level,
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, **T-2 toxin and/or metabolites, ***after 18 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm
a-Zearalenol
crystalline DON, o., twice daily for
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
90 days; for detailed information please
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
see the article), conc. range: nd*, country:
nd, country: Hungary632, *control
Germany378, *after 90 days
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs, pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA (for (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
detailed information please see the 10 mg/kg* **, country: Hungary632, *after
article), conc.: nr, country: Germany380, 14 days, **in adipose tissues
*control
270 Pig

b-Zearalenol 103.7 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:

incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP 0.15 mg DON/kg wheat, contaminated
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: (proportion in the diet 0%), o., for 7
nd, country: Hungary632, *control days?; for detailed information please see
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP the article), conc.: nd, country: Austria/
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial Germany530, *control
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male castrated
pr* **, country: Hungary632, *after 14 days, and female fattening pigs (Deutsches
**in adipose tissues Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), wt.: 34.1–
103.7 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Pig fat around kidney see Pig 3.86 mg DON/kg wheat, contaminated
kidney (proportion in the diet 40%), o., for 7
days?; for detailed information please see
the article), conc. range: £0.018 mg/kg*
Pig feces may contain the following **(mean value), country: Austria/
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: Germany530, *in freeze dried feces, **at the
end of the collection period
Deoxynivalenol
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated male incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire
Swedish Landrace pigs, wt.: »20 kg, barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg artificial (dose: 0.19 mg DON/kg diet dry
3-aDON/kg feed, o., 5 times in 2.5 days), matter, o., for 2 weeks (diet C); for detailed
conc.: pr, country: Sweden416 information please see the article), conc.:
0.05 mg* (mean value), country: Canada606,
incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: barrows, wt.: *in a 5-days collection period
28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
0.09 mg DON/kg wheat (but DON not incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire
intended; wheat roportion in the diet 0%); barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination:
for detailed information please see the artificial (dose: 4.66 mg DON/kg diet dry
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany484, matter, o., for 1 week (diet C in the first
*control week); for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: barrows, wt.: the article), conc.: 0.25 mg* (mean value),
28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Canada606, *in a 5-days collection
2.64 mg natural DON/kg wheat (wheat period
proportion in the diet 17.5%), o., for 70 Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
days?; for detailed information please see incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated male
the article), conc.: 0.009 mg/kg* (mean Swedish Landrace pigs, wt.: »20 kg,
value), country: Germany484, *after contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
13 weeks 3-aDON/kg feed, o., 5 times in 2.5 days),
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: barrows, wt.: conc.: pr, country: Sweden416
28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
4.41 mg natural DON/kg wheat (wheat incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: male castrated
proportion in the diet 35%), o., for 70 and female fattening pigs (Deutsches
days?; for detailed information please see Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), wt.: 34.1–
the article), conc.: 0.020 mg/kg* (mean 103.7 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
value), country: Germany484, *after 0.15 mg DON/kg wheat, contaminated
13 weeks (proportion in the diet 0%), o., for 7
days?; for detailed information please see
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male castrated the article), conc. range: £0.020 mg/kg**
and female fattening pigs (Deutsches *** (mean value), country: Austria/
Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), wt.: 34.1– Germany530, *control, **in freeze dried
Pig 271

feces, ***at the end of the collection see the article), conc.: nd, country:
period Hungary/Germany87, *control
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male castrated incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows
and female fattening pigs (Deutsches of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg,
Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), wt.: 34.1– contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1,
103.7 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for 22
3.86 mg DON/kg wheat, contaminated days; for detailed information please see the
(proportion in the diet 40%), o., for 7 article), conc. range: 0.4–3.5 mg*, Ø conc.:
days?; for detailed information please see 2.02 mg*, country: Hungary/Germany87,
the article), conc. range: £0.459 mg/kg* *** *excretion between days 13 and 17
(mean value), country: Austria/Germany530,
Nivalenol
*in freeze dried feces, **at the end of the
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male castrated
collection period
Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire 37–63 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination: 0.05 mg NIV/kg b. wt., o., twice daily for 3
artificial (dose: 0.19 mg DON/kg diet dry days (NIV-administration also 16 h before
matter, o., for 2 weeks (diet C); for detailed first blood sa. taken); for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.
nd*, country: Canada606, *daily range: £3,034 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire country: Sweden501, *on 3rd day
barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 4.66 mg DON/kg diet dry Ochratoxin A
matter, o., for 1 week (diet C in the first incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilt,
week); for detailed information please see contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
the article), conc.: 0.068 mg* (mean conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
value), country: Canada606, *daily incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
Fumonisin B1 OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for 8 days
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned during early pregnancy), conc. range: 1.3–
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: 8.1 mg/g* ** dry matter, Ø conc.: 4.7 mg/g* **
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, dry matter, country: UK266, *very
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please approximately, **measured during dosing
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Hungary/Germany87, *control Ochratoxin a
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilt,
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
o., for 22 days; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
please see the article), conc. range: 0.3– OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for 8
76.1 mg*, Ø conc.: 28.21 mg*, country: days during early pregnancy), conc.
Hungary/Germany87, *excretion between range: 100.4–143.2 mg/g* dry matter, Ø
days 13 and 17 conc.: 121.8 mg/g* dry matter, country:
UK266, *measured during dosing
Fumonisin B2
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned Ochratoxin ß
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilt,
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
272 Pig

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts, Aflatoxin B2

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for 8 contamination: artificial (dose: 1.08–
days during early pregnancy), conc. 1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AF), o., daily
range: 200.2–201.5 mg/g* dry matter, Ø for 33 days; for detailed information
conc.: 200.85 mg/g* dry matter, country: please see the article), conc.: 0.02 ppb* **,
UK266, *measured during dosing country: France88, *value expressed for
total bile contents, **after 33 days
Zearalenone
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
nd, country: Hungary632, *control 20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP information please see the article), conc.:
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial nd, country: France314, *control
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
3,710 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
13/14 days) 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
a-Zearalenol feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP for 26 days; for detailed information
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
nd, country: Hungary632, *control France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
15,750 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
13/14 days) separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
b-Zearalenol intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP detailed information please see the
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: article), conc.: 0.143 mg/kg*, country:
nd, country: Hungary632, *control France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
4,140 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after natural AFs addition (treatment 3: separate
13/14 days) feeding = peanut oil meal 0% and corn
gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake of 642 mg
Pig gallbladder may contain the AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed information
following mycotoxins and/or their please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
metabolites: France314, *final wt. of the animal 104 kg
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: adult swines, Aflatoxin M1
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.08–1.09 mg incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
AFB1 (besides other AF), o., daily for 33 days; contamination: artificial
for detailed information please see the (dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other
article), conc.: 0.04 ppb* **, country: AF), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed
France88, *value expressed for total bile information please see the article), conc.:
contents, **after 33 days 0.02 ppb* **, country: France88, *value
Pig 273

expressed for total bile contents, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
*after 33 days Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin M (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White once; for detailed information please see
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: the article), conc.: 0.5 ppb* **, country:
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 48 h
information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: France314, *control incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White contamination: artificial (dose: 1.08–
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: 1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AF), o., daily
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: for 33 days; for detailed information
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed please see the article), conc.: 0.92 ppb*,
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1) country: France88, *after 33 days
for 26 days; for detailed information incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White 90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: (for detailed information please see the
20 kg, contamination: artificial article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
(dose: natural AFs addition (treatment 2: USA101, *control
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40% incidence: 1/16*, sa. const.: male and
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
detailed information please see the 90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc.: 0.176 mg/kg*, country: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg AFs), o., for 141 days**; for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White information please see the article), conc.:
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: tr**, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: some of these pigs were rejected at meat
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: inspection, **after 141 days
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0% incidence: 4/17*, sa. const.: male and
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
information please see the article), conc.: 90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
nd*, country: France314, *final wt. of the AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb
animal 104 kg AFs), o., for 141–216 days**; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
Pig heart may contain the following range: tr**, country: Denmark/USA101,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: *livers of some of these pigs were rejected
at meat inspection, after 141–216 days**
Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
(dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
once; for detailed information please see incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
the article), conc.: 0.5 ppb* **, country: (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
274 Pig

(dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg age: »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter

AFB2/kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and at 90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
285 mg AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. (for detailed information please see the
range: 0.05–1.41 mg/kg*, country: USA138, article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of USA101, *control
AFs-administration) incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: male and
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb
information please see the article), conc.:
AFs), o., for 120–231 days**; for detailed
nd, country: France314, *control
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
nd**, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
some of these pigs were rejected at meat
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
inspection, **after 120–231 days
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
incidence: 2/17*, sa. const.: male and
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
for 26 days; for detailed information
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
AFs), o., for 150 or 186 days**; for
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
detailed information please see the
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc. range: tr**, country:
natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
Denmark/USA101, *livers of some of these
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
pigs were rejected at meat inspection,
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
**after 150 or 186 days
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
detailed information please see the incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
article), conc.: 1.17 mg/kg*, country: (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
contamination: artificial (dose: natural AFs (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
addition (treatment 3: separate 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
feeding = peanut oil meal 0% and corn (dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg
gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake of 642 mg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/
AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed information kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: tr–0.14 mg/kg*, country: USA138, *after »22
France314, *final wt. of the animal 104 kg days (thereof 21 days of AF-administration)
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
Aflatoxin B2
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.:
1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AF), o.,
nd, country: France314, *control
daily for 33 days; for detailed information
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
please see the article), conc.: 0.34 ppb*,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
country: France88, *after 33 days
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
female Danish Landrace pigs, feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
Pig 275

for 26 days; for detailed information incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
please see the article), conc.: nd*, (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
country: France314, *final wt. of the 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
animal 109 kg (dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White AFB2/kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: 285 mg AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc.
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: range: 0.05–0.54 mg/kg*, country: USA138,
natural AFs addition (treatment 2: *after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40% AF-administration)
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for Aflatoxin M
detailed information please see the incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and
article), conc.: 1.17 mg/kg*, country: female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White 90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: (for detailed information please see the
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: separate USA101, *control
feeding = peanut oil meal 0% and corn incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: male and
gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake of 642 mg female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed information »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: 90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 104 kg AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb
AFs), o., for 120–231 days**; for detailed
Aflatoxin B2a
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
nd**, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, weight:
some of these pigs were rejected at meat
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs fed,
inspection, **after 120–231 days
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
incidence: 1/17*, sa. const.: male and
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet,
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb
300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg
AFs), o., for 150 days**; for detailed
diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
information please see the article), conc.:
appreciable amounts*, country: USA138,
tr**, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
some of these pigs were rejected at meat
AF-administration)
inspection, **after 150 days
Aflatoxin M1
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
contamination: artificial (dose:
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AF), o.,
information please see the article), conc.:
daily for 33 days; for detailed information
nd, country: France314, *control
please see the article), conc.: 0.18 ppb*,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
country: France88, *after 33 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control for 26 days; for detailed information
276 Pig

please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: information please see the article), conc.:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg 10 ppb* (mean value), country: USA64,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White *after 3 weeks post-treatment
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg DON/
article), conc.: 0.15 mg/kg*, country:
kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range: £48.0 ng/g*
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
(mean value), country: Canada407, *after 1 h
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
(also measured after 0.33, 3, 8, and 24 h,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
lowest conc.: nd after 24 h)
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: HT-2 Toxin
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0% incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
information please see the article), conc.: toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
nd*, country: France314, *final wt. of the vs., once), conc. range: 0.48–0.68 ng/g*, Ø
animal 104 kg conc.: 0.58 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
Deoxynivalenol 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: barrows and incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: no Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
DON (for detailed information please see contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA64, toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
*control once), conc. range: 0.80–1.23 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and 1.015 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 0.9 ppm DON Ochratoxin A
(analyzed value) in the diet, o., for incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
3 weeks; for detailed information please females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
see the article), conc.: 18 ppb* (mean no OTA (for detailed information please
value), country: USA64, *after 3 weeks see the article), conc.: nd, country:
post-treatment Germany365, *control
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm DON artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
(analyzed value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; diet/day, in the morning and evening half
for detailed information please see the of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
article), conc.: 9 ppb* (mean value), information please see the article), conc.:
country: USA64, *after 3 weeks 19.29 ng/g* (mean value), country:
post-treatment Germany365, *after 28 days
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and gilts, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: artificial females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
(dose: 2.8 ppm DON (analyzed value) in artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for detailed OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
Pig 277

evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
days; for detailed information please see Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
the article), conc.: 5.05 ng/g* (mean contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
value), country: Germany365, *after 28 T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
days wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 23–26 ng/g*,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and females Ø conc.: 24.5 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: artificial *after 4 h, **total metabolites
(dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/kg diet/day,
in the morning total OTA-ration, o., for 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
28 days; for detailed information please incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
see the article), conc.: 6.28 ng/g* Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
(mean value), country: Germany365, *after contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
28 days T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: pigs, 0.19–0.58 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.385 ng/g*,
contamination: no OTA (for detailed country: USA425, *after 4 h
information please see the article), conc.:
<0.39 mg/kg (mean value), country: T-2 Tetraol
Germany366, *control incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: pigs, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 22.11 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
information please see the article), conc.: vs., once), conc. range: 0.04 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
12.9 mg/kg (mean value), country: 0.04 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
Germany366, *after 90 days Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: pigs, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
contamination: artificial (dose: 88.44 mg Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
information please see the article), conc.: toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
50.1 mg/kg (mean value), country: once), conc. range: 0.88–1.38 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
Germany366, *after 90 days 1.13 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h

T-2 Toxin T-2 Triol

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
swine, wt.: 7.5 kg, contamination: artificial contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
(dose: 0.1 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt., toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
intubated, once), conc.: 3.9 ppb* ** ***, vs., once), conc. range: 0.04–0.14 ng/g*,
country: USA318, *calculated residue level, Ø conc.: 0.09 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after
**T-2 toxin and/or metabolites, 4h
***after 18 h
a-Zearalenol
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt: 20 kg, pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg nd, country Hungary632, *control
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.06– pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
0.32 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.19 ng/g*, country: (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
USA425, *after 4 h <10 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14
days)
278 Pig

Pig ileum may contain the following T-2 Toxin

mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
HT-2 Toxin contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 5.02–
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 7.32 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 6.17 ng/g*, country:
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. USA425, *after 4 h
vs., once), conc. range: 7.09–9.75 ng/g*, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Ø conc.: 8.42 ng/g*, country: USA425, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
*after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred T-2 toxin (labeled and
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 range: 498–554 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 526 ng/g*
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. **, country: USA425, *after 4 h, **total
vs., once), conc. range: 6.77–17.69 ng/g* **, metabolites
Ø conc.: 12.23 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
ileum contents, **after 4 h Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Deepoxy HT-2 Toxin contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 10.64–
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg 12.61 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 11.625 ng/g* **,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. country: USA425, *in ileum contents,
wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 1.72 ng/g*, country: **after 4 h
USA425, *after 4 h incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i. i.vs., once), conc. range: 1,406–1,644 ng/g*
vs., once), conc. range: 2.06–3.12 ng/g* **, **, Ø conc.: 1,525 ng/g* ** ***, country:
Ø conc.: 2.59 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in USA425, *in ileum contents, **after 4 h,
ileum contents, **after 4 h ***total metabolites

3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.41–3.02 ng/g*,
24.83–29.27 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 27.05 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 2.22 ng/g*, country: USA425,
country: USA425, *after 4 h *after 4 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
66.70–67.56 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 67.13 ng/g* 5.43–6.64 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 6.035 ng/g*
**, country: USA425, *in ileum contents, **, country: USA425, *in ileum contents,
**after 4 h **after 4 h
Pig 279

T-2 Tetraol Deepoxy T-2 Triol

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/ artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin
kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 4.29– (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
13.36 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 8.825 ng/g*, country: once), conc. range: 0.55–0.75 ng/g*,
USA425, *after 4 h Ø conc.: 0.65 ng/g*, country: USA425,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred *after 4 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. contamination: artificial
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and
13.66–41.75 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.:
27.705 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in 1.97 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in ileum
ileum contents, **after 4 h contents, **after 4 h

Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol Pig intestine may contain the

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred following mycotoxins and/or their
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., Deoxynivalenol
i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.76–5.98 ng/g*, incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
Ø conc.: 3.87 ng/g*, country: USA425, Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
*after 4 h wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., contamination: artificial
i.vs., once), conc. range: 13.57–14.99 ng/g* (dose: 1.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once),
**, Ø conc.: 14.28 ng/g* **, country: USA425, conc. range: £20.4 ng/g* (mean value),
*in ileum contents, **after 4 h country: Canada407, *after 0.33 h
(also measured after 1, 3, 8, and 24 h,
T-2 Triol lowest conc.: nd after 24 h)
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: ?/11, sa. const.: castrated male
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, pigs, Ø wt.: 88.1 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg artificial (dose: 4.2 mg DON/kg, o., for
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., 7 days), conc. range: ȣ1,300 ng/g* **
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.67–0.86 ng/g*, (mean value), country: Germany413, *in
Ø conc.: 0.765 ng/g*, country: USA425, small intestine, **4 h after final
*after 4 h DON-administration (also at other hour
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, conc.: »20 ng/g after 24 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. HT-2 Toxin
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
3.63–6.24 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 4.935 ng/g* **, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
country: USA425, *in ileum contents, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
**after 4 h T-2 toxin (labeled and
280 Pig

unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. conc.: nd, country: Germany365,

range: 1.50–7.20 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: *control
4.35 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
intestine, **after 4 h females pigs, wt.: »70 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred contamination: artificial (dose: 0.09 mg
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, natural OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg and evening half of OTA-ration, o., for
T-2 toxin (labeled and 28 days; for detailed information please
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. see the article), conc.: 15.68 ng/g*
range: 1.32–8.91 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: (mean value), country: Germany365,
5.115 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large *after 28 days
intestine contents, **after 4 h incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
Deepoxy HT-2 Toxin artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg days; for detailed information please see
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., the article), conc.: 4.37 ng/g* (mean
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.17 ng/g* **, country: value), country: Germany365, *after 28
USA425, *in large intestine, **after 4 h days
incidence: 12, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, females pigs, wt.: »70 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.09 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., crystalline OTA/kg diet/day, in the
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.31 ng/g* **, country: morning total OTA-ration, o., for 28
USA425, *in large intestine contents, days; for detailed information please
**after 4 h see the article), conc.: 5.21 ng/g* (mean
value), country: Germany365, *after 28
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
days
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 Toxin
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 3.56– Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
13.99 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 8.775 ng/g* **, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
country: USA425, *in large intestine, T-2 toxin (labeled and
**after 4 h unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred range: 0.42–5.82 ng/g* **, Ø conc.:
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, 3.12 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg intestine, **after 4 h
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
i.vs., once), conc. range: 7.02–13.49 ng/g* **, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Ø conc.: 10.255 ng/g* **, country: USA425, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
*in large intestine contents, **after 4 h T-2 toxin (labeled and
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
Ochratoxin A range: 48–142 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 95 ng/g*
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and ** ***, country: USA425, *in large
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, intestine, **after 4 h, ***total metabolites
contamination: no OTA (for detailed incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
information please see the article), Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Pig 281

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 Triol

T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
0.31–9.87 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 5.09 ng/g* **, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
country: USA425, *in large intestine T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
contents, **after 4 h wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred 0.33–1.38 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 0.855 ng/g*
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, **, country: USA425, *in large intestine,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg **after 4 h
T-2 toxin (labeled and incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
range: 68–181 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
124.5 ng/g* ** ***, country: USA425, *in T-2 toxin (labeled and
large intestine contents, **after 4 h, unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
***total metabolites range: 0.55–2.17 ng/g* **, Ø conc.:
1.36 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
intestine contents, **after 4 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Deepoxy T-2 Triol
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
T-2 toxin (labeled and Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
range: 1.45–3.65 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
2.55 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large i.vs., once), conc.: nd* **, country: USA425,
intestine, **after 4 h *in large intestine, **after 4 h
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.: i.vs., once), conc.: 0.76 ng/g* **, country:
4.71 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large USA425, *in large intestine contents,
intestine contents, **after 4 h **after 4 h
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol Pig jejunum may contain the
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred following mycotoxins and/or their
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, metabolites:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and HT-2 Toxin
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
range: 1.02–3.06 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
2.04 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
intestine, **after 4 h T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female i.vs., once), conc. range: 3.54–3.58 ng/g*, Ø
crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, conc.: 3.56 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after
wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial 4h
(dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
range: 1.10–2.60 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
1.85 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in large T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
intestine contents, **after 4 h i.vs., once), conc. range: 4.22–4.25 ng/g* **,
282 Pig

Ø conc.: 4.235 ng/g* **, country: USA425, i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.04–1.32 ng/g*,
*in jejunum contents, **after 4 h Ø conc.: 1.18 ng/g*, country: USA425,
*after 4 h
Deepoxy HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 149–180 ng/g*,
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.40 ng/g*, country:
Ø conc.: 164.5 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
USA425, *after 4 h
*after 4 h, **total metabolites
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
T-2 toxin (labeled and
wt., i.vs., once), conc.: nd* **, country:
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
USA425, *in jejunum contents, **after 4 h
range: 1.17–1.40 ng/g* **, Ø conc.:
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin 1.285 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred jejunum contents, **after 4 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
i.vs., once), conc. range: 7.36–7.38 ng/g*, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Ø conc.: 7.37 ng/g*, country: USA425, i.vs., once), conc. range: 303–316 ng/g* **,
*after 4 h Ø conc.: 309.5 ng/g* ** ***, country:
USA425, *in jejunum contents, **after 4 h,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
***total metabolites
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
i.vs., once), conc. range: 12.23–15.85 ng/g* Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
**, Ø conc.: 14.04 ng/g* **, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
USA425, *in jejunum contents, **after 4 h T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
T-2 Toxin i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.99–1.71 ng/g*,
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: female swines Ø conc.: 1.35 ng/g*, country: USA425,
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, *after 4 h
contamination: no T-2 toxin (for detailed incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
information please see the article), conc.: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
nr, country: USA403, *control contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 1/?, sa. const.: female swines of T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.64–2.42 ng/g*
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.4 mg **, Ø conc.: 1.53 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
T-2 toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc.: 374 ppb* *in jejunum contents, **after 4 h
**, country: USA403, *in jejunum contents,
T-2 Tetraol
**after »19.5 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 2.67–3.78 ng/g*,
Pig 283

Ø conc.: 3.225 ng/g*, country: USA425, incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
*after 4 h Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg vs., once), conc.: 0.44 ng/g* **, country:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., USA425, *in jejunum contents, **after 4 h
i.vs., once), conc. range: 3.37–7.52 ng/g*
**, Ø conc.: 5.445 ng/g* **, country: Pig kidney may contain the following
USA425, *in jejunum contents, **after 4 h mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:

Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol Aflatoxicol

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: castrated male
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (acute study,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.70–1.82 ng/g*, range: £4.47 ng/g*, country: USA362, *in
Ø conc.: 1.76 ng/g*, country: USA425, pig that died after 22 h (2 other pigs
*after 4 h sacrificed 24 and 72 h after treatment
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred showed lower mycotoxin values)
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: castrated male
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
3.40–4.57 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 3.985 ng/g* (dose: 41 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks
**, country: USA425, *in jejunum contents, (control); for detailed information please
**after 4 h see the article), conc.: nd**, country:
USA60, *control, **sacrificed on
T-2 Triol
withdrawal day 0 (animals sacrificed later
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
showed no AFB1 contamination)
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.36–0.39 ng/g*,
(dose: 341 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks; for
Ø conc.: 0.375 ng/g*, country: USA425,
detailed information please see the article),
*after 4 h
conc.: nd*, country: USA60, *sacrificed on
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
withdrawal day 0 (animals sacrificed later
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
showed no AFB1 contamination)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.40–0.54 ng/g*
age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
**, Ø conc.: 0.47 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
(dose: 866 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks;
*in jejunum contents, **after 4 h
for detailed information please see the
Deepoxy T-2 Triol article), conc.: nd*, country: USA60,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred *sacrificed on withdrawal day 0
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, (animals sacrificed later showed no AFB1
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination)
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
i.vs., once), conc.: nd*, country: USA425, Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
*after 4 h age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
284 Pig

(dose: 1,253 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for incidence: 11/18*, sa. const.: male and
3 weeks; for detailed information please female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
see the article), conc. range: 0.10–0.22 ng/g »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.16 ng/g tissue*, 90 kg, contamination: artificial
country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal (dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall
day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed no 500 ppb AFs), o., for 135** or 159***
AFB1 contamination) days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: tr***–50**
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
ppb, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
of some of these pigs were rejected at
piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination:
meat inspection, after 135** or 159***
artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
days
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: 2.4 ppb* incidence: 3/4*, sa. const.: male and
**, country: Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
**after 24 h contamination: no AFB1, conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female <0.12 mg/kg, country: USA136, *control
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and
piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc.
please see the article), conc.: 1.3 ppb* **, range: 0.10–0.37 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
country: Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., 0.23 mg/kg*, country: USA136, *after
**after 48 h 4 weeks
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult swines, feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.08– contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AFs), o., daily AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
for 33 days; for detailed information 0.23–1.50 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.70 mg/kg*,
please see the article), conc. range: 0.08– country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
2.47 ppb*, Ø conc.: 1.28 ppb*, country: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
France88, *after 33 days feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at 0.63–10.0 mg/kg, Ø conc.: 4.44 mg/kg,
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
USA101, *control 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
incidence: 11/16*, sa. const.: male and conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb (dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/
AFs), o., for 150** or 186*** days; for kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg
detailed information please see the AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
article), conc. range: tr**–10*** ppb, 0.05–0.75 mg/kg*, country: USA138, *after
country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of some »22 days (thereof 21 days of
of these pigs were rejected at meat AF-administration)
inspection, after 150** or 186*** days
Pig 285

incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
feeder pigs, contamination: chronic study, separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
no AFs (for detailed information please and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182, intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19* or 26**
*control days; for detailed information please see
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed the article), conc. range:
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial 0.26*–0.244** mg/kg, country: France314,
(chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural AFs/g final wt. of the animals 97* and 105** kg
diet, for 10 weeks; for detailed incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
information please see the article), conc.: growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
0.20 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks natural AFs addition (treatment 3:
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0%
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake
(chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed
AFs/g diet, for 10 weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.: 0.73 mg/kg*, country: France314, *final wt.
0.25 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean of the animal 104 kg
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg,
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, contamination: artificial (acute study,
no AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b.w., o., once), conc.
*control range: £23.6 ng/g*, country: USA362, *in
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed pig that died after 22 h (2 other pigs
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial sacrificed 24 and 72 h after treatment
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs showed lower mycotoxin values)
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 2/5, sa. const.: market-weight
once), conc. range: £3.80 ng/g** (wet pigs, wt.: »92 kg, contamination: artificial
matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall (subacute study, dose: »15 mg AFB1 as well
information please see the article, **12 h as AFB2, AFG1 + AFG2 (all natural)/kg b.
post-dosage (also measured wt., o., for 14 days; for detailed
24, 48 and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: information please see the article), conc.
nd after 72 h) range: 0.13–0.6 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.365 ng/g*,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White country: USA362, *after 14 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
information please see the article), conc.: AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
nd, country: France314, *control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White 0.027 ng/g** (mean value), country:
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: USA597, *control, **after 35 days
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1) AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
for 26 days; for detailed information information please see the article), conc.:
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: 0.681 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg *after 35 days
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Large White incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: contamination: artificial (dose:
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + 0.5% HSCAS, o.,
286 Pig

for 35 days; for detailed information 90 kg, contamination: artificial

please see the article), conc.: 0.410 ng/g* (dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall
(mean value), country: USA597, 300 ppb AFs), o., for 164** or 180*** days;
*after 35 days for detailed information please see the
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature article), conc. range: tr**–10*** ppb,
pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of some
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed of these pigs were rejected at meat
information please see the article), conc.: inspection, after 164** or 180*** days
nd, country: USA597, *control incidence: 7/17*, sa. const.: male and
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for 90 kg, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the (dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall
article), conc.: 0.410 ng/g* (mean value), 500 ppb AFs), o., for 141** or 216*** days;
country: USA597, *after 15 days for detailed information please see the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature article), conc. range: tr***–10 ppb**,
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of some
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., of these pigs were rejected at meat
for 15 days; for detailed information please inspection, after 141** or 216*** days
see the article), conc.: 0.250 ng/g* (mean incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
value), country: USA597, *after 15 days (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
followed by 2 weeks control diet; for (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
detailed information please see the 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after (dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg
29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and AFB2/kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and
AFB2-administration) 285 mg AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc.
range: tr–0.55 mg/kg*, country: USA138,
Aflatoxin B2 *after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult swines, AF-administration)
contamination: artificial
(dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed
AFs), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed feeder pigs, contamination: chronic study,
information please see the article), conc. no AFs (for detailed information please
range: tr–1.01 ppb*, country: France88, see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182,
*after 33 days *control
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: (chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at AFs/g diet, for 10 weeks; for detailed
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 information please see the article), conc.:
(for detailed information please see the 0.02 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
USA101, *control incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
incidence: 6/16*, sa. const.: male and feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: (chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at AFs/g diet, for 10 weeks; for detailed
Pig 287

information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
0.05 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed
nd, country: USA597, *control
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, no
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial (acute
information please see the article), conc.:
study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs
0.138 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o.,
*after 35 days
once, conc. range: £1.52 ng/g** (wet matter
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
basis), country: USA182, *for overall
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
information please see the article, **24 h
AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for
post-dosage (also measured 12, 48 and 72 h
35 days; for detailed information please
post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd after 72 h)
see the article), conc.: 0.002 ng/g* (mean
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White value), country: USA597, *after 35 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
information please see the article), conc.: AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
nd, country: France314, *control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White nd, country: USA597, *control
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: miniature pigs, contamination: artificial
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1) 15 days; for detailed information please
for 26 days; for detailed information see the article), conc.: 0.080 ng/g*
please see the article), conc.: nd*, (mean value), country: USA597,
country: France314, *final wt. of the *after 15 days
animal 109 kg incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White pigs, contamination: artificial
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: (0.5%), o., for 15 days; for detailed
natural AFs addition (treatment 2: information please see the article), conc.:
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40% 0.050 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily *after 15 days
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
detailed information please see the pigs, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: 0.109 mg/kg*, country: (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg 15 days followed by 2 weeks control diet;
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White for detailed information please see the
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: AFB2-administration)
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0%
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake Aflatoxin B2a
of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
information please see the article), conc.: (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
1.60 mg/kg*, country: France314, *final wt. 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
of the animal 104 kg conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
288 Pig

incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/ (dose: 341 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks;
kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg for detailed information please see the
AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: article), conc. range: 0.18–0.34 ng/g
appreciable amounts*, country: USA138, tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.26 ng/g tissue*,
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal
AF-administration) day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed no
AFM1-contamination)
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study,
pigs, age: 3–4 weeks, contamination:
no AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182,
artificial (dose: 866 ng AFB1/g diet, o.,
*control
for 3 weeks; for detailed information
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed
please see the article), conc. range:
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
0.67–1.02 ng/g tissue*, Ø conc.:
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs
0.845 ng/g tissue*, country: USA60,
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o.,
*sacrificed on withdrawal day 0
once, conc. range: £0.60 ng/g**
(animals sacrificed later showed lower
(wet matter basis), country: USA182, *for
or no residue values)
overall information please see the article,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
**12 h post-dosage (also measured
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
24, 48 and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.:
age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
nd after 24, 48 and 72 h (several animals))
(dose: 1,253 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks;
Aflatoxin G2 for detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed article), conc. range: 0.093–1.30 ng/g
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, no tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.604 ng/g tissue*,
AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, *control country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial lower or no residue values)
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
once, conc. range: £0.07 ng/g** (wet contamination: artificial (dose:
matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AFs), o.,
information please see the article, **12 h daily for 33 days; for detailed information
post-dosage (also measured please see the article), conc. range: 2.03–
24, 48 and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: 10.00 ppb*, Ø conc.: 6.02 ppb*, country:
nd after 24, 48 and 72 h (several animals)) France88, *after 33 days

Aflatoxin M1 incidence: 3/4*, sa. const.: male and

incidence: 1/2*, sa. const.: castrated male female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs, contamination: no AFB1, conc.:
age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial <0.07 mg/kg, country: USA136, *control
(dose: 41 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
(control); for detailed information please feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
see the article), conc.: tr**, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
USA60, *control, **sacrificed on AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
withdrawal day 0 (animals sacrificed later 0.09–0.23 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.18 mg/kg*,
showed no AFM1-contamination) country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
Pig 289

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg (acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o.,
0.29–1.29 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.75 mg/kg*, once, conc. range: £4.10 ng/g** (wet matter
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks basis), country: USA182, *for overall
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female information please see the article, **24 h
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, post-dosage (also measured 12, 48 and 72 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd after 72 h)
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: castrated male
0.18–0.68 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.38 mg/kg*,
pigs of mixed breed, weight: 9–11 kg,
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
contamination: artificial (acute study,
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, range: £11.2 ng/g*, country: USA362, *in
wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, pig that died after 22 h (2 other pigs
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control sacrificed 24 and 72 h after treatment
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred showed lower mycotoxin values)
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: market-weight
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial pigs, weight: »92 kg, contamination:
(dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/ artificial (subacute study, dose: »15 mg
kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFB1 as well as AFB2, AFG1 + AFG2
AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: (all natural)/kg b. wt., o., for 14 days; for
probably tr*, country: USA138, detailed information please see the
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of article), conc. range: 1.10–2.63 ng/g*,
AF-administration) Ø conc.: 1.46 ng/g*, country: USA362,
*after 14 days
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed
feeder pigs, contamination: chronic study, incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred
no AFs (for detailed information please pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182, AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
*control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed 0.166 ng/g** (mean value), country:
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial USA597, *control, **after 35 days
(chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
AFs/g diet, for 10 weeks; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
information please see the article), conc.: AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
0.61 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean information please see the article), conc.:
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks 3.132 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed *after 35 days
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
(chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
AFs/g diet, for 10 weeks; for detailed AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for
information please see the article), conc.: 35 days; for detailed information please
0.91 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean see the article), conc.: 0.804 ng/g*
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks (mean value), country: USA597, *after
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed 35 days
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
no AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
*control AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
290 Pig

information please see the article), conc.: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb
0.030 ng/g** (mean value), country: AFs), o., for 135** or 186*** days; for
USA597, *control, **after 15 days detailed information please see the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature article), conc. range: tr***–3** ppb,
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of some
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for of these pigs were rejected at meat
detailed information please see the inspection, after 135** or 186*** days
article), conc.: 5.980 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
country: USA597, *after 15 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.:
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o.,
nd, country: France314, *control
for 15 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
see the article), conc.: 1.690 ng/g*
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
(mean value), country: USA597,
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
*after 15 days
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
pigs, contamination: artificial
for 26 days; for detailed information
(dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
15 days followed by 2 weeks control diet;
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
for detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
article), conc.: 0.050 ng/g* (mean value),
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
country: USA597, *after 29 days (thereof
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
15 days of AFB1- and AFB2-
natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
administration)
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
Aflatoxin M and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: detailed information please see the
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at article), conc.: 1.32 mg/kg*, country:
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
USA101, *control 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
natural AFs addition (treatment 3:
incidence: 2/16*, sa. const.: male and
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0%
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb
2.50 mg/kg*, country: France314, *final wt.
AFs), o., for 120** or 164*** days; for
of the animal 104 kg
detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: tr***–3** ppb,
country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of some Citrinin
of these pigs were rejected at meat incidence: 13/13*, sa. const.: castrated
inspection, after 120** or 164*** days pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: no OTA
incidence: 4/17*, sa. const.: male and and/or CIT (for detailed information
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: please see the article), conc.: nd?, country:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at Denmark/USA330, *control
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Pig 291

incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs, artificial (dose: 2.8 ppm DON (analyzed
wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for
1,400 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, o., for detailed information please see the
6 weeks; for detailed information please article), conc.: 23 ppb* (mean value),
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: country: USA64, *after 3 weeks
Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks post-treatment
incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows
pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
(dose: 650 mg crystalline CIT/kg feed, o.,
no DON (for detailed information please
for 6 weeks; for detailed information
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
please see the article), conc.: pr*, country:
Canada406, *control
Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks
incidence: 50?/50, sa. const.: barrows
incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 6.0 mg natural DON/kg
(dose: 1,400 mg crystalline OTA + 650 mg
dry weight, o., for 3 weeks; for detailed
crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks;
information please see the article), conc.
for detailed information please see the
range: £52.5 ng/g*, country: Canada406,
article), conc.: pr*, country: Denmark/
*after 3 weeks
USA330, *after 6 weeks
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows
incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
no DON (for detailed information please
(dose: 1,400 mg natural OTA + 650 mg
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
natural CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks; for
Canada406, *control
detailed information please see the
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: barrows
article), conc.: pr*, country: Denmark/
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
USA330, *after 6 weeks
artificial (dose: 6.0 mg crystalline
DON/kg dry weight, o., for 4 weeks; for
Deoxynivalenol
detailed information please see the
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: barrows and
article), conc. range: £15.7 ng/g*, country:
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: no
Canada406, *after 4 weeks
DON (for detailed information please see
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA64,
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
*control
no DON (for detailed information please
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: barrows and
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination:
Canada406, *control
artificial (dose: 0.9 ppm DON (analyzed
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: barrows
value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 7.6 mg natural DON/kg
article), conc.: 19 ppb*, country: USA64,
dry weight, o., for 7 weeks; for detailed
*after 3 weeks post-treatment
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: barrows and
range: £6.5 ng/g*, country: Canada406,
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination:
*after 7 weeks
artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm DON (analyzed
value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
detailed information please see the Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
article), conc.: 19 ppb* (mean value), wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
country: USA64, *after 3 weeks conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
post-treatment incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: barrows and barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
292 Pig

DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range: incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Yorkshire
£1,985.3 ng/g* (mean value), country: barrows, age: 6–8 weeks, wt.: 9–13 kg,
Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
0.33, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
10.0 ng/g after 24 h) nr**, country: Canada108, *control
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Yorkshire
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large
barrows, age: 6–8 weeks, wt.: 9–13 kg,
White × German Landrace, db Classic
contamination: artificial (dose: 3.0 mg FB1
crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg,
(labeled)/kg feed, o., for 12 days and
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57
2.0 mg FB1 (labeled)/kg feed, o., for
or 1.23* mg DON/kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55
another 12 days; for detailed information
or 1.13 mg DON/kg pellets, o., for
please see the article), conc.: »65 ng/g
11 weeks; for detailed information please
tissue* ** (mean value), country:
see the article), conc. range: £19.3 ng/g*
Canada108, *after 24 days (also at other
** *** (mean value), country:
day intervals up to 33 days measured),
Germany483, **after 78/79 days (thereof
**FB1 and/or metabolites
11 weeks of DON-administration),
***values of the other DON-treatments incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs of
lower identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large nd, country: Germany/Hungary109, *control
White × German Landrace, db Classic
incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs
crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg,
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
or 1.23 mg DON/kg mash or 0.07, 0.55 or
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
1.13* mg DON/kg pellets*, o., for
information please see the article), conc.
11 weeks; for detailed information please
range: 82–4,760 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
see the article), conc. range: £2.4 ng/g* **
772.43 mg/kg*, country: Germany/
*** (mean value), country: Germany483,
Hungary109, *on 6th day of the experiment
**after 78/79 days (thereof 11 weeks of
DON-administration), ***values of the Fumonisin B2
other DON-treatments lower incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Fumonisin B1 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: see the article), conc.: nd, country:
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, Hungary/Germany87, *control
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned
see the article), conc.: nd, country: barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Hungary/Germany87, *control 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal,
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: o., for 22 days; for detailed information
12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, Hungary/Germany87, *after 22 days toxin
o., for 22 days; for detailed information feeding period
please see the article), conc. range: 22.4–
47.2 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 30.56 ng/g*, country: HT-2 Toxin
Hungary/Germany87, *after 22 days toxin incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
feeding period Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Pig 293

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
T-2 toxin (labeled and Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. »20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
range: 1.08–1.45 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
1.265 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h 1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
various intervals fed; for detailed
Deepoxy HT-2 toxin information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred 3.02 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Denmark/USA102, *15 days after
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg termination of OTA-exposure
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.08 ng/g*, country: Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
USA425, *after 4 h »20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
various intervalls fed; for detailed
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
0.54 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Denmark/USA102, *29 days after
i.vs., once), conc. range: 4.96–5.41 ng/g*,
termination of OTA-exposure
Ø conc.: 5.185 ng/g*, country: USA425,
*after 4 h incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: weaners (specific
pathogen free), wt.: 14–18 kg,
Ochratoxin A contamination: artificial (dose: ? mg
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: female pigs of OTA addition; for detailed information
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: please see the article), conc. range:
»20 kg, contamination: no OTA £61 mg/kg*, country: Denmark204,
(for detailed information please see the *calculated value based on the amount of
article), conc.: nd, country: OTA in blood after 24 h on toxin free diet
Denmark/USA102, *control
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilt,
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
various intervals fed; for detailed OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for
information please see the article), conc.: 8 days during early pregnancy), conc.
25.70 mg/kg* (mean value), country: range: 0.43–0.70 mg/g*, Ø conc.:
Denmark/USA102, *1 day after 0.565 mg/g*, country: UK266, *measured on
termination of OTA-exposure day 30 of pregnancy
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of incidence: 13/13*, sa. const.: castrated
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: no OTA
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: and/or CIT (for detailed information
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for Denmark/USA330, *control
various intervals fed; for detailed incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated
information please see the article), conc.: pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
7.66 mg/kg* (mean value), country: (dose: 1,400 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed,
Denmark/USA102, *8 days after o., for 6 weeks; for detailed information
termination of OTA-exposure please see the article), conc.: 17 mg/kg*
294 Pig

(mean value), country: Denmark/USA330, incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
*after 6 weeks females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated no OTA (for detailed information please
pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial see the article), conc.: nd, country:
(dose: 650 mg crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., Germany365, *control
for 6 weeks; for detailed information incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated diet/day, in the morning and evening half
pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
(dose: 1,400 mg crystalline OTA + 650 mg information please see the article), conc.:
crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks; 20.73 ng/g* (mean value), country:
for detailed information please see the Germany365, *after 28 days
article), conc.: 17 mg/kg* (mean value), incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
country: Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
incidence: 13?/13, sa. const.: castrated artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
(dose: 1,400 mg natural OTA + 650 mg evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days;
natural CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks; for for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc.: 8.69 ng/g* (mean value),
article), conc.: 67 mg/kg* (mean value), country: Germany365, *after 28 days
country: Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks, OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning total
contamination: artificial (dose: 18.6 mg OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period information please see the article), conc.:
of 6 weeks (treatment 1); for detailed 10.54 ng/g* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: Germany365, *after 28 days
16 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: pigs,
(pigs 8 weeks old) contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Danish information please see the article), conc.:
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks, <0.95 mg/kg (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 8.0 mg Germany366, *control
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
of 6 weeks (treatment 2); for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 22.11 mg
information please see the article), conc.: OTA (in total) fed for 90 days; for detailed
16 mg/kg* (mean value), country: information please see the article), conc.:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning 16.2 mg/kg (mean value), country:
(pigs 8 weeks old) Germany366, *after 90 days
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 88.44 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 19.7 mg OTA (in total) fed for 90 days; for detailed
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period information please see the article), conc.:
of 6 weeks (treatment 3); for detailed 43.6 mg/kg (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: Germany366, *after 90 days
23 mg/kg* (mean value), country: incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning contamination: no OTA and/or DON (for
(pigs 8 weeks old) detailed information please see the
Pig 295

article), conc. range: 0.16–0.35 ng/g, Ø article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
conc.: 0.255 ng/g, country: Germany378, USA/Sweden383, *control
*control incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: female pigs of
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm »20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
crystalline OTA + 1.0 ppm crystalline 1 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, o.,
DON, o., twice daily for 90 days; for for 3 months; for detailed information
detailed information please see the please see the article), conc.: »26.5 mg/kg*
article), conc. range: 3.35–8.25 ng/g*, (mean value), country: Denmark/USA/
Ø conc.: 6.05 ng/g*, country: Germany378, Sweden383, *after »3 months
*after 90 days
incidence: 9/9*, sa. const.: Deutsches
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs,
Landschwein, Deutsches
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische
crystalline OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days;
Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: no
for detailed information please see the
OTA, conc.: nd, country: Germany409,
article), conc. range: 3.80–4.58 ng/g*,
*control
Ø conc.: 4.09 ng/g*, country: Germany378,
incidence: 2/9, sa. const.: Deutsches
*after 90 days
Landschwein, Deutsches Edelschwein ×
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
Piétrain, Belgische Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
crystalline DON!, o., twice daily for
natural OTA/kg feed, o., daily for 28 days),
90 days; for detailed information please
conc. range: £4.0 mg/kg*, country:
see the article), conc. range:
Germany409, *after 28 days
0.42–0.81 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.61 ng/g*,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: Deutsches
country: Germany378, *after 90 days
Landschwein, Deutsches
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: pigs, Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische
contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: no
(for detailed information please see the OTA, conc.: nd, country: Germany409,
article), conc.: nr, country: Germany380, *control
*control incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Deutsches
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, Landschwein, Deutsches
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische
OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination:
90 days; for detailed information please artificial (dose: 0.58 mg natural OTA/kg
see the article), conc. range: £9.64 ng/g*, feed, o., daily for 28 days), conc. range:
country: Germany380, *after 91 days £3.6 mg/kg*, country: Germany409, *after
(thereof 90 days of OTA- and 28 days
ZEA-administration)
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs,
T-2 Toxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling
OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire
detailed information please see the
swines, wt.: 7.5 kg, contamination:
article), conc. range: £4.63 ng/g*, country:
artificial (dose: 0.1 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/
Germany380, *after 91 days (thereof
kg b. wt., intubated, once), conc.:
90 days of OTA-administration)
15.9 ppb* ** ***, country: USA318,
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female pigs of *calculated residue level, **T-2 toxin and/
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: or metabolites, ***after 18 h
»20 kg, contamination: no OTA (for incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling
detailed information please see the crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire
296 Pig

swine, wt.: 9.5 kg, contamination: artificial Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol

(dose: 0.4 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
intubated, once), conc.: 61.4 ppb* ** ***, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
country: USA318, *calculated residue level, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
**T-2 toxin and/or metabolites, ***after T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
18 h i.vs., once), conc. range: 4.03–4.30 ng/g*,
Ø conc.: 4.165 ng/g*, country: USA425,
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swines
*after 4 h
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
contamination: no T-2 toxin, conc.: nr, T-2 Triol
country: USA403, *control incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: female swines of Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.2 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
T-2 toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc. range: i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.14–0.16 ng/g*,
»£30 ppb*, country: USA403, *after »2.1 h Ø conc.: 0.15 ng/g*, country: USA425,
(also measured after »1 and 3 h, lowest *after 4 h
value conc.: under limit of reliable
quantitation after 3 h) Deepoxy T-2 Triol
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 0.06 ng/g*, country:
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: USA425, *after 4 h
0.05–0.08 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.065 ng/g*,
country: USA425, *after 4 h Zearalenone
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg nd, country: Hungary632, *control
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP pigs,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 68–74 ng/g* **, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Ø conc.: 71 ng/g* **, country: USA425, 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: 30 mg/
*after 4 h, **total metabolites kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14 days)
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred nd, country: Hungary632, *control
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.47–0.81 ng/g*, <10 mg/kg* **, country: Hungary632, *after
Ø conc.: 0.64 ng/g*, country: USA425, 14 days, **in fat around kidney)
*after 4 h
a-Zearalenol
T-2 Tetraol incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, (for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg article), conc.: nr, country: Germany380,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., *control
i.vs., once), conc. range: tr–0.26 ng/g*, incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
country: USA425, *after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
Pig 297

OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for contamination: artificial (acute study,
90 days; for detailed information please dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
see the article), conc. range: £4.30 ng/g*, range: £1.68 ng/g*, country: USA362, *in
country: Germany380, *after 91 days pig that died after 22 h (2 other pigs
(thereof 90 days of OTA- and sacrificed 24 and 72 h after treatment
ZEA-administration) showed lower mycotoxin values)
incidence: 4/5, sa. const.: market-weight
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
pigs, weight: »92 kg, contamination:
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
artificial (subacute study, dose: »15 mg
nd, country: Hungary632, *control
AFB1 as well as AFB2, AFG1 + AFG2
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
(all natural)/kg b. wt., o., for 14 days; for
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
article), conc. range: 0.01–0.02 ng/g*,
220 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632,
Ø conc.: 0.015 ng/g*, country: USA362,
*after 14 days)
*after 14 days
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: Aflatoxin B1
nd, country: Hungary632, *control incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: (dose: 41 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks
15 mg/kg* **, country: Hungary632, *after (control); for detailed information please
14 days, **in fat around kidney) see the article), conc.: nd**, country:
USA60, *control, **sacrificed on
b-Zearalenol withdrawal day 0 (animals sacrificed later
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP showed no AFB1-contamination)
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
nd, country: Hungaryy632, *control Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP pigs, age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: (dose: 341 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks;
15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: 85 mg/
for detailed information please see the
kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14 days)
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA60,
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP *sacrificed on withdrawal day 0 (animals
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: sacrificed later showed no
nd, country: Hungary632, *control AFB1-contamination)
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
<10 mg/kg* **, country: Hungary632, *after (dose: 866 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks;
14 days, **in fat around kidney) for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: 0.17–0.18 ng/g
Pig leaf fat see Pig fat
tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.175 ng/g tissue*,
country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal
Pig lean see Pig muscle
day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed no
Pig liver may contain the following AFB1-contamination)
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
Aflatoxicol age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: castrated male (dose: 1,253 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for
pigs of mixed breed, wt.t: 9–11 kg, 3 weeks; for detailed information please
298 Pig

see the article), conc. range: 0.36–0.43 ng/g country: Denmark/USA101, *included are
tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.395 ng/g tissue*, liver sa. rejected at meat inspection, after
country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal 141** or 150*** days
day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed no incidence: 14/18*, sa. const.: male and
AFB1-contamination) female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
90 kg, contamination: artificial
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall
piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination:
500 ppb AFs), o., for 157** or 231*** days;
artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
for detailed information please see the
b.w., o., once; for detailed information
article), conc. range: tr***–51 ppb**,
please see the article), conc.: 17.3 ppb* **
country: Denmark/USA101, *included are
***, country: Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq.,
liver sa. rejected at meat inspection, after
**total activity, ***after 24 h
157** or 231*** days
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein incidence: 2/4*, sa. const.: male and
piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 contamination: no AFB1, conc.:
(labeled)/kg b.w., o., once; for detailed <0.12 mg/kg, country: USA136, *control
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
17.3 ppb* ** ***, country: Switzerland66, feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
*AFB1 eq., **total activity, ***after 48 h contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: pig,
0.18–0.25 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.23 mg/kg*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1,200 ng
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
AFB1/g feed, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
0.27 ng/g*, country: USA75, *after 3 weeks?
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult swines, contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
contamination: artificial AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
(dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other 0.18–0.75 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.48 mg/kg*,
AFs), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
range: 0.08–2.50 ppb*, Ø conc.: 1.29 ppb*, feeder pigs, wt. 54.2–71.6 kg,
country: France88, *after 33 days contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and 0.70–2.66 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 1.51 mg/kg*,
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
(for detailed information please see the (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5–
article), conc.: nd, country: 26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, conc.: nd,
Denmark/USA101, *control country: USA138, *control
incidence: 14/18*, sa. const.: male and incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5–
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at 26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
90 kg, contamination: artificial 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet,
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg
300 ppb AFs), o., for 141** or 150*** days; diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: 0.05–
for detailed information please see the 0.10 mg/kg*, country: USA138, *after »22 days
article), conc. range: tr***–92** ppb, (thereof 21 days of AFs-administration)
Pig 299

incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
feeder pigs, contamination: chronic study, and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
no AFs (for detailed information please intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 26* or 19**
see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182, days; for detailed information please see
*control the article), conc. range: 0.45*–6.10** mg/
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed kg, country: France314, final wt. of the
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial animal 105* and 97** kg
(chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
AFs/g diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
information please see the article), conc.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
0.51 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean natural AFs addition (treatment 3:
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0%
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed
(chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural information please see the article), conc.:
AFs/g diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed 0.403 mg/kg*, country: France314, *final wt.
information please see the article), conc.: of the animal 104 kg
1.57 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: castrated male
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg,
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed contamination: artificial (acute study,
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, no dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, *control range: £36.5 ng/g*, country: USA362, *in
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed 1 pig that died after 22 h (2 other pigs
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial sacrificed 24 and 72 h after treatment
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs showed lower mycotoxin values)
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: market-weight
once, conc. range: £9.00 ng/g** (wet matter pigs, wt.: »92 kg, contamination: artificial
basis), country: USA182, *for overall (subacute study, dose: »15 mg AFB1 as well
information please see the article, **12 h as AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2
post-dosage (also measured 24, 48 and 72 h (all natural)/kg b. wt., o., for 14 days; for
post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd after 72 h) detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: 0.15–0.68 ng/g*,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
Ø conc.: 0.344 ng/g*, country: USA362,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed *after 14 days
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred
nd, country: France314, *control pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: information please see the article), conc.:
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.002 ng/g** (mean value), country:
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed USA597, *control, **after 35 days
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1) incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
for 26 days; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Large White 0.484 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: *after 35 days
20 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
(dose: natural AFs addition (treatment 2: contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
300 Pig

AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for 20 kg up to slaughter at 90 kg,

35 days; for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose:
see the article), conc.: 0.500 ng/g* (mean AFB1 + AFB2-addition (overall 300 ppb AFs),
value), country: USA597, *after 35 days o., for 141** or 150*** days; for detailed
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature information please see the article), conc.
pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g range: tr***–45** ppb, country: Denmark/
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed USA101, *included are liver sa. rejected at
information please see the article), conc.: meat inspection, after 141** or 150*** days
nd, country: USA597, *control incidence: 10/18*, sa. const.: male and
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: »8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for 90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
detailed information please see the AFB1 + AFB2-addition (overall 500 ppb
article), conc.: 0.310 ng/g* (mean value), AFs), o., for 141** or 231*** days; for
country: USA597, *after 15 days detailed information please see the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature article), conc. range: tr***–15** ppb,
pigs, contamination: artificial country: Denmark/USA101, *included are
(dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS liver sa. rejected at meat inspection, after
(0.5%), o., for 15 days; for detailed 141** or 231*** days
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
0.240 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597, (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, weight:
*after 15 days 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5–
followed by 2 weeks control diet; for 26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
detailed information please see the 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet,
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg
29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
AFB2-administration) tr–0.06 mg/kg*, country: USA138, *after »22
days (thereof 21 days of
Aflatoxin B2 AF-administration)
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.08– incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed
1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AFs), o., daily feeder pigs, contamination: no AFs,
for 33 days; for detailed information chronic study, (for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range: 0.05– please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
0.90 ppb*, Ø conc.: 0.48 ppb*, country: USA182, *control
France88, *after 33 days incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and (chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural AFs/g
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at information please see the article), conc.:
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 0.03 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean
(for detailed information please see the value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
USA101, *control feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
incidence: 7/18*, sa. const.: male and female (chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural AFs/g
Danish Landrace pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.: diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed
Pig 301

information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
0.17 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean 0.403 mg/kg*, country: France314, *final wt.
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks of the animal 104 kg
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2,
no AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, o., for 35 days; for detailed information
*control please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed USA597, *control
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial (acute incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
once, conc. range: £0.75 ng/g** (wet matter information please see the article), conc.:
basis), country: USA182, *for overall 0.053 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
information please see the article, **48 h *after 35 days
post-dosage (also measured 12, 24 and 72 h incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred
post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd after 72 h) pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White 524 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%),
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: o., for 35 days; for detailed information
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed please see the article), conc.: 0.015 ng/g*
information please see the article), conc.: (mean value), country: USA597, *after 35
nd, country: France314, *control days
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed information please see the article), conc.:
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1), nd, country: USA597, *control
for 26 days; for detailed information incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male
please see the article), conc.: nd*, miniature pigs, contamination: artificial
country: France314, *final wt. of the (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for
animal 109 kg 15 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: Large White see the article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g*
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: (mean value), country: USA597, *after
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 15 days
natural AFs addition (treatment 2: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40% pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%),
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1), for 26* or 19** o., for 15 days; for detailed information
days; for detailed information please see please see the article), conc.: 0.020 ng/g*
the article), conc. range: (mean value), country: USA597, *after 15
0.45*–1.05** mg/kg, country: France314, days
final wt. of the animal 105* and 97** kg incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: followed by 2 weeks control diet; for
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: detailed information please see the
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0% article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake 29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and
of 642 mg AFB1), for 26 days; for detailed AFB2-administration)
302 Pig

Aflatoxin B2a detailed information please see the

incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred article), conc.: 7.400 pmol/mg DNA* **
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: (mean value), country: USA597, *AFB N 7
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, formamido-pyrimidine DNA adducts,
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control **after 15 days
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5– miniature pigs, contamination: artificial
26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: (dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS
662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet, (0.5%), o., for 15 days; for detailed
300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg information please see the article),
diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: conc.: 4.670 pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean
appreciable amounts*, country: USA138, value), country: USA597, *AFB N7
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of formamido-pyrimidine DNA adducts,
AF-administration) **after 15 days
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature
Aflatoxin B
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days
pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
followed by 2 weeks control diet; for
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc.: 7.750 pmol/mg DNA* **
6.893 pmol/mg DNA** *** (mean value),
(mean value), country: USA597, *AFB N7
country: USA597, *control, **AFB N7
formamido-pyrimidine DNA adducts,
formamido-pyrimidine DNA adducts,
**after 29 days (thereof 15 days of
***after 35 days
AFB1- and AFB2-administration)
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed Aflatoxin G1
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: pig,
32.473 pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 1,200 ng
country: USA597, *after 35 days, AFB1/g feed, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
** AFB N 7 formamido-pyrimidine 0.1 ng/g*, country: USA75, *after 3 weeks?
DNA adducts incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred feeder pigs, contamination: no AFs,
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: chronic study, (for detailed information
524 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
o., for 35 days; for detailed information USA182, *control
please see the article), conc.: incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
10.197 pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean value), feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
country: USA597, *after 35 days, ** AFB (chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural AFs/g
N7 formamido-pyrimidine DNA diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed
adducts information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature 0.31 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean
pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
information please see the article), conc.: feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
nd, country: USA597, *control (chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural AFs/g
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article), conc.:
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for nd*, country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
Pig 303

incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
feeder pigs, contamination: no AFs, acute Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
study, conc.: nd, country: USA182, *control age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed (dose: 866 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks;
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial for detailed information please see the
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs article), conc. range: 0.28–0.30 ng/g
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.29 ng/g tissue*,
once, conc. range: £0.53 ng/g** (wet country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal
matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed
information please see the article, lower or no residue values)
**24 h post-dosage (also measured incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
12, 48 and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
nd after 72 h) age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1,253 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for
Aflatoxin G2 3 weeks; for detailed information please
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed see the article), conc. range: 0.59–0.77 ng/g
feeder pigs, contamination: no AFs, acute tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.68 ng/g tissue*,
study, conc.: nd, country: USA182, *control country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial lower or no residue values)
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pigs,
once, conc. range: £0.08 ng/g** (wet contamination: artificial (dose: 1,200 ng
matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall AFB1/g feed, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
information please see the article, 0.76 ng/g*, country: USA75, *after 3 weeks
**12 h post-dosage (also measured 24, 48 incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd contamination: artificial
after 48 and 72 h) (dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other
AFs), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed
Aflatoxin M1
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: castrated male
tr*, country: France88, *after 33 days
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs,
age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial incidence: 2/4*, sa. const.: male and
(dose: 41 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks; female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
for detailed information please see the contamination: no AFB1, conc.:
article), conc.: nd**, country: USA60, <0.03 mg/kg**, country: USA136, *control,
*control, **sacrificed on withdrawal day 0 **after 4 weeks
(animals sacrificed later showed no incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
AFM1-contamination) feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
Yorkshire-Hampshire-Duroc tricross pigs, AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
age: 3–4 weeks, contamination: artificial 0.05–0.23 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.14 mg/kg*,
(dose: 341 ng AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks; country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
for detailed information please see the incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
article), conc. range: 0.32–0.39 ng/g feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
tissue*, Ø conc.: 0.355 ng/g tissue*, contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
country: USA60, *sacrificed on withdrawal AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
day 0 (animals sacrificed later showed no 0.11–1.50 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.58 mg/kg*,
AFM1-contamination) country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
304 Pig

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o.,
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, once, conc. range: £16.80 ng/g** (wet
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: information please see the article,
1.02–2.00 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 1.43 mg/kg*, **24 h post-dosage (also measured 12, 48
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd
after 72 h)
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5– incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: castrated male
26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, conc.: nd, pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg,
country: USA138, *control contamination: artificial (acute study,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once),
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5– conc. range: £6.0 ng/g*, country:
26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: USA362, *in pig that died after 22 h (2
662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet, other pigs sacrificed 24 and 72 h after
300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg treatment showed lower mycotoxin
diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: values)
tr–0.20 mg/kg*, country: USA138, incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: market-weight
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of pigs, wt.: »92 kg, contamination: artificial
AF-administration) (subacute study, dose: »15 mg AFB1 as well
as AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed
(all natural)/kg b. wt., o., for 14 days; for
feeder pigs, contamination: no AFs,
detailed information please see the
chronic study (for detailed information
article), conc. range: 0.51–1.70 ng/g*,
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Ø conc.: 0.886 ng/g*, country: USA362,
USA182, *control
*after 14 days
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred
(chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural AFs/g pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
0.58 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean 0.071 ng/g** (mean value), country:
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks USA597, *control, **after 35 days
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
(chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
AFs/g diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), 1.479 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
conc.: 1.07 ng/g* (wet matter basis) *after 35 days
(mean value), country: USA182, *after incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
10 weeks contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for
feeder pigs, contamination: no AFs, acute 35 days; for detailed information please
study (for detailed information please see see the article), conc.: 0.547 ng/g*
the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182, (mean value), country: USA597,
*control *after 35 days
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
Pig 305

information please see the article), conc.: AFs), o., for 135** or 186*** days; for
nd, country: USA597, *control detailed information please see the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature article), conc. range: tr***–3** ppb,
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Denmark/USA101, *included are
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for liver sa. rejected at meat inspection, after
detailed information please see the 135** or 186*** days
article), conc.: 2.850 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
country: USA597, *after 15 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.:
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o.,
nd, country: France314, *control
for 15 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
see the article), conc.: 0.780 ng/g*
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
(mean value), country: USA597,
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
*after 15 days
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
for 26 days; for detailed information
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
followed by 2 weeks control diet; for
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
article), conc.: 0.050 ng/g* (mean value),
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
country: USA597, *after 29 days
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(thereof 15 days of AFB1- and
natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
AFB2-administration)
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
Aflatoxin M intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
incidence: 1/20*, sa. const.: male and detailed information please see the
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: article), conc.: 2.82 mg/kg*, country:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
(for detailed information please see the growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
article), conc.: pr**, country: Denmark/ 20 kg, contamination: artificial
USA101, *control, **estimated (dose: natural AFs addition
incidence: 3/18*, sa. const.: male and (treatment 3: separate feeding = peanut
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: oil meal 0% and corn gluten meal 0%,
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at avg. daily intake of 642 mg AFB1) for
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 26 days; for detailed information please
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb see the article), conc.: 0.250 mg/kg*,
AFs), o., for 120** or 141*** days; for country: France314, *final wt. of the
detailed information please see the animal 104 kg
article), conc. range: tr***–3** ppb*,
country: Denmark/USA101, *included are Deoxynivalenol
liver sa. rejected at meat inspection, after incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: barrows and
120** or 141*** days gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: no
incidence: 3/18*, sa. const.: male and DON (for detailed information please see
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: the article), conc.: nd, country: USA64,
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at *control
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination:
306 Pig

artificial (dose: 0.9 ppm DON (analyzed incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: barrows
value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for (Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination:
detailed information please see the artificial (dose: 7.6 mg natural DON/kg
article), conc.: 5 ppb*, country: USA64, dry weight, o., for 7 weeks (feeding
*after 3 weeks post-treatment trial 3); for detailed information please
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and gilts, see the article), conc. range: £7.8 ng/g*,
Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: artificial country: Canada406, *after 7 weeks
(dose: 2.0 ppm DON (analyzed value) in
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for detailed
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
information please see the article), conc.:
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
10 ppb* (mean value), country: USA64,
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
*after 3 weeks post-treatment
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
artificial (dose: 2.8 ppm DON (analyzed
DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for
£1,114.3 ng/g* (mean value), country:
detailed information please see the
Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured
article), conc.: 12 ppb* (mean value),
after 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.:
country: USA64, *after 3 weeks
8.2 ng/g after 24 h)
post-treatment
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows White × German Landrace, db Classic
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg,
no DON (for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57,
see the article), conc.: nd, country: or 1.23 mg DON/kg mash or 0.07, 0.55 or
Canada406, *control 1.13* mg DON/kg pellets*, o., for
incidence: 50?/50, sa. const.: barrows 11 weeks; for detailed information please
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: see the article), conc. range: £4.8 ng/g* **
artificial (dose: 6.0 mg natural DON/kg *** (mean value), country: Germany483,
dry weight, o., for 3 weeks (feeding **after 78/79 days (thereof 11 weeks of
trial 1); for detailed information please DON-administration), ***values of the
see the article), conc. range: £14.6 ng/g*, other DON-treatments were lower
country: Canada406, *after 3 weeks
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: 103 kg,
no DON (for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
see the article), conc.: nd, country: in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
Canada406, *control for detailed information please see the
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: barrows article), conc. range: £8.2 ng/g* **
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: (mean value), country: Germany537,
artificial (dose: 6.0 mg crystalline DON/kg *9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet
dry weight, o., for 4 weeks (feeding trial 2); fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after
for detailed information please see the 36 days (thereof 35 days of DON- and
article), conc. range: £8.7 ng/g*, country: ZEA-administration)
Canada406, *after 4 weeks Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: barrows incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: castrated Large
(Yorkshire), wt.: »25 kg, contamination: White × German Landrace, db Classic
no DON (for detailed information please crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg, contamination:
see the article), conc.: nd, country: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57, or 1.23 mg DON/
Canada406, *control kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55 or 1.13 mg DON/kg
Pig 307

pellets*, o., for 11 weeks; for detailed incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs
information please see the article), conc.: of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
nd*, country: Germany483, *after 78/79 days contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
(thereof 11 weeks of DON-administration) information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: Germany/Hungary109,
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
*control
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, weight:
incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs
»103 kg, contamination: artificial
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
(dose: DON/ZEA in wheat in different
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
conc., o., for 35 days; for detailed
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc.
range: £4.8 ng/g* ** (mean value),
range: 74–710 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 214.57 mg/
country: Germany537, *6.1 mg DON and
kg*, country: Germany/Hungary109, *on
0.235 mg ZEA/kg diet fed (both fed in
6th day of the experiment
second highest conc.), **after 36 days
(thereof 35 days of DON- and Fumonisin B2
ZEA-administration) incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Fumonisin B1 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: see the article), conc.: nd, country:
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, Hungary/Germany87, *control
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please incidence: 5/10, sa. const.: weaned
see the article), conc.: nd, country: barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Hungary/Germany87, *control 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal,
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: o., for 22 days; for detailed information
12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: please see the article), conc. range: 0.8–
50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, 7.2 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 2.88 ng/g*, country:
o., for 22 days; for detailed information Hungary/Germany87, *after
please see the article), conc. range: 22 days toxin feeding period
38.4–158.4 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 99.36 ng/g*,
country: Hungary/Germany87, *after HT-2 Toxin
22 days toxin feeding period incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: Yorkshire contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
barrows, age: 6–8 weeks, wt.: 9–13 kg, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.47–2.66 ng/g*,
information please see the article), conc.: Ø conc.: 2.065 ng/g*, country: USA425,
nr, country: Canada108, *control *after 4 h
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Yorkshire
Deepoxy HT-2 Toxin
barrows, age: 6–8 weeks, wt.: 9–13 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
contamination: artificial (dose: 3.0 mg FB1
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.t:
(labeled)/kg feed, o., for 12 days and
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
2.0 mg FB1 (labeled)/kg feed, o., for
0.15 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., i.vs., once),
another 12 days; for detailed information
conc. range: 0.14–0.26 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
please see the article), conc.: »160 ng/g
0.20 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
tissue* ** (mean value), country:
Canada108, *after 24 days (also at other 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
day intervals up to 33 days measured), incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
**FB1 and/or metabolites Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
308 Pig

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg value), country: Denmark/USA102, *29 days

T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. after termination of OTA-exposure
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: weaners (specific
2.42–4.63 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 3.525 ng/g*, pathogen free), wt.: 14–18 kg,
country: USA425, *after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: ? mg OTA
addition; for detailed information please
Ochratoxin A see the article), conc. range: £25 mg/kg*,
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: female pigs of country: Denmark204, *calculated value
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: based on the amount of OTA in blood
»20 kg, contamination: no OTA after 24 h on toxin free diet
(for detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
article), conc.: nd, country:
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
Denmark/USA102, *control
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
8 days during early pregnancy), conc.
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
range: 0.30–0.34 mg/g*, Ø conc.:
various intervals fed; for detailed
0.32 mg/g*, country: UK266, *measured on
information please see the article), conc.:
day 30 of pregnancy
17.80 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Denmark/USA102, *1 day after incidence: 13/13*, sa. const.: castrated
termination of OTA-exposure pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: no
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of OTA and/or CIT (for detailed information
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: Denmark/USA330, *control
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
various intervals fed; for detailed 1,400 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, o., for
information please see the article), conc.: 6 weeks; for detailed information please
5.14 mg/kg* (mean value), country: see the article), conc.: 6 mg/kg* (mean
Denmark/USA102, *8 days after value), country: Denmark/USA330, *after
termination of OTA-exposure 6 weeks
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 650 mg crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., for
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for 6 weeks; for detailed information please
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
various intervals fed; for detailed Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
0.58 mg/kg* (mean value), country: wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Denmark/USA102, *15 days after 1,400 mg crystalline OTA + 650 mg
termination of OTA-exposure crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks;
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of for detailed information please see the
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: »20 kg, article), conc.: 7 mg/kg* (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 ppm country: Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks
crystalline OTA, o., once daily for 1 month, incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
afterwards toxin-free diets for various wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
intervals fed; for detailed information 1,400 mg natural OTA + 650 mg natural
please see the article), conc.: nd* (mean CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks; for detailed
Pig 309

information please see the article), conc.: article), conc.: 2.21 ng/g* (mean value),
30 mg/kg* (mean value), country: country: Germany365, *after 28 days
Denmark/USA330, *after 6 weeks incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks,
OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning total
contamination: artificial (dose: 18.6 mg
OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period
information please see the article), conc.:
of 6 weeks (treatment 1); for detailed
3.19 ng/g* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.:
Germany365, *after 28 days
11 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning (pigs incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: pigs,
8 weeks old) contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Danish information please see the article), conc.:
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks, <0.66 mg/kg (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 8.0 mg Germany366, *control
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
of 6 weeks (treatment 2); for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 22.11 mg
information please see the article), conc.: OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed
5 mg/kg* (mean value), country: information please see the article), conc.:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning 7.9 mg/kg (mean value), country:
(pigs 8 weeks old) Germany366, *after 90 days
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 88.44 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 19.7 mg OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period information please see the article), conc.:
of 6 weeks (treatment 3); for detailed 36.7 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: Germany366, *after 90 days
9 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning
(pigs 8 weeks old) contamination: no OTA and/or DON
(for detailed information please see the
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and article), conc.: nd, country: Germany378,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: *control
no OTA (for detailed information please incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
see the article), conc.: nd, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
Germany365, *control crystalline OTA + 1.0 ppm crystalline
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and DON, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg article), conc. range: 0.98–1.74 ng/g*,
diet/day, in the morning and evening half Ø conc.: 1.33 ng/g*, country: Germany378,
of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed *after 90 days
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs,
12.35 ng/g* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
Germany365, *after 28 days crystalline OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days;
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and for detailed information please see the
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: article), conc. range: 0.88–1.67 ng/g*,
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline Ø conc.: 1.26 ng/g*, country: Germany378,
OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and *after 90 days
evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs,
for detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm
310 Pig

crystalline DON, o., twice daily for Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination:
90 days; for detailed information please artificial (dose: 0.15 mg natural
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: OTA/kg feed, o., daily for 28 days),
Germany378, *after 90 days conc.: nd*, country: Germany409, *after
28 days
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: Deutsches
(for detailed information please see the Landschwein, Deutsches
article), conc.: nr, country: Germany380, Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische
*control Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: no
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, OTA, conc.: nd, country: Germany409,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm *control
OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: Deutsches
90 days; for detailed information please Landschwein, Deutsches Edelschwein ×
see the article), conc. range: £4.18 ng/g*, Piétrain, Belgische Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg,
country: Germany380, *after 91 days contamination: artificial (dose: 0.58 mg
(thereof 90 days of OTA- and natural OTA/kg feed, o., daily for 28 days),
ZEA-administration) conc. range: £6.4 mg/kg*, country:
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs, Germany409, *after 28 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days; for T-2 Toxin
detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling
article), conc. range: £4.21 ng/g*, country: crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc ×
Germany380, *after 91 days (thereof Hampshire swine, wt.: 7.5 kg,
90 days of OTA-administration) contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt., intubated,
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female pigs of once), conc.: 13.8 ppb* ** ***, country:
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: USA318, *calculated residue level,
»20 kg, contamination: no OTA (for **T-2 toxin and/or metabolites,
detailed information please see the ***after 18 h
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling
USA/Sweden383, *control crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: female pigs of swine, wt.: 9.5 kg, contamination: artificial
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: (dose: 0.4 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: intubated, once), conc.: 37.7 ppb* ** ***,
1 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, o., for country: USA318, *calculated residue level,
3 months; for detailed information please **T-2 toxin and/or metabolites, ***after
see the article), conc.: »11.5 mg/kg 18 h
(mean value), country: Denmark/USA/
Sweden383, *after »3 months incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 9/9*, sa. const.: Deutsches contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Landschwein, Deutsches T-2 toxin (labeled and
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
Landrasse, wt.: 25 kg, contamination: no range: 0.27–0.71 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.49 ng/g*,
OTA, conc.: nd, country: Germany409, country: USA425, *after 4 h
*control incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 9/9, sa. const.: Deutsches Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Landschwein, Deutsches contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Edelschwein × Piétrain, Belgische T-2 toxin (labeled and
Pig 311

unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. Zearalenone

range: 39–107 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 73 ng/g* incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Yorkshire gilts,
**, country: USA425, *after 4 h, **total wt.: 8–11 kg, contamination: artificial
metabolites (dose: 40 mg ZEA/g feed additionally to
0% alfalfa in the diet, for 4 weeks; for
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin detailed information please see the
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred article), conc.: 0.64 mg/5 g liver*
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, (mean value), country: Canada84,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg *after 28 days
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Yorkshire gilts,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.67–0.78 ng/g*, wt.: 8–11 kg, contamination: artificial
Ø conc.: 0.725 ng/g*, country: USA425, (dose: 40 mg ZEA/g feed additionally to
*after 4 h 15% alfalfa in the diet, for 4 weeks; for
T-2 Tetraol detailed information please see the
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female article), conc.: 0.39 mg/5 g liver*
crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire (mean value), country: Canada84,
swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: *after 28 days
artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Yorkshire gilts,
(labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., wt.: 8–11 kg, contamination: artificial
once), conc. range: 0.71–1.73 ng/g*, (dose: 40 mg ZEA/g feed additionally to
Ø conc.: 1.22 ng/g*, country: USA425, 25% alfalfa in the diet, for 4 weeks; for
*after 4 h detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 0.39 mg/5 g liver* (mean
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol value), country: Canada84, *after 28 days
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female
incidence: 7/7*, sa. const.: hybrids of
crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire
Deutsches Edelschwein and Pietrain
swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination:
(female pigs), age: 3 months, Ø wt.:
artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 toxin
58.6 kg, contamination: (dose: 60 mg ZEA/
(labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
animal besides other Fusarium
once), conc. range: 1.66–1.72 ng/g*,
mycotoxins, o., daily for 18 days; for
Ø conc.: 1.69 ng/g*, country: USA425,
detailed information please see the
*after 4 h
article), conc.: nr, country: Austria600,
T-2 Triol *control
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 7/7, sa. const.: hybrids of
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Deutsches Edelschwein and Pietrain
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg (female pigs), age: 3 months, Ø wt.:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. 58.6 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.1 mg ZEA/animal besides other
0.16–0.35 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.255 ng/g*, Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
country: USA425, *after 4 h 18 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: tr–3.1 mg/kg*,
Deepoxy T-2 Triol
country: Austria600, *after 18 days
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. nd, country: Hungary632, *control
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
0.07–0.23 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.15 ng/g*, pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
country: USA425, *after 4 h (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
312 Pig

70 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, incidence: 7/7, sa. const.: hybrids of

*after 14 days) Deutsches Edelschwein and Pietrain
(female pigs), age: 3 months, Ø wt.:
a-Zearalenol 58.6 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Yorkshire gilts, (dose: 1.1 mg ZEA/animal besides other
wt.: 8–11 kg, contamination: artificial Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
(dose: 40 mg ZEA/g feed additionally to 18 days; for detailed information please
0% of alfalfa in the diet, for 4 weeks; for see the article), conc. range: 3.6–
detailed information please see the 12.0 mg/kg*, country: Austria600, *after
article), conc.: 0.47 mg/5 g liver* (mean 18 days
value), country: Canada84, *after 28 days
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Yorkshire gilts,
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
wt.: 8–11 kg, contamination: artificial
nd, country: Hungary632, *control
(dose: 40 mg ZEA/g feed additionally to
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
15% of alfalfa in the diet, for 4 weeks; for
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
article), conc.: 0.72 mg/5 g liver*
160 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after
(mean value), country: Canada84,
14 days)
*after 28 days
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Yorkshire gilts,
b-Zearalenol
wt.: 8–11 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 7?/7*, sa. const.: hybrids of
(dose: 40 mg ZEA/g feed additionally to
Deutsches Edelschwein and Pietrain
25% of alfalfa in the diet, for 4 weeks; for
(female pigs), age: 3 months, Ø wt.: 58.6 kg,
detailed information please see the
contamination: (dose: 60 mg ZEA/animal
article), conc.: 1.55 mg/5 g liver* (mean
besides other Fusarium mycotoxins, o.,
value), country: Canada84, *after 28 days
daily for 18 days; for detailed information
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs, please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA Austria600, *control
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 7/7, sa. const.: hybrids of
article), conc.: nr, country: Germany380, Deutsches Edelschwein and Pietrain
*control (female pigs), age: 3 months, Ø wt.:
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, 58.6 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm (dose: 1.1 mg ZEA/animal besides other
OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for Fusarium mycotoxins, o., daily for
90 days; for detailed information please 18 days; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: £4.91 ng/g*, see the article), conc. range: 1.9–4.8 mg/
country: Germany380, *after 91 days kg*, country: Austria600, *after 18 days
(thereof 90 days of OTA- and ZEA-
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
administration)
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
incidence: 7?/7*, sa. const.: hybrids of nd, country: Hungary632, *control
Deutsches Edelschwein and Pietrain incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
(female pigs), age: 3 months, Ø wt.: pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
58.6 kg, contamination: (dose: 60 mg ZEA/ (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
animal besides other Fusarium 28 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after
mycotoxins, o., daily for 18 days; for 14 days)
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nr, country: Austria600, Pig lung may contain the following
*control mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Pig 313

Aflatoxin B1 information please see the article), conc.:

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female nd, country: Germany/Hungary109,
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein *control
piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs
(dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
once; for detailed information please see contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
the article), conc.: 1 ppb* **, country: FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female range: 6–1,150 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein 158.14 mg/kg*, country: Germany/
piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: Hungary109, *on 6th day of the
artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg experiment
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: 0.7 ppb* **, Fumonisin B2
country: Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
48 h barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
Deoxynivalenol
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, Hungary/Germany87, *control
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
incidence: 4/10, sa. const.: weaned
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg, (dose: 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
animal, o., for 22 days; for detailed
DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
information please see the article), conc.
£265.9 ng/g* (mean value), country:
range: 0.8–2.4 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 1.6 ng/g*,
Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured
country: Hungary/Germany87, *after
after 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: 22 days toxin feeding period
1.0 ng/g after 24 h)
Fumonisin B1 HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
barrows of the same genotype, wt.: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
see the article), conc.: nd, country: wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
Hungary/Germany87, *control 0.85–1.69 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 1.27 ng/g*,
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned country: USA425, *after 4 h
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
12–14 kg, contamination: artificial Deepoxy HT-2 Toxin
(dose: 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/ incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
animal, o., for 22 days; for detailed Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
information please see the article), conc. contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
range: 1.6–5.6 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 2.72 ng/g*, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
country: Hungary/Germany87, *after 22 wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 0.13 ng/g*, country:
days toxin feeding period USA425, *after 4 h

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin

of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
314 Pig

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg

T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.24–2.15 ng/g*, i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.11–0.17 ng/g*,
Ø conc.: 1.695 ng/g*, country: USA425, Ø conc.: 0.14 ng/g*, country: USA425,
*after 4 h *after 4 h

T-2 Toxin Pig lymphatic gland see Pig lymph

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Pig lymph may contain the following
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.13–0.85 ng/g*,
Ø conc.: 0.49 ng/g*, country: USA425, Deoxynivalenol
*after 4 h incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
crossbred Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
0.15 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
range: 21–24 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 22.5 ng/g* contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
**, country: USA425, *after 4 h, **total DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
£292.3 ng/g* (mean value), country:
metabolites
Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin 0.33, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: 0.8 ng/g
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred after 24 h)
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
HT-2 Toxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.27–0.87 ng/g*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Ø conc.: 0.57 ng/g*, country: USA425,
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
*after 4 h
i.vs., once), conc. range: 3.76–5.21 ng/g* **,
T-2 Tetraol Ø conc.: 4.485 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred *in mesenteric lymph nodes, **after 4 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.06 ng/*, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
USA425, *after 4 h
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol i.vs., once), conc. range: 3.03–4.02 ng/g* **,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Ø conc.: 3.525 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, *in mesenteric lymph nodes, **after 4 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 Toxin
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swines
i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.03–1.28 ng/g*,
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
Ø conc.: 1.155 ng/g*, country: USA425,
contamination: no T-2 toxin, conc.:
*after 4 h
nr, country: USA403, *control
T-2 Triol incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female swine of
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 1.2 mg
Pig 315

T-2 toxin, i.a., once), conc.: »116 ppb**, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
country: USA403, *after 3 h, **in wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
mesenteric lymph nodes 0.22–0.27 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 0.245 ng/g*
**, country: USA425, *in mesenteric lymph
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
nodes, **after 4 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg a-Zearalenol
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
1.37–1.81 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 1.59 ng/g* **, nd, country: Hungary632, *control
country: USA425, *in mesenteric lymph incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
nodes, **after 4 h pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.:
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, 10 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg 14 days
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 33–46 ng/g* Pig mesenteric lymph nodes see
** ***, Ø conc.: 39.5 ng/g* ** ***, country: Pig lymph
USA425, *in mesenteric lymph nodes,
**after 4 h, ***total metabolites
Pig muscle may contain the following
3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Aflatoxicol
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.63–1.69 ng/g* **, contamination: artificial (acute study,
Ø conc.: 1.16 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.
mesenteric lymph nodes, **after 4 h range: £0.06 ng/g*, country: USA362,
*sacrificed after 24 h (1 other pig
T-2 Tetraol sacrificed 72 h after treatment showed a
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred lower mycotoxin value)
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Aflatoxin B1
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.09 ng/g* **, country: Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
USA425, *in mesenteric lymph nodes, piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
**after 4 h (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
once; for detailed information please see
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol the article), conc.: <0.2 ppb* **, country:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., piglets, wt.: 15 kg, contamination:
i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.05–1.51 ng/g* **, artificial (dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
Ø conc.: 1.28 ng/g* **, country: USA425, *in b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
mesenteric lymph nodes, **after 4 h please see the article), conc.: <0.2 ppb* **,
country: Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq.,
T-2 Triol **after 48 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: artificial (dose:
316 Pig

1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AF), o., incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
daily for 33 days; for detailed information feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
please see the article), conc.: 0.85 ppb*, contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
country: France88, *after 33 days AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
0.36–2.22 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 1.04 mg/kg*,
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
(for detailed information please see the
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
USA101, *control incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
incidence: 2/17*, sa. const.: male and (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at (dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
AFs), o., for 120 or 180 days**; for tr–0.10 mg/kg*, country: USA138, *after »22
detailed information please see the days (thereof 21 days of
article), conc. range: tr**, country: AF-administration)
Denmark/USA101, *livers of some of these
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed
pigs were rejected at meat inspection,
feeder pigs, contamination: chronic study,
**after 120 or 180 days
no AFs (for detailed information please
incidence: 10/18*, sa. const.: male and
see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182,
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
*control
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb
(chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural AFs/g
AFs), o., for 135–231 days**; for detailed
diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc.:
range: tr**, country: Denmark/USA101,
nd*, country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
*livers of some of these pigs were rejected
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed
at meat inspection, **after 135–231 days
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and (chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural AFs/g
female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: na, information please see the article), conc.:
country: USA136, *control 0.19 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, no
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, *control
0.13–0.23 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.19 mg/kg*, incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks feeder pigs, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female (acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o.,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg once, conc. range: £1.57 ng/g** (wet
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall
0.19–0.69 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.46 mg/kg*, information please see the article, **48 h
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks post-dosage (also measured
Pig 317

12, 24 and 72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: detailed information please see the
nd after 12 and 72 h) article), conc. range: 0.04 ng/g* **,
Ø conc.: 0.04 ng/g* **, country: USA362,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
*in loin muscle, **after 14 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred
information please see the article), conc.: pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g
nd, country: France314, *control AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White information please see the article), conc.:
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: 0.010 ng/g** (mean value), country:
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: USA597, *control, **after 35 days
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1) contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
for 26 days; for detailed information AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: information please see the article), conc.:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg 0.210 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White *after 35 days
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
natural AFs addition (treatment 2: AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40% 35 days; for detailed information please
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily see the article), conc.: 0.008 ng/g* (mean
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for value), country: USA597, *after 35 days
detailed information please see the incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
article), conc.: 0.1 mg/kg*, country: pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White information please see the article), conc.:
growing female pig, age: 79 days, wt.: nd, country: USA597, *control
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0% 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake detailed information please see the
of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed article), conc.: 0.130 ng/g* (mean value),
information please see the article), conc.: country: USA597, *after 15 days
nd*, country: France314, *final wt. of the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
animal 104 kg
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o.,
pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg, for 15 days; for detailed information please
contamination: artificial (acute study, see the article), conc.: 0.070 ng/g* (mean
dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. value), country: USA597, *after 15 days
range: £2.9 ng/g*, country: USA362, incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
*sacrificed after 24 h (1 other pig pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
sacrificed 72 h after treatment showed a 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days
lower mycotoxin value) followed by 2 weeks control diet; for
incidence: 2/5, sa. const.: market-weight detailed information please see the
pigs, wt.: »92 kg, contamination: artificial article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g* (mean value),
(subacute study, dose: »15 mg AFB1 as country: USA597, *after 29 days (thereof
well as AFB2, AFG1 and AFG2 15 days of AFB1- and AFB2-
(all natural)/kg b. wt., o., for 14 days; for administration)
318 Pig

Aflatoxin B2 incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed

incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines, feeder pigs, contamination: acute study,
contamination: artificial (dose: no AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182,
1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AFs), o., *control
daily for 33 days; for detailed information incincidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed
please see the article), conc.: 0.46 ppb*, breed feeder pigs, contamination:
country: France88, *after 33 days artificial (acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total
AFs (AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 20/20*, sa. const.: male and
o., once, conc. range: £0.45 ng/g** (wet
female Danish Landrace pigs, age:
matter basis), country: USA182, *for overall
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at
information please see the article, **48 h
90 kg, contamination: no AFB1 + AFB2
post-dosage (also measured 12, 24 and
(for detailed information please see the
72 h post-dosage, lowest conc.: nd after
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/
12 and 72 h)
USA101, *control
incidence: 18/18*, sa. const.: male and incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at 20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 300 ppb nd, country: France314, *control
AFs), o., for 120–231 days**; for detailed incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
information please see the article), conc.: growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
nd**, country: Denmark/USA101, *livers of 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
some of these pigs were rejected at meat natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
inspection, **after 120–231 days feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
incidence: 2/18*, sa. const.: male and for 26 days; for detailed information
female Danish Landrace pigs, age: please see the article), conc.: nd*,
»8 weeks, wt.: 20 kg up to slaughter at country: France314, *final wt. of the
90 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: animal 109 kg
AFB1 + AFB2 addition (overall 500 ppb incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
AFs), o., for 150 or 159 days**; for growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
detailed information please see the 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc. range: tr**, country: natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
Denmark/USA101, *livers of some of these separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
pigs were rejected at meat inspection, and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
**after 150 or 159 days intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred detailed information please see the
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: article), conc.: 0.05 mg/kg*, country:
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: natural AFs addition (treatment 3:
(dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/ separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0%
kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake
AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: of 642 mg AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed
tr–0.05 mg/kg*, country: USA138, *after »22 information please see the article), conc.:
days (thereof 21 days of nd*, country: France314, *final wt. of the
AF-administration) animal 104 kg
Pig 319

incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
pigs, contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
information please see the article), conc.: (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5–
0.001 ng/g** (mean value), country: 26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
USA597, *control, **after 35 days 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed appreciable amounts*, country: USA138,
information please see the article), conc.: *after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
0.027 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597, AF-administration)
*after 35 days
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred Aflatoxin M1
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
524 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS contamination: artificial
(0.5%), o., for 35 days; for detailed (dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other
information please see the article), conc.: AFs), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed
0.003 ng/g* (mean value), country: information please see the article), conc.:
USA597, *after 35 days 0.09 ppb*, country: France88, *after
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male miniature 33 days
pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: na,
nd, country: USA597, *control
country: USA136, *control
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: male and female
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
detailed information please see the
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g* (mean value),
0.03–0.04 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.036 mg/kg*,
country: USA597, *after 15 days
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o.,
contamination: artificial (dose: 200 mg
for 15 days; for detailed information please
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc.
see the article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g* (mean
range: 0.04–0.09 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
value), country: USA597, *after 15 days
0.07 mg/kg*, country: USA136, *after
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male miniature
4 weeks
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: male and female
590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
followed by 2 weeks control diet; for
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
detailed information please see the
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
article), conc.: nd*, country: USA597, *after
0.17–0.35 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.28 mg/kg*,
29 days (thereof 15 days of AFB1- and
country: USA136, *after 4 weeks
AFB2-administration)
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
Aflatoxin B2a (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows,
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
320 Pig

incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred sacrificed 72 h after treatment showed a

(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, lower mycotoxin value)
wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
(dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg
contamination: (dose: 9 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2,
diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg
o., for 35 days; for detailed information
AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range:
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
tr–0.24 mg/kg*, country: USA138,
USA597, *control
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
AF-administration)
contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: mixed breed AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 35 days; for detailed
feeder pigs, contamination: chronic study, information please see the article), conc.:
no AFs (for detailed information please 0.206 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA597,
see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA182, *after 35 days
*control incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: cross-bred pigs,
incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: mixed breed contamination: artificial (dose: 524 ng/g
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%), o., for
(chronic study, dose: 400 ng natural 35 days; for detailed information please
AFs/g diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed see the article), conc.: 0.075 ng/g*
information please see the article), conc.: (mean value), country: USA597,
nd*, country: USA182, *after 10 weeks *after 35 days
incidence: 10?/10, sa. const.: mixed breed incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: male miniature
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial pigs, contamination: (dose: 1 ng/g
(chronic study, dose: 800 ng natural AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days; for detailed
AFs/g diet, o., for 10 weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g** (mean value), country:
0.45 ng/g* (wet matter basis) (mean USA597, *control, **after 15 days
value), country: USA182, *after 10 weeks incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: mixed breed pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
feeder pigs, contamination: acute study, 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for 15 days;
no AFs, conc.: nd, country: USA182, for detailed information please see the
*control article), conc.: 0.380 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: 1/1(8)*, sa. const.: mixed breed country: USA597, *after 15 days
feeder pigs, contamination: artificial incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
(acute study, dose: 1.2 mg total AFs pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
(AFB1+AFB2+AFG1+AFG2)/kg b. wt., o., 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2 + HSCAS (0.5%),
once, conc. range: o., for 15 days; for detailed information
£2.18 ng/g** (wet matter basis), country: please see the article), conc.: 0.110 ng/g*
USA182, *for overall information please see (mean value), country: USA597,
the article, **24 h post-dosage (also *after 15 days
measured 12, 48 and 72 h post-dosage, incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male miniature
lowest conc.: nd after 12 and 72 h) pigs, contamination: artificial
(dose: 590 ng/g AFB1 + AFB2, o., for
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: castrated male 15 days followed by 2 weeks control diet;
pigs of mixed breed, wt.: 9–11 kg, for detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (acute study, article), conc.: 0.010 ng/g* (mean value),
dose: 1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. country: USA597, *after 29 days (thereof
range: £1.3 ng/g*, country: USA362, 15 days of AFB1- and AFB2-
*sacrificed after 24 h (1 other pig administration)
Pig 321

Aflatoxin M 545 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:

incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White USA572, *in skeletal muscle
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: (semitendinosus), **at day 6 (also
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed measured at day 3, 4 and 5 but conc.: nd)
information please see the article), conc.:
Deoxynivalenol
nd, country: France314, *control
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
for 26 days; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
£33.1 ng/g* (mean value), country:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
0.33, 3, 8, and 24 h, lowest conc.:
20 kg, contamination: artificial
nd after 24 h)
(dose: natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40% incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily White × German Landrace, db Classic
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57,
article), conc.: 0.05 mg/kg*, country: or 1.23* mg DON/kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55,
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg or 1.13 mg DON/kg pellets, o., for
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White 11 weeks; for detailed information please
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: see the article), conc. range: £5.2 ng/g* **
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: *** (mean value), country: Germany483,
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: separate **after 78/79 days (thereof 11 weeks of
feeding = peanut oil meal 0% and corn DON-administration), ***values of the
gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake of 642 mg other DON-treatments were lower
AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
France314, *final wt. of the animal 104 kg incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: castrated Large
White × German Landrace, db Classic
crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg,
Cyclopiazonic Acid
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Piétran
or 1.23 mg DON/kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55,
crossbred pigs, wt.: »97 kg,
or 1.13 mg DON/kg pellets*, o., for
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
11 weeks; for detailed information please
CPA/kg diet, o., for 6 days; for detailed
see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
information please see the article), conc.:
Germany483, *after 78/79 days (thereof
393 ng/g* **(mean value), country:
11 weeks of DON-administration)
USA572, *in skeletal muscle (longissimus),
**at day 6 (also measured at day Fumonisin B1
3, 4 and 5 but conc.: nd) incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Piétran barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
crossbred pigs, wt.: »97 kg, 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
CPA/kg diet, o., for 6 days; for detailed see the article), conc.: nd, country:
information please see the article), conc.: Hungary/Germany87, *control
322 Pig

incidence: 3/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows kg* **, country: Germany/Hungary109, *in
of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg, muscle psoas major, **on 6th day of the
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1, experiment
20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for
22 days; for detailed information please Fumonisin B2
see the article), conc. range: 0.8–6 ng/g* **, incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
Ø conc.: 2.67 ng/g* **, country: Hungary/ barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Germany87, *in muscle psoas major, 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, FB2 and
**after 22 days toxin feeding period FB3 (for detailed information please see
incidence: 3/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows the article), conc.: nd, country: Hungary/
of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg, Germany87, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1, incidence: 1/10, sa. const. weaned barrows
20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg,
22 days; for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1,
see the article), conc. range: 1.2–1.6 ng/g* 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animaly, o., for
**, Ø conc.: 1.47 ng/g* **, country: 22 days; for detailed information please
Hungary/Germany87, *in muscle see the article), conc.: 1.6 ng/g* **,
longissimus dorsi, **after 22 days toxin country: Hungary/Germany87, *in muscle
feeding period psoas major, **after 22 days toxin feeding
period
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg,
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1,
information please see the article), conc.: 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for
nd, country: Germany/Hungary109, 22 days; for detailed information please see
*control the article), conc.: nd* **, country:
incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs Hungary/Germany87, *in muscle longissimus
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, dorsi, **after 22 days toxin feeding period
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed HT-2 Toxin
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
range: 3–50 mg/kg* **, Ø conc.: 20.14 mg/ Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
kg* **, country: Germany/Hungary109, *in contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
muscle biceps femoris, **on 6th day of the T-2 toxin (labeled and
experiment unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs range: 1.69–2.06 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, 1.875 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
information please see the article), conc. Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
range: 3–68 mg/kg* **, Ø conc.: 15.57 mg/ contamination: artificial (dose:
kg* **, country: Germany/Hungary109, *in 0.15 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and
muscle longissimus dorsi, **on 6th day of unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
the experiment range: 1.10–1.90 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 1.50 ng/g*,
incidence: 12/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs country: USA425, *after 4 h
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg Ochratoxin A
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: female pigs of
information please see the article), conc. Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks,
range: 2–256 mg/kg* **, Ø conc.: 37.46 mg/ wt.: »20 kg, contamination: no OTA
Pig 323

(for detailed information please see the after 24 h on toxin-free diet, **in muscle
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ psoas major
USA102, *control
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for
various intervals fed; for detailed
8 days during early pregnancy), conc.
information please see the article), conc.:
range: 0.13–0.15 mg/g*, Ø
11.54 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
conc.: 0.14 mg/g*, country: UK266,
Denmark/USA102, *1 day after
*measured on day 30 of pregnancy
termination of OTA-exposure
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of incidence: 13/13*, sa. const.: castrated
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: pigs, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: no
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: OTA and/or CIT (for detailed information
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for Denmark/USA330, *control
various intervals fed; for detailed incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
information please see the article), conc.: wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
2.22 mg/kg* (mean value), country: (dose: 1,400 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed,
Denmark/USA102, *8 days after o., for 6 weeks; for detailed information
termination of OTA-exposure please see the article), conc.: 8 mg/kg*
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of ** (mean value), country: Denmark/
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: USA330, *in muscle psoas major, **after
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 6 weeks
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
various intervals fed; for detailed 650 mg crystalline CIT/kg feed, o., for
information please see the article), 6 weeks; for detailed information please
conc.: nd*, country: Denmark/USA102, see the article), conc.: nd* **, country:
*15 days after termination of OTA- Denmark/USA330, *in muscle psoas major,
exposure **after 6 weeks
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: female pigs of incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
Danish Landrace, age: »8 weeks, wt.: wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: (dose: 1,400 mg crystalline
1 ppm crystalline OTA, o., once daily for OTA + 650 mg crystalline CIT/kg feed,
1 month, afterwards toxin-free diets for o., for 6 weeks; for detailed information
various intervals fed; for detailed please see the article), conc.: 8 mg/kg*
information please see the article), conc.: ** (mean value), country: Denmark/
nd*, country: Denmark/USA102, *29 days USA330, *in muscle psoas major, **after
after termination of OTA-exposure 6 weeks
incidence: ?/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: weaners (specific wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
pathogen free), wt.: 14–18 kg, 1,400 mg natural OTA + 650 mg natural
contamination: artificial (dose: ? mg OTA CIT/kg feed, o., for 6 weeks; for detailed
addition; for detailed information please information please see the article), conc.:
see the article), conc. range: £32 mg/kg* 37 mg/kg* ** (mean value), country:
**, country: Denmark204, *calculated value Denmark/USA330, *in muscle psoas major,
based on the amount of OTA in blood **after 6 weeks
324 Pig

incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks, females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 18.6 mg artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning total
of 6 weeks (treatment 1); for detailed OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
13 mg/kg* ** (mean value), country: 1.57 ng/g* (mean value), country:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning Germany365, *after 28 days
(pigs 8 weeks old), **in muscle psoas
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: pigs,
major
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Danish
information please see the article), conc.:
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks,
<0.39 mg/kg (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 8.0 mg
Germany366, *control
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
of 6 weeks (treatment 2); for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 22.11 mg
information please see the article), conc.:
OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed
nr* **, country: Denmark336, *sa. taken at
information please see the article), conc.:
weaning (pigs 8 weeks old), **in muscle
2.7 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
psoas major
Germany366, *after 90 days
incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pigs,
Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 88.44 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 19.7 mg
OTA (in total), o., for 90 days; for detailed
OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period of
information please see the article), conc.:
6 weeks (treatment 3); for detailed
10.3 mg/kg* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.:
Germany366, *after 90 days
18 mg/kg* ** (mean value), country:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
(pigs 8 weeks old), **in muscle psoas major contamination: no OTA and/or DON (for
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and detailed information please see the
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: article), conc.: nd, country: Germany378,
no OTA (for detailed information please *control
see the article), conc.: nd, country: incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
Germany365, *control contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and crystalline OTA + 1.0 ppm crystalline
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: DON, o., twice daily for 90 days; for detailed
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg information please see the article), conc.
diet/day, in the morning and evening half range: 0.42–0.89 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.63 ng/g*,
of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed country: Germany378, *after 90 days
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs,
4.23 ng/g* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
Germany365, *after 28 days crystalline OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days;
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and for detailed information please see the
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: article), conc. range: 0.27–0.56 ng/g*,
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/ Ø conc.: 0.383 ng/g*, country: Germany378,
kg diet/day, in the morning and evening *after 90 days
half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 ppm
article), conc.: 1.44 ng/g* (mean value), crystalline DON, o., twice daily for
country: Germany365, *after 28 days 90 days; for detailed information please
Pig 325

see the article), conc.: nd*, country: (dose: 0.4 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
Germany378, *after 90 days intubated, once), conc.: 11.5 ppb* ** ***,
country: USA318, *calculated residue level,
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs,
**T-2 toxin and/or metabolites, ***after 18 h
contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swines
article), conc.: nr, country: Germany380, of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
*control contamination: no T-2 toxin, conc.: nr,
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: pigs, country: USA403, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female swines of
OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
90 days; for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 1.2 mg
see the article), conc. range: £2.44 ng/g*, T-2 toxin, i.a., once), conc. range:
country: Germany380, *after 91 days »£57 ppb*, country: USA403, *after »1 h
(thereof 90 days of OTA- and (also measured after »2.1, 3 and 4 h,
ZEA-administration) lowest value conc.: under limit of reliable
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pigs, quantitation after 4 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
article), conc. range: £2.13 ng/g*, country:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
Germany380, *after 91 days (thereof
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.64–
90 days of OTA-administration)
0.85 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 0.745 ng/g*, country:
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female pigs of USA425, *after 4 h
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
»20 kg, contamination: no OTA Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
(for detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
article), conc.: nd, country: Denmark/ T-2 toxin (labeled and
USA/Sweden383, *control unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., once), conc.
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: female pigs of range: 18–19 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 18.5 ng/g*
Danish Landrace, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: **, country: USA425, *after 4 h, **total
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: metabolites
1 mg crystalline OTA/kg feed, o., for
3 months; for detailed information please 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
see the article), conc.: »9.5 mg/kg* incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
(mean value), country: Denmark/USA/ Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Sweden383, *after »3 months contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
T-2 Toxin i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.48–1.07 ng/g*,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling Ø conc.: 0.775 ng/g*, country: USA425,
crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire *after 4 h
swine, wt.: 7.5 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.1 mg T-2 toxin (labeled)/kg b. wt., Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol
intubated, once), conc.: 3.1 ppb* ** ***, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
country: USA318, *calculated residue level, Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
**T-2 toxin and/or metabolites, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
***after 18 h T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female weanling wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.98–
crossbred Yorkshire × Duroc × Hampshire 1.13 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 1.055 ng/g*, country:
swine, wt.: 9.5 kg, contamination: artificial USA425, *after 4 h
326 Pig

T-2 Triol (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.:

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred pr* **, country: Hungary632, *after 14
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, days, **in shoulder blade muscle
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., Pig myocardium may contain the
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.14–0.18 ng/g*, following mycotoxins and/or their
Ø conc.: 0.16 ng/g*, country: USA425, metabolites:
*after 4 h
Fumonisin B1
Zearalenone incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
nd, country: Hungary632, *control FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP see the article), conc.: nd, country:
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial Hungary/Germany87, *control
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: incidence: 7/10, sa. const.: weaned barrows
nd* **, country: Hungary632, *after of the same genotype, wt.: 12–14 kg,
14 days, **in femoral muscle contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg FB1,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal, o., for
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial 22 days; for detailed information please see
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: the article), conc. range: 7.2–35.2 ng/g*,
nd* **, country: Hungary632, *after Ø conc.: 13.26 ng/g*, country: Hungary/
14 days, **in shoulder blade muscle Germany87, *after 22 days toxin feeding
period
a-Zearalenol
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
nd, country: Hungary632, *control contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP information please see the article), conc.:
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial nd, country: Germany/Hungary109,
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: *control
<10 mg/kg* **, country: Hungary632, incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs
*after 14 days, **in femoral muscle of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: information please see the article), conc.
<10 mg/kg* **, country: Hungary632, range: 3–838 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
*after 14 days, **in shoulder blade muscle 77.43 mg/kg*, country: Germany/
Hungary109, *on 6th day of the
b-Zearalenol experiment
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: Fumonisin B2
nd, country: Hungary632, *control incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
pr* **, country: Hungary632, *after 14 days, see the article), conc.: nd, country:
**in femoral muscle Hungary/Germany87, *control
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Pig 327

12–14 kg, contamination: artificial 3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin

(dose: 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/ incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
animal, o., for 22 days; for detailed Yorkshire × Hampshire swine, wt.: 20 kg,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
nd*, country: Hungary/Germany87, *after toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
22 days toxin feeding period vs., once), conc.: 17.79 ng/g*, country:
USA425, *after 4 h
Pig pancreas may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their T-2 Toxin
metabolites: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Deoxynivalenol contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, i.vs., once), conc.: 0.52 ng/g*, country:
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON, USA425, *after 4 h
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
DON/kg b. wt., iv., once), conc. range: wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 159 ng/g* **,
£18.7 ng/g* (mean value), country: country: USA425, *after 4 h, **total
Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after metabolites
0.33, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: nd
after 8 and 24 h) 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
Fumonisin B1 Yorkshire × Hampshire swine, wt.: 20 kg,
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
contamination: no FB1 (for detailed i.vs., once), conc.: 3.13 ng/g*, country:
information please see the article), conc.: USA425, *after 4 h
nd, country: Germany/Hungary109,
*control T-2 Tetraol
incidence: 12/12, sa. const.: castrated pigs incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg, Yorkshire × Hampshire swine, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
information please see the article), conc. i.vs., once), conc.: 0.82 ng/g*, country:
range: 24–464 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: USA425, *after 4 h
126.85 mg/kg*, country: Germany/
Hungary109, *on 6th day of the Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol
experiment incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
Yorkshire × Hampshire swine, wt.: 20 kg,
HT-2 Toxin contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swine, wt.: 20 kg, i.vs., once), conc.: 3.07 ng/g*, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg USA425, *after 4 h
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
T-2 Triol
wt., i.vs., once), conc.: 11.86 ng/g*,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female crossbred
country: USA425, *after 4 h
Yorkshire × Hampshire swine, wt.: 20 kg,
328 Pig

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg article), conc.: 53 ppb*, country: Canada/

T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., USA70, *at 4 weeks (also measured at
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.65 ng/g*, country: 1st and 5th week but conc.: nd)
USA425, *after 4 h incidence: 4/8, sa. const.: male and female
crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks,
a-Zearalenol contamination: artificial (dose: 3.1 ppm
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP DON in the diet, for 1–5 weeks; for
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: detailed information please see the
nd, country: Hungary632, *control article), conc. range: 79–100 ppb*,
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP country: Canada/USA70, *measured
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial at 1st, 4th, and 5th week (pr. residue
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days, conc.: values are each lowest and highest value
10 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, of 1st to 5th week measurement)
*after 14 days) incidence: 2/10, sa. const.: male and
female crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks,
Pig placenta may contain the contamination: artificial (dose: 5.8 ppm
following mycotoxins and/or their DON in the diet, for 1–5 weeks; for
metabolites: detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: 32–64 ppb*, country:
Ochratoxin A
Canada/USA70, *measured at 1st, 4th, and
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
5th week (pr. residue values are each
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
lowest and highest value of 4th to
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
5th week measurement, 1st week
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
conc.: nd)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
8 days during early pregnancy), conc. Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
range: 0.04–0.06 mg/g*, Ø conc.: wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
0.05 mg/g*, country: UK266, *measured on conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
day 30 of pregnancy incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
Pig plasma may contain the following contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
£1,337.3 ng/g* (mean value), country:
Cyclopiazonic Acid Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Piétran after 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.:
crossbred pigs, wt.: »97 kg, 17.8 ng/g after 24 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
CPA/kg diet, o., for 6 days; for detailed incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated male
information please see the article), conc. Swedish Landrace pigs, wt.: »20 kg,
range: £464 ng/ml* (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
country: USA572, *at day 6 (also measured 3-aDON/kg feed, o., 5 times in 2.5 days),
at day 3, 4 and 5, lowest conc.: 370 ng/ml conc. range: £64.4 ng/ml*, country:
at day 3) Sweden416, *after 1 day (also measured
after 3 days)
Deoxynivalenol incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 1/10, sa. const.: male and Swedish Landrace pigs, wt.: »20 kg,
female crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.7 ppm 3-aDON/kg feed, o., 5 times in 2.5 days),
DON in the diet, for 1–5 weeks; for conc. range: £62.0 ng/ml*, country:
detailed information please see the
Pig 329

Sweden416, *after 3 days (also measured 20 mg OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for
after 1 day) detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: £0.579 ng/ml** ***,
Ochratoxin A country: Hungary395, *low-dosed boar,
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: Large White after 84** days (thereof 5 weeks of
castrated pigs, wt.: »35 kg, contamination: OTA-administration) (also at other day
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg, o., once; intervals up to 91 days measured, except
for detailed information please see the for the start values lowest conc.:
article), conc. range: £1.74 mg/ml* »0.1 ng/ml after 14 and 70 days), ***in
(mean value), country: France172, *after seminal plasma
10 h (also at other hour intervals up to incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually
72 h measured, lowest conc.: »1 mg/ml matured boar (Hungarian Large White
after 72 h) and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg,
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: large White contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
castrated pigs, wt.: »35 kg, contamination: OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for detailed
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg, i.v., once; information please see the article), conc.
for detailed information please see the range: £0.709 ng/ml** ***, country:
article), conc. range: ȣ10 mg/ml* Hungary395, *high-dosed boar, **after
(mean value), country: France172, *after 28 days (within 5 weeks of OTA-
1 h? (also at other hour up to 72 h administration) (also at other day
measured, lowest conc.: »2 mg/ml intervals up to 77 days measured, except
after 72 h) for the start values lowest conc.: »0.25 ng/
ml after 49 days), ***in seminal plasma
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: sexually
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually
matured boars Hungarian Large White
matured boar (Hungarian Large White
and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg,
and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg,
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg
information please see the article), conc.:
OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for detailed
nr**, country: Hungary395, *control
information please see the article), conc.
(low- and high-dosed boars), **in seminal
range: £0.673 ng/ml** ***, country:
plasma
Hungary395, *high-dosed boar, **after
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually
28 days (within 5 weeks of
matured boar Hungarian Large White
OTA-administration) (also at other day
and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg,
intervals up to 91 days measured, except
contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
for the start values lowest conc.:
OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for detailed
»0.1 ng/ml after 91 days), ***in seminal
information please see the article), conc.
plasma
range: £0.501 ng/ml** ***, country:
Hungary395, *low-dosed boar, after 63** Scirpentriol
days (thereof 5 weeks of OTA- incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
administration) (also at other day female crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–
intervals up to 77 days measured, except 49.2 kg, contamination: no DAS (for
for the start values lowest conc.: detailed information please see the
»0.2 ng/ml after 77 days), ***in seminal article), conc.: nd, country: USA512,
plasma *control
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: male and female
matured boar Hungarian Large White crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg,
and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 or
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection, once; for
330 Pig

detailed information please see the Sweden309, *after »1.4 days of

article), conc. range: £240 mg/ml*, ZEA-administration (also at other day
country: USA512, *collected after 8 h intervals up to 10 days measured, lowest
conc.: nd after 10 days)
T-2 Toxin
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swine of incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: uncastrated
mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
contamination: no T-2 toxin, conc.: nd?, 8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: no ZEA
country: USA403, *control (for detailed information please see the
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: female swines article), conc.: nd, country: Canada422,
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.3 mg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated
T-2 toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc. range: male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
»£550 ppb* (mean value), country: 8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial
USA403, *after 0 min (also at other min (dose: 5 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o.,
intervals up to 20 min measured, lowest 4 times; for detailed information please
value conc.: »55 ppb after 15 min) see the article), conc.: 216 ng/ml*
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: female swines (avg. maximum conc.), country:
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.6 mg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated
T-2 toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc. range: male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
»£2,700 ppb* (mean value), country: 8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial
USA403, *after 0 min (also at other min (dose: 10 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o.,
intervals up to 20 min measured, lowest 4 times; for detailed information please
value conc.: »63 ppb after 20 min) see the article), conc.: 327 ng/ml*
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: female swines (avg. maximum conc.), country:
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg, Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.2 mg T-2 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated male
toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc. range: weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9–13.0 kg,
ȣ3,650 ppb* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg
USA403, *after 0 min (also at other min crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for
intervals up to 30 min measured, lowest detailed information please see the article),
value conc.: »125 ppb after 30 min) conc.: 298 ng/ml* (avg. maximum conc.),
country: Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h
Zearalenone
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: female Yorkshire
weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg,
pigs, age: 10–14 weeks, wt.: 15–25 kg,
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg ZEA
information please see the article), conc.:
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g., once; for detailed
nd, country: Canada422, *control
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female weanling
range: £2.30 nmol/ml* **, country:
Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg,
Canada128, *[3H]ZEA-eq., **after 2–3 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
(also at other minute, hour and day
crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for
intervals up to 4 days measured)
detailed information please see the article),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: prepubertal gilt conc.: 317 ng/ml* (avg. maximum conc.),
of Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire breed, country: Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h
age: 5 months, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female weanling
artificial (dose: 192 mg ZEA/kg b. wt./day, Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg,
o., for 4 days), conc.: »2.4 ng/ml*, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
Pig 331

crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for the article), conc.: 199 ng/ml* (avg.
detailed information please see the article), maximum conc.), country: Canada422, *sa.
conc.: 290 ng/ml* (avg. maximum conc.), period over 7 h
country: Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female weanling weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.t: 7.6–20.0 kg,
Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg, contamination: no ZEA; (for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg information please see the article), conc.:
crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for nd, country: Canada422, *control
detailed information please see the article), incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female weanling
conc.: 139 ng/ml* (avg. maximum conc.), Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg,
country: Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg
crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for
a-Zearalenol detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: prepubertal gilt article), conc.: 319 ng/ml* (avg. maximum
of Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire breed, conc.), country: Canada422, *sa. period
age: 5 months, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: over 7 h
artificial (dose: 192 mg ZEA/kg b. wt./day, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female weanling
o., for 4 days), conc.: »8.8 ng/ml*, country: Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg,
Sweden309, *after »3.5 days of contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg
ZEA-administration (also at other day crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for
intervals up to 10 days measured, lowest detailed information please see the
conc.: nd after 10 days) article), conc.: 190 ng/ml* (avg. maximum
conc.), country: Canada422, *sa. period
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: uncastrated male over 7 h
weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9–13.0 kg, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female weanling
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 7.6–20.0 kg,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg
nd, country: Canada422, *control crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: uncastrated male detailed information please see the article),
weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9–13.0 kg, conc.: 72 ng/ml* (avg. maximum conc.),
contamination: (dose: 5 mg crystalline country: Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h
ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 times; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Pig rectum may contain the following
65 ng/ml* (avg. maximum conc.), mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
country: Canada422, *sa. period over 7 h
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated Deoxynivalenol + Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9– incidence: ?/11, sa. const.: castrated male
13.0 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: pigs, Ø wt.: 88.1 kg, contamination:
10 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 artificial (dose: 4.2 mg DON/kg, o., for
times; for detailed information please see 7 days), conc. range: ȣ610 mg/g*
the article), conc.: 233 ng/ml* (avg. (mean value), country: Germany413,
maximum conc.), country: Canada422, *sa. *»5 h after final DON-administration
period over 7 h (also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated measured, lowest conc.: »90 mg/g after 3 h)
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9–
13.0 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: Pig serum may contain the following
15 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., 4 mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
times; for detailed information please see
332 Pig

Deoxynivalenol for detailed information please see the

incidence: ?/11, sa. const.: castrated male article), conc. range: £4.1 ng/ml* **
pigs, Ø wt.: 88.1 kg, contamination: (mean value), country: Germany537,
artificial (dose: 4.2 mg DON/kg, o., for *9.57 DON and 0.358 ZEA (mg/kg diet)
7 days), conc. range: ȣ14 ng/ml*, fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after
country: Germany413, *6 h after final 36 days (thereof 35 days of DON- and
DON-administration (also at other hour ZEA-administration)
intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest
conc.: nd after 15 and 24 h) Ochratoxin A
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: weaners (specific
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated Large pathogen free), wt.: 14–18 kg,
White × German Landrace, db Classic contamination: artificial (dose: ? mg OTA
crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg, addition; for detailed iwnformation
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57*, please see the article), conc. range: £838
or 1.23 mg DON/kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55, mg/l*, country: Denmark204, *blood sa.
or 1.13 mg DON/kg pellets, o., for taken after 24 h on toxin free diet
11 weeks; for detailed information please
see the article), conc. range: £12.2 ng/ml* incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
** (mean value), country: Germany483, contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
**after 78/79 days (thereof 11 weeks of conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
DON-administration), ***values of the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
other DON-treatments lower contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German 8 days during early pregnancy), conc.:
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg, 6.99 mg/ml*, country: UK266, *measured
contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA on day 30 of pregnancy
in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
for detailed information please see the incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish
article), conc. range: £21.6 ng/ml* ** Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks,
(mean value), country: Germany537, contamination: artificial (dose: 18.6 mg
*9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period
fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after of 6 weeks (treatment 1); for detailed
36 days (thereof 35 days of DON- and information please see the article), conc.:
ZEA-administration) 316 mg/l* (mean value), country:
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning (pigs
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol 8 weeks old)
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: castrated Large incidence: 6?/6*, sa. const.: Danish Landrace
White × German Landrace, db Classic piglets, age: 8 weeks, contamination:
crossbred pigs, wt.: »24.6 kg, artificial (dose: 8.0 mg OTA/kg liveweight/
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.05, 0.57, day, o., over a period of 6 weeks (treatment
or 1.23 mg DON/kg mash* or 0.07, 0.55, 2); for detailed information please see the
or 1.13 mg DON/kg pellets*, o., for article), conc.: 258 mg/l* (mean value),
11 weeks; for detailed information please country: Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning
see the article), conc.: nd*, country: (pigs 8 weeks old)
Germany483, *after 78/79 days (thereof incidence: 8?/8*, sa. const.: Danish
11 weeks of DON-administration) Landrace piglets, age: 8 weeks,
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German contamination: artificial (dose: 19.7 mg
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg, OTA/kg liveweight/day, o., over a period
contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA of 6 weeks (treatment 3); for detailed
in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days; information please see the article), conc.:
Pig 333

386 mg/l* (mean value), country: 90 days after the start of the experiment
Denmark336, *sa. taken at weaning (also at other day intervals up to 90 days
(pigs 8 weeks old) measured, lowest conc.: 0.62 ng/g directly
after the start of the experiment)
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pigs,
contamination: no OTA and/or DON contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
(for detailed information please see the OTA + 0.25 ppm ZEA, o., twice daily for
article), conc. range: £1.93 ng/g**, 90 days; for detailed information please
country: Germany378, *control, **after see the article), conc. range: £70.53 ng/g*
90 days (also at other day intervals up to (mean value), country: Germany380, *after
90 days measured, lowest conc.: 0.65 ng/g 56 days of OTA- and ZEA-administration
directly after the start of the experiment) (also at other day intervals up to 90 days
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pigs, measured, lowest conc.: 0.71 ng/g directly
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm after the start of the experiment)
crystalline OTA + 1.0 ppm crystalline incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: pigs,
DON, o., twice daily for 90 days; for contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm
detailed information please see the OTA, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
article), conc. range: £59.19 ng/g* (mean detailed information please see the
value), country: Germany378, *after 10 days article), conc. range: £65.26 ng/g* (mean
of OTA- and DON-administration (also at value), country: Germany380, *after
other day intervals up to 90 days 56 days of OTA-administration (also at
measured, lowest conc.: 0.77 ng/g directly other days up to 90 day intervals
after the start of the experiment) measured, lowest conc.: 0.72 ng/g directly
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: pigs, after the start of the experiment)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.1 ppm incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pigs,
crystalline OTA, o., twice daily for 90 contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 ppm
days; for detailed information please see ZEA!, o., twice daily for 90 days; for
the article), conc. range: £32.42 ng/g* detailed information please see the
(mean value), country: Germany378, *after article), conc. range: £4.29 ng/g* (mean
90 days of OTA-administration (also at value), country: Germany380, *after 90 days
other day intervals up to 90 days of ZEA-administration (also at other days
measured, lowest conc.: 0.68 ng/g directly up to 90 day intervals measured, lowest
after the start of the experiment) conc.: 1.07 ng/g directly after the start of
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: the experiment)
pigs, contamination: artificial (dose:
1.0 ppm crystalline DON!, o., twice daily incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: sexually
for 90 days; for detailed information matured boars Hungarian Large White
please see the article), conc. range: and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg,
£2.76 ng/g* (mean value), country: contamination: no OTA (for detailed
Germany378, *after 90 days of information please see the article), conc.:
DON-administration (also at other day nr, country: Hungary395, *control
intervals up to 90 days measured, lowest (low- and high-dosed boars)
conc.: 0.93 ng/g directly after the start of incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually
the experiment) matured boar (Hungarian Large White
and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg,
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: pigs, contamination: artificial (dose: 20 mg
contamination: no OTA and/or ZEA (for OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for detailed
detailed information please see the article), information please see the article), conc.
conc. range: £1.65 ng/g** (mean value), range: £0.794 ng/ml**, country:
country: Germany380, *control, **after Hungary395, *low-dosed boar, **after
334 Pig

28 days (within 5 weeks of 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial

OTA-administration) (also at other (dose: 90 ng OTA/g feed, o., for 3 months;
day intervals up to 77 days measured, for detailed information please see the
except for the start values lowest conc.: article), conc.: 11.47 ng/ml* (mean value),
»0.1 ng/ml after 63, 70 and 77 days) country: Bulgaria/France419, *at the end of
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually matured 3-month feeding period
boar (Hungarian Large White and Dutch incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pathogen-free
Landrace), wt.: 250 kg, contamination: male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
artificial (dose: 20 mg OTA, o., daily for 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial
5 weeks; for detailed information please (dose: 130 ng OTA/g feed, o., for 3 months;
see the article), conc. range: £2.06 ng/ml**, for detailed information please see the
country: Hungary395, *low-dosed boar, article), conc.: 20.92 ng/ml* (mean value),
**after 35 days (thereof 5 weeks of country: Bulgaria/France419, *at the end of
OTA-administration) (also at other 3-month feeding period
day intervals up to 84 days measured, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pathogen-free
except for the start values lowest conc.: male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.
»0.1 ng/ml after 58, 63 and 77 days) 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually (dose: 180 ng OTA/g feed, o., for 3 months;
matured boar (Hungarian Large White for detailed information please see the
and Dutch Landrace), wt.: 250 kg, article), conc.: 32.31 ng/ml* (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 mg country: Bulgaria/France419, *at the end of
OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for detailed 3-month feeding period
information please see the article), conc.
range: £2.56 ng/ml**, country: Hungary395, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pathogen-free
*high-dosed boar, **after 42 days male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
(thereof 5 weeks of OTA-administration) 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(also at other day intervals up to 77 days 130, 305 or 790 ng OTA/g feed, o., for
measured, except for the start values 5 months; for detailed information please
lowest conc.: »1.05 ng/ml after 21 days) see the article), conc.: 18.2 ng/ml*
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: sexually matured (mean and residue value of the 3 given
boar (Hungarian Large White and Dutch conc. together), country: Bulgaria/France419,
Landrace), wt.: 250 kg, contamination: artificial *at the end of 5-month feeding period
(dose: 40 mg OTA, o., daily for 5 weeks; for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: pathogen-free
detailed information please see the article), male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
conc. range: £1.462 ng/ml**, country: 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Hungary395, *high-dosed boar, **after 42 days 130, 305 or 790 ng OTA/g feed, o., for
(thereof 5 weeks of OTA-administration) (also 5 months; for detailed information please
at other day intervals up to 84 days measured, see the article), conc.: tr (mean and
except for the start values lowest conc.: residue value of the 3 given conc.
»0.1 ng/ml after 70 and 84 days) together), country: Bulgaria/France419,
*at the end of 5-month feeding period
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: pathogen-free and 1 week on OTA-free diet
male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.: incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pathogen-free
10–12 kg, contamination: no OTA male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.:
(for detailed information please see the 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
article), conc.: nd, country: 130, 305 or 790 ng OTA/g feed, o., for
Bulgaria/France419, *control 5 months; for detailed information please
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: pathogen-free see the article), conc.: nd (residue value of
male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.: the 3 given conc. together), country:
Pig 335

Bulgaria/France419, *at the end of Zearalenone

5-month feeding period and 1 month on incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
OTA-free diet pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
nd, country: Hungary632, *control
Ochratoxin B incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP pigs,
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB, 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: <10 mg/
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14 days
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg a-Zearalenol
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for 8 incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
days during early pregnancy), conc.: pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
1.71 mg/ml*, country: UK266, *measured nd, country: Hungary632, *control
on day 30 of pregnancy incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
Diacetoxyscirpenol
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.:
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: female pig, wt.:
10 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14
»20 kg, contamination: no DAS, conc.: nd,
days
country: Germany421, *control
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female pigs, wt.: b-Zearalenol
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
2 mg DAS/kg b. wt., by intubation, once), pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
conc. range: »9.2 ng/ml* (mean value), nd, country: Hungary632, *control
country: Germany421, *after 0.5 h (also at incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
other hour intervals up to 96 h measured, pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
lowest conc.: nd after 48 h) (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.:
Monoacetoxyscirpenol <10 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: female pig, wt.: days
»20 kg, contamination: no DAS, conc.: nd,
country: Germany421, *control Pig skin may contain the following
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female pigs, wt.: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
2 mg DAS/kg b. wt., by intubation, once), Deoxynivalenol
conc. range: »4.2 ng/ml*, country: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
Germany421, *after 1 h (also at other hour Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
intervals up to 96 h measured, lowest wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
conc.: nd after 48 h) conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
Scirpentriol barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: female pig, wt.: contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
»20 kg, contamination: no DAS, conc.: nd, DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
country: Germany421, *control £31.0 ng/g* (mean value), country:
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female pigs, wt.: Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured after
»20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: nd after 24 h)
2 mg DAS/kg b. wt., by intubation, once),
conc. range: »4.3 ng/ml**, country: HT-2 Toxin
Germany421, *after 1 h (also at other hour incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: specific-
intervals up to 96 h measured, lowest pathogen-free derived crossbred female
conc.: nd after 48 h) pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: 31–43 kg,
contamination: no T-2 toxin (for detailed
336 Pig

information please see the article), conc.: T-2 Toxin

nd, country: USA499, *control incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: specific- specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
pathogen-free derived crossbred female female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: 31–43 kg, 31–43 kg, contamination: no T-2 toxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg (for detailed information please see the
T-2 toxin/kg, t., once; for detailed article), conc.: nd, country: USA499,
information please see the article), conc. *control
range: £75.00 ppm* (mean value), incidence: ?/4, sa. const.:
country: USA499, *after 7 days specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
(also measured after 1, 3 and 14 days, female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
lowest conc.: 2.20 ppm after 1 day) 31–43 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 15 mg T-2 toxin/kg, t., once; for
Neosolaniol
detailed information please see the
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: specific-
article), conc. range: £247.00 ppm*
pathogen-free derived crossbred female
(mean value), country: USA499,
pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: 31–43 kg,
*after 3 days (also measured after 1, 7 and
contamination: no T-2 toxin (for detailed
14 days, lowest conc.: 40.00 ppm after
information please see the article), conc.:
14 days)
nd, country: USA499, *control
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: T-2 Tetraol
specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.:
female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
31–43 kg, contamination: artificial female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
(dose: 15 mg T-2 toxin/kg, t., once; for 31–43 kg, contamination: no T-2 toxin (for
detailed information please see the article), detailed information please see the article),
conc. range: £12.00 ppm* (mean value), conc.: nd, country: USA499, *control
country: USA499, *after 7 days incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
(also measured after 1, 3 and 14 days, specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
lowest conc.: 0.09 ppm after 1 day) female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
31–43 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
4-Deacetylneosolaniol
15 mg T-2 toxin/kg, t., once; for detailed
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.:
information please see the article), conc.
specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
range: £5.60 ppm* (mean value), country:
female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
USA499, *after 14 days (also measured after
31–43 kg, contamination: no T-2 toxin (for
1, 3 and 7 days, lowest conc.: nd
detailed information please see the article),
after 1 day)
conc.: nd, country: USA499, *control
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: T-2 Triol
specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.:
female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
31–43 kg, contamination: artificial female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
(dose: 15 mg T-2 toxin/kg, t., once; for 31–43 kg, contamination: no T-2 toxin
detailed information please see the (for detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: £24.00 ppm* article), conc.: nd, country: USA499,
(mean value), country: USA499, *after *control
7 days (also measured after 1, 3 and incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
14 days, lowest conc.: 0.73 ppm after specific-pathogen-free derived crossbred
1 day) female pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.:
Pig 337

31–43 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
(dose: 15 mg T-2 toxin/kg, t., once; for growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
detailed information please see the 20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
article), conc. range: £8.70 ppm* information please see the article), conc.:
(mean value), country: USA499, nd, country: France314, *control
*after 14 days (also measured incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
after 1, 3 and 7 days, lowest conc.: growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
0.21 ppm after 3 days) 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
Pig spleen may contain the following feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1)
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: for 26 days; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
Aflatoxin B1
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
20 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
(dose: natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
once; for detailed information please see
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
the article), conc.: 0.4 ppb* **, country:
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 24 h
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1) for 19 days; for
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: female
detailed information please see the
Hampshire × Deutsches Edelschwein
article), conc.: 3.3 mg/kg*, country:
piglet, wt.: 15 kg, contamination: artificial
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
(dose: 3.1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
once; for detailed information please see
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
the article), conc.: 0.4 ppb* **, country:
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Switzerland66, *AFB1 eq., **after 48 h
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: separate
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines, feeding = peanut oil meal 0% and corn
contamination: artificial gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake of 642 mg
(dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AFB1) for 26 days; for detailed information
AFs), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
information please see the article), conc.: France314, *final wt. of the animal 104 kg
2.60 ppb*, country: France88, *after
33 days Aflatoxin B2
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred contamination: artificial (dose:
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other AFs), o.,
wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
daily for 33 days; for detailed information
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
please see the article), conc.: 2.70 ppb*,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred country: France88, *after 33 days
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5–
26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet, (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5–
300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg 26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, conc.: nd,
diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: country: USA138, *control
tr–0.15 mg/kg*, country: USA138, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of (Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.:
AF-administration) 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/
338 Pig

kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg appreciable amounts*, country: USA138,
AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: *after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
tr–0.05 mg/kg*, country: USA138, AF-administration)
*after »22 days (thereof 21 days of
Aflatoxin M1
AF-administration)
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: adult swines,
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White contamination: artificial
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: (dose: 1.08–1.09 mg AFB1 (besides other
20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed AFs), o., daily for 33 days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: France314, *control 0.90 ppb*, country: France88, *after 33 days
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows,
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs,
natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control
feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1),
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
for 26 days; for detailed information
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows,
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
artificial (dose: 662 mg AFB1/kg diet,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
273 mg AFB2/kg diet, 300 mg AFG1/kg diet
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
and 285 mg AFG2/kg diet, o., for 21 days),
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc. range: tr*, country: USA138, *after
natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
»22 days (thereof 21 days of
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
AF-administration)
and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
intake of 1,566 mg AFB1), for 19 days; for Aflatoxin M
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Large White
article), conc.: 1.0 mg/kg*, country: growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg 20 kg, contamination: no AFs (for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White information please see the article), conc.:
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: nd, country: France314, *control
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
natural AFs addition (treatment 3: separate growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
feeding = peanut oil meal 0% and corn 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake of 642 mg natural AFs addition (treatment 1: mixed
AFB1), for 26 days; for detailed information feeding, avg. daily intake of 870 mg AFB1),
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: for 26 days; for detailed information
France314, *final wt. of the animal 104 kg please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
Aflatoxin B2a France314, *final wt. of the animal 109 kg
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.:
wt.: 24.5–26.3 kg, contamination: no AFs, 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc.: nd, country: USA138, *control natural AFs addition (treatment 2:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred separate feeding = peanut oil meal 40%
(Duroc × Yorkshire) barrows, wt.: 24.5– and corn gluten meal 30%, avg. daily
26.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: intake of 1,566 mg AFB1), for 19 days;
662 mg AFB1/kg diet, 273 mg AFB2/kg diet, for detailed information please see the
300 mg AFG1/kg diet and 285 mg AFG2/kg article), conc.: 0.4 mg/kg*, country:
diet, o., for 21 days), conc. range: France314, *final wt. of the animal 97 kg
Pig 339

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Large White £165.0 ng/g* (mean value), country:
growing female pigs, age: 79 days, wt.: Canada407, *after 0.33 h (also measured after
20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, lowest conc.: nd after 24 h)
natural AFs addition (treatment 3:
Fumonisin B1
separate feeding = peanut oil meal 0%
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
and corn gluten meal 0%, avg. daily intake
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
of 642 mg AFB1), for 26 days; for detailed
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
information please see the article), conc.:
FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
nd*, country: France314, *final wt. of the
see the article), conc.: nd, country:
animal 104 kg
Hungary/Germany87, *control
Deoxynivalenol incidence: 8/10, sa. const.: weaned
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: barrows and barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial
no DON addition (for detailed (dose: 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/
information please see the article), conc.: animal, o., for 22 days; for detailed
nd, country: USA64, *control information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and range: 2.4–31.2 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 9.2 ng/g*,
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, country: Hungary/Germany87, *after
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.9 ppm 22 days toxin feeding period
DON (analyzed value) in the diet, o., for
3 weeks; for detailed information please incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: castrated pigs
see the article), conc.: 19 ppb* (mean of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
value), country: USA64, *after 3 weeks contamination: no FB1 (for detailed
post-treatment information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and nd, country: Germany/Hungary109,
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: *control
artificial (dose: 2.0 ppm DON (analyzed incidence: 13/13, sa. const.: castrated pigs
value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for of identical genotype, wt.: »12–14 kg,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 100 mg
article), conc.: 9 ppb* (mean value), FB1 daily, o., for 5–11 days; for detailed
country: USA64, *after 3 weeks information please see the article), conc.
post-treatment range: 26–7,980 mg/kg*, Ø conc.:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: barrows and 792.64 mg/kg*, country: Germany/
gilts, Ø wt.: 7.7 kg, contamination: Hungary109, *on 6th day of the experiment
artificial (dose: 2.8 ppm DON (analyzed
Fumonisin B2
value) in the diet, o., for 3 weeks; for
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
detailed information please see the
barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
article), conc.: 16 ppb* (mean value),
12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1, FB2 and
country: USA64, *after 3 weeks
FB3 (for detailed information please see
post-treatment
the article), conc.: nd, country: Hungary/
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy Germany87, *control
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON, barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/animal,
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg, o., for 22 days; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
DON/kg b. wt., iv., once), conc. range:
340 Pig

Hungary/Germany87, *after 22 days toxin T-2 Toxin

feeding period incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swines
of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
HT-2 Toxin contamination: no T-2 toxin, conc.: nr,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred country: USA403, *control
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: female swines of
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., contamination: artificial (dose: 1.2 mg
once), conc. range: 2.16–2.25 ng/g*, Ø conc.: T-2 toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc. range:
2.205 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h ȣ161 ppb*, country: USA403,
*after »1 h (also measured after »2.1, 3
3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin
and 4 h, lowest value conc.: under limit of
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
reliable quantitation after 4 h)
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 2.74–3.44 ng/g*, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Ø conc.: 3.09 ng/g*, country: USA425, T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
*after 4 h i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.04–2.73 ng/g*,
Ø conc.: 1.885 ng/g*, country: USA425,
Ochratoxin A *after 4 h
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
no OTA (for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
see the article), conc.: nd, country: T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Germany365, *control i.vs., once), conc. range: 29–42 ng/g* **,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and Ø conc.: 35.5 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: *after 4 h, **total metabolites
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg
diet/day, in the morning and evening half 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
information please see the article), conc.: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
9.57 ng/g* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Germany365, *after 28 days T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.54–1.78 ng/g*,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: Ø conc.: 1.16 ng/g*, country: USA425,
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline *after 4 h
OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
T-2 Tetraol
evening half of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days;
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
for detailed information please see the
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
article), conc.: 2.57 ng/g* (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
country: Germany365, *after 28 days
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.04–0.05 ng/g*,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
Ø conc.: 0.045 ng/g*, country: USA425,
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/
*after 4 h
kg diet/day, in the morning total OTA-
ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
2.94 ng/g* (mean value), country: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Germany365, *after 28 days contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Pig 341

T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., Pig stomach may contain the
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.92–1.52 ng/g*, following mycotoxins and/or their
Ø conc.: 1.22 ng/g*, country: USA425, metabolites:
*after 4 h
Deoxynivalenol
T-2 Triol incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: male and female
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 5.8 ppm
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg DON in the diet, for 1–5 weeks; for
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., detailed information please see the
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.11–0.26 ng/g*, article), conc. range: tr–1,600 ppb* **,
Ø conc.: 0.185 ng/g*, country: USA425, country: Canada/USA70, *in stomach
*after 4 h contents (pigs fed 0.7 or 3.1 ppm DON
diets = no data), **measured at
Deepoxy T-2 Triol 1st, 4th, and 5th week (pr. residue values
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred are each lowest and highest value of
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, 1st to 5th week measurement)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., HT-2 Toxin
i.vs., once), conc.: 0.03 ng/g*, country: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
USA425, *after 4 h Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Zearalenone T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP i.vs., once), conc. range: 2.86–3.21 ng/g*,
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: Ø conc.: 3.035 ng/g*, country: USA425,
nd, country: Hungary632, *control *after 4 h
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
»10 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
14 days wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
0.76–2.80 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 1.78 ng/g* **,
a-Zearalenol
country: USA425, *in stomach contents,
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
**after 4 h
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
nd, country: Hungary632, *control Deepoxy HT-2 Toxin
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP pigs, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2
25 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs.,
14 days once), conc. range: 0.28–0.62 ng/g*, Ø conc.:
0.45 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h
b-Zearalenol incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
nd, country: Hungary632, *control T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP pigs, wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.51–1.15 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 0.83 ng/g* **,
15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.: »10 mg/ country: USA425, *in stomach contents,
kg*, country: Hungary632, *after 14 days **after 4 h
342 Pig

3¢-Hydroxy HT-2 Toxin T-2 Toxin

incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: female swines
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, of mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg contamination: no T-2 toxin (for detailed
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., information please see the article), conc.:
i.vs., once), conc. range: 2.53–3.45 ng/g*, nr, country: USA403, *control
Ø conc.: 2.99 ng/g*, country: USA425, incidence: 3/?, sa. const.: female swines of
*after 4 h mixed breeding, wt.: 26–66 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred contamination: artificial (dose: 2.4 mg
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, T-2 toxin/kg, i.a., once), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg tr–16.4 ppm* **, country: USA403, *in
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. stomach contents, **after »19.5 h
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
1.47–8.68 ng/g* **, Ø conc.: 5.075 ng/g*
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
**, country: USA425, *in stomach contents,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
**after 4 h
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
Ochratoxin A wt., i.vs., once), conc. range:
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and 0.66–3.34 ng/g*, Ø conc.: 2.00 ng/g*,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: country: USA425, *after 4 h
no OTA (for detailed information please incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
see the article), conc.: nd, country: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
Germany365, *control contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination: i.vs., once), conc. range: 86–91 ng/g* **,
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg natural OTA/kg Ø conc.: 88.5 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
diet/day, in the morning and evening half *after 4 h, **total metabolites
of OTA-ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
information please see the article), conc.: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
14.61 ng/g* (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
Germany365, *after 28 days T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.46–3.02 ng/g*
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
**, Ø conc.: 1.74 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
*in stomach contents, **after 4 h
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
OTA/kg diet/day, in the morning and
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
evening half of OTA-ration, o., for
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
28 days; for detailed information please
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
see the article), conc.: 4.24 ng/g* (mean
wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: 79–399 ng/g*
value), country: Germany365, *after
** ***, Ø conc.: 239 ng/g* ** ***, country:
28 days
USA425, *in stomach contents, **after 4 h,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male and
***total metabolites
females pigs, wt.: »70 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 0.09 mg crystalline OTA/ 3¢-Hydroxy T-2 Toxin
kg diet/day, in the morning total OTA- incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
ration, o., for 28 days; for detailed Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
5.13 ng/g* (mean value), country: T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Germany365, *after 28 days i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.11–2.09 ng/g*,
Pig 343

Ø conc.: 1.6 ng/g*, country: USA425, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg

*after 4 h T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.29–1.17 ng/g* **,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, Ø conc.: 0.73 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg *in stomach contents, **after 4 h
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 1.62–2.77 ng/g* **, Deepoxy T-2 Triol
Ø conc.: 2.195 ng/g* **, country: USA425, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
*in stomach contents, **after 4 h Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
T-2 Tetraol T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.09–0.10 ng/g*, Ø
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, conc.: 0.095 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg 4h
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
b. wt., i.vs., once), conc. range: Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
tr-2.09 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt.,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, i.vs., once), conc.: 0.50 ng/g* **, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 USA425, *in stomach contents, **after 4 h
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.
vs., once), conc. range: 0.11–11.86 ng/g* **, Pig testes may contain the following
Ø conc.: 5.985 ng/g* **, country: USA425, mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
*in stomach contents, **after 4 h
Deoxynivalenol
Deepoxy T-2 Tetraol incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg T-2 conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.vs., incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
once), conc. range: 1.23–1.36 ng/g*, Ø conc.: barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
1.295 ng/g*, country: USA425, *after 4 h contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, £123.8 ng/g* (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., 0.33, 3, 8, and 24 h, lowest conc.: nd after
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.64–1.87 ng/g* **, 24 h)
Ø conc.: 1.255 ng/g* **, country: USA425,
*in stomach contents, **after 4 h Pig tissue may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
T-2 Triol
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred T-2 Toxin
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: specific-
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg pathogen-free derived crossbred female
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b. wt., pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: 31–43 kg,
i.vs., once), conc. range: 0.20–0.28 ng/g*, contamination: no T-2 toxin (for detailed
Ø conc.: 0.24 ng/g*, country: USA425, information please see the article), conc.:
*after 4 h nd, country: USA499, *control
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: specific-
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg, pathogen-free derived crossbred female
344 Pig

pigs, age: 11–12 weeks, wt.: 31–43 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 3.1 ppm
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg T-2 DON in the diet, for 4 weeks; for detailed
toxin/kg, t., once; for detailed information information please see the article), conc.
please see the article), conc. range: range: 150–570 ppb*, Ø conc.: 340 ppb*,
£34.00 ppm* ** (mean value), country: country: Canada/USA70, *at 4 weeks
USA499, *in subcutaneous tissue, **after incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
1 day (also measured after 3, 7, and crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks,
14 days, lowest conc.: 3.00 ppm after contamination: artificial (dose: 5.8 ppm
14 days) DON in the diet, for 1–5 weeks; for
detailed information please see the
Pig urine may contain the following article), conc. range: 40–4,320 ppb*,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: country: Canada/USA70, *measured
at 1st, 4th, and 5th week (pr. residue
Aflatoxin B1 values are each lowest and highest value
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and of 1st to 5th week measurement)
female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nr, incidence: 7/7*, sa. const.: pigs,
country: USA136, *control contamination: no DON, conc.: nd or tr**,
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female country: Austria369, *control, **measured
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg, over 16 days
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: pigs,
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.23 mg
0.22–1.17 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 0.565 mg/kg*, DON/kg b. wt./day, o., for 16 days),
country: USA136, * after 3 weeks (within Ø conc.: 580 mg/l* (mean value), country:
4 weeks of AFB1-administration) Austria369, *measured over 16 days
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: healthy
Aflatoxin M1
Yorkshire barrows, age: »11–15 weeks,
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and
wt.: 17–22 kg, contamination: no DON,
female feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
conc.: nd, country: Canada407, *control
contamination: no AFB1, conc.:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: healthy Yorkshire
nr, country: USA136, *control
barrows, age: »11–15 weeks, wt.: 17–22 kg,
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
feeder pigs, wt.: 54.2–71.6 kg,
DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
£139,885.0 ng/g* (mean value), country:
AFB1/kg diet, o., for 4 weeks), conc. range:
Canada407, *after 1 h (also measured after
1.8–8.16 mg/kg*, Ø conc.: 3.68 mg/kg*,
0.33, 3, 8, and 24 h, lowest conc.:
country: USA136, * after 3 weeks (within
477.5 ng/g after 24 h)
4 weeks of AFB1-administration)
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: castrated male
Deoxynivalenol
Swedish Landrace pigs, wt.: »20 kg,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male and female
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.5 mg
crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks,
3-aDON/kg feed, o., 5 times in 2.5 days),
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.7 ppm
conc. range: 58–131 ng/ml*, country:
DON in the diet, for 4 weeks; for detailed
Sweden416, *total DON after feeding
information please see the article), conc.:
200 ppb*, country: Canada/USA70, incidence: ?/16*, sa. const.: barrows, wt.:
*at 4 weeks 28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male and female 0.09 mg DON/kg wheat (but DON not
crossbred piglets, age: 5 weeks, intended; wheat proportion in the diet
Pig 345

0%); for detailed information please see fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after
the article), conc.: 0.035 mg/kg (mean 36 days (thereof 35 days of DON- and
value), country: Germany484, *control ZEA-administration)
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: barrows, wt.:
28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire
2.64 mg natural DON/kg wheat (wheat barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination:
proportion in the diet 17.5%), o., for artificial (dose: 0.19 mg DON/kg diet dry
70 days?; for detailed information please matter, o., for 2 weeks (diet C); for detailed
see the article), conc.: 0.681 mg/kg* information please see the article), conc.:
(mean value), country: Germany484, *after 0.07 mg* (mean value), country:
13 weeks Canada606, *in a 5-days collection period
incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire barrows,
incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: barrows, wt.:
wt.: »35 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
4.66 mg DON/kg diet dry matter, o., for 1
4.41 mg natural DON/kg wheat (wheat
week (diet C in the first week); for detailed
proportion in the diet 35%), o., for
information please see the article), conc.:
70 days?; for detailed information please
2.21 mg* (mean value), country: Canada606,
see the article), conc.: 1.167 mg/kg*
*in a 5-days collection period
(mean value), country: Germany484,
*after 13 weeks
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
incidence: ?/5*, sa. const.: male castrated incidence: 7/7*, sa. const.: pigs,
and female fattening pigs (Deutsches contamination: no DON, conc.: nd or tr**,
Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), country: Austria369, *control, **measured
wt.: 34.1–103.7 kg, contamination: over 16 days
artificial (dose: 0.15 mg DON/kg wheat, incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: pigs,
contaminated (proportion in the diet 0%), contamination: artificial (dose: 0.23 mg
o., for 7 days?; for detailed information DON/kg b. wt./day, o., for 16 days),
please see the article), conc. range: Ø conc.: 32 mg/l (mean value), country:
0.057–0.119 mg/l (mean value), country: Austria369, *measured over 16 days
Austria/Germany530, *control
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male castrated incidence: 16/16*, sa. const.: barrows, wt.:
and female fattening pigs (Deutsches 28 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), 0.09 mg DON/kg wheat (but DON not
wt.: 34.1–103.7 kg, contamination: intended; wheat proportion in the diet
artificial (dose: 3.86 mg DON/kg wheat, 0%); for detailed information please see
contaminated (proportion in the diet the article), conc.: nd, country:
40%), o., for 7 days?; for detailed Germany484, *control
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: barrows, wt.:
range: 1.270–1.678 mg/l (mean value), 28 kg, contamination: artificial
country: Austria/Germany530 (dose: 2.64 mg natural DON/kg wheat
(wheat proportion in the diet 17.5%), o.,
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German for 70 days?; for detailed information
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg, please see the article), conc.: 0.025 mg/kg*
contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA (mean value), country: Germany484, *after
in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days; 13 weeks
for detailed information please see the incidence: ?/16, sa. const.: barrows, wt.:
article), conc. range: £1,572 ng/ml* ** 28 kg, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: Germany537, (dose: 4.41 mg natural DON/kg wheat
*9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet (wheat proportion in the diet 35%), o.,
346 Pig

for 70 days?; for detailed information the article), conc.: 0.149 mg*
please see the article), conc.: 0.048 mg/kg* (mean value), country: Canada606, *daily
(mean value), country: Germany484, *after
13 weeks Fumonisin B1
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male castrated barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
and female fattening pigs (Deutsches 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), wt.: FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
34.1–103.7 kg, contamination: 0.15 mg see the article), conc.: nd, country:
DON/kg wheat, contaminated (proportion Hungary/Germany87, *control
in the diet 0%), o., for 7 days?; incidence: 10/10, sa. const.:
(for detailed information please see the weaned barrows of the same genotype,
article), conc.: nd, country: Austria/ wt.: 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial
Germany530, *control (dose: 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male castrated animal, o., for 22 days; for detailed
and female fattening pigs (Deutsches information please see the article), conc.
Bundeshybridzuchtprogramm), wt.: 34.1– range: 0.9–11.5 mg*, Ø conc.: 4.48 mg*,
103.7 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: country: Hungary/Germany87, *excreted
3.86 mg DON/kg wheat, contaminated between days 13 and 17
(proportion in the diet 40%), o., for 7
days?; for detailed information please see Fumonisin B2
the article), conc. range: 0.060–0.095 mg/l incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: weaned
(mean value), country: Austria/ barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
Germany530 12–14 kg, contamination: no FB1,
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German FB2 + FB3 (for detailed information please
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: see the article), conc.: nd, country:
»103 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: Hungary/Germany87, *control
DON/ZEA in wheat in different conc., incidence: 10/10, sa. const.: weaned
o., for 35 days; for detailed information barrows of the same genotype, wt.:
please see the article), conc. range: 12–14 kg, contamination: artificial
£289 ng/ml* ** (mean value), country: (dose: 50 mg FB1, 20 mg FB2 + 5 mg FB3/
Germany537, *9.57 mg DON and animal, o., for 22 days; for detailed
0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet fed (both fed in information please see the article), conc.
highest conc.), **after 36 days (thereof range: 0.005–1.6 mg*, Ø conc.: 0.48 mg*,
35 days of DON- and ZEA- country: Hungary/Germany87, *excreted
administration) between days 13 and 17

incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire Nivalenol

barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination: incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male castrated
artificial (dose: 0.19 mg DON/kg diet dry Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
matter, o., for 2 weeks (diet C); for detailed 37–63 kg, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc.: (dose: 0.05 mg NIV/kg b. wt, o., twice
nd*, country: Canada606, *daily daily for 3 days (NIV-administration
incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: Yorkshire also 16 h before first blood sa. taken);
barrows, wt.: »35 kg, contamination: for detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 4.66 mg DON/kg diet dry article), conc. range: £336 ng/ml*,
matter, o., for 1 week (diet C in the first country: Sweden501, *(total mean of all 3
week); for detailed information please see days)
Pig 347

Ochratoxin A OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for 8 days

incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts, during early pregnancy), conc. range:
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB, tr-0.18 mg/mg* creatinine, country: UK266,
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control *on day 29 on completion of feeding toxins
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
Ochratoxin ß
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB,
8 days during early pregnancy), conc.
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control
range: 0.04–0.33 mg/mg creatinine*,
incidence: 1/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts,
Ø conc.: 0.185 mg/mg creatinine*, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg
UK266, *on day 29 on completion of
OTA + 0.13 mg OTB/kg b. wt., o., for
feeding toxins
8 days during early pregnancy), conc.:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pathogen-free 0.8 mg/mg creatinine*, country: UK266, *on
male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.: day 29 on completion of feeding toxins
10–12 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
130, 305, or 790 ng OTA/g feed, o., for Diacetoxyscirpenol
5 months; for detailed information please incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and female
see the article), conc.: 52.37 ng/ml* crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg,
(mean and residue value of the 3 given contamination: no DAS (for detailed
conc. together), country: Bulgaria/France419, information please see the article), conc.:
*at the end of 5-month feeding period nd, country: USA512, *control
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: pathogen-free incidence: 2/4, sa. const.: male and female
male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks, wt.: crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg,
10–12 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 or
130, 305, or 790 ng OTA/g feed, o., for 1 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection, once; for
5 months; for detailed information please detailed information please see the
see the article), conc.: 15.08 ng/ml* article), conc. range: £0.51 ng/ml*,
(mean and residue value of the 130 and country: USA512, *collected after 15 min
790 ng OTA/g feed together), country:
Monoacetoxyscirpenol
Bulgaria/France419, *at the end of
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and female
5-month feeding period and 1 week on
crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg,
OTA-free diet
contamination: no DAS (for detailed
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: pathogen-free
information please see the article), conc.:
male and female pigs, age: »8 weeks,
nd, country: USA512, *control
wt.: 10–12 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: male and female
(dose: 130, 305, or 790 ng OTA/g feed, o.,
crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg,
for 5 months: for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 or
please see the article), conc.: nd* (residue
1 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection, once; for
value of the 3 given conc. together),
detailed information please see the
country: Bulgaria/France419, *at the end of
article), conc. range: £0.80 ng/ml*,
5-month feeding period and 1 month on
country: USA512, *collected after 15 min
OTA-free diet
Ochratoxin a Scirpentriol
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: pregnant gilt, incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male and female
contamination: neither OTA nor OTB, crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg,
conc.: nd, country: UK266, *control contamination: no DAS (for detailed
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: pregnant gilts, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.38 mg nd, country: USA512, *control
348 Pig

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male and female 4 times; for detailed information please
crossbred feeder pigs, wt.: 22.2–49.2 kg, see the article), conc.: 49 ng/ml*
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 or (avg. maximum conc.), country:
1 mg DAS/kg b. wt., injection, once; for Canada422, *sa. collected when possible
detailed information please see the during dosing phase, sa. period over 7 h
article), conc. range: £10.40 ng/ml*, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated
country: USA512, *collected after 15 min male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial
T-2 Toxin
(dose: 15 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o.,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: female crossbred
4 times; for detailed information please
Yorkshire × Hampshire swines, wt.: 20 kg,
see the article), conc.: 197 ng/ml*
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.15 mg
(avg. maximum conc.), country:
T-2 toxin (labeled and unlabeled)/kg b.
Canada422, *sa. collected when possible
wt., i.v., once), conc. range:
during dosing phase, sa. period over 7 h
26.89–27.21 mg/ml* **, country: USA308,
*T-2 toxin and its metabolites, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: gilt, wt.: 92 kg,
**after 120 min (also measured after contamination: artificial (dose: 150 mg
60, 180, and 240, except for the start ZEA/kg b. wt., o., once), conc.: 784 mg* **
values lowest conc.: 5.61–6.99 mg/ml after (total), country: USA528, *after 8 h (also at
240 min) other hour intervals up to 8 h measured),
**in glucuronide form
Zearalenone
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: prepubertal gilt incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German
of Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire breed, Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg,
age: 5 months, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
artificial (dose: 192 mg ZEA/kg b. wt./day, in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
o., for 4 days), conc.: 158.9 ng/ml*, for detailed information please see the
country: Sweden309, *after 4 days of article), conc. range: £43.1 ng/g* **
ZEA-administration (also at other day (mean value), country: Germany537,
intervals up to 8 days measured, lowest *9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet
conc.: »9 ng/ml after 8 days) fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after
36 days (thereof 35 days of DON- and
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: uncastrated male ZEA-administration)
weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9–13.0 kg,
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
information please see the article), conc.: pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
nd, country: Canada422, *control nd, country: Hungary632, *control
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.:
pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days) conc.:
(dose: 5 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o.,
450 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after
4 times; for detailed information please
13/14 days
see the article), conc.: 42 ng/ml* (avg.
maximum conc.), country: Canada422, a-Zearalenol
*sa. collected when possible during incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: prepubertal gilt
dosing phase, sa. period over 7 h of Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire breed,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated age: 5 months, wt.: 60 kg, contamination:
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, artificial (dose: 192 mg ZEA/kg b. wt./day,
wt.: 8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial o., for 4 days), conc.: 170.8 ng/ml*,
(dose: 10 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., country: Sweden309, *after 4 days of
Pig 349

ZEA-administration (also at other day incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
intervals up to 8 days measured, lowest pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
conc.: »8 ng/ml after 8 days) nd, country: Hungary632, *control
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: uncastrated male pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 8.9–13.0 kg, (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.:
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed 1,270 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after
information please see the article), conc.: 13/14 days
nd, country: Canada422, *control
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated b-Zearalenol
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: incidence: 9?/96, sa. const.: German
8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg,
(dose: 5 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA
o., 4 times; for detailed information please in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days;
see the article), conc.: 5 ng/ml* for detailed information please see the
(avg. maximum conc.), country: article), conc. range: £3.3 ng/g* **
Canada422, *sa. collected when possible (mean value), country: Germany537,
during dosing phase, sa. period over 7 h *9.57 mg DON and 0.358 mg ZEA/kg diet
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated fed (both fed in highest conc.), **after
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 36 days (thereof 35 days of DON- and
8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial ZEA-administration)
(dose: 10 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 2?/2?*, sa. const.: male KAHYP
4 times; for detailed information please pigs, wt.: ?, contamination: no ZEA, conc.:
see the article), conc.: 8 ng/ml* nd, country: Hungary632, *control
(avg. maximum conc.), country:
Canada422, *sa. collected when possible incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male KAHYP
during dosing phase, sa. period over 7 h pigs, wt.: 60 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: uncastrated (dose: 15 ppm ZEA, o., for 14 days), conc.:
male weanling Yorkshire pigs, wt.: 620 mg/kg*, country: Hungary632, *after
8.9–13.0 kg, contamination: artificial 13/14 days
(dose: 15 mg crystalline ZEA/kg b. wt., o.,
4 times; for detailed information please Pig, sow milk may contain the
see the article), conc.: 80 ng/ml* following mycotoxins and/or their
(avg. maximum conc.), country: metabolites:
Canada422, *sa. collected when possible
during dosing phase, sa. period over 7 h Fumonisin B1
incidence: 9?/9, sa. const.: German incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: milk from a sow
Landrace gilts, age: 180 days, wt.: »103 kg, 1 day after parturition, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: DON/ZEA artificial (dose: Fusarium moniliforme
in wheat in different conc., o., for 35 days; culture material (=300 mg FB1 daily), o.,
for detailed information please see the for 7 days until parturition no more FB1;
article), conc. range: £57.9 ng/g* ** (mean for detailed information please see the
value), country: Germany537, *9.57 DON article), conc.: nd, country: Hungary633
and 0.358 ZEA mg/kg diet fed (both fed in incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: milk from sows
highest conc.), **after 36 days (thereof 1 day after parturition, contamination:
35 days of DON- and ZEA-administration) artificial (dose: Fusarium moniliforme
culture material (=300 mg FB1 daily), o.,
for 7–9 days until parturition, additionally
350 Pony

300 mg FB1 after parturition, o., daily for mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
7 days; for detailed information please see contamination: artificial (dose: 6 mg
the article), conc. range: 23.0–27.5 ppb*, AFB1/kg b. wt. (lower and a higher dose(s)
Ø conc.: 25.25 ppb*, country: Hungary633, also applicated, but no values recorded),
*24 h after parturition nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: milk from a sow information please see the article), conc.:
7 days after parturition, contamination: 722 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73, *died
artificial (dose: Fusarium moniliforme after 34 h, **in cecal contents
culture material (=300 mg FB1 daily), o.,
for 7 days until parturition no more FB1; Pony kidney may contain the
for detailed information please see the following mycotoxins and/or their
article), conc.: nd, country: Hungary633 metabolites:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: milk from sows
Aflatoxin B1
7 days after parturition, contamination:
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony foals
artificial (dose: Fusarium moniliforme
(mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
culture material (=300 mg FB1 daily), o.,
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony mare,
for 7–9 days until parturition, additionally
wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
300 mg FB1 after parturition, o., daily
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1/kg
for 7 days; for detailed information
b. wt. (equal and higher doses also
please see the article), conc. range:
applicated, but no values recorded),
18.0–25.5 ppb*, Ø conc.: 21.75 ppb*,
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
country: Hungary633, *on the 7th day
information please see the article), conc.:
of life of piglets
0.46 ng/g tissue, country: USA73,
Zearalenol *died after 68 h
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: milk from sows Aflatoxin M1
8 days after parturition, contamination: incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
artificial (dose: 40 ppm crystalline ZEA, o., foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
from the 8th day of parturition for 9 days; 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
for detailed information please see the mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
article), conc. range: 0.575–0.79 ppm, contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg
country: Hungary/USA148 (up to 5 days AFB1/kg b. wt. (equal and higher doses
after the diet had been finished also applicated, but no values recorded),
measured) nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
Piglet see Pig 0.45 ng/g tissue, country: USA73, *died
after 68 h

Pony Pony liver may contain the following

mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Pony Artificial Contamination
Aflatoxin B1
Pony cecum may contain the incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: weanling pony
following mycotoxins and/or their foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
metabolites: 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
Aflatoxin B1 contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony information please see the article), conc.:
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: nd**, country: USA73, *control, **died ?
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony after 70 days
Pony 351

incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony information please see the article), conc.
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: range: 0.25*–0.67** ng/g tissue, country:
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony USA73, ponies died after 76 h* and 68 h**
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies), incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
AFB1/kg b. wt. (higher doses also 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
applicated, but no values recorded), mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed contamination: artificial (dose: 4 mg AFB1/
information please see the article), conc. kg b. wt. (higher doses also applicated, but
range: 2.46*–2.59** ng/g tissue, country: no values recorded), nasogastric
USA73, ponies died after 76 h* and 68 h** intubation, once; for detailed information
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony please see the article), conc.: 4.58 ng/g
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: tissue, country: USA73, *died after 46 h
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies), foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
contamination: artificial (dose: 4 mg AFB1/ 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
kg b. wt. (higher doses also applicated, but mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
no values recorded), nasogastric contamination: artificial (dose: 6 mg
intubation, once; for detailed information AFB1/kg b. wt. (a lower and a higher dose
please see the article), conc.: 30.00 ng/g also applicated, but no values recorded),
tissue, country: USA73, *died after 46 h nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony information please see the article), conc.:
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: 11.92 ng/g tissue, country: USA73, *died
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony after 34 h
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
contamination: artificial (dose: 6 mg Pony muscle may contain the
AFB1/kg b. wt. (a lower and a higher dose following mycotoxins and/or their
also applicated, but no values recorded), metabolites:
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
80.12 ng/g tissue, country: USA73, *died
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
after 34 h
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
Aflatoxin M1 mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: weanling pony contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: AFB1/kg b. wt. (equal and higher doses
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony also applicated, but no values recorded),
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies), nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), 2.17 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73, *died
conc.: nd**, country: USA73, *control, after 68 h, **in gluteal muscle
**died ? after 70 days incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies), contamination: artificial (dose: 4 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1/kg b. wt. (lower and higher doses
AFB1/kg b. wt. (higher doses also also applicated, but no values recorded),
applicated, but no values recorded), nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
352 Poultry

21.46 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73, *died AFB1/kg b. wt. (a lower and higher dose(s)
after 46 h, **in gluteal muscle also applicated, but no values recorded),
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
Aflatoxin M1
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
10,180 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73,
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
*died after 46 h, **in rectal contents
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
AFB1/kg b. wt. (equal and higher doses
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
also applicated, but no values recorded),
contamination: artificial (dose: 6 mg
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
AFB1/kg b. wt. (lower and a higher dose(s)
information please see the article), conc.:
also applicated, but no values recorded),
0.68 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73, *died
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
after 68 h, **in gluteal muscle
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
10,611 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73,
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes),
*died after 34 h, **in rectal contents
age: 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
contamination: artificial (dose: 4 mg Pony stomach may contain the
AFB1/kg b. wt. (lower and higher doses following mycotoxins and/or their
also applicated, but no values recorded), metabolites:
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed Aflatoxin B1
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony
2.31 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73, *died foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age:
after 46 h, **in gluteal muscle 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies),
Pony rectum may contain the contamination: artificial (dose: 6 mg AFB1/
following mycotoxins and/or their kg* b. wt. (lower and a higher dose(s) also
metabolites: applicated, but no values recorded),
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
Aflatoxin B1 information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony 5,466 ng/g tissue**, country: USA73, *died
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), after 34 h, **in stomach contents
age: 6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies), Pork see Pig
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1/
kg b. wt. (an equal and higher dose(s) also
applicated, but no values recorded), Poultry
nasogastric intubation, once; for detailed
Poultry Natural Contamination
information please see the article), conc.
range: 4,941*–7,103** ng/g tissue***,
Poultry may contain the following
country: USA73, ponies died after 68 h*
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
and 76 h**, ***in rectal contents
incidence: ?*/?, sa. const.: weanling pony Ochratoxin A
foals (mixed breeding, of both sexes), age: incidence: 5/14,sa. const.: birds of
6–8 months and one 10-year-old pony Denmark, contamination: natural, conc.
mare, wt.: 42–107 kg (weanling ponies), range: 4.3–29.2 µg/kg, Ø 13.22 µg/kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: 4 mg country: Denmark298
Quail 353

Pullets see Hen article), conc.: nr*, country: Poland382,

*in abdominal yolks
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
Quail Japanese quails, contamination: artificial
(dose: 5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Quail Artificial Contamination detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: »£12.75 µg/kg* **
Quail egg may contain the following (mean value), country: Poland382, *in
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: abdominal yolks, **12 h after
Ochratoxin A OTA-administration (also
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from measured at day 4)
Japanese quails, contamination: no OTA incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
(for detailed information please see the Japanese quails, contamination: artificial
article), conc.: nr, country: Poland382, (dose: 20 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
*control detailed information please see the article),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from conc. range: »£33.56 µg/kg* ** (mean
Japanese quails, contamination: artificial value), country: Poland382, *in abdominal
(dose: 1 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for yolks, **12 h after OTA-administration
detailed information please see the article), (also measured at day 4)
conc.: nd, country: Poland382 (measured at
other hour intervals up to 192 h) Quail kidney may contain the
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from following mycotoxins and/or their
Japanese quails, contamination: artificial metabolites:
(dose: 5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Ochratoxin A
detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from
article), conc. range: »£2.06 µg/kg* (mean
Japanese quails, contamination: no OTA (for
value), country: Poland382, *72 h after
detailed information please see the article),
OTA-administration (also at other hour
conc.: nr, country: Poland382, *control
intervals up to }192 h measured, lowest
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
conc.: nd after 192 h)
Japanese quails, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
(dose: 1 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Japanese quails, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the
(dose: 20 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
article), conc.: nr*, country: Poland382, *up
detailed information please see the
to 8 days measured
article), conc. range: »£3.5 µg/kg*
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
(mean value), country: Poland382,
Japanese quails, contamination: artificial
*48 h after OTA-administration (also at
(dose: 5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
other hour intervals up to 96 h measured,
detailed information please see the article),
except for the start value lowest conc.:
conc. range: £80 µg/kg* (mean value),
»2.9 µg/kg after 96 h)
country: Poland382, *12 h after OTA-
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: eggs from administration (up to 8 days measured)
Japanese quails, contamination: no OTA (for incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from
detailed information please see the article), Japanese quails, contamination: artificial
conc.: nr, country: Poland382, *control (dose: 20 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; for
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: eggs from detailed information please see the article),
Japanese quails, contamination: artificial conc. range: £114 µg/kg* (mean value),
(dose: 1 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once; country: Poland382, *12 h after OTA-
for detailed information please see the administration (up to 8 days measured)
354 Rabbit

Quail plasma may contain the information please see the article), conc.:
following mycotoxins and/or their 41 ng/kg* ** (mean value), country:
metabolites: Belgium299, *in sucklings, **after 19 days
of toxin exposure during lactation
Ochratoxin A
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: male and Rabbit liver may contain the
female Japanese quails, wt.: »160 g, following mycotoxins:
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 ng
OTA/g b. wt., o., once), conc. range: Ochratoxin A
£260 ng/ml (mean value), country: incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: “blanc de
Sweden/Yugoslavia193 (at different min Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
and hour intervals up to 48 h measured) no OTA (for detailed information please
incidence: 16?/16, sa. const.: male and see the article), conc.: nd, country:
female Japanese quails, wt.: »160 g, Belgium299, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 ng incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: “blanc de
OTA/g, i.v., once), conc. range: £590 ng/ml Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
(mean value), country: Sweden/ artificial (dose: 193.4 ng natural OTA/g
Yugoslavia193 (at different min and hour feed, for 19 days (lactation period); for
intervals up to 48 h measured) detailed information please see the article),
conc.: 158 ng/kg* ** (mean value), country:
Belgium299, *in rabbit does, **after 19 days
Rabbit of toxin exposure during lactation
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: sucklings from
Rabbit Artificial Contamination “blanc de Termonde” female rabbits,
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from
Rabbit kidney may contain the the milk of lactating rabbits receiving
following mycotoxins and/or their 193.4 ng natural OTA/g feed; for detailed
metabolites: information please see the article), conc.:
Ochratoxin A <20 ng/kg* ** (mean value), country:
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: “blanc de Belgium299, *in sucklings, **after 19 days
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination: of toxin exposure during lactation
no OTA (for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: nd, country: Rabbit mammary gland may
Belgium299, *control contain the following mycotoxins and/or
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: “blanc de their metabolites:
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
artificial (dose: 193.4 ng natural OTA/g Ochratoxin A
feed, for 19 days (lactation period); for incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: “blanc de
detailed information please see the Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
article), conc.: 1,241 ng/kg* ** no OTA (for detailed information please
(mean value), country: Belgium299, *in see the article), conc.: nd, country:
rabbit does, **after 19 days of toxin Belgium299, *control
exposure during lactation incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: “blanc de
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: sucklings from Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
“blanc de Termonde” female rabbits, artificial (dose: 193.4 ng natural OTA/g
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from feed, o., for 19 days (lactation period); for
the milk of lactating rabbits receiving detailed information please see the
193.4 ng natural OTA/g feed; for detailed article), conc.: 109 ng/kg* (mean value),
Rabbit 355

country: Belgium299, *after 19 days of Rabbit plasma may contain the

toxin exposure during lactation following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Rabbit milk may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their Ochratoxin A
metabolites: incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: male Fauve de
Bourgogne rabbits, age: adult, weight:
Ochratoxin A 2–3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: “blanc de 2 mg OTA/kg, o. (by gavage), once; for
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination: detailed information please see the article),
no OTA (for detailed information please conc. range: £2.13 µg/ml* (mean value),
see the article), conc.: nd, country: country: France172, *after 1 h (also at other
Belgium299, *control hour intervals up to 12 h measured, lowest
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: “blanc de conc.: »0.7 µg/ml after 12 h)
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination: incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: male Fauve de
artificial (dose: 193.4 ng natural OTA/g Bourgogne rabbits, age: adult, weight:
feed, o., for 19 days (lactation period); for 2–3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
detailed information please see the 2 mg OTA/kg, i.v., once; for detailed
article), conc.: 49 ng/l* (mean value), information please see the article), conc.
country: Belgium299, *after 19 days of range: »£15 µg/ml* (mean value),
toxin exposure during lactation country: France172, *after 0.3 h? (also at
other hour intervals up to 12 h measured,
Rabbit muscle may contain the lowest conc.: »0.75 µg/ml after 12 h)
following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites: incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: “blanc de
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
Ochratoxin A no OTA (for detailed information please
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: “blanc de see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination: Belgium299, *control
no OTA (for detailed information please incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: “blanc de
see the article), conc.: nd, country: Termonde” female rabbits, contamination:
Belgium299, *control artificial (dose: 193.4 ng natural
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: “blanc de OTA/g feed, o., for 19 days (lactation
Termonde” female rabbits, contamination: period); for detailed information please
artificial (dose: 193.4 ng natural OTA/g see the article), conc.: 3,144 ng/l* **
feed, o., for 19 days (lactation period); (mean value), country: Belgium299, *in
for detailed information please see the rabbit does, **after 19 days of toxin
article), conc.: 38 ng/kg* ** (mean value), exposure during lactation
country: Belgium299, *in rabbit does, **after incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: sucklings from
19 days of toxin exposure during lactation “blanc de Termonde” female rabbits,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: sucklings from contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from
“blanc de Termonde” female rabbits, the milk of lactating rabbits receiving
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from 193.4 ng natural OTA/g feed; for detailed
the milk of lactating rabbits receiving information please see the article), conc.:
193.4 ng natural OTA/g feed; for detailed 51 ng/l* ** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: Belgium299, *in sucklings, **after 19 days
<20 ng/kg* ** (mean value), country: of toxin exposure during lactation
Belgium299, *in sucklings, **after 19 days
of toxin exposure during lactation Rainbow trout see Fish, rainbow trout
356 Rat

Rat dosing 20% casein pair-fed to group 1 for

15 days (group 2); for detailed
Rat Artificial Contamination information please see the article), conc.:
141 pmol AF bound to DNA/mg DNA*
Rat may contain the following (mean value), country: USA118, *after 6 h
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats,
Aflatoxin
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg
incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats,
dosing 20% casein fed ad libitum for
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg
15 days (group 3); for detailed
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to
information please see the article), conc.:
dosing 5% casein fed ad libitum for
202 pmol AF bound to DNA/mg DNA*
15 days (group 1); for detailed information
(mean value), country: USA118, *after 6 h
please see the article), conc.: 81.7 pmol AF
bound to chromatin/mg DNA* (mean incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
value), country: USA118, *after 6 h Sprague-Dawley-derived rats,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg
incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats,
dosing 5% casein fed ad libitum for
contamination: artificial (dose:
15 days (group 1); for detailed information
1.90 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior
please see the article), conc.: 11.9 pmol AF
to dosing 20% casein pair-fed to group
bound to protein/mg protein* (mean
1 for 15 days (group 2); for detailed
value), country: USA118, *after 6 h
information please see the article),
incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
conc.: 187 pmol AF bound to
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats,
chromatin/mg DNA* (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg
country: USA118, *after 6 h
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to
incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling dosing 20% casein pair-fed to group 1 for
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats, 15 days (group 2); for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg please see the article), conc.: 21.8 pmol AF
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to bound to protein/mg protein* (mean
dosing 20% casein fed ad libitum for value), country: USA118, *after 6 h
15 days (group 3); for detailed information incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
please see the article), conc.: 259 pmol AF Sprague-Dawley-derived rats,
bound to chromatin/mg DNA* (mean contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg
value), country: USA118, *after 6 h AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to
incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling dosing 20% casein fed ad libitum for
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats, 15 days (group 3); for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg please see the article), conc.: 35.2 pmol AF
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to bound to protein/mg protein* (mean
dosing 5% casein fed ad libitum for value), country: USA118, *after 6 h
15 days (group 1); for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Rat adipose see Rat fat
56.4 pmol AF bound to DNA/mg DNA*
(mean value), country: USA118, *after 6 h Rat bile may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: ?/3–5, sa. const.: male weanling
Sprague-Dawley-derived rats, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.90 mg incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: male Sprague-
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once, prior to Dawley rats, wt.: 250–300 g,
Rat 357

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.: 175 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after
234 nmol/kg/h** *** **** (mean value), »8 h of treatment
country: USA120, *control, **PG-treatment
(0.267 ml/kg/day) for 9 days prior to Aflatoxin B
AFB1-treatment, ***total AFB metabolites, incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: male
****in bile collected for 1 h Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 250–300 g,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 250–300 g, AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed 73.4 nmol/kg/h** *** **** (mean value),
information please see the article), conc.: country: USA120, *control, **PG-treatment
283 nmol/kg/h* ** *** (mean value), (0.267 ml/kg/day) for 9 days prior to
country: USA120, *BHA-treatment AFB1-treatment, ***AFB-GSH, ****in bile
(500 mg/kg/day) for 9 days prior to collected for 1 h
AFB1-treatment, **total AFB metabolites, incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male
***in bile collected for 1 h Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 250–300 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Sprague-
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
Dawley rats, wt.: 180–190 g,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1
147 nmol/kg/h* ** *** (mean value),
(labeled and unlabeled)/g b. wt., i.p., once;
country: USA120, *BHA-treatment
for detailed information please see the
(500 mg/kg/day) for 9 days prior to AFB1-
article), conc.: 4.6 nmol* ** *** (mean
treatment, **AFB-GSH, ***in bile
value), country: USA552, *control,
collected for 1 h
**AFB1-GSH-conjugate, ***in bile
collected for 2 h Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 180–190 g, giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 µg artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled)/g b. wt., i.p., wt., i.v., once; for detailed information
once; for detailed information please see please see the article), conc.: 54 ng/g liver*,
the article), conc.: 12.2 nmol* ** *** country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of treatment
(mean value), country: USA552, *0.1% incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling
PB-treatment for 1 week (in drinking Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g,
water), **AFB1-GSH-conjugate, ***in bile contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
collected for 2 h (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male
166 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after
African giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg,
»8 h of treatment
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for Aflatoxin P1
detailed information please see the incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: male
article), conc.: 87 ng/g liver*, Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 250–300 g,
country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
treatment AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling information please see the article), conc.:
Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g, 16.3 nmol/kg/h** *** **** (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 country: USA120, *control, **PG-treatment
358 Rat

(0.267 ml/kg/day) for 9 days prior to OTA/rat, i.v., once; for detailed information
AFB1-treatment, ***AFP1-Gluc, ****in bile please see the article), conc.: 1.1 nmol/ml
collected for 1 h (mean value), country: Canada144
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 250–300 g,
wt.: 270 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
2 mg crystalline OTA/kg b. wt., by gavage,
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
once; for detailed information please see
information please see the article),
the article), conc. range: >100 ng/0.1 ml
conc.: 31.7 nmol/kg/h* ** ***
bile*, Ø conc.: >100 ng/0.1 ml bile*,
(mean value), country: USA120, *BHA-
country: Yugoslavia/Sweden191, *after 6 h
treatment (500 mg/kg/day) for 9 days
(also measured after 12, 24, and 48 h,
prior to AFB1-treatment, **AFP1-Gluc,
lowest conc.: 3.2 ng/0.1 ml bile after 48 h)
***in bile collected for 1 h
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male
Aflatoxin Q1 albumin-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat,
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African age: 9–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination: (dose: 2.2 mg OTA/kg, by injection, once),
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. conc. range: »£138 µg/ml* (mean value),
wt., i.v., once; for detailed information country: Japan613, *after 5 min (also at
please see the article), conc.: 245 ng/g other min intervals up to 15 min
liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of measured, except for the start value
treatment lowest conc.: »75 µg/ml after 15 min)
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: normal
Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g, Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 9–10 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 contamination: artificial (dose: 4.1 mg
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed OTA/kg, by injection, once), conc. range:
information please see the article), conc.: »£1 µg/ml*? (mean value), country:
189 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after Japan613, *after 30 min collection period
»8 h of treatment (also measured after 30–60 and
60–90 min collection period, lowest conc.:
Fumonisin B1
<0.5 µg/ml after 60–90 min)
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Wistar
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.:
rats, age: 6–8 months, wt.: 350–400 g,
albumin-deficient Sprague-Dawley rats,
contamination: artificial (dose: 7.5 mg FB1
age: 9–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed
(dose: 4.1 mg OTA/kg, by injection, once),
information please see the article), conc.
conc.: »£175 µg/ml* (mean value),
range: ȣ0.42 mg FB1*, country: South
country: Japan613, *after 30 min collection
Africa623, *after 30–60 min (also at other
period (also measured after 30–60 and
hour intervals up to 24 h measured,
60–90 min collection period, lowest conc.:
lowest conc. nd after »9 h)
»48 µg/ml after 60–90 min)
Ochratoxin A
incidence: ?/3 or more*, sa. const.: healthy Ochratoxin a
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g, incidence: ?/3 or more*, sa. const.: healthy
contamination: no OTA (for detailed female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: no OTa (for detailed
nr, country: Canada144, *control information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female nr, country: Canada144, *control
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
Rat 359

contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg Aflatoxins

OTa/rat, i.v., once; for detailed information incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
please see the article), conc.: 5.01 nmol/ml Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
(mean value), country: Canada144 contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
Lactone Opened Ochratoxin A once; for detailed information please see
incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: healthy the article), conc.: ȣ570 nM AFs*,
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g, country: USA604, *after 2 h (also at other
contamination: no OP-OTA (for detailed min and hour intervals up to 18 h
information please see the article), conc.: measured, lowest conc.: »460 nM AFs
nr, country: Canada144, *control after »0.5 h)
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g, Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
OP-OTA/rat, i.v., once; for detailed AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline
information please see the article), conc.: form), once; for detailed information
4.4 nmol/ml (mean value), country: please see the article), conc.: ȣ480 nM
Canada144 AFs*, country: USA604, *after 12 h (also at
other min and hour intervals up to 18 h
4-Hydroxyochratoxin A
measured, lowest conc.: »120 nM AFs
incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: healthy
after »0.5 h)
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
contamination: no OTA-OH (for detailed
Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
nr, country: Canada144, *control
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female
once; for detailed information please see
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
the article), conc.: ȣ465 nM AFs*,
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
country: USA604, *after 1 day (also at other
OTA-OH/rat, i.v., once; for detailed
day intervals up to 21 days measured,
information please see the article), conc.:
lowest conc.: nd after 21 days)
14.7 nmol/ml (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
Canada144
Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
Ochratoxin B contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: healthy AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g, form), once; for detailed information
contamination: no OTB (for detailed please see the article), conc.: ȣ480 nM
information please see the article), conc.: AFs, country: USA604, *after 1 day (also at
nr, country: Canada144, *control other day intervals up to 21 days
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female measured, lowest conc.: nd after 21 days)
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
Ochratoxin A
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
OTB/rat, i.v., once; for detailed
age: 8 weeks, contamination: no OTA
information please see the article), conc.:
(for detailed information please see the
4.2 nmol/ml (mean value), country:
article), conc.: 14 pmol/ml** (mean
Canada144
value), country: Germany125, *control,
**72 h after OTA-administration
Rat blood may contain the following incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial
360 Rat

(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by gavage, 300–370 g, contamination: no OTA

once; for detailed information please see (for detailed information please see the
the article), conc. range: £4,614 pmol/ml* ** article), conc.: 1.3 µg/l** (mean value),
(mean value), country: Germany125, *after country: Sweden312, *control, **after 24 h
48 h after OTA-administration (also at (also measured after 72 h conc.: 1.1 µg/l)
other day intervals up to 56 days incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
measured, lowest conc.: 85 pmol/ml after rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g,
56 days), **highest value recorded contamination: artificial (dose: 10 µg
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: female F344 OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of
rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination: no OTA lactation; for detailed information please
(for detailed information please see the see the article), conc.: 28 µg/l*
article), conc.: 4 pmol/ml** (mean value), (mean value), country: Sweden312, *after
country: Germany125, *control, **72 h 24 h (also measured after 72 h conc.:
after OTA-administration 8.5 µg/l)
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
F344 rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination: rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g,
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by contamination: artificial (dose: 50 µg
gavage, once; for detailed information OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of
please see the article), conc. range: lactation; for detailed information please
£6,012 pmol/ml* ** (mean value), see the article), conc.: 120 µg/l* (mean
country: Germany125, *after 24 h after value), country: Sweden312, *after 24 h
OTA-administration (also at other days (also measured after 72 h conc.: 36 µg/l)
up to 56 day intervals measured, lowest incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
conc.: 89 pmol/ml after 56 days), Sprague-Dawley rats (dams),
**highest value recorded wt.: 300–370 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 250 µg OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at
incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult 11th day of lactation; for detailed
male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, 520 µg/l* (mean value), country:
country: Japan143, *control Sweden312, *after 24 h (also measured
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male after 72 h conc.: 110 µg/l)
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, incidence: 10?/10*, sa. const.: pups of
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g,
OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range: contamination: no OTA (for detailed
»£36.5 µg/ml* (mean value), country: information please see the article), conc.:
Japan143, *after 4 h (also at other hour 3.8 µg/l** (mean value), country:
intervals up to 40 h measured, lowest Sweden312, *control, **after 72 h
conc.: »13 µg/ml after 48 h) incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pups of
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy adult
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 270–350 g,
the milk of lactating dams receiving 10 µg
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
OTA/kg b. wt.; for detailed information
OTC!/rat, i.v., once), conc. range:
please see the article), conc.: 29 µg/l*
ȣ1,100 ng/ml (mean value), country:
(mean value), country: Sweden312,
Canada175, *after 120 min (also at other min
*after 72 h
intervals up to 300 min measured, lowest
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pups of
conc.: »400 ng/ml after 10 min)
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g,
incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from
Sprague-Dawley rats (dams), wt.: the milk of lactating dams receiving 50 µg
Rat 361

OTA/kg b. wt.; for detailed information receiving 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt. by gastric

please see the article), conc.: 120 µg/l* intubation for 46 times (OTA-exposure of
(mean value), country: Sweden312, pups via placenta); for detailed
*after 72 h information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: pups of 130 µg/l* (mean value), country:
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g, Sweden322, *at day 14
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pups of
the milk of lactating dams receiving Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination:
250 µg OTA/kg b. wt.; for detailed artificial (dose: infected by lactating dams
information please see the article), conc.: receiving 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt. by gastric
480 µg/l* (mean value), country: intubation for 46 times (OTA-exposure of
Sweden312, *after 72 h pups via milk); for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: 640 µg/l*
incidence: 4(8?)?/4(8)*, sa. const.:
(mean value), country: Sweden322,
Sprague-Dawley rats (dams),
*at day 14
contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pups of
information please see the article),
Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination:
Ø conc.: 5.4 µg/l** (mean value), country:
artificial (dose: infected by lactating dams
Sweden322, *control, **at day 14 of
receiving 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt. by gastric
lactation
intubation for 46 times (OTA-exposure of
incidence: 4(8?)?/4(8), sa. const.:
pups via milk and placenta); for detailed
Sprague-Dawley rats (dams),
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 µg
860 µg/l* (mean value), country:
OTA/kg b. wt., gastric intubation, 46 times
Sweden322, *at day 14
in 8 weeks; for detailed information
please see the article), Ø conc.: 195 µg/l*
Ochratoxin a
(mean value), country: Sweden322, *at day
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male F344
14 of lactation
rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination: no
incidence: 4(8?)?/4(8)*, sa. const.: Sprague-
OTA (for detailed information please see
Dawley rats (dams), contamination: no
the article), conc.: 2.23 pmol/ml**
OTA (for detailed information please see
(mean value), country: Germany125,
the article), Ø conc.: 3.3 µg/l** (mean
*control, **72 h after OTA-
value), country: Sweden322, *control, **at
administration
day 21 of lactation
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
incidence: 4(8?)?/4(8), sa. const.:
age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial
Sprague-Dawley rats (dams),
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by gavage,
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 µg
once; for detailed information please see
OTA/kg b. wt., gastric intubation, 46 times
the article), conc. range: £14.92 pmol/ml*
in 8 weeks; for detailed information
** (mean value), country: Germany125,
please see the article), Ø conc.: 235 µg/l*
*24 h after OTA-administration (also at
(mean value), country: Sweden322, *at day
other day intervals up to 56 days
21 of lactation
measured, lowest conc.: 0.01 pmol/ml
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: pups of after 96 h), **highest value recorded
Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination: no incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: female
OTA (for detailed information please see F344 rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination:
the article), conc.: 11 µg/l** (mean value), no OTA (for detailed information please
country: Sweden322, *control, **at day 14 see the article), conc.: 4.35 pmol/ml**
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pups of (mean value), country: Germany125,
Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination: *control, **72 h after OTA-
artificial (dose: infected by lactating dams administration
362 Rat

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female artificial (dose: 289 µg OTA/kg per 24 h,
F344 rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination: gastric intubation, for 8 days), conc.:
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by 27.2 ng/g* structure** (mean value),
gavage, once; for detailed information country: France/South Africa368, *after
please see the article), conc. range: 9 days (thereof 8 days with
£10.11 pmol/ml* ** (mean value), OTA-administration), **in hippocampus
country: Germany125, *after 24 h after incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male albino
OTA-administration (also at other day Wistar rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination:
intervals up to 56 days measured, lowest artificial (289 µg OTA/kg per 24 h, gastric
conc.: 3.16 pmol/ml after 48 h), **highest intubation, for 8 days), conc.: 18.8 ng/g*
value recorded structure** (mean value), country:
France/South Africa368, *after 9 days
Ochratoxin C
(thereof 8 days with OTA-administration),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy adult
**in striatum
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male albino
270–350 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
Wistar rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination:
100 µg OTC/rat, i.v., once), conc. range:
artificial (dose: 289 µg OTA/kg per 24 h,
ȣ1,550 ng/ml (mean value), country:
gastric intubation, for 8 days), conc.:
Canada175, *after »5 min (also at other
17.2 ng/g* structure** (mean value),
min intervals up to 300 min measured,
country: France/South Africa368, *after
lowest conc.: » after 300 min)
9 days (thereof 8 days with
Zearalenone OTA-administration), **in ventral
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male mesencephalon
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male albino
230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose: Wistar rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination:
1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.: artificial (dose: 289 µg OTA/kg per 24 h,
»200 ng/ml* (mean value), country: Korea/ gastric intubation, for 8 days), conc.:
USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-administration 47.3 ng/g* structure** (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male country: France/South Africa368, *after
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 9 days (thereof 8 days with
230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose: OTA-administration), **in rest of brain
2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.:
Zearalenone
»350 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
ZEA-administration
230–290 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
Rat brain may contain the following
conc.: »200 ng/g* (mean value), country:
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
Ochratoxin A ZEA-administration
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male albino incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
Wistar rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination: Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
artificial (dose: 289 µg OTA/kg per 24 h, wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
gastric intubation, for 8 days), conc.: (dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
114 ng/g* structure** (mean value), conc.: »300 ng/g* (mean value), country:
country: France/South Africa368, *after Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-
9 days (thereof 8 days with OTA- administration
administration), **in cerebellum
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male albino Rat colon may contain the following
Wistar rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Rat 363

Ochratoxin A country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of

incidence: ?/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult ZEA-administration, **in adipose tissue
male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
country: Japan143, *control 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male (dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, conc.: »1,000 ng/g* ** (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range: ZEA-administration, **in adipose tissue
»£4 µg/g wet weight of tissue* (mean
value), country: Japan143, *after 16 h
Rat feces may contain the following
(also at other hour intervals up to 24 h
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
measured, lowest conc.: »1 µg/g wet
weight of tissue after 24 h) Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: male adult
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar
Long-Evans rats, wt.: 270–320 g,
rats, age: 8–10 weeks, contamination:
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nd,
artificial (dose: 1.4 mg OTA/kg, injected
country: Taiwan, Republic of China132,
into the femoral vein, once; for detailed
*control
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: male adult
122.8 ng/g/10 min* (mean value),
Long-Evans rats, wt.: 270–320 g,
country: Japan174, *in colon perfusate
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
Rat duodenum may contain the AFB1/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc. range:
following mycotoxins and/or their 0.65–1.16 mg × 10–3*, Ø conc.:
metabolites: 0.905 mg × 10–3*, country: Taiwan,
Republic of China132, *after 24 h (also
Ochratoxin A measured after 48 and 72 h, but conc.: nd)
incidence: ?/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male adult
male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, Long-Evans rat, wt.: 270–320 g,
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, contamination: artificial (dose: 5.5 mg
country: Japan143, *control AFB1/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc.:
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male 1.41 mg × 10–3*, country: Taiwan,
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: Republic of China132, *after 24 h (also
artificial (dose: 15 mg OTA (labeled)/kg, measured after 48 and 72 h, but conc.: nd)
o., once), conc. range: »£7 µg/g wet weight
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African
of tissue* (mean value), country: Japan143,
giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination:
*after 1 h (also at other hour intervals up
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
to 24 h measured, lowest conc.: »1 µg/g
wt., i.v., once; for detailed information
wet weight of tissue after 24 h)
please see the article), conc.: 45 ng/g
Rat fat may contain the following liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: treatment
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling
Zearalenone Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial information please see the article), conc.:
(dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), 48 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after
conc.: »600 ng/g* ** (mean value), »8 h of treatment
364 Rat

Aflatoxin M1 Fumonisin B1
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: rats,
giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 1,000 µg
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information
wt., i.v., once; for detailed information please see the article), conc.: 530 µg/g
please see the article), conc.: 42 ng/g (mean value), country: USA276
liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of
treatment Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: rats,
Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 1,000 µg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed please see the article), conc.: 282 µg/g
information please see the article), (mean value), country: USA276
conc.: 34 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593,
*after »8 h of treatment Ochratoxin A
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male
Aflatoxin Q1 rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African OTA, diet B-II (for detailed information
giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination: please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. Canada209, *control
wt., i.v., once; for detailed information incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Wistar male
please see the article), conc.: 200 ng/g rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination:
liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
treatment daily for 6 days (diet B-I); for detailed
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling information please see the article), conc.:
Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g, pr*, country: Canada209, *measured at day
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ? of OTA-administration
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male
information please see the article), conc.: rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
139 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after OTA, diet NMB (for detailed information
»8 h of treatment please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Canada209, *control
Aflatoxins
incidence: 6?,9?/6,9, sa. const.: Wistar male
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: artificial
Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
(dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated, daily for
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
6 days (diet NMB+T); for detailed
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
information please see the article), conc.
once; for detailed information please see
range: £32 µg/rat/day* (mean value),
the article), conc.: ȣ12.4 nmol AFs/day*,
country: Canada209, *measured on day
country: USA604, *after 1 day (also at other
2 and 5 of OTA-administration (also
day intervals up to 21 days measured,
measured at day 1, 3, 4, and 6, lowest conc.:
lowest conc.: nd after 13 days)
4.3 µg/rat/day on day 1)
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g, incidence: 2(4)/2(4)*, sa. const.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg Sprague-Dawley male rats, wt.: »100 g,
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
form), once; for detailed information country: USA218, *control
please see the article), conc.: ȣ11.3 nmol incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
AFs/day*, country: USA604, *after 1 day male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination:
(also at other day intervals up to 21 days artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA (labeled)/rat,
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 13 days) i.p., once), conc.: 133 µg* OTA content
Rat 365

(mean value), country: USA218, *after 24 h incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Wistar male
(also measured after 8 h conc.: 64 µg OTA) rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination:
artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
daily for 6 days (diet B-I); for detailed
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.:
no OTA only basal feed; for detailed
pr*, country: Canada209, *measured at day
information please see the article), conc.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6? of OTA-administration
range: £3.2 ng/g** (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Wistar male rats,
Belgium509, *control, **after 4 weeks of
wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: artificial
OTA-administration (also measured after
(dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated, daily for
1 week conc.: 1.4 ng/g)
6 days (diet NMB+T); for detailed
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
information please see the article), conc.
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
range: £10 µg/rat/day (mean value),
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
country: Canada209, no statement when
contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g), o., for 28
found
days; for detailed information please see
the article), conc. range: £16,751 ng/g* incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
(mean value), country: Belgium509, male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination: no
*after 4 weeks of OTA-administration OTA, conc.: nr, country: USA218, *control
(also measured after 1 week conc.: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
12,505 ng/g) male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA, i.p., once),
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination: conc.: pr*, country: USA218, *after 24 h?
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g) + MWF Rat fetal extracts may contain the
(2%), o., for 28 days; for detailed following mycotoxins and/or their
information please see the article), conc. metabolites:
range: £25,451 ng/g* (mean value),
Ochratoxin A
country: Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: sexually
OTA-administration (also measured after
mature, nulliparous, outbred Sprague-
1 week conc.: 17,532 ng/g)
Dawley rats, wt.: 200–225 g,
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination: country: USA181, *control
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: sexually mature,
contaminated wheat (2 µg/g) + MWF nulliparous, outbred Sprague-Dawley rats,
(1.8%) + YCW (0.2%), o., for 28 days; for wt.: 200–225 g, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the (dose: 2.5 mg OTA/kg, s.c., once on day
article), conc. range: £22,501 ng/g* (mean 12 of gestation), Ø conc.: £64.2 ng/g*
value), country: Belgium509, *after 4 weeks (mean value), country: USA181, *after 48 h
of OTA-administration (also measured (also measured after 12, 24, and 72 h,
after 1 week conc.: 15,102 ng/g) lowest conc.: 20.2 ng/g after 12 h)

Ochratoxin a Rat heart may contain the following

incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
OTA (for detailed information please see Ochratoxin A
the article), conc.: nd, country: Canada209, incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult
*control male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
366 Rat

contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range:
country: Japan143, *control »£2.5 µg/g wet weight of tissue* (mean
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male value), country: Japan143, *after 16 h (also
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, at other hour intervals up to 24 h
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg measured, lowest conc.: »1 µg/g wet
OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range: weight of tissue after 24 h)
»4.5 µg/g wet weight of tissue* (mean
value), country: Japan143, *after 4 h (also Rat intestine may contain the
at other hour intervals up to 40 h following mycotoxins and/or their
measured, lowest conc.: »2.5 µg/g wet metabolites:
weight of tissue after 8 h)
Zearalenone
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
female Sprague-Dawley rats, Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
wt.: 270–350 g, contamination: artificial wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 100 µg OTA/rat, i.v.., once), conc. (dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
range: £290 ng/g (mean value), country: conc.: »7,000 ng/g* ** (mean value),
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h, **in
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult small intestine
female Sprague-Dawley rats, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
wt.: 270–350 g, contamination: artificial Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
(dose: 100 µg OTC!/rat, i.v., once), conc. 230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
range: £275 ng/g (mean value), country: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.:
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h »11,000 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h, **in small intestine
Zearalenone
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: Rat kidney may contain the following
230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.: Aflatoxin B1
»200 ng/g* (mean value), country: Korea/ incidence: ?/3–6*, sa. const.: weanling
USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-administration male F344 rats, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague- (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 230– conc.: 2.8 nmol AFB1/g tissue** (mean
290 g, contamination: artificial (dose: value), country: USA34, *control,**after
2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.: 2 h, for detailed information please see
»350 ng/g* (mean value), country: Korea/ the article
USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-administration incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
Rat ileum may contain the following
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
1.5 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean value),
Ochratoxin A country: USA34, *after 2 h, **BHA-diet
incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to
male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, AFB1-treatment, for detailed information
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, please see the article
country: Japan143, *control incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg 3.1 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean value),
Rat 367

country: USA34, *after 2 h, **BHT-diet **EQ-diet (0.5%) for 2 weeks prior to

(0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment, for detailed information
AFB1-treatment, for detailed information please see the article
please see the article incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 34 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** (mean
0.9 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean value), value), country: USA34, *after 2 h,
country: USA34, *after 2 h, **EQ-diet **oltipraz-diet (0.1%) for 2 weeks prior
(0.5%) for 2 weeks prior to to AFB1-treatment, for detailed
AFB1-treatment, for detailed information information please see the article
please see the article
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
F344 rats, contamination: artificial
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: nd*
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
** ***, country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
conc.: 2.2 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean
China49, *after 2 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts,
value), country: USA34, *after 2 h,
***measured by scintillation counting
**oltipraz-diet (0.1%) for 2 weeks prior
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
to AFB1-treatment, for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
information please see the article
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: nd*
incidence: ?/3–6*, sa. const.: weanling ** ***, country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
male F344 rats, contamination: artificial China49, *after 2 h, **AFB1-FAPy adducts,
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), ***measured by ELISA
conc.: 94 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA** incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
(mean value), country: USA34, *control, contamination: artificial (1 mg AFB1
**after 2 h, for detailed information (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 5.4 µmol/
please see the article mol DNA* ** *** (mean value), country:
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male USA/Taiwan, Republic of China49, *after
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: 2 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts, ***measured
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: by scintillation counting
36 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** (mean incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, **BHA- contamination: artificial (1 mg AFB1
diet (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to AFB1- (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: nd* ** ***,
treatment, for detailed information please country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
see the article China49, *after 2 h, **AFB1-FAPy adducts,
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male ***measured by ELISA
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination:
61 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** (mean artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g,
value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, **BHT- i.p., once; for detailed information please
diet (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to AFB1- see the article), conc.: 14 ng [14C]AFB1
treatment, for detailed information please bound/mg kidney DNA** (mean value),
see the article country: UK74, *control, **after 6 h
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination:
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1
19 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed
(mean value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, information please see the article), conc.:
368 Rat

9.0 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg kidney DNA** incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
(mean value), country: UK74, *receiving strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
1 mg PB/ml drinking water for 7 days (dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 6 h once; for detailed information please see
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar the article), conc. range: ȣ4 ng AFB1
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: bound/mg protein* (mean value),
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 country: USA116, *after »4 h
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed (also measured after »2, 24, and 48 h,
information please see the article), conc.: lowest conc.: »nd after 48 h)
27.0 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg kidney
incidence: ?/8*, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
rRNA** (mean value), country: UK74,
wt.: 80–100 g, contamination: artificial
*control, **after 6 h
(dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p.,
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar once; for detailed information please see
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: the article), conc.: 4.0 AFB1-DNA binding
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 pmol/mg DNA** (mean value), country:
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed USA556, *control, **after 2 h
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
16.0 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg kidney weight: 80–100 g, contamination: artificial
rRNA** (mean value), country: UK74, (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt.,
*receiving 1 mg PB/ml drinking water for i.p., once, and pretreatment with L-BSO
7 days prior to AFB1-treatment, (conc.: 4 mmol, 4 and 2 h before
**after 6 h AFB1-injection; for detailed information
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar please see the article), conc.: 6.0
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: AFB1-DNA binding pmol/mg DNA*
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (mean value), country: USA556, *after 2 h
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
information please see the article), conc.: weight: 80–100 g, contamination: artificial
1.0 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg kidney (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt.,
protein** (mean value), country: UK74, i.p., once and pretreatment with DEM
*control, **after 6 h (conc.: 3.5 mmol, 4 h before AFB1
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar injection) + L-BSO (conc.: 4 mmol, 2 h
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: before AFB1-injection); for detailed
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, information please see the article), conc.:
i.p., once; for detailed information please 7.4 AFB1-DNA binding pmol/mg DNA*
see the article), conc.: 1.0 ng [14C]AFB1 (mean value), country: USA556, *after 2 h
bound/mg kidney protein** (mean value),
country: UK74, *receiving 1 mg PB/ml incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Fischer
drinking water for 7 days prior to AFB1- rats, wt.: 60–100 g, contamination:
treatment, **after 6 h artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
i.p., once; for detailed information please
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived see the article), conc.: 12.2 pg AFB1/µg
strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial DNA* ** (mean value), country: UK/
(dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., Scotland, UK563, *control: EQ-diet (0.5%,
once; for detailed information please see v/w) for 0 days prior to AFB1-treatment,
the article), conc. range: ȣ11 ng AFB1 **after 2 h
bound/mg DNA* (mean value), country: incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Fischer
USA116, *after »2 h (also measured after rats, wt.: 60–100 g, contamination:
»4, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: »2 ng AFB1 artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
bound/mg DNA after 48 h) i.p., once; for detailed information please
Rat 369

see the article), conc.: 5.4 pg AFB1/µg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
DNA* ** (mean value), country: UK/ strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
Scotland, UK563, *EQ-diet (0.5%, v/w) for (dose: 60 µg AFG1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
2 days prior to AFB1-treatment, once; for detailed information please see
**after 2 h the article), conc. range: ȣ5 ng AFG1
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Fischer bound/mg protein* (mean value),
rats, wt.: 60–100 g, contamination: artificial country: USA116, *after »2 h
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; (also measured after »4, 24, and 48 h,
for detailed information please see the lowest conc.: »nd after 48 h)
article), conc.: 3.7 pg AFB1/µg DNA* **
(mean value), country: UK/Scotland, UK563, Aflatoxins
*EQ-diet (0.5%, v/w) for 14 days prior to incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats, AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: artificial once; for detailed information please see
(dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., the article), conc.: £0.215 nmol AFs/g
once, conc. range: »£17.5 ng AFB1 bound/ tissue (×10–3)*, country: USA604, *after 3 h
mg rRNA* (mean value), country: UK608, (also measured after 3 days and 3 weeks,
*after 2 h (also measured after 6, 24, and lowest conc.: 0.013 nmol AFs/g tissue
48 h, lowest conc.: »5 ng AFB1 bound/mg (×10–3) after 3 weeks)
rRNA after 48 h) incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats, Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: artificial contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
(dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline
once, conc. range: ȣ14 ng AFB1 bound/ form), once; for detailed information
mg DNA* (mean value), country: UK608, please see the article), conc.: £0.333 nmol
*after 6 h (also measured after 2, 24, and AFs/g tissue (×10–3)*, country: USA604,
48 h, lowest conc.: »1 ng AFB1 bound/mg *after 3 h (also measured after 3 days and
DNA after 48 h) 3 weeks, lowest conc.: 0.009 nmol AFs/g
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar tissue (×10–3) after 3 weeks)
rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 HT-2 Toxin
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once, conc. range: incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
»£0.9 ng AFB1 bound/mg protein* (mean age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
value), country: UK608, *after 6 h (also (dose: 2 or 5 mg T-2 toxin/kg b. wt., o.,
measured after 2, 24, and 48 h, lowest once), conc.: pr*, country: Japan391, *after
conc.: nd after 48 h) 30 min

Aflatoxin G1 Ochratoxin A
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial age: 8 weeks, contamination: no OTA
(dose: 60 µg AFG1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., (for detailed information please see the
once; for detailed information please see article), conc.: nr, country: Germany125,
the article), conc. range: ȣ5.5 ng AFG1 *control
bound/mg DNA* (mean value), country: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
USA116, *after »2 h (also measured after age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial
»4, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: »1 ng AFG1 (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by gavage,
bound/mg DNA after 48 h) once; for detailed information please see
370 Rat

the article), conc. range: £480 pmol/g* ** please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
(mean value), country: Germany125, *after Canada209, *control
24 h after OTA-administration (also at incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Wistar male
other day intervals up to 56 days rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination:
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 28 days), artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
**highest value recorded daily for 6 days (diet B-I); for detailed
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female F344 rats, information please see the article), conc.:
age: 8 weeks, contamination: no OTA (for pr*, country: Canada209, *measured at day
detailed information please see the article), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ? of OTA-administration
conc.: nr, country: Germany125, *control incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female F344 rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial OTA, diet NMB (for detailed information
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by gavage, please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
once; for detailed information please see Canada209, *control
the article), conc. range: ȣ170 pmol/g* ** incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar male
(mean value), country: Germany125, *after rats, weight: 83–110 g, contamination:
48 h (also at other day intervals up to 56 artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
days measured, lowest conc.: nd after daily, daily for 6 days (diet NMB+T); for
28 days), **highest value recorded detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 6.2 µg/g* (mean value),
incidence: ?/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult country: Canada209, *measured on day
male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, 5 of OTA-administration (also measured
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, at day 3 and 6)
country: Japan143, *control
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male incidence: ?/2 (10)*, sa. const.:
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, Sprague-Dawley male rats, wt.: »100 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range: country: USA218, *control
»8.0 µg/g wet weight of tissue* (mean incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
value), country: Japan143, *after 4 h male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination:
(also at other hour intervals up to 40 h artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA (labeled)/rat,
measured, lowest conc.: »2.5 µg/g wet i.p., once), conc. range: £13.6 µg/g tissue*
weight of tissue after 8 h) (mean value), country: USA218, *after
0.5 h (also measured after 2, 4, 8, and
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult 24 h, lowest conc.: 3.18 µg/g tissue
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 270– after 24 h)
350 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
100 µg OTA/rat, i.v., once), conc. range: incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.:
£390 ng/g (mean value), country: Sprague-Dawley rats (dams),
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h wt.: 300–370 g, contamination: no OTA
incidence: 4?/4 (overall16), sa. const.: (for detailed information please see the
healthy adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, article), conc.: 0.2 µg/kg** (mean value),
wt.: 270–350 g, contamination: artificial country: Sweden312, *control, **after 72 h
(dose: 100 µg OTC!/rat, i.v., once), conc. incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
range: £320 ng/g (mean value), country: rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g,
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h contamination: artificial (dose: 10 µg
OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male lactation; for detailed information please
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no see the article), conc.: 1.9 µg/kg* (mean
OTA, diet B-II (for detailed information value), country: Sweden312, *after 72 h
Rat 371

incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley country: Sweden322, *control,

rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g, **at day 21 of lactation
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 µg incidence: 4?(8?)/4(8), sa. const.: Sprague-
OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of Dawley rats (dams), contamination:
lactation; for detailed information please artificial (dose: 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt.,
see the article), conc.: 9.2 µg/kg* (mean gastric intubation, 46 times in 8 weeks;
value), country: Sweden312, *after 72 h for detailed information please see the
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley article), Ø conc.: 48 µg/kg* (mean value),
rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g, country: Sweden322, *at day 21 of lactation
contamination: artificial (dose: 250 µg incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: pups of
OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination: no
lactation; for detailed information please OTA (for detailed information please see
see the article), conc.: 18 µg/kg* (mean the article), conc.: 4.0 µg/kg** (mean
value), country: Sweden312, *after 72 h value), country: Sweden322, *control, **at
incidence: 15?/15*, sa. const.: pups of day 14
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pups of
contamination: no OTA (for detailed Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.: artificial (dose: infected by lactating dams
1.4 µg/kg** (mean value), country: receiving 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt., gastric
Sweden312, *control, **after 72 h intubation for 46 times (OTA-exposure of
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: pups of pups via placenta); for detailed
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from 42 µg/kg* (mean value), country:
the milk of lactating dams receiving 10 µg Sweden322, *at day 14
OTA/kg b. wt.; for detailed information incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pups of
please see the article), conc.: 7.2 µg/kg* Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination:
(mean value), country: Sweden312, *after artificial (dose: infected by lactating dams
72 h receiving 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt., gastric
incidence: 12?/12, sa. const.: pups of intubation for 46 times (OTA-exposure of
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g, pups via milk); for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from please see the article), conc.: 180 µg/kg*
the milk of lactating dams receiving 50 µg (mean value), country: Sweden322, *at day
OTA/kg b. wt.; for detailed information 14
please see the article), conc.: 29 µg/kg* incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: pups of
(mean value), country: Sweden312, *after Sprague-Dawley rats, contamination:
72 h artificial (dose: infected by lactating dams
incidence: 15?/15, sa. const.: pups of receiving 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt., gastric
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 19–30 g, intubation for 46 times (OTA-exposure of
contamination: artificial (dose: OTA from pups via milk and placenta); for detailed
the milk of lactating dams receiving information please see the article), conc.:
250 µg OTA/kg b. wt.; for detailed 240 µg/kg* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: Sweden322, *at day 14
110 µg/kg* (mean value), country:
Sweden312, *after 72 h incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male Fisher
344 (F344) rats, age: 10 weeks,
incidence: 4(8?)?/4(8)*, sa. const.: contamination: no OTA (for detailed
Sprague-Dawley rats (dams), information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: no OTA (for detailed nd, country: Spain439, *control
information please see the article), incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male Fisher
Ø conc.: 0.7 µg/kg** (mean value), 344 (F344) rats, age: 10 weeks,
372 Rat

contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg 6 days), conc.: 3.4 µmol/kg kidney wet
OTA/kg b. wt., o., daily for 7 days; for weight** (mean value), country:
detailed information please see the Germany561, *cortex of kidney, **after
article), conc. range: 641–807 µg/kg*, 7 days of first OTA-administration
Ø conc.: 725.6 µg/kg*, country: Spain439, incidence: ?/13*, sa. const.: male Wistar
*after 24 h of final administration rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., once),
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
conc.: »6.2 µmol/kg kidney wet weight**
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
(mean value), country: Germany561,
no OTA only basal feed (for detailed
*cortex of kidney, **after 2 h
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: ?/14*, sa. const.: male Wistar
1.9 ng/g** (mean value), country:
rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination:
Belgium509, *control, **after 4 weeks
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
daily for 6 days), conc.: 2.5 µmol/kg
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
kidney wet weight** (mean value),
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
country: Germany561, *inner medulla of
contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g), o., for
kidney, **after 7 days of first OTA-
28 days; for detailed information please
administration
see the article), conc.: 79.4 ng/g* (mean
incidence: ?/13*, sa. const.: male Wistar
value), country: Belgium509, *after 4 weeks
rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
of OTA-administration
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., daily for
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
6 days), conc.: 4.1 µmol/kg kidney wet
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
weight** (mean value), country:
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
Germany561, *inner medulla of kidney,
contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g) + MWF
**after 7 days of first OTA-administration
(2%), o., for 28 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/13*, sa. const.: male Wistar
information please see the article), conc.:
rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
57.1 ng/g* (mean value), country:
(dose: 1.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., once),
Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
conc.: 11.7 µmol/kg kidney wet weight**
OTA-administration
(mean value), country: Germany561, *inner
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
medulla of kidney, **after 2 h
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/18*, sa. const.: male Wistar
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination:
contaminated wheat (2 µg/g) + MWF
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p.,
(1.8%) + YCW (0.2%), o., for 28 days; for
daily for 6 days), conc.: »1.35 µmol/kg
detailed information please see the
kidney wet weight** (mean value),
article), conc.: 66.7 ng/g* (mean value),
country: Germany561, *outer medulla of
country: Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
kidney, **after 7 days of first
OTA-administration
OTA-administration
incidence: ?/18*, sa. const.: male Wistar incidence: ?/11*, sa. const.: male Wistar
rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination: rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., daily for
daily for 6 days), conc.: »1.2 µmol/kg 6 days), conc.: »1.4 µmol/kg kidney wet
kidney wet weight** (mean value), weight** (mean value), country:
country: Germany561, *cortex of kidney, Germany561, *outer medulla of kidney,
**after 7 days of first OTA-administration **after 7 days of first OTA-administration
incidence: ?/13*, sa. const.: male Wistar incidence: ?/11*, sa. const.: male Wistar
rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., daily for (dose: 1.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., once),
Rat 373

conc.: »5.7 µmol/kg kidney wet weight** incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
(mean value), country: Germany561, *outer Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Fischer
medulla of kidney, **after 2 h 344 rats, wt.: 80–140 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/14*, sa. const.: male Wistar artificial (dose: 20 µg AFB1/kg/day, by
rats, age: 6 weeks, contamination: gavage, daily for up to 14 days), conc.
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., range: ȣ2.0 pmol AFB1-FAPy/mg DNA**
daily for 6 days), conc.: 4.3 µmol/kg (mean value, combined data from the
kidney wet weight** (mean value), three strains), country: France/Japan24,
country: Germany561, *papilla of kidney, *animals killed after 24 h of final
**after 7 days of first OTA- treatment (also measured after 1, 3, and
administration 7 days, lowest conc.: »0.4 pmol AFB1-FAPy/
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar mg DNA after 1 day, combined data from
rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial the three strains), **AFB1-DNA adducts
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., daily for
6 days), conc.: 3.4 µmol/kg kidney wet incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
weight** (mean value), country: F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
Germany561, *papilla of kidney, 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
*after 7 days of first OTA-administration 9.0 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean value),
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar country: USA34, *after 2 h, **control, for
rats, age: 2 years, contamination: artificial detailed information please see the
(dose: 1.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., once), article
conc.: 11.3 µmol/kg kidney wet weight** incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
(mean value), country: Germany561, F344 rats, contamination: artificial
*papilla of kidney, **after 2 h (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once),
conc.: 4.3 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean
Zearalenone value), country: USA34, *after 2 h,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male **BHA-diet (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: AFB1-treatment, for detailed information
230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose: please see the article
1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.: incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
»1,100 ng/g* (mean value), country: F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
ZEA-administration 5.2 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague- country: USA34, *after 2 h, **BHT-diet
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to AFB1-
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial treatment, for detailed information please
(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), see the article
conc.: »1,650 ng/g* (mean value), country: incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
ZEA-administration 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
3.3 nmol AFB1 bond/g tissue* ** (mean
Rat liver may contain the following value), country: USA34, *after 2 h,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: **EQ-diet (0.5%) for 2 weeks prior to
Aflatoxin B1 AFB1-treatment, for detailed information
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male please see the article
Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Fischer incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
344 rats, wt.: 80–140 g, contamination: no F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
AFB1, conc.: nr, country: France/Japan24, 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
*control 4.5 nmol AFB1/g tissue* ** (mean value),
374 Rat

country: USA34, *after 2 h, **oltipraz- AFB1-N7-Gua/mg DNA x 102*, country:

diet (0.1%) for 2 weeks prior to USA42, after 72* or 2** h after AFB1-
AFB1-treatment, for detailed information administration (also at other hour intervals
please see the article up to 72 h measured)
incidence: ?/3–6*, sa. const.: weanling incidence: ?/30, sa. const.: male Fischer
male F344 rats, contamination: artificial rats, age: 75 days, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), (dose: 25 µg AFB1 (labeled), i.p., ten
conc.: 859 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA** times; for detailed information please see
(mean value), country: USA34, *control, the article), conc. range: 13*–322** pmol
**after 2 h, for detailed information AFB1-N7-Gua/mg DNA x 102*, country:
please see the article USA42, after 14* or 2** days (also at other
day intervals up to 14 days measured,
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male
thereof 12 days with AFB1-
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
administration)
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
304 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
(mean value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
**BHA-diet (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.:
AFB1-treatment, for detailed information 0.8 µmol/mol DNA* ** *** (mean value),
please see the article country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male China49, *after 2 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts,
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: ***measured by scintillation counting
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
129 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
(mean value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: nd*
**BHT-diet (0.45%) for 2 weeks prior to ** ***, country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
AFB1-treatment, for detailed information China49, *after 2 h, **AFB1-FAPy adducts,
please see the article ***measured by ELISA
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 115.4 µmol/
77 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** (mean mol DNA* ** *** (mean value), country:
value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, USA/Taiwan, Republic of China49, *after
**EQ-diet (0.5%) for 2 weeks prior to 2 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts, ***measured
AFB1-treatment, for detailed information by scintillation counting
please see the article incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: CD rats,
incidence: ?/3–6, sa. const.: weanling male contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
F344 rats, contamination: artificial (dose: (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: nd* ** ***,
1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: country: USA/Taiwan, Republic of
202 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA* ** China49, *after 2 h, **AFB1-FAPy adducts,
(mean value), country: USA34, *after 2 h, ***measured by ELISA
**oltipraz-diet (0.1%) for 2 weeks prior incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar
to AFB1-treatment, for detailed rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination:
information please see the article artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed
age: 75 days, contamination: artificial information please see the article), conc.:
(dose: 0.6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., 40.7 ng [14C] AFB1 bound/mg liver DNA**
once; for detailed information please see (mean value), country: UK74, *control,
the article), conc. range: 26*–22.000** pmol **after 6 h
Rat 375

incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar AFB1-residue/35,000, 251,000 or 1,355,000

rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: nucleotides*, country: USA103, *after 2 h
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Wistar derived
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed
strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc.:
(dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
11.0 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg liver DNA**
once), conc.: 14.78 ng AFB1 bound/mg*
(mean value), country: UK74, *receiving
DNA** (mean value), country: USA116,
1 mg PB/ml drinking water for 7 days
*after 2 h, **phenol-cresol extraction
prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 6 h
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Wistar derived
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar
strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
rats, weight: 250–300 g, contamination:
(dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1
once), conc.: 13.03 ng AFB1 bound/mg*
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed
DNA** (mean value), country: USA116,
information please see the article), conc.:
*after 2 h, **chloroform/isoamylalcohol
44.8 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg liver rRNA**
extraction
(mean value), country: UK74, *control,
**after 6 h incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: (dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 once), conc. range: »£40.5 ng AFB1
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed bound/mg rRNA* (mean value),
information please see the article), conc.: country: USA116, *after »2 h (also
9.0 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg liver rRNA** measured after »4, 24, and 48 h,
(mean value), country: UK74, *receiving lowest conc.: »18 ng AFB1 bound/mg
1 mg PB/ml drinking water for 7 days rRNA after 48 h)
prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 6 h incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: (dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 once), conc. range: »£15 ng AFB1 bound/
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed mg DNA* (mean value), country: USA116,
information please see the article), conc.: *after »2 h (also measured after »4, 24,
6.3 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg liver and 48 h, lowest conc.: »2 ng AFB1 bound/
protein** (mean value), country: UK74, mg DNA after 48 h)
*control, **after 6 h incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Wistar strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: (dose: 60 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 once), conc. range: »£1 ng AFB1 bound/
(labeled)/100 g, i.p., once; for detailed mg protein* (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: USA116, *after 24 h (also measured after
7.7 ng [14C]AFB1 bound/mg liver »2, »4, and 48 h, lowest conc.: »1 ng AFB1
protein** (mean value), country: UK74, bound/mg protein after 48 h)
*receiving 1 mg PB/ml drinking water for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
7 days prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 6 h wt.: 100–125 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male CDF Fischer (dose: 400 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
rats, wt.: 100–150 g, contamination: gavage, once; for detailed information
artificial (dose: 0.01–1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/ please see the article), conc.: 6.56 pmol/
kg, i.p., once; for detailed information mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
please see the article), conc. range: 1 USA142, *after 24 h, **AFB1-N7-Gua
376 Rat

incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male Wistar rats, artificial (dose: 0.50 mg AFB1 (labeled)/
wt.: 200–220 g, contamination: artificial kg, i.p., once; for detailed information
(dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, by please see the article), conc. range:
gavage, once), conc. range: 25,440–28,680 mmol DNA bases/mmol
4.26–13.55 pmol AFB1/mg DNA*, Ø conc.: AFB1-N7-Gua2*, Ø conc.: 27,060 mmol
7.325 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* **, country: DNA bases/mmol AFB1-N7-Gua2*,
UK/Czechoslovakia153, *after 24 h, country: USA173, *after 2 h
**radioactivity incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, wt.: 130–150 g, contamination: artificial
wt.: 125–160 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 1.00 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once;
(dose: 0.25–2.0 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. for detailed information please see the
wt., injected, once), conc. range: article), conc. range: 8,400–9,400 mmol
90–640 pmol AFB1/mg DNA* (mean DNA bases/mmol AFB1-N7-Gua2*, Ø conc.:
values), country: USA154, *after 2 h 8,900 mmol DNA bases/mmol AFB1-N7-
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, Gua2*, country: USA173, *after 2 h
wt.: 125–160 g, contamination: artificial incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: lactating
(dose: 0.25–2.0 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.:
wt., injected, once), conc. range: 300–450 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
420–3,240 pmol AFB1/mg rDNA* (mean 2 µCi [14C]AFB1 (labeled), i.p., once; for
values), country: USA154, *after 2 h detailed information please see the
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: male CDF article), conc.: 1.131 pmol AFB1 eq/mg
Fischer rats, wt.: 130–150 g, DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA183,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 or *control, **after 6 h
0.1 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc. incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: lactating
range: 1 AFB1 residue/30,000 or 250,000 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.:
nucleotides* **, country: USA155, *after 300–450 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
2 h, **AFB1-DNA adducts 2 µCi [14C]AFB1 (labeled), i.p., once; for
detailed information please see the
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer article), conc.: 0.465 pmol AFB1 eq/mg
rats, wt.: 130–150 g, contamination: DNA* ** (mean value), country: USA183,
artificial (dose: 0.125 mg AFB1 *after 6 h, **BHT-diet (0.5%) for 11–13
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed days prior to AFB1-treatment
information please see the article), conc.
range: 63,800–95,800 mmol DNA bases/ incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
mmol AFB1-N 7-Gua2*, Ø conc.: rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination:
79,800 mmol DNA bases/mmol artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
AFB1-N 7-Gua2*, country: USA173, b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
*after 2 h please see the article), conc.: 4.65 pmol/
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer mg DNA** *** (mean value), country:
rats, wt.: 130–150 g, contamination: Canada445, *AFB1 on day 1 and CMS-diet
artificial (dose: 0.25 mg AFB1 (labeled)/ (composition please see the article) for up
kg, i.p., once; for detailed information to 3 weeks, **after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA
please see the article), conc. range: adducts
30,700–35,300 mmol DNA bases/mmol incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
AFB1-N7-Gua2*, Ø conc.: 33,000 mmol rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination:
DNA bases/mmol AFB1-N 7-Gua2*, artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1
country: USA173, *after 2 h (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer information please see the article), conc.:
rats, wt.: 130–150 g, contamination: 7.07 pmol/mg DNA** *** (mean value),
Rat 377

country: Canada445, *AFB1 on day 1 and please see the article) for up to 3 weeks,
CMD-diet (composition please see the **after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA adducts
article) for up to 3 weeks, **after 2 h, incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
***total AFB1-DNA adducts rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o.,
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: once; for detailed information please see
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg the article), conc.: 420.26 pmol/liver** ***
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information (mean values), country: Canada445, *AFB1
please see the article), conc.: on day 1 and CMD-diet (composition
29.45 pmol/mg DNA** *** (mean value), please see the article) for up to 3 weeks,
country: Canada445, *AFB1 on day 1 and **after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA adducts
CMS-diet (composition please see the incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
article) for up to 3 weeks, **after 2 h, rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination:
***total AFB1-DNA adducts artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: artificial please see the article), conc.: 15.18 pmol/
(dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., mg DNA** *** (mean value), country:
once; for detailed information please see Canada445, *CMS-diet (composition please
the article), conc.: 27.78 pmol/mg DNA** see the article) for up to 3 weeks then
*** (mean value), country: Canada445, *AFB1 AFB1 on day 21, **after 2 h, ***total
on day 1 and CMD-diet (composition AFB1-DNA adducts
please see the article) for up to 3 weeks, incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
**after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA adducts rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination:
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg please see the article), conc.: 2.13 pmol/
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information mg DNA** *** (mean value), country:
please see the article), conc.: 33.11 pmol/ Canada445, *CMD-diet (composition
liver** *** (mean value), country: please see the article) for up to 3 weeks
Canada445, *AFB1 on day 1 and CMS-diet then AFB1 on day 21, **after 2 h, ***total
(composition please see the article) for up AFB1-DNA adducts
to 3 weeks, **after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
adducts rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination:
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: artificial b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
(dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., please see the article), conc.: 89.61 pmol/
once; for detailed information please see mg DNA** *** (mean value), country:
the article), conc.: 81.49 pmol/liver** *** Canada445, *CMS-diet (composition
(mean value), country: Canada445, *AFB1 please see the article) for up to
on day 1 and CMD-diet (composition 3 weeks then AFB1 on day 21,
please see the article) for up to 3 weeks, **after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA
**after 2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA adducts adducts
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: artificial rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination:
(dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o., artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
once; for detailed information please see b. wt., o., once; for detailed information
the article), conc.: 817.15 pmol/liver** *** please see the article), conc.: 20.40 pmol/
(mean values), country: Canada445, *AFB1 mg DNA** *** (mean value), country:
on day 1 and CMS-diet (composition Canada445, *CMD-diet (composition
378 Rat

please see the article) for up to 3 weeks (mean value), country: USA489, *fed diet
then AFB1 on day 21, **after 2 h, ***total 1 = adequate composition (for detailed
AFB1-DNA adducts information please see the article),
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer **covalent AF-adducts, ***after 6 h
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: incidence: ?/4–10*, sa. const.: male
artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg weanling Sprague-Dawley rats,
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
please see the article), conc.: 146.72 pmol/ (labeled and unlabeled)/kg, i.p., once),
liver** *** (mean value), country: conc.: 15.6 ng/mg DNA** *** (mean value),
Canada445, *CMS-diet (composition please country: USA489, *fed diet 2 = marginal
see the article) for up to 3 weeks then deficiency of dietary lipotropes
AFB1 on day 21, **after 2 h, ***total (for detailed information please see the
AFB1-DNA adducts article), **covalent AF-adducts, ***after 6 h
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: ?/4–10*, sa. const.: male
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: weanling Sprague-Dawley rats,
artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
(labeled)/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed (labeled and unlabeled)/kg, i.p., once),
information please see the article), conc.: conc.: 45.7 ng/mg RNA** ***
5.31 pmol/liver** *** (mean value), (mean value), country: USA489,
country: Canada445, *CMD-diet *fed diet 1 = adequate composition
(composition please see the article) for up (for detailed information please see the
to 3 weeks then AFB1 on day 21, **after article), **covalent AF-adducts,
2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA adducts ***after 6 h
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: ?/4–10*, sa. const.: male
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: weanling Sprague-Dawley rats,
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
(labeled)/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed (labeled and unlabeled)/kg, i.p., once),
information please see the article), conc.: conc.: 37.0 ng/mg RNA** *** (mean value),
1,260.60 pmol/liver** *** (mean value), country: USA489, *fed diet 2 = marginal
country: Canada445, *CMS-diet deficiency of dietary lipotropes
(composition please see the article) for up (for detailed information please see the
to 3 weeks then AFB1 on day 21, **after article), **covalent AF-adducts, ***after 6 h
2 h, ***total AFB1-DNA adducts incidence: ?/4–10*, sa. const.: male
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male Fischer weanling Sprague-Dawley rats,
rats, wt.: 95–140 g, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg (labeled and unlabeled)/kg, i.p., once),
b. wt., o., once; for detailed information conc.: 3.3 ng/mg protein** ***
please see the article), conc.: 84.64 pmol/ (mean value), country: USA489, *fed diet
liver** *** (mean value), country: 1 = adequate composition (for detailed
Canada445, *CMD-diet (composition information please see the article),
please see the article) for up to 3 weeks **covalent AF-adducts, ***after 6 h
then AFB1 on day 21, **after 2 h, ***total incidence: ?/4–10*, sa. const.: male
AFB1-DNA adducts weanling Sprague-Dawley rats,
incidence: ?/4–10*, sa. const.: male contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
weanling Sprague-Dawley rats, (labeled and unlabeled)/kg, i.p., once),
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 conc.: 3.2 ng/mg protein** *** (mean
(labeled and unlabeled)/kg, i.p., once), value), country: USA489, *fed diet
conc.: 19.2 ng/mg DNA** *** 2 = marginal deficiency of dietary
Rat 379

lipotropes (for detailed information b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: 280 AFB1-DNA
please see the article), **covalent binding pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean value),
AF-adducts, ***after 6 h country: USA492, *control
(no pretreatment), **2 h after
incidence: ?/4–6*, sa. const.: male Fischer
AFB1-administration (receiving control
344 weanling rats, age: 20 days, wt.:
diet for 4 weeks)
45–50 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: young male
25 µg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), i.p.,
Fischer rats, wt.: 90–100 g, contamination:
for 5 days a week over 2 weeks), conc.
artificial (dose: 0.4 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
range: ȣ27 pmol AF/mg DNA** ***
b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: 205 AFB1-DNA
(mean value), country: USA490, *control
binding pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean value),
semi-purified diet 3 weeks prior to
country: USA492, *pretreated with green
AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h over 2 days
tea (0.5%) in drinking water for 4 weeks
and first and second dosing (for detailed
prior to AFB1-treatment, **2 h after
information please see the article),
AFB1-administration
***AFB1-DNA adducts
incidence: ?/4–6*, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: young male F344
344 weanling rats, age: 20 days, wt.: rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
45–50 g, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., daily
(dose: 25 µg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), for 3 weeks), conc. range:
i.p., for 5 days a week over 2 weeks), conc. £8.3 ng/mg DNA** *** (mean value),
range: »£49 pmol AF/mg DNA** *** country: USA/People’s Republic of China493,
(mean value), country: USA490, *control (for overall information please see
*choline-deficient/methionine-low the article), **AFB1-N7-Gua adducts,
diet 3 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment, ***after 3 days while treatment (also at
**after 2 h of the second day and third other day intervals up to 15 days measured,
dosing (for detailed information please lowest conc.: »2 ng/mg DNA after 9 days)
see the article), ***AFB1-DNA adducts incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: young male
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., daily
Fischer rats, wt.: 90–100 g, contamination:
for 3 weeks), conc.: »3.9 ng/mg DNA* **
artificial (dose: 0.4 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
*** **** (mean value), country: USA/
wt., i.p., once), conc.: 194 AFB1-DNA
People’s Republic of China493,
binding pmol/mg DNA** (mean value),
*lycopene-treatment (100 mg/kg b. wt.)
country: USA492, *control (no pretreatment),
after each AFB1-administration (for overall
**2 h after AFB1-administration (receiving
information please see the article),
control diet for 2 weeks)
**AFB1-N7-Gua adducts, ***after 3 days
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: young male
while treatment (also at other day intervals
Fischer rats, wt.: 90–100 g, contamination:
up to 15 days measured, lowest conc.:
artificial (dose: 0.4 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
»1.7 ng/mg DNA after 9 days),
b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: 154 AFB1-DNA
****1 higher value (»4.3 ng/mg DNA) on
binding pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean value),
day 15 recorded
country: USA492, *pretreated with green
tea (0.5%) in drinking water for 2 weeks incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer
prior to AFB1-treatment, **2 h after 344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination:
AFB1-administration artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: young male i.p., once), conc.: 6.4 nmol AFB1 (total)
Fischer rats, wt.: 90–100 g, contamination: bound to protein** (mean value),
artificial (dose: 0.4 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg country: USA548, *control, **after 3 h
380 Rat

incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer i.p. once), conc.: 44 pmol other AFB1
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: adducts/mg DNA** (mean value),
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, country: USA548, *control, **after 3 h
i.p., once), conc.: 11.8 nmol AFB1 (total) incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer
bound to protein** (mean value), country: 344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination:
USA548, *DHEA-diet (0.8%) for 2 weeks artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 3 h i.p., once), conc.: 18 pmol other AFB1
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male adducts/mg DNA** (mean value),
Fischer 344 rats, age: 2 months, country: USA548, *DHEA-diet (0.8%) for
contamination: artificial (dose: 600 µg 2 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment,
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: **after 3 h
116 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA** (mean
value), country: USA548, *control, **after 3 h incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, wt., i.p., once), conc.: »245 pmol AFB1/mg
i.p., once), conc.: 40 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA** (mean value), country: France549,
DNA** (mean value), country: USA548, *control, **after 2 h (for overall
*DHEA-diet (0.8%) for 2 weeks prior to information please see the article)
AFB1-treatment, **after 3 h incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, wt., i.p., once), conc.: »110 pmol AFB1/mg
i.p., once), conc.: 1,707 pmol AFB1 (total) DNA** (mean value), country: France549,
bound to DNA** (mean value), country: *3-MC i.p. (20 mg/kg b. wt.) on the 3 days
USA548, *control, **after 3 h preceding sacrifice (3-MC was injected
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer prior to AFB1-administration), **after 2 h
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: (for overall information please see the
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, article)
i.p., once), conc.: 773 pmol AFB1 (total) incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
bound to DNA** (mean value), country: rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
USA548, *DHEA-diet (0.8%) for 2 weeks artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 3 h wt., i.p., once), conc.: »125 pmol AFB1/mg
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer DNA** (mean value), country: France549,
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: *CX-diet (300 mg/kg) for 2 weeks prior to
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, AFB1-administration, **after 2 h
i.p., once), conc.: 54 pmol (for overall information please see the
AFB1-N7-Gua2/mg DNA** (mean value), article)
country: USA548, *control, **after 3 h incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, wt., i.p., once), conc.: »100 pmol AFB1/mg
i.p., once), conc.: 17 pmol AFB1-N7-Gua2/ DNA** (mean value), country: France549,
mg DNA** (mean value), country: USA548, *AC-diet (300 mg/kg) for 2 weeks prior to
*DHEA-diet (0.8%) for 2 weeks prior to AFB1-administration, **after 2 h (for
AFB1-treatment, **after 3 h overall information please see the article)
incidence: ?/6–8*, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
344 rats, age: 2 months, contamination: rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
artificial (dose: 600 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Rat 381

wt., i.p., once), conc.: »290 pmol AFB1/mg for 2 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment
DNA** (mean value), country: France549, (for detailed information please see
*BC-diet (300 mg/kg) for 2 weeks prior to the article), **after 2 h (also measured
AFB1-administration, **after 2 h after 6, 12, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.:
(for overall information please see the »0.2 AFB1 pmol bound/mg DNA
article) after 48 h)
incidence: ?/2*, sa. const.: male incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 µg AFB1 contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc. range: (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 1.50 pmol
ȣ6.1 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA** AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA **
(mean value), country: USA550, *basal diet (mean value), country: USA550, *basal diet
for the experimental period (2 weeks) for the experimental period (2 weeks)
prior to AFB1-treatment (for detailed prior to AFB1-treatment (for detailed
information please see the article), **after information please see the article),
2 h (also measured after 6, 12, 24, and **after 2 h
48 h, lowest conc.: »1 pmol AFB1 bound/ incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male
mg DNA after 24 h) Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g,
incidence: ?/2*, sa. const.: male contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 0.59 pmol
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 µg AFB1 AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA**
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc. range: (mean value), country: USA550, *brussel
ȣ2.8 pmol AFB1 bound/mg DNA** sprouts (25% dry wt. of the diet) for
(mean value), country: USA550, *brussel 2 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment
sprouts (25% dry wt. of the diet) for (for detailed information please see the
2 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment (for article), **after 2 h
detailed information please see the incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male
article), **after 2 h (also measured after Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g,
6, 12, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: »0.2 AFB1 contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1
pmol bound/mg DNA after 48 h) (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 1.11 pmol
incidence: ?/2*, sa. const.: male AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA** (mean
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, value), country: USA550, *I3C-diet
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 µg AFB1 (250 ppm) for 2 weeks prior to
(labeled)/kg, i.g. by gavage, once), conc. AFB1-treatment (for detailed information
range: ȣ5.7 pmol AFB1 bound/mg please see the article), **after 2 h
DNA** (mean value), country: USA550, incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male
*basal diet for the experimental period Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g,
(2 weeks) prior to AFB1-treatment contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1
(for detailed information please see the (labeled)/kg, i.p., once), conc.: 0.83 pmol
article), **after 6 h (also measured after AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA** (mean
2, 12, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: »0.5 AFB1 value), country: USA550, *basal diet + PB
pmol bound/mg DNA after 48 h) (0.1%) in drinking water for 7 days prior
incidence: 1/1*, sa. const.: male to AFB1-treatment (for detailed
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, information please see the article),
contamination: artificial (dose: 5 µg AFB1 **after 2 h
(labeled)/kg, i.g. by gavage, once), conc. incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male
range: »£2.95 pmol AFB1 bound/mg Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g,
DNA(mean value), country: USA550, contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1
*brussel sprouts (25% dry wt. of the diet) (labeled)/kg, i.g. by gavage, once), conc.:
382 Rat

0.98 pmol AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA** (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
(mean value), country: USA550, *basal diet gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11),
for the experimental period (2 weeks) conc.: 2.0 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** ****
prior to AFB1-treatment (for detailed (mean value), country: USA551, *EQ-diet
information please see the article), (0.4%) for 3 weeks while AFB1 was
**after 3 h gavaged in the last 2 weeks,
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male **AFB-N7-FAPyr (minor), ***at day 3 of
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, AFB1-administration (also at other day
contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1 intervals up to 133 days measured, lowest
(labeled)/kg, i.g. by gavage, once), conc.: conc.: nd after 49, 77, 106, and 133 days),
0.45 pmol AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA** ****several higher values up to 2.6 pmol/
(mean value), country: USA550, *brussel mg DNA were recorded
sprouts (25% dry wt. of the diet) for incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
2 weeks prior to AFB1-treatment wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
(for detailed information please see the (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
article), **after 3 h gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11),
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male conc. range: £57.8 pmol/mg DNA* ** ***
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, (mean value), country: USA551, *control,
contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1 **AFB-N7-FAPyr (major), ***at day 3 of
(labeled)/kg, i.g. by gavage, once), conc.: AFB1-administration (also at other day
0.82 pmol AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA** intervals up to 133 days measured, lowest
(mean value), country: USA550, *I3C-diet conc.: 0.1 pmol/mg DNA after 133 days)
(250 ppm) for 2 weeks prior to (for detailed information please see the
AFB1-treatment (for detailed information article)
please see the article), **after 3 h incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
incidence: ?/3*, sa. const.: male wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 125–150 g, (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
contamination: artificial (dose: 3 µg AFB1 gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11),
(labeled)/kg, i.g. by gavage, once), conc.: conc.: 7.8 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** (mean
0.37 pmol AFB1 bound/mg hepatic DNA** value), country: USA551, *EQ-diet (0.4%)
(mean value), country: USA550, *basal diet for 3 weeks while AFB1 was gavaged in the
+ PB (0.1%) in drinking water for 7 days last 2 weeks, **AFB-N7-FAPyr (major),
prior to AFB1-treatment (for detailed ***at day 3 of AFB1-administration
information please see the article), (also at other day intervals up to 133 days
**after 3 h measured, lowest conc.: 0.1 pmol/mg
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats, wt.: DNA; ****several higher values up to
75–100 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 10.4 pmol/mg DNA are recorded (for
250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by gavage, 10 detailed information please see the
times at days 0–4 and 7–11), conc. range: article)
£14.4 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** (mean value), incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
country: USA551, *control, **AFB-N7-FAPyr wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
(minor), ***at day 3 of AFB1-administration (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
(also at other day intervals up to 133 days gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11),
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 77, 106, and conc. range: £105.2 pmol/mg DNA* ** ***
133 days) (for detailed information please (mean value), country: USA551, *control,
see the article) **AFB-N7-Gua3, ***at day 1 of
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats, AFB1-administration (also at other day
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial intervals up to 133 days measured, lowest
Rat 383

conc.: nd after 49, 77, 106, and 133 days) please see the article), conc.: 41.2
(for detailed information please see the AFB1-DNA binding pmol/mg DNA*
article) (mean value), country: USA556, *after 2 h
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats, incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial wt.: 80–100 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt.,
gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11), i.p., once and pretreatment with DEM
conc. range: £19.0 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** (conc.: 3.5 mmol, 4 h before AFB1-
(mean value), country: USA551, *EQ-diet injection) + L-BSO (conc.: 4 mmol, 2 h
(0.4%) for 3 weeks while AFB1 was before AFB1-injection); for detailed
gavaged in the last 2 weeks, information please see the article), conc.:
**AFB-N7-Gua3, ***at day 1 of 51.9 AFB1-DNA binding pmol/mg DNA*
AFB1-administration (also at other day (mean value), country: USA556, *after 2 h
intervals up to 133 days measured, lowest
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Fischer
conc.: nd after 49, 77, 106, and 133 days)
rats, wt.: 60–100 g, contamination:
(for detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
article)
i.p., once; for detailed information please
incidence: 4?/4?, sa. const.: male see the article), conc.: 126.4 pg AFB1/µg
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 180–190 g, DNA* ** (mean value), country: UK/
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 Scotland, UK563, *control: EQ-diet
(unlabeled and labeled)/g b. wt., i.p., once; (0.5%, v/w) for 0 days prior to AFB1-
for detailed information please see the treatment, **after 2 h
article), conc.: 29.8 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Fischer
(mean value), country: USA552, *control, rats, wt.: 60–100 g, contamination:
**AFB1-DNA adducts, ***after 2 h artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
incidence: 4?/4?, sa. const.: male i.p., once; for detailed information please
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 180–190 g, see the article), conc.: 29.5 pg AFB1/µg
contamination: artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 DNA* ** (mean value), country: UK/
(unlabeled and labeled)/g b. wt., i.p., once; Scotland, UK563, *EQ-diet (0.5%, v/w) for
for detailed information please see the 2 days prior to AFB1-treatment,
article), conc.: 8.6 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** **after 2 h
(mean value), country: USA552, incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Fischer
*PB-treatment (0.1%, in drinking water) for rats, wt.: 60–100 g, contamination: artificial
1 week, **AFB1-DNA adducts, ***after 2 h (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once;
for detailed information please see the
incidence: ?/8*, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, article), conc.: 3.9 pg AFB1/µg DNA* **
wt.: 80–100 g, contamination: artificial (mean value), country: UK/Scotland, UK563,
(dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., i.p., *EQ-diet (0.5%, (v/w) for 14 days prior to
once; for detailed information please see AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h
the article), conc.: 28.9 AFB1-DNA binding
pmol/mg DNA** (mean value), country: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer
USA556, *control, **after 2 h rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
wt.: 80–100 g, contamination: artificial i.p., once; for detailed information please
(dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt., see the article), conc.: »17 pmol AFB1
i.p., once and pretreatment with L-BSO exo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* **
(conc.: 4 mmol, 4 and 2 h before (mean value), country: USA/Scotland,
AFB1-injection; for detailed information UK565, *control, **after 2 h
384 Rat

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer i.p., once; for detailed information please
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: see the article), conc.: »44 pmol AFB1
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, endo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* ** (mean
i.p., once; for detailed information please value), country: USA/Scotland, UK565,
see the article), conc.: »71 pmol AFB1 *BNF-diet (0.04%) for 1 week prior to
exo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* ** (mean AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h
value), country: USA/Scotland, UK565, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer
*I3C-diet (0.2%) for 1 week prior to rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer i.p., once; for detailed information please
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: see the article), conc.: »168 pmol AFB1
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, endo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* **
i.p., once; for detailed information please (mean value), country: USA/Scotland,
see the article), conc.: »24 pmol AFB1 UK565, *I3C- (0.2%) + BNF-diet (0.04%)
exo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* ** for 1 week prior to AFB1-treatment,
(mean value), country: USA/Scotland, **after 2 h
UK565, *BNF-diet (0.04%) for 1 week prior incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer
to AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: i.p., once), conc.: »53 pmol AFB1 eq/mg
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, DNA* ** *** (mean value), country: USA/
i.p., once; for detailed information please Scotland, UK565, *control, **[3H]AFB1-
see the article), conc.: »58 pmol AFB1 DNA adducts, ***after 2 h
exo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* ** incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer
(mean value), country: USA/Scotland, rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
UK565, *I3C- (0.2%) + BNF-diet (0.04%) artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
for 1 week prior to AFB1-treatment, i.p., once), conc.: »18 pmol AFB1 eq/mg
**after 2 h DNA* ** *** (mean value), country:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer USA/Scotland, UK565, *I3C-diet (0.2%) for
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: 1 week prior to AFB1-treatment, **[3H]
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, AFB1-DNA adducts, ***after 2 h
i.p., once; for detailed information please incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer
see the article), conc.: »59 pmol AFB1 rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
endo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* ** (mean artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
value), country: USA/Scotland, UK565, i.p., once), conc.: »28 pmol AFB1 eq/mg
*control, **after 2 h DNA* ** *** (mean value), country: USA/
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer Scotland, UK565, *BNF-diet (0.04%)
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: for 1 week prior to AFB1-treatment,
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, **[3H]AFB1-DNA adducts, ***after 2 h
i.p., once; for detailed information please incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer
see the article), conc.: »145 pmol AFB1 rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
endo-epoxide GSH/mg protein* ** artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg,
(mean value), country: USA/Scotland, i.p., once), conc.: »24 pmol AFB1 eq/mg
UK565, *I3C-diet (0.2%) for 1 week prior DNA* ** *** (mean value),
to AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h country: USA/Scotland, UK565,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer *I3C- (0.2%) + BNF-diet (0.04%)
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: for 1 week prior to AFB1-treatment,
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, **[3H]AFB1-DNA adducts, ***after 2 h
Rat 385

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
i.p., once), conc.: »85 nmol AFB1 eq/g 20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
liver* ** (mean value), country: USA/ mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving
Scotland, UK565, *control, **after 2 h birth), conc.: 40 pmol AFB1/mg RNA*
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer (mean value), country: India594, *after 48 h
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: while taking milk from their mother
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
i.p., once), conc.: »35 nmol AFB1 eq/g albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
liver* ** (mean value), country: strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
USA/Scotland, UK565, *I3C-diet (0.2%) 20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
for 1 week prior to AFB1-treatment, mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving
**after 2 h birth), conc.: 10 pmol AFB1/mg RNA* **
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer (mean value), country: India594, *after 48 h
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial while taking milk from their mother,
(dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., **PB (80 mg/kg b. wt.) injected 3 days
once), conc.: »39 nmol AFB1 eq/g liver* ** prior to AFB1-administration
(mean value), country: USA/Scotland, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
UK565, *BNF-diet (0.04%) for 1 week prior albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
to AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer 20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, birth), conc.: 52 pmol AFB1/mg protein*
i.p., once), conc.: »40 nmol AFB1 eq/g (mean value), country: India594, *after 48 h
liver* **(mean value), country: USA/ while taking milk from their mother
Scotland, UK565, *I3C- (0.2%) + BNF-diet incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
(0.04%) for 1 week prior to albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
AFB1-treatment, **after 2 h strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
birth), conc.: 23 pmol AFB1/mg protein*
strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
** (mean value), country: India594, *after
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
48 h while taking milk from their mother,
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after
**PB (80 mg/kg b. wt.) injected 3 days
giving birth), conc.: nd* **, country:
prior to AFB1-administration
India594, *AFB1-DNA adducts, **after 48 h
while taking milk from incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
their mother wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar once), conc. range: »£44.5 ng AFB1 bound/
strain, contamination: artificial (dose: mg rRNA* (mean value), country: UK608,
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the *after 6 h (also measured after 2, 24, and
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving 48 h, lowest conc.: »10 ng AFB1 bound/mg
birth), conc.: nd* ** ***, country: India594, rRNA after 48 h)
*AFB1-DNA adducts, **after 48 h while incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar
taking milk from their mother, rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
***PB (80 mg/kg b. wt.) injected 3 days artificial (dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g,
prior to AFB1-administration i.p., once, conc. range: ȣ23 ng AFB1
386 Rat

bound/mg DNA* (mean value), country: information please see the article), conc.
UK608, *after 2 h (also measured after 6, 24, range: ȣ51 pmol AFB-N7-Gua3 adducts
and 48 h, lowest conc.: »1 ng AFB1 bound/ mg DNA** (mean value), country: USA611,
mg DNA after 48 h) *control, *2 days after AFB1-
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats, administration (also at other day intervals
wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: artificial up to 16 days measured, lowest conc.:
(dose: 40 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p., »11 pmol AFB-N 7-Gua3 adducts mg DNA
once, conc. range: ȣ4.5 ng AFB1 bound/ after 10 days)
mg protein* (mean value), country: UK608, incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
*after 6 h (also measured after 2, 24, and wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
48 h, lowest conc.: »1 ng AFB1 bound/mg (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
protein after 48 h) gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male CDF
information please see the article), conc.
Fischer rats, wt.: 100–150 g,
range: ȣ9.9 pmol AFB-N7-Gua3 adducts
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once, conc. range:
USA611, *2 days after AFB1-administration
ȣ13.5 nmol AFB1 residues/g liver* **
(also at other day intervals up to 16 days
(mean value), country: USA610, *after »1 h
measured, lowest conc.: »0.3 pmol
(also measured after »2, 12, and 36 h),
AFB-N 7-Gua3 adducts mg DNA after
**in liver homogenate
12 days; control values always higher than
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male CDF
1,2-dithiole-3-thione values),
Fischer rats, wt.: 100–150 g,
**1,2-dithiole-3-thione-diet (0.03%)
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
1 week before and while AFB1-treatment
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once, conc. range:
ȣ0.95 nmol AFB1 residues/g liver* ** incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male
(mean value), country: USA610, *after »1 h Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 150–260 g,
(also measured after »2, 12, and 36 h), contamination: artificial (dose: 0.6 mg
**in liver nuclei AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male CDF detailed information please see the
Fischer rats, wt.: 100–150 g, article), conc. range: »£105 pmol AFB1/mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 DNA* ** (mean value), country:
(labeled)/kg, i.p., once, conc. range: Germany612, *after 20 min (also measured
ȣ390 pmol AFB1 residues/mg DNA* after 24 and 72 h, lowest conc.: 55 pmol
(mean value), country: USA610, *after »0 h AFB1/mg DNA after 72 h), **in PC
(also measured after »2, 12, and 36 h) incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male CDF Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 150–260 g,
Fischer rats, wt.: 100–150 g, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.6 mg
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
once, conc. range: ȣ30 pmol AFB1 detailed information please see the
residues/mg chromatin protein* article), conc. range: ȣ25 pmol AFB1/mg
(mean value), country: USA610, *after »0 h DNA* ** (mean value), country:
(also measured after »2, 12, and 36 h) Germany612, *after 20 min (also measured
after 24 and 72 h, lowest conc.: nd? after
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, 24 h), **in NPC
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: weanling
gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed artificial (dose: control diet for 41 weeks
Rat 387

then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o. by »2.35 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg RNA*

gavage, once; for detailed information (mean value), country: USA615, *after 6 h
please see the article), conc.: »3.65 pmol of receiving AFB1 (labeled)
[14C]AFB1/mg DNA** (mean value), incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling
country: USA615, *control, **after 6 h of Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
receiving AFB1 (labeled) artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFM1, o., for
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling 41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination: wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 0.5 ppb AFM1, o., for information please see the article), conc.:
41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. »3.2 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg RNA* (mean
wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed value), country: USA615, *after 6 h of
information please see the article), conc.: receiving AFB1 (labeled)
»2.3 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg DNA* incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling
(mean value), country: USA615, *after Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
6 h of receiving AFB1 (labeled) artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFB1, o., for
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling 41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination: wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFM1, o., for information please see the article), conc.:
41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. »1 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg RNA*
wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed (mean value), country: USA615, *after 6 h
information please see the article), conc.: of receiving AFB1 (labeled)
»2.25 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg DNA* incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: weanling
(mean value), country: USA615, *after Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
6 h of receiving AFB1 (labeled) artificial (dose: control diet for 41 weeks
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., o. by
Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination: gavage, once; for detailed information
artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFB1, o., for please see the article), conc.: »0.35 pmol
41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. [14C]AFB1/mg protein** (mean value),
wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed country: USA615, *control, **after 6 h of
information please see the article), conc.: receiving AFB1 (labeled)
»1 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg DNA* (mean incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling
value), country: USA615, *after 6 h of Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
receiving AFB1 (labeled) artificial (dose: 0.5 ppb AFM1, o., for
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: weanling 41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination: wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed
artificial (dose: control diet for 41 weeks information please see the article), conc.:
then »5 µg [14C]AFB1/kg b. wt., o. by »0.3 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg protein*
gavage, once; for detailed information (mean value), country: USA615, *after 6 h
please see the article), conc.: »4.1 pmol of receiving AFB1 (labeled)
[14C]AFB1/mg RNA** (mean value), incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling
country: USA615, *control, **after 6 h of Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination:
receiving AFB1 (labeled) artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFM1, o., for
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling 41 weeks then »5 µg [14C]AFB1/kg b. wt.,
Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination: o. by gavage, once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 0.5 ppb AFM1, o., for information please see the article), conc.:
41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. »0.3 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg protein* (mean
wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed value), country: USA615, *after 6 h of
information please see the article), conc.: receiving AFB1 (labeled)
388 Rat

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: weanling please see the article), conc.: »11.5 pmol/
Fischer 344 rats, wt.: 50 g, contamination: mg DNA** *** (mean value), country:
artificial (dose: 50 ppb AFB1, o., for USA621, *control, **AFB-N7-Gua3, ***after
41 weeks then »5 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. 24 h
wt., o. by gavage, once; for detailed incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
information please see the article), conc.: age: 21 days, contamination: artificial
»0.15 pmol [14C]AFB1/mg protein* (mean (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
value), country: USA615, *after 6 h of gavage, once; for detailed information
receiving AFB1 (labeled) please see the article), conc.: »4 pmol/mg
DNA** *** (mean value), country: USA621,
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Sprague- *oltipraz-diet (0.075%) for 7 days prior
Dawley rats, wt.: 275–325 g, to AFB1-treatment, **AFB-N7-Gua3,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg ***after 24 h
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Aflatoxin B1–8,9-Epoxide
»380 AFB adducts/107 DNA nucleotides** incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
(mean value), country: USA616, *control, rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial
**after 2 h (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 (labeled),
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male i.p., once; for detailed information please
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 275–325 g, see the article), conc. range: »£340 pmol
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg AFB1–8,9-epoxide formed/min/mg
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.p., once; for detailed protein** *** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: USA624, *control, ***after 2 h
»71 AFB adducts/107 DNA nucleotides* ** incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
(mean value), country: USA616, *BHA-diet rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
(0.75%) for 10 days prior to AFB1- artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1
treatment, **after 2 h (labeled), i.p., once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, range: »£340 pmol AFB1–8,9-epoxide
age: 21 days, contamination: artificial formed/min/mg protein** *** (mean
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by value), country: USA624, *BNF-diet
gavage, once; for detailed information (0.04%) for 7 days prior to
please see the article), conc.: »55 pmol/ AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
mg DNA** *** (mean value), country: incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
USA621, *control, **AFB-N7-Gua3, rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial
***after 2 h (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 (labeled),
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats, i.p., once; for detailed information please
age: 21 days, contamination: artificial see the article), conc. range: ȣ600 pmol
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by AFB1–8,9-epoxide formed/min/mg
gavage, once; for detailed information protein** *** (mean value), country:
please see the article), conc.: »12 pmol/ USA624, *I3C-diet (0.2%) for 7 days prior
mg DNA** *** (mean value), country: to AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
USA621, *oltipraz-diet (0.075%) for 7 days incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
prior to AFB1-treatment, **AFB-N7-Gua3, rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
***after 2 h artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, (labeled), i.p., once; for detailed
age: 21 days, contamination: artificial information please see the article), conc.
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by range: »£700 pmol AFB1–8,9-epoxide
gavage, once; for detailed information formed/min/mg protein** *** (mean
Rat 389

value), country: USA624, *I3C- (0.2%) + mg DNA were recorded (for detailed
BNF-diet (0.04%) for 7 days prior to information please see the article)
AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
Aflatoxin G1
2,3-Dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1 incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Wistar derived
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Fischer strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
rats, age: 75 days, contamination: artificial (dose: 60 µg AFG1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
(dose: 0.6 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: 6.89 ng AFG1 bound/mg*
once; for detailed information please see DNA** (mean value), country: USA116,
the article), conc. range: 3*–60** pmol *after 2 h, **phenol-cresol extraction
DIOL/mg DNA x 102*, country: USA42, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Wistar derived
after 72* or 2 h** after AFB1- strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
administration (also at other hour (dose: 60 µg AFG1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
intervals up to 72 h measured) once), conc.: 8.5 ng AFG1 bound/mg*
incidence: ?/30, sa. const.: male Fischer DNA** (mean value), country: USA116,
rats, age: 75 days, contamination: artificial *after 2 h, **chloroform/isoamylalcohol
(dose: 25 µg AFB1 (labeled), i.p., 10 times; extraction
for detailed information please see the incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
article), conc. range: 8*–30** pmol DIOL/ strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination:
mg DNA x 102*, country: USA42, after artificial (dose: 60 µg AFG1
6* or 14** days (also at other day (labeled)/100 g, i.p., once), conc. range:
intervals up to 14 days measured, thereof ȣ10.5 ng AFG1 bound/mg rRNA* (mean
12 days with AFB1-administration) value), country: USA116, *after »2 h (also
measured after »4, 24, and 48 h, lowest
8,9-Dihydro-8,9-Diydroxyaflatoxin B1
conc.: »7 ng AFG1 bound/mg rRNA
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
after 24 h)
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11),
(dose: 60 µg AFG1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
conc. range: £5.7 pmol/mg DNA* ** ***
once), conc. range: ȣ7 ng AFG1 bound/
(mean value), country: USA551, *control,
mg DNA* (mean value), country: USA116,
**AFB1 8,9-dihydrodiol, ***at day 1 of
*after »2 h (also measured after
AFB1-administration (also at other day
»4, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: »2 ng AFG1
intervals up to 133 days measured, lowest
bound/mg DNA after 48 h)
conc.: nd after 49, 77, 106, and 133 days)
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar derived
(for detailed information please see the
strain, wt.: 150 g, contamination: artificial
article)
(dose: 60 µg AFG1 (labeled)/100 g, i.p.,
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
once), conc. range: ȣ2.5 ng AFG1 bound/
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
mg protein* (mean value), country: USA116,
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
*after »2 h (also measured after »4, 24, and
gavage, 10 times at days 0–4 and 7–11),
48 h, lowest conc.: »nd after 48 h)
conc.: 0.6 pmol/mg DNA* ** *** ****
(mean value), country: USA551, *EQ-diet Aflatoxin M1
(0.4%) for 3 weeks while AFB1 was incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
gavaged in the last 2 weeks, **AFB1 wt.: 100–125 g, contamination: artificial
8,9-dihydrodiol, ***at day 9 of AFB1- (dose: 400 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
administration (also at other day intervals gavage, once; for detailed information
up to 133 days measured, lowest conc.: nd please see the article), conc.: 0.42 pmol/
after 49, 77, 106, and 133 days), mg DNA* ** (mean value), country:
****several higher values up to 1.0 pmol/ USA142, *after 24 h, **AFM1-N 7-Gua
390 Rat

incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer (labeled), i.p., once; for detailed
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: information please see the article), conc.
artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 range: »£50 pmol AFQ1 formed/min/mg
(labeled), i.p., once; for detailed protein** *** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc. USA624, *BNF-diet (0.04%) for 7 days
range: ȣ30 pmol AFM1 formed/min/mg prior to AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
protein** *** (mean value), country: incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
USA624, *control, ***after 2 h rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: (labeled), i.p., once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 information please see the article), conc.
(labeled), i.p., once; for detailed range: ȣ180 pmol AFQ1 formed/min/mg
information please see the article), conc. protein** *** (mean value), country:
range: ȣ140 pmol AFM1 formed/min/mg USA624, *I3C-diet (0.2%) for 7 days prior
protein** *** (mean value), country: to AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
USA624, *BNF-diet (0.04%) for 7 days incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
prior to AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 (labeled),
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: i.p., once; for detailed information please
artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 see the article), conc. range: »£190 pmol
(labeled), i.p., once; for detailed AFQ1 formed/min/mg protein** ***
information please see the article), conc. (mean value), country: USA624, *I3C-
range: ȣ300 pmol AFM1 formed/min/mg (0.2%) + BNF-diet (0.04%) for 7 days
protein** *** (mean value), country: prior to AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
USA624, *I3C-diet (0.2%) for 7 days prior
Aflatoxin
to AFB1-treatment, ***after 2 h
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: male Wistar
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer
outbred rats, wt.: 190–210 g,
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 µg
artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1
AFB1 (labeled), by stomach intubation,
(labeled), i.p., once; for detailed
twice daily on weekdays for 1, 2, 6, 13, 20,
information please see the article), conc.
or 23 days), conc. range: £267 pg AF
range: ȣ390 pmol AFM1 formed/min/mg
bound/mg DNA* ** (mean values),
protein** *** (mean value), country:
country: France/UK27, *chronic exposure,
USA624, *I3C- (0.2%) + BNF-diet (0.04%)
**after 14 days of AFB1-administration
for 7 days prior to AFB1-treatment,
(also at other day intervals up to 24 days
***after 2 h
measured, lowest conc.: 108.4 pg AF
bound/mg DNA after 2 days)
Aflatoxin Q1
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 155 g, contamination:
artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 artificial (dose: 0.52 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
(labeled), i.p., once; for detailed b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information
information please see the article), conc. please see the article), conc.: 130 µmol AF
range: »£35 pmol AFQ1 formed/min/mg bound/mg DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value),
protein** *** (mean value), country: country: USA133, *control, **after 18 h
USA624, *control, ***after 2 h incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male Fischer Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 155 g, contamination:
rats, age: 4 weeks, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
artificial (dose: 16, 124, or 512** µM AFB1 wt., i.p., once; for detailed information
Rat 391

please see the article), conc.: 15 µmol AF artificial (dose: 0.52 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
bound/mg DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information
country: USA133, *PB (0.1%)-treated rats for please see the article), conc.: 5 µmol AF
1 week before AFB1-administration until bound/mg protein** (x 10–6) (mean
the experiment was terminated, **after 18 h value), country: USA133, *PB
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male (0.1%)-treated rats for 1 week before
Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 129 g, contamination: AFB1-administration until the experiment
artificial (dose: 0.62 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg was terminated, **after 18 h
b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male
please see the article), conc.: 68 µmol AF Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 129 g, contamination:
bound/mg DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), artificial (dose: 0.62 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
country: USA133, *hypophysectomized b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information
rats 3 weeks before AFB1-administration, please see the article), conc.: 15 µmol AF
**after 18 h bound/mg protein** (x 10–6)
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male (mean value), country: USA133,
Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 155 g, contamination: *hypophysectomized rats 3 weeks before
artificial (dose: 0.52 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg AFB1-administration, **after 18 h
b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
please see the article), conc.: 260 µmol AF Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
bound/mg rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg
country: USA133, *control, **after 18 h AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male detailed information please see the
Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 155 g, contamination: article), conc.: 130 µmol* AF bound/mg
artificial (dose: 0.52 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information USA133, *after 18 h, **liver DNA
please see the article), conc.: 35 µmol AF incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
bound/mg rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
country: USA133, *PB (0.1%)-treated rats contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg
for 1 week before AFB1-administration AFB2 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
until the experiment was terminated, detailed information please see the
**after 18 h article), conc.: 1.4 µmol* AF bound/mg
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 129 g, contamination: USA133, *after 18 h, **liver DNA
artificial (dose: 0.62 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
please see the article), conc.: 210 µmol AF contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg
bound/mg rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
country: USA133, *hypophysectomized detailed information please see the
rats 3 weeks before AFB1-administration, article), conc.: 140 µmol* AF bound/mg
**after 18 h rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male USA133, *after 18 h, **liver rRNA
Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 155 g, contamination: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
artificial (dose: 0.52 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg
please see the article), conc.: 16 µmol AF AFB2 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
bound/mg protein** (x 10–6) (mean value), detailed information please see the
country: USA133, *control, **after 18 h article), conc.: 2.0 µmol* AF bound/mg
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: adult male rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
Fischer rats, Ø wt.: 155 g, contamination: USA133, *after 18 h, **liver rRNA
392 Rat

incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male rRNA*** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g, USA133, *control, **after 6 h, ***liver
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg rRNA
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
detailed information please see the Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
article), conc.: 11 µmol* AF bound/mg contamination: artificial (dose: 2.08 mg
protein** (x 10–6) (mean value), country: AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
USA133, *after 18 h, **liver protein detailed information please see the
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male article), conc.: 1,900 µmol* AF bound/mg
Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g, rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.52 mg USA133, *after 6 h, **liver rRNA
AFB2 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
detailed information please see the Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
article), conc.: 8.3 µmol* AF bound/mg contamination: artificial (dose: 2.08 mg
protein** (x 10–6) (mean value), country: AFB2 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
USA133, *after 18 h, **liver protein detailed information please see the
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: adult male article), conc.: 13 µmol* AF bound/mg
Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g, rRNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.0012 mg USA133, *after 6 h, **liver rRNA
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. + 2.08 mg AFB2 incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: adult male
(unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
detailed information please see the contamination: artificial (dose: 0.0012 mg
article), conc.: £0.4 µmol** AF bound/mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. + 2.08 mg AFB2
DNA*** (x 10–6) (mean value), country: (unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
USA133, *control, **after 6 h, ***liver DNA detailed information please see the
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male article), conc.: £0.02 µmol** AF bound/
Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g, mg protein*** (x 10–6) (mean value),
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.08 mg country: USA133, *control, **after 6 h,
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for ***liver protein
detailed information please see the incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
article), conc.: 1,700 µmol* AF bound/mg Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 2.08 mg
USA133, *after 6 h, **liver DNA AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male detailed information please see the
Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g, article), conc.: 150 µmol* AF bound/mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 2.08 mg protein** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
AFB2 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for USA133, *after 6 h, **liver protein
detailed information please see the incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: adult male
article), conc.: 12 µmol* AF bound/mg Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
DNA** (x 10–6) (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 2.08 mg
USA133, *after 6 h, **liver DNA AFB2 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for
detailed information please see the
incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: adult male
article), conc.: 52 µmol* AF bound/mg
Fischer rats, wt.: 180–200 g,
protein** (x 10–6) (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.0012 mg
USA133, *after 6 h, **liver protein
AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt. + 2.08 mg AFB2
(unlabeled)/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: male
detailed information please see the Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 230–335 g,
article), conc.: £0.1 µmol** AF bound/mg contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed
Rat 393

information please see the article), conc.: **after 120 min of AFB1-exposure
nr, country: The Netherlands/France214, (also measured after 20, 40, and 60 min,
*control lowest conc.: 4.2 pmol AF-DNA adducts
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male formed/mg DNA after 20 min)
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 230–335 g,
incidence: ?/4–6*, sa. const.: male
contamination: artificial (19 µg AFB1
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 20 days, wt.:
(labeled)/kg b. wt., by gavage, once; for
45–50 g, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the
(dose: 25 µg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled),
article), conc.: 83 pg AF/mg DNA* **
(mean value), country: The i.p., once), conc.: 12.65 pmol AF/mg
Netherlands/France214, *AF-DNA adducts, DNA** *** (mean value), country: USA490,
*control semi-purified diet 3 weeks prior
**after 24 h
to AFB1-treatment (for detailed
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 230–335 g, information please see the article), **after
contamination: artificial (32 µg AFB1 2 h, ***total AF-DNA adducts
(labeled)/kg b. wt., by gavage, once; for incidence: ?/4–6*, sa. const.: male Sprague-
detailed information please see the Dawley rats, age: 20 days, wt.: 45–50 g,
article), conc. range: 146 pg AF/mg DNA* contamination: artificial (dose: 25 µg AFB1
** (mean value), country: The (labeled and unlabeled), i.p., once), conc.:
Netherlands/France214, *AF-DNA adducts, 16.6 pmol AF/mg DNA** *** (mean
**after 24 h value), country: USA490, *choline-
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male deficient/methionine-low diet 3 weeks
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 230–335 g, prior to AFB1-treatment (for detailed
contamination: artificial (75 µg AFB1 information please see the article), **after
(labeled)/kg b. wt., by gavage, once; for 2 h, ***total AF-DNA adducts
detailed information please see the article), incidence: ?/4–6*, sa. const.: male
conc. range: 444 pg AF/mg DNA* ** (mean Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 20 days, wt.:
value), country: The Netherlands/France214, 45–50 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
*AF-DNA adducts, **after 24 h 25 µg AFB1 (labeled and unlabeled), i.p.,
once), conc.: 6.1 pmol AF/mg DNA** ***
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Fischer (mean value), country: USA490, *control
344 rats, wt.: 100–125 g, contamination: semi-purified diet 3 weeks prior to
artificial (dose: 2.2 µg AFB1 (labeled, AFB1-treatment (for detailed information
total), i.t. Installation, once; for detailed please see the article), **after 24 h,
information please see the article), conc. ***total AF-DNA adducts
range: £23 pmol AFB/mg DNA* ** incidence: ?/4–6*, sa. const.: male Sprague-
(mean value), country: USA433, *AFB-DNA Dawley rats, age: 20 days, wt.: 45–50 g,
adducts, **after 30 min of AFB1-exposure contamination: artificial (dose: 25 µg AFB1
(also measured after 2, 6, 24, and 48 h, (labeled and unlabeled), i.p., once), conc.:
lowest conc.: »4 pmol AFB/mg DNA after 4.2 pmol AF/mg DNA** *** (mean value),
48 h)
country: USA490, *choline-deficient/
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Fischer
methionine-low diet 3 weeks prior to
344 rats, wt.: 100–125 g, contamination:
AFB1 treatment (for detailed information
artificial (dose: 17.6 ng AFB1/min given as
please see the article), **after 24 h,
nose-only inhalation; for detailed ***total AF-DNA adducts
information please see the article), conc.
range: £56.8 pmol AF-DNA adducts incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male F-344 rats
formed/mg DNA* ** (mean value), [CDF (F-344)/CrlBR], contamination:
country: USA433, *AF-N7-Gua adducts, artificial (dose: 2.2 ng AFB1 (labeled)/kg/
394 Rat

day in the drinking water, o., for 4, 6, or HT-2 Toxin

8 weeks; for detailed information please incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar
see the article), conc. range: rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 400–500 g,
£0.91 AF-nucleotide adducts/109 contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg T-2
nucleotides (mean value), country: toxin/kg b. wt., o., once), conc. range:
Switzerland602, *after 8 weeks £5 µg/100 g liver* (mean value), country:
(also measured after 4 and 6 weeks) Japan391, *after 30 min
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male F-344 rats
Ochratoxin A
[CDF (F-344)/CrlBR], contamination:
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, age:
artificial (dose: 73 ng AFB1 (labeled)/kg/
8 weeks, contamination: no OTA (for detailed
day in the drinking water, o., for 4, 6, or
information please see the article), conc.: nr,
8 weeks; for detailed information please see
country: Germany125, *control
the article), conc. range: £32 AF-nucleotide
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
adducts/109 nucleotides (mean value),
age: 8 weeks, contamination: artificial
country: Switzerland602, *after 8 weeks
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by gavage,
(also measured after 4 and 6 weeks)
once; for detailed information please see
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male F-344 rats
the article), conc. range: <12 pmol/g* **
[CDF (F-344)/CrlBR], contamination:
(mean value), country: Germany125, *24 h
artificial (dose: 2,110 ng AFB1 (labeled)/
after OTA-administration (also at other
kg/day in the drinking water, o.,
day intervals up to 56 days measured,
for 4, 6, or 8 weeks; for detailed
lowest conc.: nd after 28 days), **highest
information please see the article), conc.
value recorded
range: £850 AF-nucleotide adducts/109
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: female
nucleotides (mean value), country:
F344 rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination: no
Switzerland602, *after 8 weeks (also
OTA (for detailed information please see
measured after 4 and 6 weeks)
the article), conc.: nr, country:
Germany125, *control
Aflatoxins
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: female
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
F344 rats, age: 8 weeks, contamination:
Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., by
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
gavage, once; for detailed information
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
please see the article), conc. range:
once; for detailed information please see
ȣ2 pmol/g* ** (mean value), country:
the article), conc.: £1.619 nmol AFs/g
Germany125, *24 h after OTA-
tissue (x 10–3)*, country: USA604, *after 3 h
administration (also at other day intervals
(also measured after 3 days and 3 weeks,
up to 56 days measured, lowest conc.: nd
lowest conc.: 0.045 nmol AFs/g tissue
after 28 days), **highest value recorded
(x 10–3) after 3 weeks)
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male incidence: ?/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult
Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g, male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline country: Japan143, *control
form), once; for detailed information incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male
please see the article), conc.: £2.598 nmol Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
AFs/g tissue (x 10–3)*, country: USA604, contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg
*after 3 h (also measured after 3 days and OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range:
3 weeks, lowest conc.: 0.027 nmol AFs/g »4.5 µg/g wet weight of tissue* (mean
tissue (x 10–3) after 3 weeks) value), country: Japan143, *after 24 h
Rat 395

(also at other hour intervals up to 40 h incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley

measured, lowest conc.: »2.5 µg/g wet male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination:
weight of tissue after 8 h) artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA (labeled)/rat,
i.p., once), conc. range: £7.1 µg/g tissue*
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult (mean value), country: USA218,
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 270– *after 0.5 h (also measured after
350 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 2, 4, 8, and 24 h, lowest conc.: 1.0 µg/g
100 µg OTA/rat, i.v., once), conc. range: tissue after 24 h)
£280 ng/g (mean value), country:
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male Fisher
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult 344 (F344) rats, age: 10 weeks,
female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 270– contamination: no OTA (for detailed
350 g, contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article), conc.:
100 µg OTC!/rat, i.v., once), conc. range: nd, country: Spain439, *control
£355 ng/g (mean value), country: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h Fisher 344 (F344) rats, age: 10 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male
OTA/kg b. wt., o., daily for 7 days;
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
for detailed information please see the
OTA, diet B-II (for detailed information
article), conc. range: 736–923 µg/kg,
please see the article), conc.: nr, country:
Ø conc.: 829 µg/kg, country: Spain439,
Canada209, *control
*after 24 h of final administration
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Wistar male
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar/
artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated, AF EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g,
daily for 6 days (diet B-I); for detailed contamination: no OTA only basal
information please see the article), feed; for detailed information please
conc.: pr*, country: Canada209, *measured see the article), conc.: 1.4 ng/g**
at day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6? of OTA- (mean value), country: Belgium509,
administration *control, **after 4 weeks of OTA-
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male administration
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/
OTA, diet NMB (for detailed information AF EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g,
please see the article), conc.: nr, country: contamination: artificial (dose: basal
Canada209, *control feed + OTA contaminated wheat
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: Wistar male (2.2 µg/g), o., for 28 days; for detailed
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: information please see the article), conc.:
artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated, 73.7 ng/g* (mean value), country:
daily, daily for 6 days (diet NMB+T); for Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
detailed information please see the OTA-administration
article), conc.: 2 µg/g* (mean value), incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
country: Canada209, *measured on day EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
5 of OTA-administration (also measured artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
at day 3 and 6) contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g) + MWF
(2%), o., for 28 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/2 (10)*, sa. const.: information please see the article), conc.:
Sprague-Dawley male rats, wt.: »100 g, 45.1 ng/g* (mean value), country:
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr, Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
country: USA218, *control OTA-administration
396 Rat

incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF a-Zearalenol

EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
contaminated wheat (2 µg/g) + MWF 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
(1.8%) + YCW (0.2%), o., for 28 days; for to 0% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days; for
detailed information please see the detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 56.3 ng/g* (mean value), article), conc.: 1.19 µg/g* (mean value),
country: Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of country: Canada84, *after 14 days of
OTA-administration ZEA-administration
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
Zearalenone
rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
to 15% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days;
250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
for detailed information please see the
to 0% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days; for
article), conc.: 0.44 µg/g* (mean value),
detailed information please see the
country: Canada84, *after 14 days of
article), conc.: 3.86 µg/g* (mean value),
ZEA-administration
country: Canada84, *after 14 days of
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
ZEA-administration
rats, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
(dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed
rats, contamination: artificial
additionally to 25% of alfalfa in the diet,
(dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed
for 14 days; for detailed information
additionally to 15% of alfalfa in the diet,
please see the article), conc.: 0.29 µg/g*
for 14 days; for detailed information
(mean value), country: Canada84, *after
please see the article), conc.: 1.85 µg/g*
14 days of ZEA-administration
(mean value), country: Canada84, *after
14 days of ZEA-administration
b-Zearalenol
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
to 25% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days;
to 0% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days; for
for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 1.38 µg/g* (mean value),
article), conc.: 0.23 µg/g* (mean value),
country: Canada84, *after 14 days of
country: Canada84, *after 14 days of
ZEA-administration
ZEA-administration
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.: to 15% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days;
»800 ng/g* (mean value), country: Korea/ for detailed information please see the
USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-administration article), conc.: 0.17 µg/g* (mean value),
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male country: Canada84, *after 14 days of
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: ZEA-administration
230–290 g, contamination: artificial incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: weanling Wistar
(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), rats, contamination: artificial (dose:
conc.: »1,600 ng/g* (mean value), 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g feed additionally
country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of to 25% of alfalfa in the diet, for 14 days;
ZEA-administration for detailed information please see the
Rat 397

article), conc.: 0.09 µg/g* (mean value), (mean value), country: India594, *after 48 h
country: Canada84, *after 14 days of while taking milk from their mother
ZEA-administration incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats
of albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
Rat lung may contain the following strain, contamination: artificial
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: (dose: 20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt.
into the mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after
Aflatoxin B1
giving birth), conc.: 22 pmol AFB1/mg
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
protein* ** (mean value), country: India594,
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
*after 48 h while taking milk from their
strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
mother, **PB (80 mg/kg b. wt.) injected
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
3 days prior to AFB1-administration
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving
birth), conc.: nd* **, country: India594,
Aflatoxins
*AFB1-DNA adducts, **after 48 h while
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
taking milk from their mother
Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar strain,
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
contamination: artificial (dose: 20 µg AFB1
once; for detailed information please see
(labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the mother rat,
the article), conc.: £11.573 nmol AFs/g
i.p., once (13 days after giving birth), conc.:
tissue (x 10–3)*, country: USA604, *after 3 h
nd* ** ***, country: India594, *AFB1-DNA
(also measured after 3 days and 3 weeks,
adducts, **after 48 h while taking milk from
lowest conc.: 0.105 nmol AFs/g tissue
their mother, ***PB (80 mg/kg b. wt.)
(x 10–3) after 3 weeks)
injected 3 days prior to AFB1-administration
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
Sprague-Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
strain, contamination: artificial (dose:
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the
form), once; for detailed information
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving
please see the article), conc.: £1.619 nmol
birth), conc.: 48 pmol AFB1/mg RNA*
AFs/g tissue (x 10–3)*, country: USA604,
(mean value), country: India594, *after 48 h
*after 3 h (also measured after 3 days and
while taking milk from their mother
3 weeks, lowest conc.: 0.067 nmol AFs/g
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of
tissue (x 10–3) after 3 weeks)
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar
strain, contamination: artificial (dose: Zearalenone
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
birth), conc.: 7 pmol AFB1/mg RNA* ** 230–290 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(mean value), country: India594, *after 48 h 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), conc.:
while taking milk from their mother, »360 ng/g* (mean value), country: Korea/
**PB (80 mg/kg b. wt.) injected 3 days USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-administration
prior to AFB1-administration incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: neonatal rats of Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.:
albino rats (wt.: 200–250 g) of Wistar 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
strain, contamination: artificial (dose: (dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
20 µg AFB1 (labeled)/100 g b. wt. into the conc.: »1,000 ng/g* (mean value),
mother rat, i.p., once (13 days after giving country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
birth), conc.: 74 pmol AFB1/mg protein* ZEA-administration
398 Rat

Rat lymph may contain the following incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pregnant
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 400–450 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
Ochratoxin A AFB1 (labeled)/kg, once), conc. range:
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: male Wistar rats, 3.7–11.9 nmol/ml* **, country: USA265,
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial *PCB-treatment (575 mg/kg) at day 1 of
(dose: 1 mg OTA/kg, injection to the the experiment, **1 h post-dosing (for
femoral vein, once), conc.: 2.69 µg/ml detailed information please see the
(mean value), country: Japan174 article)
incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial Ochratoxin A
(dose: 113 µg OTA/ml, injection into the incidence: 5?/5*, sa. const.: Sprague-
jejunal loop, once), conc.: 1.51 µg/ml Dawley rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g,
(mean value), country: Japan174 contamination: no OTA (for detailed
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: male Wistar rats, information please see the article), conc.:
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial 0.7 µg/l** (mean value), country:
(dose: 206 µg OTA/ml, injection into the Sweden312, *control, **after 72 h (also
jejunal loop, once), conc.: 2.16 µg/ml measured after 24 h conc.: 0.6 µg/l*)
(mean value), country: Japan174 incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 10 µg
Rat milk may contain the following OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: lactation; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: 14 µg/l*
Aflatoxin B1 (mean value), country: Sweden312,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pregnant *after 24 h (also measured after 72 h
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 400–450 g, conc.: 6.3 µg/l)
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, once), conc. range: rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g,
1.1–3.5 nmol/ml* **, country: USA265, contamination: artificial (dose: 50 µg
*control, **1 h post-dosing (for detailed OTA/kg b. wt., o., once at 11th day of
information please see the article) lactation; for detailed information please
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pregnant see the article), conc.: 70 µg/l*
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 400–450 g, (mean value), country: Sweden312,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg *after 24 h (also measured after 72 h
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, once), conc. range: conc.: 22 µg/l)
0.2–2.0 nmol/ml* **, country: USA265, incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
*PCB-treatment (575 mg/kg) at day 1 of rats (dams), wt.: 300–370 g, contamination:
the experiment, **1 h post-dosing artificial (dose: 250 µg OTA/kg b. wt., o.,
(for detailed information please see the once at 11th day of lactation; for detailed
article) information please see the article), conc.:
230 µg/l* (mean value), country: Sweden312,
Aflatoxin M1
*after 24 h (also measured after 72 h conc.:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: pregnant
83 µg/l)
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: 400–450 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg incidence: 4?(8?)/4(8)*, sa. const.:
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, once), conc. range: Sprague-Dawley rats (dams),
3.6–9.8 nmol/ml* **, country: USA265, contamination: no OTA (for detailed
*control, **1 h post-dosing (for detailed information please see the article),
information please see the article) Ø conc.: 3.35 µg/l** (mean value),
Rat 399

country: Sweden322, *control, **at (mean value), country: USA111, *in biceps
day 14 of lactation femoris muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq.,
incidence: 4?(8?)/4(8), sa. const.: Sprague- ***after 24 h
Dawley rats (dams), contamination: incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
artificial (dose: 50 µg OTA/kg b. wt., HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats,
gastric intubation, 46 times in 8 weeks; wt.: 150–200 g, contamination: artificial
for detailed information please see the (dose: 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g.,
article), Ø conc.: 135 µg/l* (mean value), once), conc. range: 1.6 µg/g* ** ***
country: Sweden322, *at day 14 of lactation (mean value), country: USA111, *in
incidence: 4?(8?)/4(8)*, sa. const.: Sprague- diaphragm muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq.,
Dawley rats (dams), contamination: no ***after 24 h
OTA (for detailed information please see incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
the article), Ø conc.: 2.4 µg/l** (mean HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats,
value), country: Sweden322, *control, **at wt.: 150–200 g, contamination: artificial
day 21 of lactation (dose: 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g.,
incidence: 4?(8?)/4(8), sa. const.: once), conc. range: 2.9 µg/g* ** ***
Sprague-Dawley rats (dams), (mean value), country: USA111, *in biceps
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 µg muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq., ***after 24 h
OTA/kg b. wt., gastric intubation, 46 times incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
for 8 weeks; for detailed information HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats, wt.: 150–
please see the article), Ø conc.: 135 µg/l* 200 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(mean value), country: Sweden322, *at day 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g., once),
21 of lactation conc. range: 2.6 µg/g* ** *** (mean
value), country: USA111, *in pectoris major
Rat muscle may contain the following muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq., ***after 24 h
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats,
Cyclopiazonicacid
wt.: 150–200 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.:
(dose: 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g.,
male HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats, wt.:
once), conc. range: 1.6 µg/g* ** *** (mean
150–200 g, contamination: artificial
value), country: USA111, *in masseter
(dose: 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g.,
muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq., ***after 24 h
once), conc. range: 2.4 µg/g* ** ***
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
(mean value), country: USA111, *in
HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats, wt.:
gastrocnemius muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq.,
150–200 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
***after 24 h
1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g., once),
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male
conc. range: 3.2 µg/g* ** *** (mean
HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats, wt.:
value), country: USA111, *in tenes major
150–200 g, contamination: artificial
muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq., ***after 24 h
(dose: 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g.,
once), conc. range: 3.3 µg/g* ** *** Ochratoxin A
(mean value), country: USA111, *in tibialis incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult
anterior muscle, **[14C]CPA-eq., female Sprague-Dawley rats,
***after 24 h wt.: 270–350 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male (dose: 100 µg OTA/rat, i.v., once), conc.
HSD:Sprague-Dawley BR rats, range: £190 ng/g (mean value), country:
wt.: 150–200 g, contamination: artificial Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h
(dose: 1.0 mg CPA (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.g., incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: healthy adult
once), conc. range: 2.4 µg/g* ** *** female Sprague-Dawley rats,
400 Rat

wt.: 270–350 g, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
(dose: 100 µg OTC!/rat, i.v., once), conc. rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
range: £125 ng/g (mean value), country: artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Canada175, measured at 2, 24, 48, and 96 h wt., i.p., once), conc.: »80 pmol AFB1/mg
protein** *** (mean value), country:
Zearalenone France549, *3-MC i.p. (20 mg/kg b. wt.) on
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague- the 3 days preceding sacrifice (3-MC was
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, injected prior to AFB1-administration),
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial **AFB1 binding to plasma albumin,
(dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), ***after 2 h (for overall information
conc.: »90 ng/g* (mean value), country: please see the article)
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
ZEA-administration
rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
wt., i.p., once), conc.: »85 pmol AFB1/mg
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
protein** *** (mean value), country:
(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
France549, *CX-diet (300 mg/kg) for
conc.: »120 ng/g* (mean value), country:
2 weeks prior to AFB1-administration,
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
**AFB1 binding to plasma albumin,
ZEA-administration
***after 2 h (for overall information
please see the article)
Rat plasma may contain the following
incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
Aflatoxin B1 artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Sprague- wt., i.p., once), conc.: »75 pmol AFB1/mg
Dawley, Wistar, and Fischer 344 rats, wt.: protein** *** (mean value), country:
80–140 g, contamination: no AFB1, conc.: France549, *AC-diet (300 mg/kg) for
nr, country: France/Japan24, *control 2 weeks prior to AFB1-administration,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague- **AFB1 binding to plasma albumin,
Dawley, Wistar, and Fischer 344 rats, ***after 2 h (for overall information
wt.: 80–140 g, contamination: artificial please see the article)
(dose: 20 µg AFB1/kg/day, by gavage, daily incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar
for up to 14 days), conc. range: »£25 pmol rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination:
AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin* ** artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
(mean values, combined data from three wt., i.p., once), conc.: »210 pmol AFB1/mg
strains), country: France/Japan24, protein** *** (mean value), country:
*animals killed after 24 h of final France549, *BC-diet (300 mg/kg) for
treatment (also measured after 1, 3, and 2 weeks prior to AFB1-administration,
7 days, lowest conc.: »7 pmol AFB1-lysine **AFB1 binding to plasma albumin,
eq/mg albumin after 1 day), ***after 2 h (for overall information
**AFB1-albumin adducts please see the article)

incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male SPF Wistar incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
rats, age: 24–27 days, contamination: wt.: 185 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
artificial (dose: 2 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 ng and 1 and 10* µg
wt., i.p., once), conc.: »210 pmol AFB1/mg AFB1, i.p., daily for 9 days), conc. range:
protein** *** (mean value), country: ȣ4,000 pg lysine-AFB1/mg albumin* **
France549, *control, **AFB1 binding to (mean value), country: USA622, **after 18 h
plasma albumin, ***after 2 h (for overall of the final dose (for overall information
information please see the article) please see the article)
Rat 401

Aflatoxin contamination: artificial (dose: 7.5 mg

incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: male Wistar FB1/kg b. wt., i.p., once; for detailed
outbred rats, wt.: 190–210 g, information please see the article), conc.
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 µg range: £8.6 µg/ml* (mean value), country:
AFB1 (labeled), by stomach intubation, South Africa114, *after 20 min (also
twice daily on weekdays for 1, 2, 6, 13, 20, measured after »5, »7, 40, 60, and
or 23 days), conc. range: £148.3 pg AF 120 min, lowest conc.: »nd after 120 h)
bound/mg protein* ** (mean values),
country: France/UK27, *chronic exposure, Ochratoxin A
**after 14 days of AFB1-administration incidence: ?/7, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
(also at other day intervals up to age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
24 days measured, lowest conc.: 35.6 pg (dose: 113 µg OTA/ml, injection into the
AF bound/mg protein after 1 day) jejunal loop, once), conc.: 10.3 µg/ml* **
(mean value), country: Japan174, *after
incidence: ?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, 30 min, **in mesenteric venous plasma
wt.: 100 g, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
(dose: 20.0 µg AFB1 (labeled), by gavage, age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
daily for 35 days), conc. range: (dose: 206 µg OTA/ml, injection into the
»£490 pmol AF-adducts bound/mg jejunal loop, once), conc.: 22.1 µg/ml* **
albumin** (mean value), country: USA605, (mean value), country: Japan174,
*control, **after 24 days of *after 30 min, **in mesenteric venous
AFB1-administration (also at other day plasma
intervals up to 40 days measured)
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Wistar
wt.: 100 g, contamination: artificial (dose: rats, wt.: 270 g, contamination: artificial
20.0 µg AFB1 (labeled), by gavage, daily (dose: 180 ng/ml OTA in 2 ml bile directly
for 35 days), conc. range: ȣ390 pmol applicated into the stomach, once), conc.
AF-adducts bound/mg albumin* ** range: 5–22 ng/ml*, Ø conc: 15 ng/ml*,
(mean value), country: USA605, *after country: Yugoslavia/Sweden191, *after 24 h
16 days of AFB1-administration (also at incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Wistar
other day intervals up to 40 days rats, wt.: 270 g, contamination: artificial
measured), **oltipraz-diet (0.05%) (dose: 220 ng/ml OTA in 2 ml bile directly
1 week after AFB1-treatment began and applicated into the duodenum, once),
ended 2 weeks before AFB1-treatment conc. range: 30–60 ng/ml*, Ø conc: 40 ng/
stopped (transient intervention) ml*, country: Yugoslavia/Sweden191,
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats, *after 24 h
wt.: 100 g, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male Wistar
20.0 µg AFB1 (labeled), by gavage, daily rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination:
for 35 days), conc. range: ȣ215 pmol artificial (dose: 50 ng OTA ng/g b. wt., o.,
AF-adducts bound/mg albumin* ** once), conc.: 390 ng/ml (mean value),
(mean value), country: USA605, country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193
*after 7 days of AFB1-administration (at different min and hour intervals up to
(also at other day intervals up to 40 days 24 h measured)
measured), **oltipraz-diet (0.05%) 1 incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male Wistar
week before and continuing throughout rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination:
AFB1-treatment (long-term intervention) artificial (dose: 50 ng OTA /g b. wt., i.v.,
once), conc.: 2,100 ng/ml (mean value),
Fumonisin B1 country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: males BD IX (at different min and hour intervals up to
rats, age: »6 weeks, wt.: »150 g, 24 h measured)
402 Rat

incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: adult male Wistar see the article), conc.: 830.2 ng/ml*
rats, wt.: 250 g, contamination: artificial (mean value), country: Belgium509, *after
(dose: 50 ng OTC/g b. wt., o., once), conc. 4 weeks of OTA-administration
range: £350 ng/ml* (mean value), incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
country: Yugoslavia/Sweden198, *after EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
60 min (also at other hour intervals up to artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
48 h measured, lowest conc.: 50 ng/ml contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g) + MWF
after 48 h) (2%), o., for 28 days; for detailed
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: adult male Wistar information please see the article), conc.:
rats, wt.: 250 g, contamination: artificial 494.1 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
(dose: 50 ng OTC/g b. wt., i.v., once), conc. Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
range: £800 ng/ml* (mean value), country: OTA-administration
Yugoslavia/Sweden198, *after 90 min (also at incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF
other hour intervals up to 48 h measured, EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination:
lowest conc.: 130 ng/ml after 48 h) artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA
contaminated wheat (2 µg/g) + MWF
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: adult male Wistar
(1.8%) + YCW (0.2%), o., for 28 days; for
rats, wt.: 250 g, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the
(dose: 10 mg OTA/kg, o., once; for
article), conc.: 652.0 ng/ml* (mean value),
detailed information please see the
country: Belgium509, *after 4 weeks of
article), conc.: £56.7 µg/ml*
OTA-administration
(mean value), country: France317, *after
8 h (also measured after 48 h conc.: incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
32.2 µg/ml) age: 6 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., for
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: male Fisher 6 days), conc.: 12.2 µmol/l* (mean value),
344 (F344) rats, age: 10 weeks, country: Germany561, *after 24 h of final
contamination: no OTA (for detailed administration
information please see the article), conc. incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
range: 1.47–7.57 µg/l **, Ø conc.: 4.74 µg/l age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
**, country: Spain439, *control, **after 8 days (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., for
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: male Fisher 6 days), conc.: 23.0 µmol/l* (mean value),
344 (F344) rats, age: 10 weeks, country: Germany561, *after 24 h of final
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg administration
OTA/kg b. wt., o., daily for 7 days; for incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
detailed information please see the age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
article), conc. range: 9,142–10,393 µg/l*, (dose: 1.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., once),
Ø conc.: 97,372 µg/l*, country: Spain439, conc.: 89.7 µmol/l* (mean value), country:
*after 24 h of final administration Germany561, *after 2 h
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination: albumin-deficient Sprague-Dawley rat,
no OTA only basal feed; for detailed age: 9–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc.: (dose: 2.2 mg OTA/kg, by injection, once),
21.1 ng/ml** (mean value), country: conc. range: »£1.3 µg/ml* (mean value),
Belgium509, *control, **after 4 weeks country: Japan613, *after »1 min (also at
incidence: ?/12, sa. const.: male Wistar/AF other min intervals up to 15 min
EOPS rats, wt.: 240–290 g, contamination: measured, lowest conc.: »18 µg/ml after
artificial (dose: basal feed + OTA 15 min)
contaminated wheat (2.2 µg/g), o., for incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: normal
28 days; for detailed information please Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 9–10 weeks,
Rat 403

contamination: artificial (dose: 4.1 mg incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male
OTA/kg, by injection, once), conc. range: Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
»£71 µg/ml* (mean value), country: artificial (dose: 15 mg OTA (labeled)/kg,
Japan613, *after 10 min (also measured o., once), conc.: pr, country: Japan143
after 30, 60, and 90 min, lowest conc.: (measured at 4, 6, and 8 h)
»55 µg/ml after 90 min)
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: albumin- Rat serum may contain the following
deficient Sprague-Dawley rats, age: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
9–10 weeks, contamination: artificial Aflatoxin B1
(dose: 4.1 mg OTA/kg, by injection, once), incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar
conc.: nd, country: Japan613 rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial
Ochratoxin B (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male Wistar once), conc. range: £4.29** ng/mg
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: albumin*** (mean value), country:
artificial (dose: 50 ng OTB/g b. wt., o., Thailand/UK310, *control: DMSO + 250 µg
once), conc.: 120 ng/ml (mean value), AFB1 + DMSO (for overall information
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193 (at please see the article), **after 12 h
different min and hour intervals and up (also measured after 4, 24, and 48 h,
to 7 days measured) lowest conc.: 1.07 ng/mg albumin after
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: male Wistar 48 h), ***AFB1-albumin adducts
rats, wt.: 250–300 g, contamination: incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar
artificial (dose: 50 ng OTB/g b. wt., i.v., rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial
once), conc.: 760 ng/ml (mean value), (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage,
country: Sweden/Yugoslavia193 once), conc. range: £4.65** ng/mg
(at different min and hour intervals and albumin*** (mean value), country:
up to 7 days measured) Thailand/UK310, *Murdannia loriformis
extract + 250 µg AFB1 + M. loriformis
Rat serous fluid and mucus may extract (for overall information please see
contain the following mycotoxins and/or the article), **after 4 h (also measured
their metabolites: after 12, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.:
1.72 ng/mg albumin after 48 h),
Ochratoxin A
***AFB1-albumin adducts
incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar
male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial
contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
(dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage,
country: Japan143, *control
once), conc. range: £5.09** ng/mg
incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male
albumin*** (mean value), country:
Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
Thailand/UK310, *Murdannia loriformis
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg
extract + 250 µg AFB1 + DMSO
OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range:
(for overall information please see the
£6.1 µg/ml* (mean value), country:
article), **after 4 h (also measured after
Japan143, *at 8 h (measured
12, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: 1.89 ng/mg
also at 4 and 6 h, lowest conc.: 3.9 µg/ml
albumin after 48 h), ***AFB1-albumin
at 6 h)
adducts
Ochratoxin a incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar
incidence: 3 or more/3 or more*, sa. rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial
const.: adult male Wistar rats, wt.: (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage,
200–250 g, contamination: no OTA, conc.: once), conc. range: £4.63** ng/mg
nr, country: Japan143, *control albumin*** (mean value), country:
404 Rat

Thailand/UK310, *DMSO + 250 µg AFB1 + AFB1 + Cymbopogon citratus extract

Murdannia loriformis extract (for overall (for overall information please see the
information please see the article), article), **after 12 h (also measured after
**after 4 h (also measured 4, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: 1.34 ng/mg
after 12, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: albumin after 48 h), ***AFB1-albumin
2.17 ng/mg albumin after 48 h), adducts
***AFB1-albumin adducts incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial
rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage,
(dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for 5 days a week for 3 weeks; for detailed
once), conc. range: £4.29** ng/mg information please see the article), conc.
albumin*** (mean value), country: range: ȣ13.2 ng/mg albumin** ***
Thailand/UK310, *control: DMSO + 250 µg (mean value), country: Thailand/UK310,
AFB1 + DMSO (for overall information *control (for overall information please
please see the article), **after 12 h see the article), **after 20 days during
(also measured after 4, 24, and AFB1-administration (also at other day
48 h, lowest conc.: 1.07 ng/mg albumin intervals up to »26 days measured, lowest
after 48 h), ***AFB1-albumin adducts conc.: »3 ng/mg albumin after 1 day),
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar ***AFB1-albumin adducts
rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
(dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial
once), conc. range: £4.66** ng/mg (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage,
albumin*** (mean value), country: for 5 days a week for 3 weeks and
Thailand/UK310, *Cymbopogon citratus additionally Murdannia loriformis
extract + 250 µg AFB1 + C. citratus extract extract; for detailed information please
(for overall information please see the see the article), conc. range: ȣ12 ng/mg
article), **after 12 h (also measured after albumin* ** (mean value), country:
4, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: 1.16 ng/mg Thailand/UK310, *after »12.5 days during
albumin after 48 h), ***AFB1-albumin AFB1-administration (also at other day
adducts intervals up to »26 days measured, lowest
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar conc.: »1 ng/mg albumin after 1 day),
rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial **AFB1-albumin adducts, for overall
(dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, information please see the article
once), conc. range: £4.55** ng/mg incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
albumin*** (mean value), country: wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
Thailand/UK310, *Cymbopogon citratus 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for
extract + 250 µg AFB1 + DMSO (for 5 days a week for 3 weeks; for detailed
overall information please see the article), information please see the article), conc.
**after 12 h (also measured after range: ȣ14 ng/mg albumin** ***
4, 24, and 48 h, lowest conc.: 1.37 ng/mg (mean value), country: Thailand/UK310,
albumin after 48 h), ***AFB1-albumin *control (for overall information please
adducts see the article), **after 19 days during
incidence: ?/12*, sa. const.: male Wistar AFB1-administration (also at other day
rats, wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial intervals up to »23.5 days measured,
(dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, lowest conc.: »1 ng/mg albumin after
once), conc. range: £4.29** ng/mg 3 days), ***AFB1-albumin adducts
albumin*** (mean value), country: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
Thailand/UK310, *DMSO + 250 µg wt.: »70 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
Rat 405

250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, for serum albumin* (mean value), country:
5 days a week for 3 weeks and UK/Nigeria/Thailand618, *after 24 h
additionally Cymbopogon citratus extract; incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer
for detailed information please see the F344 rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
article), conc. range: »£9.8 ng/mg artificial (dose: 100 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
albumin* ** (mean value), country: b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: »200 pg AFB1/mg
Thailand/UK310, *after 19 days during serum albumin* (mean value), country:
AFB1-administration (also at other day UK/Nigeria/Thailand618, *after 24 h
intervals up to »23.5 days measured,
lowest conc.: »1 ng/mg albumin after incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Wistar
1 day), **AFB1-albumin adducts, for rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: no
overall information please see the article AFB1, conc.: 0**, country: UK627, *control,
**measured by scintillation counting
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male incidence: 2?/2*, sa. const.: male Wistar
F344 rats, age: young, wt.: 120–140 g, rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: no
contamination: artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1, conc.: 0**, country: UK627, *control,
AFB1/kg b. wt., daily for 3 weeks), conc. **measured by ELISA
range: £159.9 pmol/mg albumin* ** *** incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
(mean value), country: USA/People’s wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: artificial
Republic of China493, *control (for overall (dose: 10 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p.,
information please see the article), once), conc.: 132 pg AFB1-lysine eq/mg
**AFB1-albumin adducts, ***after 15 days albumin* **, country: UK627, *measured
during treatment (also at other day by scintillation counting, **after 24 h
intervals up to 15 days measured, lowest incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Wistar
conc.: »10 pmol/mg albumin after 1 day) rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male artificial (dose: 10 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination: wt., i.p., once), conc.: 59 pg AFB1-lysine
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., eq/mg albumin* **, country: UK627,
daily for 3 weeks), conc. range: *measured by ELISA, **after 24 h
ȣ55 pmol/mg albumin* ** ***
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Wistar
(mean value), country: USA/People’s
rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
Republic of China493, *lycopene-treatment
artificial (dose: 50 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
(100 mg/kg b. wt.) after each AFB1-
wt., i.p., once), conc.: 439 pg AFB1-lysine
administration (for overall information
eq/mg albumin* **, country: UK627,
please see the article), **AFB1-albumin
*measured by scintillation counting,
adducts, ***after 15 days during
**after 24 h
treatment (also at other day intervals up
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Wistar
to 15 days measured, lowest conc.:
rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
»8 pmol/mg albumin after 1 day)
artificial (dose: 50 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer wt., i.p., once), conc.: 326 pg AFB1-lysine
F344 rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: eq/mg albumin* **, country: UK627,
artificial (dose: 1 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. *measured by ELISA, **after 24 h
wt., i.p., once), conc.: »3.8 pg AFB1/mg incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Wistar
serum albumin* (mean value), country: rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination:
UK/Nigeria/Thailand618, *after 24 h artificial (dose: 200 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Fischer b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: 1,003 pg
F344 rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin* **, country:
artificial (dose: 10 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. UK627, *measured by scintillation
wt., i.p., once), conc.: »11 pg AFB1/mg counting, **after 24 h
406 Rat

incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: male Wistar other week intervals up to 14 weeks
rats, wt.: 200–250 g, contamination: measured, lowest conc.: »100 pmol AF
artificial (dose: 200 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg adducts/mg albumin after 1 week of last
b. wt., i.p., once), conc.: 1,051 pg AFB1-administration)
AFB1-lysine eq/mg albumin* **, country: incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
UK627, *measured by ELISA, **after 24 h wt.: 100 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 20 µg AFB1/day, o., daily for
Aflatoxin B 5 weeks), conc. range: ȣ280 pmol AF
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, adducts/mg albumin* ** *** (mean
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial value), country: USA57, *delayed-transient
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by intervention with oltipraz (0.05%) for
gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks 2 weeks during AFB1-administration
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed (for overall information please see the
information please see the article), conc. article), **AF-albumin adducts, ***after
range: ȣ62 pmol AFB bound mg 3 weeks of AFB1-administration (also at
albumin** (mean value), country: USA611, other week intervals up to 14 weeks
*control, *2 days after AFB1- measured, lowest conc.: »75 pmol AF
administration (also at other day intervals adducts/mg albumin after 1 week of last
up to 16 days measured, lowest conc.: AFB1-administration)
»0.9 pmol AFB bound mg albumin after incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
16 days) wt.: 100 g, contamination: artificial
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats, (dose: 20 µg AFB1/day, o., daily for
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial 5 weeks), conc. range: »£175 pmol
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by AF adducts/mg albumin* ** ***
gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks (mean value), country: USA57, *persistent
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed intervention with oltipraz (0.05%) for
information please see the article), conc. 6 weeks during AFB1-administration (for
range: ȣ16 pmol AFB bound mg overall information please see the article),
albumin* ** (mean value), country: **AF-albumin adducts, ***after 2 weeks
USA611, *2 days after AFB1-administration of AFB1-administration (also at other
(also at other day intervals up to 16 days week intervals up to 14 weeks measured,
measured, lowest conc.: »0.2 pmol AFB lowest conc.: »75 pmol AF adducts/mg
bound mg albumin after 16 days; highest albumin after 1 week of last AFB1-
conc.: 25 pmol AFB bound mg albumin, administration)
day 3; control values at each day always
higher than 1,2-dithiole-3-thione values),
Ochratoxin A
**1,2-dithiole-3-thione-diet (0.03%)
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
1 week before and while AFB1-treatment
age: 8–10 weeks, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1 mg OTA/kg, injection to the
Aflatoxin
femoral vein, once), conc.: 13.2 µg/ml* **
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
(mean value), country: Japan174, *in
wt.: 100 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
peripheral serum, **after 30 min
20 µg AFB1/day, o., daily for 5 weeks), conc.
range: ȣ350 pmol AF adducts/mg incidence: ?/2 (10)*, sa. const.: Sprague-
albumin* ** *** (mean value), country: Dawley male rats, wt.: »100 g,
USA57, *control without oltipraz contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
(for overall information please see the country: USA218, *control
article), **AF-albumin adducts, ***after incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
3 weeks of AFB1-administration (also at male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination:
Rat 407

artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA (labeled)/rat, contamination: artificial (dose: 2 mg ZEA/

i.p., once), conc. range: £178 µg/ml* kg, i.v. bolus injection, once), conc. range:
(mean value), country: USA218, ȣ850 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
*after 0.5 h (also measured after Korea/USA585, *after 0 h (also after other
2, 4, 8, and 24 h, lowest conc.: 34 µg/ml min and hour intervals up to 6 h measured,
after 24 h) lowest conc.: »1 ng/ml after 6 h)
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Sprague-
male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination: Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 230–290 g,
artificial (dose: 4 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., contamination: artificial (dose: 4 mg ZEA/
once), conc. range: £46 µg/ml* (mean kg, i.v. bolus injection, once), conc. range:
value), country: USA218, *after 0.5 h ȣ1,100 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
(also measured after 1, 4, 12, 24, and 48 h, Korea/USA585, *after 0 h (also after other
lowest conc.: 19 µg/ml after 48 h) min and hour intervals up to 9 h measured,
incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley lowest conc.: »0.5 ng/ml after 9 h)
male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Sprague-
artificial (dose: 8 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 230–290 g,
once), conc. range: £142 µg/ml* contamination: artificial (dose: 8 mg ZEA/
(mean value), country: USA218, *after 0.5 h kg, i.v. bolus injection, once), conc. range:
(also measured after 1 and 24 h, lowest ȣ1,400 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
conc.: 33 µg/ml after 24 h) Korea/USA585, *after 0 h (also after other
min and hour intervals up to 9 h measured,
Zearalenone lowest conc.: »1 ng/ml after 9 h)
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Sprague- incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Sprague-
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 2 mg ZEA/kg, i.v., once), conc.: (dose: 8 mg ZEA/kg, o., once), conc. range:
ȣ850 ng/ml* (mean value), country: ȣ4.5 ng/ml* ** (mean value), country:
Korea579, *after 0 h (also after other hour Korea/USA585, *after »0 h (also after other
intervals up to 6 h measured, lowest conc.: min and hour intervals up to 24 h
»3 ng/ml after 6 h) measured, lowest conc.: »0.5 ng/ml after
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male 24 h), **in intact rats
Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Sprague-
230–290 g, contamination: artificial Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
(dose: 16 mg ZEA/kg, o., once), conc.: wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
ȣ30 ng/ml* (mean value), country: (dose: 8 mg ZEA/kg, o., once), conc. range:
Korea579, *after 0 h (also after other hour ȣ6.6 ng/ml* ** (mean value), country:
intervals up to 24 h measured, lowest Korea/USA585, *after »0 h (also after other
conc.: »7 ng/ml after 24 h) min and hour intervals up to 12 h
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Sprague- measured, lowest conc.: »0.6 ng/ml after
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, 12 h), **in bile duct-cannulated rats
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
(dose: 1 mg ZEA/kg, i.v. bolus injection, Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 230–
once), conc. range: ȣ450 ng/ml* 290 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(mean value), country: Korea/USA585, *after 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), Ø conc.:
0 h (also after other min and hour intervals 258.2 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
up to 6 h measured, lowest conc.: »0.25 ng/ Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
ml after 6 h) ZEA-administration
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male Sprague- incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, wt.: 230–290 g, Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
408 Rat

wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial contamination: artificial (dose: dams

(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), (F0) 75 ppm FA from days 11–12 of
Ø conc.: 553.3 ng/ml* (mean value), gestation, through parturition and
country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of weaning; for detailed information please
ZEA-administration see the article), conc.: 1,449.00 ng/100 mg
stomach colostrum* (mean value),
Rat spleen may contain the following country: USA258, *on day 4 postpartum
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: F1 generation
of Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 4 days,
Zearalenone contamination: artificial (dose: dams (F0)
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague- 200 ppm FA from days 11–12 of gestation,
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, through parturition and weaning; for
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial detailed information please see the
(dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), article), conc.: 3,547.00 ng/100 mg
conc.: »150 ng/g* (mean value), country: stomach colostrum* (mean value),
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA- country: USA258, *on day 4 postpartum
administration
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague- Ochratoxin A
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks, incidence: 3/3 or more*, sa. const.: adult
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial male Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
conc.: »250 ng/g* (mean value), country: Japan143, *control
country: Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of incidence: ?/3–4, sa. const.: adult male
ZEA-administration Wistar rats, wt.: 200–250 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 15 mg
OTA (labeled)/kg, o., once), conc. range:
Rat stomach may contain the
»£34.5 µg/g wet wt. of tissue* (mean value),
following mycotoxins and/or their
country: Japan143, *after 1 h (also at
metabolites:
other hour intervals up to 24 h measured,
Fusaric Acid lowest conc.: »4 µg/g wet weight of tissue
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: F1 generation after 24 h)
of Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 4 days, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar
contamination: no FA fed to dams rats, age: 8–10 weeks, contamination:
(F0) (for detailed information please see artificial (dose: 1.4 mg OTA/kg, injected
the article), conc.: 18.00 ng/100 mg into the femoral vein, once; for detailed
stomach colostrum** ***(mean value), information please see the article), conc.:
country: USA258, *control, **background <65.0 ng/stomach/10 min* (mean value),
conc. of FA in control diet (<0.3 ppm), country: Japan174, *in stomach perfusate
***on day 4 postpartum
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: F1 generation Zearalenone
of Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 4 days, incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
contamination: artificial (dose: dams Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
(F0) 10 ppm FA from days 11–12 of wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
gestation, through parturition and (dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
weaning; for detailed information please conc.: »200 ng/g* (mean value), country:
see the article), conc.: 80.00 ng/100 mg Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
stomach colostrum* (mean value), ZEA-administration
country: USA258, *on day 4 postpartum incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: F1 generation Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
of Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 4 days, wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
Rat 409

(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h), Rat urine may contain the following
conc.: »600 ng/g* (mean value), country: mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-
administration Aflatoxin B1
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
Rat testes may contain the following wt.: 100–110 g, contamination: artificial
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: (dose: 0.03 mg AFB1/kg, i.p., once; for
detailed information please see the
Zearalenone
article), conc.: »0.25 ng/kg* **, country:
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
USA52, *within 24 h, **exo-AFB1-NAC
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
wt.: 100–110 g, contamination: artificial
(dose: 1.13 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
(dose: ª0.18 mg AFB1/kg, i.p., once; for
conc.: »50 ng/g* (mean value), country:
detailed information please see the
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of
article), conc.: »1.7 ng/kg* **, country:
ZEA-administration
USA52, *within 24 h, **exo-AFB1-NAC
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Sprague-
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: male Fischer
Dawley rats, age: 8–10 weeks,
rats, wt.: 100–110 g, contamination:
wt.: 230–290 g, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 0.8 mg AFB1/kg, i.p.,
(dose: 2.25 mg ZEA/h/kg, i.v., for 6 h),
once; for detailed information please
conc.: »150 ng/g* (mean value), country:
see the article), conc.: »8 ng/kg* **,
Korea/USA585, *after 6 h of ZEA-
country: USA52, *within 24 h, **exo-AFB1-
administration
NAC
Rat trachea may contain the incidence: 2/3*, sa. const.: male adult
following mycotoxins and/or their Long-Evans rats, wt.: 270–320 g,
metabolites: contamination: no AFB1, conc. range:
0.48**–0.53*** mg × 10–3, country:
Aflatoxins
Taiwan, Republic of China132, *control,
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
after 24** or 48*** h (also measured after
Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
72 h, but conc.: nd)
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: male adult
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed),
Long-Evans rats, wt.: 270–320 g,
once; for detailed information please see
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
the article), conc.: £15.762 nmol AFs/g
AFB1/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc. range:
tissue (x 10–3)*, country: USA604, *after 3 h
14.4–20.4 mg x 10–3*, Ø conc.:
(also measured after 3 days and 3 weeks,
17.4 mg x 10–3*, country: Taiwan, Republic
lowest conc.: 0.031 nmol AFs/g tissue
of China132, *after 24 h (also measured
(x 10–3) after 3 weeks)
after 48 and 72 h, but lower residue values
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
recorded)
Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male adult
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/
Long-Evans rat, wt.: 270–320 g,
kg AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t.
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.5 mg
(microcrystalline form), once; for
AFB1/kg b. wt., i.p., once), conc.:
detailed information please see the
33 mg x 10–3*, country: Taiwan, Republic
article), conc.: £1.461 nmol AFs/g tissue
of China132, *after 24 h (also measured
(x 10–3)*, country: USA604, *after 3 h
after 48 and 72 h, but conc.: nd)
(also measured after 3 days and 3 weeks,
lowest conc.: 0.0401 nmol AFs/g tissue incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
(x10–3) after 3 weeks) wt.: 100–125 g, contamination: artificial
410 Rat

(dose: 400 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: Fischer
gavage, once; for detailed information 344 strain rats, wt.: 180–250 g,
please see the article), conc.: 1.00 pmol/ contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg
mg creatinine* ** (mean value), country: AFB1/kg b. wt., by gavage, once), conc.
USA142, *after 24 h, **AFB1-N7-Gua range: 6.42–20.16 µg/mg creatinine* **
(mean values), country: India437,
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: male Fisher
*AFB1-N7-Gua adducts, **after 48 h
344 rats, wt.: 150–220 g, contamination:
no AFB1 (for detailed information please incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
see the article), conc.: nd, country: F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
India168, *control artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt.,
incidence: ?/?, sa. const.: male Fisher daily for 3 weeks), conc.
344 rats, wt.: 150–220 g, contamination: range: £96.7 ng/mg creatinine* ** ***
artificial (dose: 1.0 mg AFB1/kg b. wt., by (mean value), country: USA/People’s
gavage, once; for detailed information Republic of China493, *control (for overall
please see the article), conc. range: information please see the article),
3.22–5.97 µg NAC-AFB1/mg creatinine* **AFB1-N7-Gua adducts, ***after 1 day
(mean values), country: India168, *after 24 h while treatment (also at other day
intervals up to 15 days measured,
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male F344 rats, wt.:
lowest conc.: »10 ng/mg creatinine
100–150 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
after 9 days)
20 µg AFB1, by gavage, daily for 28 days; for
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
detailed information please see the article),
F344 rats, weight: 120–140 g,
conc.: 8.2 ng AFB1-NAC/mg creatinine* **
contamination: artificial (dose: 250 µg
(mean value), country: USA176, *control,
AFB1/kg b. wt., daily for 3 weeks), conc.
1 higher value (10.0 ng AFB1-NAC/mg
range: »27 ng/mg creatinine* ** *** ****
creatinine) on day 21 is recorded, **after
(mean value), country: USA/People’s
35 days of AFB1-administration (also at
Republic of China493, *lycopene-treatment
other day intervals up to 39 days
(100 mg/kg b. wt.) after each
measured, lowest conc.: 1.0 ng AFB1-NAC/
AFB1-administration (for overall
mg creatinine after 39 days)
information please see the article),
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
**AFB1-N7-Gua adducts, ***after 1 day
wt.: 100–150 g, contamination: artificial
while treatment (also at other day
(dose: 20 µg AFB1, by gavage, daily for 28
intervals up to 15 days measured, lowest
days; for detailed information please see
conc.: »5 ng/mg creatinine after 9 days),
the article), conc. range: £0.8 ng
****2 higher values (both »31 ng/mg
AFB1-NAC/mg creatinine* ** (mean
creatinine) on day 5 and 15 recorded
value), country: USA176, *oltipraz-diet
(0.05%) for 5 weeks prior to incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
AFB1-treatment, **after 35 days of F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
AFB1-administration artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt.,
(also at other day intervals up to 39 days daily for 3 weeks), conc. range:
measured, lowest conc.: 0.2 ng AFB1-NAC/ £13.7 ng/mg creatinine* ** ***
mg creatinine after 39 days) (mean value), country: USA/People’s
Republic of China493, *control (for overall
incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: Fischer information please see the article),
344 strain rats, wt.: 180–250 g, **AFB-NAC, ***after 3 days while
contamination: no AFB1, conc.: nd**, treatment (also at other day intervals up
country: India437, *control, to 15 days measured, lowest conc.:
**AFB1-N7-Gua adducts »4 ng/mg creatinine after 15 days)
Rat 411

incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination: age: 4 weeks, wt.: 140–170 g,
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., contamination: artificial (dose: 1.0 mg
daily for 3 weeks), conc. range: £15.9 ng/ AFB1/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
mg creatinine* ** (mean value), country: information please see the article), conc.:
USA/People’s Republic of China493, »765 ng*, country: USA598, *AFB1-N7-Gua2
*lycopene-treatment (100 mg/kg b. wt.) excreted in 48 h
after each AFB1-administration
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
(for overall information please see the
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
article), **AFB-NAC, ***after 3 days while
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
treatment (also at other days up to
gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks
15 days measured, lowest conc.: »8 ng/mg
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed
creatinine after 12 days)
information please see the article), conc.
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African range: »£45 pmol AFB-N7-Gua3/mg
giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination: creatinine** (mean value), country: USA611,
artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. *control, *2 days after AFB1-
wt., i.v., once; for detailed information administration (also at other day intervals
please see the article), conc.: 61 ng/g up to 16 days measured, lowest conc.: nd
liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h after 16 days)
of treatment incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial
Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g, (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed (days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.
142 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after range: ȣ16 pmol AFB-N7-Gua3/mg
»8 h of treatment creatinine* ** (mean value), country:
USA611, *2 days after AFB1-
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
administration (also at other day
age: 4 weeks, wt.: 140–170 g,
intervals up to 16 days measured, lowest
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.125 mg
conc.: nd after 14 days; control values at
AFB1/kg, i.p., once; for detailed
each day always higher than 1,2-dithiole-
information please see the article), conc.:
3-thione values), **1,2-dithiole-3-thione-
»70 ng*, country: USA598, *AFB1-N7-Gua2
diet (0.03%) 1 week before and while
excreted in 48 h
AFB1-treatment
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer rats,
age: 4 weeks, wt.: 140–170 g, incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg age: 21 days, contamination: artificial
AFB1/kg, i.p., once; for detailed (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
information please see the article), conc.: gavage, once; for detailed information
»180 ng*, country: USA598, *AFB1-N7-Gua2 please see the article), conc.: »325 pmol**
excreted in 48 h *** (mean value), country: USA621,
incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Fischer rats, *control, **AFB-N7-Gua3, ***after 0–24 h
age: 4 weeks, wt.: 140–170 g, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg age: 21 days, contamination: artificial
AFB1/kg, i.p., once; for detailed (dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
information please see the article), conc.: gavage, once; for detailed information
»215 ng*, country: USA598, *AFB1-N7-Gua2 please see the article), conc.: »105 pmol**
excreted in 48 h *** (mean value), country: USA621,
412 Rat

*oltipraz-diet (0.075%) for 7 days prior to range: »3.7 nmol AFB eq mg creatinine* **
AFB1-treatment, **AFB-N7-Gua3, (mean value), country: USA611,
***after 0–24 h *3 days after AFB1-administration (also at
other day intervals up to 14 days
Aflatoxin B
measured, lowest conc.: 0.8 nmol AFB eq
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
mg creatinine after 7 days; highest conc.:
wt.: 100–150 g, contamination: artificial
3.7 nmol AFB eq mg creatinine, day 4),
(dose: 20 µg AFB1, by gavage, daily for
**1,2-dithiole-3-thione-diet (0.03%)
28 days; for detailed information please
1 week before and while AFB1-treatment
see the article), conc.: 3.6 ng
AFB-N7-Gua/mg creatinine* ** (mean Aflatoxin M1
value), country: USA176, *control, 2 higher incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
values (3.8 and 3.9 ng AFB-N7-Gua/mg wt.: 100–125 g, contamination: artificial
creatinine*) on day 28 and day (dose: 400 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by
35 recorded, **after 21 days of gavage, once; for detailed information
AFB1-administration (also at other day please see the article), conc.: 0.29 pmol/
intervals up to 39 days measured, lowest mg creatinine* ** (mean value), country:
conc.: 0.9 ng AFB-N7-guanine/mg USA142, *after 24 h, **AFM1-N7-Gua
creatinine after 39 days)
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male F344 rats,
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male F344 rats, wt.:
wt.: 100–150 g, contamination: artificial
100–150 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
(dose: 20 µg AFB1, by gavage, daily for
20 µg AFB1, by gavage, daily for 28 days;
28 days; for detailed information please
for detailed information please see the
see the article), conc.: 8.5 ng/mg
article), conc. range: £1.0 ng AFB-N7-Gua/
creatinine* ** (mean value), country:
mg creatinine* ** (mean value), country:
USA176, *control, several higher values up
USA176, *oltipraz diet (0.05%) fed for 5
to 15.7 ng/mg creatinine after 28 days
weeks prior to AFB1 treatment, **after
were recorded, **after 7 days of
21 days of AFB1-administration (also at
AFB1-administration (also at other day
other day intervals up to 39 days
intervals up to 39 days measured, lowest
measured, lowest conc.: 0.3 ng AFB-N7-
conc.: 2.0 ng/mg creatinine after 39 days)
Gua/mg creatinine after 39 days)
incidence: ?/8, sa. const.: male F344 rats, wt.:
incidence: 4?/4*, sa. const.: male F344 rats, 100–150 g, contamination: artificial (dose:
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial 20 µg AFB1, by gavage, daily for 28 days;
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by for detailed information please see the
gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks article), conc. range: £1.5 ng/mg*
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed creatinine* ** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc. USA176, *oltipraz-diet (0.05%) for 5 weeks
range: ȣ4.7 nmol AFB eq mg creatinine** prior to AFB1-treatment, **after 7 days of
(mean value), country: USA611, *control, AFB1-administration (also at other day
*3 days after AFB1-administration (also at intervals up to 39 days measured, lowest
other day intervals up to 14 days conc.: 0.05 ng/mg creatinine after 39 days)
measured, lowest conc.: 0.85 nmol AFB
eq mg creatinine after 7 days) incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male F344 rats, F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
wt.: 75–100 g, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt.,
(dose: 250 µg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., by daily for 3 weeks), conc.
gavage, for 5 days a week for 2 weeks range: £166.1 ng/mg creatinine* **
(days 0–4 and 7–11); for detailed (mean value), country: USA/People’s
information please see the article), conc. Republic of China493, *control (for overall
Rat 413

information please see the article), **after information please see the article), conc.:
5 days while treatment (also at other day 0.17 µg total** (mean value), country:
intervals up to 15 days measured, lowest USA522, *HSCAS-diet (0.5%) prior to
conc.: »105 ng/mg creatinine after 1 day) AFB1-treatment, **cumulative value of
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male 36 h collection (measured after
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination: 6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
daily for 3 weeks), conc. range: Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
ȣ160 ng/mg creatinine* ** (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
country: USA/People’s Republic of AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed
China493, *lycopene-treatment (100 mg/kg information please see the article), conc.:
b. wt.) after each AFB1-administration 1.78 µg total** (mean value), country:
(for overall information please see the USA522, *control, **cumulative value of
article), **after 5 days while treatment 36 h collection (measured after
(also at other day intervals up to 15 days 6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
measured, lowest conc.: »78 ng/mg incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
creatinine after 1 day) Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed
Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.125 mg
0.50 µg total** (mean value), country:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed information
USA522, *HSCAS-diet (0.5%) prior to
please see the article), conc.: 1.32 µg total**
AFB1-treatment, **cumulative value
(mean value), country: USA522, *control,
of 36 h collection (measured after
**cumulative value of 36 h collection
6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
(measured after 6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.125 mg
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.:
2.51 µg total** (mean value), country:
0.07 µg total** (mean value), country:
USA522, *control, **cumulative value of
USA522, *HSCAS-diet (0.5%) prior to
36 h collection (measured after
AFB1-treatment, **cumulative value of
6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
36 h collection (measured after
6, 24, 36, and 48 h) incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg
Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks,
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg
information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed
1.04 µg total** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.:
USA522, *HSCAS-diet (0.5%) prior to
2.12 µg total** (mean value), country:
AFB1-treatment, **cumulative value of
USA522, *control, **cumulative value of
36 h collection (measured after
36 h collection (measured after
6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
6, 24, 36, and 48 h)
incidence: 3?/3*, sa. const.: male incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African
Fischer-344 rats, age: 6 weeks, giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose: 0.25 mg artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
AFB1/kg b. wt., o.; for detailed wt., i.v., once; for detailed information
414 Rat

please see the article), conc.: 48 ng/g incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
treatment artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., daily
incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling for 3 weeks), conc. range: »3 ng/mg
Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g, creatinine* ** *** (mean value), country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 USA/People’s Republic of China493,
(labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed *lycopene-treatment (100 mg/kg b. wt.)
information please see the article), conc.: after each AFB1-administration (for
20 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after overall information please see the article),
»8 h of treatment **after 12 days while treatment (also at
other day intervals up to 15 days
Aflatoxin P1
measured, lowest conc.: »0.5 ng/mg
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
creatinine after 5 days), ***1 higher value
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination:
(»18 ng/mg creatinine) on day 15 recorded
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt.,
daily for 3 weeks), conc. incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male African
range: £210.4 ng/mg creatinine* ** giant rats, wt.: 1.5–2.0 kg, contamination:
(mean value), country: USA/People’s artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b.
Republic of China493, *control (for overall wt., i.v., once; for detailed information
information please see the article), **after please see the article), conc.: 180 ng/g liver*,
12 days while treatment (also at other day country: Nigeria593, *after »8 h of treatment
intervals up to 15 days measured, lowest incidence: ?/5–6, sa. const.: male weanling
conc.: »40 ng/mg creatinine after 3 days) Wistar-derived rats, wt.: 250 g,
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg AFB1
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination: (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., information please see the article), conc.:
daily for 3 weeks), conc.: »25 ng/mg 171 ng/g liver*, country: Nigeria593, *after
creatinine* ** *** (mean value), country: »8 h of treatment
USA/People’s Republic of China493,
*lycopene-treatment (100 mg/kg b. wt.) Aflatoxin
after each AFB1-administration (for incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult male
overall information please see the article), Fischer 344 rats, contamination: artificial
**after 12 days while treatment (also at (dose: 1 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., i.p.,
other day intervals up to 15 days once; for detailed information please see
measured, lowest conc.: »10 ng/mg the article), conc. range: 16.0–17.0 pmol
creatinine after 1 day), ***2 higher values AF eq* **, Ø conc.: 16.5 pmol AF eq* **,
on day 5 (»55 ng/mg creatinine) and on country: USA/People’s Republic of
day 15 (»100 ng/mg creatinine) recorded China59, *mainly AFM1, AFB1-N7-Gua2
adduct, AFP1, and AFB1 (in decreasing
Aflatoxin Q1 quantity), **urine was collected for 20 h
incidence: ?/4, sa. const.: young male
F344 rats, wt.: 120–140 g, contamination: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult male rats,
artificial (dose: 250 µg AFB1/kg b. wt., daily age:, contamination: artificial (dose: 1 mg
for 3 weeks), conc. range: £31.7 ng/mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt., injected, once),
creatinine* ** (mean value), country: conc. range: 290–310 ng/100 µl*, Ø conc.:
USA/People’s Republic of China493, 300 ng/100 µl*, country: USA100, *urine
*control (for overall information please was collected for 20 h
see the article), **after 12 days while the
treatment (also at other day intervals up Aflatoxins
to 15 days measured, lowest conc.: incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague-
»1 ng/mg creatinine after 3 days) Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g,
Rat 415

contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (dust-adsorbed), rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
once; for detailed information please see OTA, diet NMB (for detailed information
the article), conc.: ȣ11.4 nmol AFs/day*, please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
country: USA604, *after 1 day (also at other Canada209, *control
day intervals up to 21 days measured, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Wistar male
lowest conc.: nd after 21 days) rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination:
incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: male Sprague- artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
Dawley rats, Ø wt.: 242.2 g, daily for 6 days (diet NMB+T); for
contamination: artificial (dose: 300 µg/kg detailed information please see the
AFB1 (labeled)/kg, i.t. (microcrystalline article), conc. range: £43 µg/rat/day*
form), once; for detailed information (mean value), country: Canada209,
please see the article), conc.: ȣ11.5 nmol *measured on day 5 of OTA-
AFs/day*, country: USA604, *after 1 day administration (also measured at
(also at other day intervals up to 21 days day 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, lowest conc.:
measured, lowest conc.: nd after 21 days) approximately 4 µg/rat/day on day 1)

Fumonisin B1 incidence: ?/2 (10)*, sa. const.: Sprague-

incidence: ?/5, sa. const.: rats, Dawley male rats, wt.: »100 g,
contamination: artificial (dose: 1,000 µg contamination: no OTA, conc.: nr,
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information country: USA218, *control
please see the article), conc. range: incidence: ?/2, sa. const.: Sprague-Dawley
0.1–2.0 µg/g (mean value), country: male rats, wt.: »100 g, contamination:
USA276 artificial (dose: 1 mg OTA (labeled)/rat,
i.p., once), conc. range: £223 µg* OTA
Ochratoxin A content (mean value), country: USA218,
incidence: 3 or more/3 or more*, sa. *after 24 h (also measured after 2, 4, and
const.: healthy female Sprague-Dawley 8 h, lowest conc.: 45 µg OTA after 2 h)
rats, wt.: »300 g, contamination:
no OTA (for detailed information please incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
see the article), conc.: nr, country: age: 6 weeks, contamination: artificial
Canada144, *control (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., for
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female 6 days), conc.: 0.36 µmol/l* (mean value),
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g, country: Germany561, *after 24 h of final
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg administration
OTA/rat, i.v., once; for detailed information incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
please see the article), conc.: 5.9 nmol/ml age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
(mean value), country: Canada144 (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., for
6 days), conc.: 0.36 µmol/l* (mean value),
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male country: Germany561, *after 24 h of final
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no administration
OTA, diet B-II (for detailed information incidence: ?/3, sa. const.: male Wistar rats,
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: age: 2 years, contamination: artificial
Canada209, *control (dose: 1.25 mg OTA/kg b. wt., i.p., once),
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Wistar male conc.: 22.4 µmol/l* (mean value), country:
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: Germany561, *after 2 h
artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
daily for 6 days (diet B-I); for detailed incidence: 1–3?/1–3, sa. const.: normal
information please see the article), conc.: Sprague-Dawley rats, age: 9–10 weeks,
pr*, country: Canada209, *measured at day contamination: artificial (dose: 4.1 mg
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ? of OTA-administration OTA/kg, by injection, once), conc. range:
416 Rat

»£1 µg/ml?* (mean value), country: article), conc.: nd, country: Canada209,
Japan613, *after 30 min collection period *measured at day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
(also measured after 30–60 and
60–90 min collection period, lowest conc.: Lactone Opened Ochratoxin A
<0.5 µg/ml after 60–90 min) incidence: 3 or more/3 or more*, sa.
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: albumin- const.: healthy female Sprague-Dawley
deficient Sprague-Dawley rats, age: rats, wt.: »300 g, contamination: no
9–10 weeks, contamination: artificial OP-OTA (for detailed information please
(dose: 4.1 mg OTA/kg, by injection, once), see the article), conc.: nr, country:
conc.: »£165 µg/ml* (mean value), Canada144, *control
country: Japan613, *after 30 min collection incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female
period (also measured after 30–60 and Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
60–90 min collection period, lowest conc.: contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
»15 µg/ml after 60–90 min) OP-OTA/rat, i.v., once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
Ochratoxin a 3.9 nmol/ml (mean value), country:
incidence: 3 or more/3 or more*, sa. const.: Canada144
healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.:
4-Hydroxyochratoxin A
»300 g, contamination: no OTa (for detailed
incidence: 3 or more/3 or more*, sa.
information please see the article), conc.: nr,
const.: healthy female Sprague-Dawley
country: Canada144, *control
rats, wt.: »300 g, contamination: no
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female
OTA-OH (for detailed information please
Sprague-Dawley rats, weight: »300 g,
see the article), conc.: nr, country:
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
Canada144, *control
OTa/rat, i.v., once; for detailed information
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female
please see the article), conc.: 25.4 nmol/ml
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
(mean value), country: Canada144
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male OTA-OH/rat, i.v., once; for detailed
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no information please see the article), conc.:
OTA, diet B-II (for detailed information 27.2 nmol/ml (mean value), country:
please see the article), conc.: nd, country: Canada144
Canada209, *control
Ochratoxin B
incidence: ?/10, sa. const.: Wistar male
incidence: 3 or more/3 or more*, sa.
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination:
const.: healthy female Sprague-Dawley
artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated,
rats, wt.: »300 g, contamination: no OTB
daily for 6 days (diet B-I); for detailed
(for detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc.:
article), conc.: nr, country: Canada144,
pr*, country: Canada209, *measured at day
*control
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 ? of OTA-administration
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: healthy female
incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: Wistar male
Sprague-Dawley rats, wt.: »300 g,
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: no
contamination: artificial (dose: 100 µg
OTA, diet NMB (for detailed information
OTB/rat, i.v., once; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
please see the article), conc.: 3.9 nmol/ml
Canada209, *control
(mean value), country: Canada144
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: Wistar male
rats, wt.: 83–110 g, contamination: Zearalenone
artificial (dose: 500 µg OTA, intubated, incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: female weanling
daily for 6 days (diet NMB+T); for Wistar rats, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the (dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g diet (daily)
Sheep 417

in combination with a casein-based see the article), conc.: 1.5 µg* **

semipurified diet for 2 weeks; for detailed (mean value), country: Canada402,
information please see the article), conc.: *excreted in 48 h following dosing, **b-
209.6 µg* (mean value), country: Canada402, ZEAOL-Gluc
*excreted in 48 h following dosing
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: female weanling Salmon see Fish (salmon)
Wistar rats, contamination: artificial
(dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g diet Sheep
(daily) in combination with a
casein-based semipurified diet for Sheep Natural Contamination
2 weeks; for detailed information please
see the article), conc.: 95.0 µg* ** Sheep milk, raw may contain the
(mean value), country: Canada402, following mycotoxins and/or their
*excreted in 48 h following dosing, metabolites:
**ZEA-Gluc
Aflatoxin M1
a-Zearalenol incidence: 8/12*, sa. const.: milk from
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: female weanling sheeps of Greece, contamination: natural,
Wistar rats, contamination: artificial conc. range: 5–10 ng/l (3 sa), 11–20 ng/l
(dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g diet (daily) (3 sa), 21–50 ng/l (2 sa), country:
in combination with a casein-based Greece246, *from December 1999
semipurified diet for 2 weeks; for detailed to May 2000
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 11/15*, sa. const.: milk from
34.5 µg* (mean value), country: Canada402, sheeps of Greece, contamination: natural,
*excreted in 48 h following dosing conc. range: 5–10 ng/l (6 sa), 11–20 ng/l
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: female weanling (3 sa), 21–50 ng/l (1 sa), 53 ng/l (1 sa),
Wistar rats, contamination: artificial country: Greece246, *from December 2000
(dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g diet to May 2001
(daily) in combination with a casein-
based semipurified diet for 2 weeks; for Sheep/goat milk, raw may contain
detailed information please see the the following mycotoxins and/or their
article), conc.: 11.4 µg* ** (mean value), metabolites:
country: Canada402, *excreted in 48 h
following dosing, **a-ZEAOL-Gluc Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 7/17, sa. const.: milk from
b-Zearalenol sheeps and goats of Italy, contamination:
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: female weanling natural, conc. range: 6–31 ng/kg, country:
Wistar rats, contamination: artificial (dose: Italy161
250 µg crystalline ZEA/g diet (daily) in
combination with a casein-based Sheep urine may contain the
semipurified diet for 2 weeks; for detailed following mycotoxins and/or their
information please see the article), conc.: metabolites:
19.0 µg* (mean value), country: Canada402,
*excreted in 48 h following dosing Zearalanols
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: female weanling incidence: 39/80*, sa. const.: urine from
Wistar rats, contamination: artificial sheeps of New Zealand, contamination:
(dose: 250 µg crystalline ZEA/g diet natural, conc. range: £2.1 ng/ml**,
(daily) in combination with a country: New Zealand230, *export
casein-based semipurified diet for animals, **most probable of
2 weeks; for detailed information please Fusarium origin
418 Sheep

Zearalenols once; for detailed information please see

incidence: 39/80*, sa. const.: urine from the article), conc.: tr* **, country:
sheeps of New Zealand, contamination: Canada63, *cumulative value, **collected
natural, conc. range: £86 ng/ml, country: and measured up to 36 h after
New Zealand230, *export animals DON-administration
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
Sheep Artificial Contamination age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o.,
Sheep bile may contain the following once; for detailed information please see
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: the article), conc.: tr* **, country:
Deoxynivalenol Canada63, *cumulative value, **collected
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, and measured up to 36 h after
age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination: DON-administration
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
once; for detailed information please see age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination:
the article), conc.: <0.1 mg* **, country: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v.,
Canada63, *cumulative value, **collected once; for detailed information please see
and measured up to 36 h after the article), conc. range: 0.8–1.2 mg* **
DON-administration ***, Ø conc.: 1 mg* ** ***,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, country: Canada63, *DOM-1-Gluc,
age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination: **cumulative value, ***collected and
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o., measured up to 36 h after DON-
once; for detailed information please see administration
the article), conc.: <0.1 mg* **, country: incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
Canada63, *cumulative value, **collected age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination:
and measured up to 36 h after artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o.,
DON-administration once; for detailed information please see
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, the article), conc. range: 0.2–0.5 mg* **
age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination: ***, Ø conc.: 0.35 mg* ** ***, country:
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., Canada63, *DOM-1-Gluc, **cumulative
once; for detailed information please see value, ***collected and measured up to
the article), conc.: <0.1 mg* ** ***, country: 36 h after DON-administration
Canada63, *DON-Gluc, **cumulative value,
***collected and measured up to 36 h after Sheep feces may contain the
DON-administration following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, metabolites:
age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination: Deoxynivalenol
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn
once; for detailed information please see wethers, age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg,
the article), conc.: <0.1 mg* ** ***, country: contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
Canada63, *DON-Gluc, **cumulative value, DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
***collected and measured up to 36 h after information please see the article), conc.:
DON-administration na, country: Canada63
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg
age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination: DON/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., information please see the article), conc.
Sheep 419

range: 110–120 mg*, Ø conc.: 115 mg*, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
country: Canada63, *cumulative value(s) wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
of the first 24 h collection after artificial (dose: 5 mg OTA/kg feed
DON-administration (70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for
4 weeks; for detailed information please
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
see the article), conc.: 32.0 ng/kg* **
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
(mean value), country: Germany/
age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination:
Canada283, *in dry matter, **collected over
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v.,
a period of 7 days in the 3rd week
once; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: na, country: Canada63 incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg (for detailed information please see the
DON/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/
information please see the article), conc. Canada482, *control
range: 70 mg* **, Ø conc.: 70 mg* **, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
country: Canada63, *cumulative value of sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
the first 24 h collection after wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
DON-administration (dose: 9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
29 days; for detailed information please
Fumonisin B1
see the article), conc.: 30.8 ng/g* ** (mean
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: sheeps,
value), country: Germany/Canada482, *in
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg
dry matter, **collected over 7 days
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information
(day 15 until day 21 after the
please see the article), conc.: 6 mg/g
1st OTA-administration, lowest conc.:
(mean value), country: USA276
0 at day 1)
Hydrolized Fumonisin B1 incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: sheeps, sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf),
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg age: 1 year, wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination:
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information artificial (dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./
please see the article), conc.: 10 mg/g day, o., for 29 days; for detailed
(mean value), country: USA276 information please see the article), conc.:
57.2 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
Ochratoxin A Germany/Canada482, *in dry matter,
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred **collected over 7 days (day 15 until day
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: no 21 after the 1st OTA-administration,
OTA (for detailed information please see lowest conc.: 0 at day 1)
the article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
Canada283, *control sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred 1 year, wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination:
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./
artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg feed day, o., for 29 days; for detailed
(70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for information please see the article), conc.:
4 weeks; for detailed information please 123.1 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
see the article), conc.: 23.0 ng/kg* ** Germany/Canada482, *in dry matter,
(mean value), country: Germany/ **collected over 7 days (day 15 until day
Canada283, *in dry matter, **collected over 21 after the 1st OTA-administration,
a period of 7 days in the 3rd week lowest conc.: 0 at day 1)
420 Sheep

Ochratoxin a until day 21 after the 1st OTA-

incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred administration)
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: no incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
OTA (for detailed information please see sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age:
the article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ 1 year, wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination:
Canada283, *control artificial (dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred o., for 29 days; for detailed information
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: please see the article), conc.: 809.9 ng/g
artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg feed dry matter* (mean value), country:
(70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for Germany/Canada482, *collected over
4 weeks; for detailed information please 7 days (day 15 until day 21 after the 1st
see the article), conc.: 251.5 ng/kg* ** OTA-administration)
(mean value), country: Germany/
Canada283, *in dry matter, **collected over Sheep milk, raw may contain the
a period of 7 days in the 3rd week following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred metabolites:
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: Aflatoxin M1
artificial (dose: 5 mg OTA/kg feed incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: milk from ewes,
(70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for contamination: no AFB1; for detailed
4 weeks; for detailed information please information please see the article), conc.:
see the article), conc.: 796.2 ng/kg* ** <50 ng/l, country: Italy520, *control
(mean value), country: Germany/ incidence: 24/24, sa. const.: milk from
Canada283, *in dry matter, **collected over ewes, contamination: artificial (dose: feed
a period of 7 days in the 3rd week with increasing amounts of AFB1; for
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male detailed information please see the
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, article), conc. range: 121–1,246 ng/l, Ø
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA conc.: 547.8 ng/l, country: Italy520
(for detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ Deoxynivalenol
Canada482, *control incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: lactating ewes,
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, no DON (for detailed information please
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial see the article), conc.: nd, country:
(dose: 9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for Canada284, *control
29 days; for detailed information please incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating ewes,
see the article), conc.: 212.4 ng/g dry age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
matter* (mean value), country: Germany/ artificial (dose: 4.0 mg DON (labeled)/kg
Canada482, *collected over 7 days (day 15 b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed information
until day 21 after the 1st OTA- please see the article), conc. range:
administration) £61 ng/ml* (in total: 7.8–33.0 mg),
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male country: Canada284, *0–4 h sa. collection
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, (collection period over 48 h, lowest conc.:
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial 0 from 16–20, 20–24 and 44–48 h)
(dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewes,
29 days; for detailed information please age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
see the article), conc.: 396.0 ng/g dry artificial (dose: 1.5 g DON, o., during 72 h
matter* (mean value), country: Germany/ dosing period; for detailed information
Canada482, *collected over 7 days (day 15 please see the article), conc. range:
Sheep 421

£10 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284, please see the article), conc. range:
*conjugated and unconjugated DON, £205 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284,
**after 4–8 h post-DON period (measured *conjugated and unconjugated DOM-1,
over 72 h (DON feeding period) and **after 4–8 h post-DON period
afterwards over 48 h (post-DON period, (measured over 72 h (DON-feeding
lowest conc.: nd at 44–48 h) period) and afterwards over 48 h
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewes, (post-DON period, lowest
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination: conc.: tr at 44–48 h)
artificial (dose: 4.0 g DON, o., during 72 h
Zearalenone
dosing period; for detailed information
incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: sheeps,
please see the article), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.8 g
£17 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284,
crystalline ZEA, into the esophagus,
*conjugated and unconjugated DON,
once), conc. range: 0.001–0.002 ppm*,
**after 4–8 h post-DON period (measured
country: Hungary/USA123, *after
over 72 h (DON-feeding period) and
24, 48 and 72 h (up to 120 h
afterwards over 48 h (post-DON period,
measured, lowest value conc.: nd 0, 96 and
lowest conc.: nd at 44–48 h)
120 h)
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol b-Zearalenol
incidence: 2/2*, sa. const.: lactating ewes, incidence: 3/6, sa. const.: sheeps,
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination: contamination: artificial (dose: 1.8 g
no DON (for detailed information please crystalline ZEA, into the esophagus,
see the article), conc.: nd, country: once), conc. range: 0.001–0.002 ppm*,
Canada284, *control country: Hungary/USA123, *after
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: lactating ewes, 24, 48 and 72 h (up to 120 h measured,
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination: lowest value conc.: nd 0, 96 and 120 h)
artificial (dose: 4.0 mg DON (labeled)/kg
b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed information Sheep plasma may contain the
please see the article), conc. range: following mycotoxins and/or their
£1,220 ng/ml* (in total: 310.1–610.4 mg), metabolites:
country: Canada284, *4–8 h sa. collection
(collection period over 48 h, lowest conc.: Deoxynivalenol
0 at 44–48 h for 1 sheep) incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe, age:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe, 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 1.5 g DON, o., during 72 h
artificial (dose: 1.5 g DON, o., during 72 h dosing period; for detailed information
dosing period; for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: tr*,
please see the article), conc. range: country: Canada284, *after 53 h DON-
£125 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284, feeding period (measured over 72 h
*conjugated and unconjugated DOM-1, (DON-feeding period) and afterwards over
**after 4–8 h post-DON period 48 h (post-DON-period, lowest conc.:
(measured over 72 h (DON-feeding nd at 24 and 48 h)
period) and afterwards over 48 h (post- incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe, age:
DON period, lowest conc.: 15 ng/ml at 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
44–48 h) artificial (dose: 1.5 g DON, o., during
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe, 72 h dosing period; for detailed
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination: information please see the article), conc.
artificial (dose: 4.0 g DON, o., during 72 h range: £19 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284,
dosing period; for detailed information *conjugated DON, **after 53 h
422 Sheep

DON-feeding period (measured over 72 h Ø conc.: 582.5 ng/ml* **, country:

(DON-feeding period) and afterwards over Canada620, *after 5–7 h (also at other hour
48 h (post-DON-period, lowest conc.: nd at intervals up to 21 h measured, lowest conc.:
24 and 48 h) »nd after 21 h for 1 sheep), **total DON
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination: Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
artificial (dose: 4.0 g DON, o., during 72 h incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
dosing period; for detailed information age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
please see the article), conc. range: artificial (dose: 1.5 g DON, o., during 72 h
£30 ng/ml*, country: Canada284, *after dosing period; for detailed information
43 h DON-feeding period (measured over please see the article), conc. range:
72 h (DON-feeding period) and £69 ng/ml*, country: Canada284, *after
afterwards over 48 h (post-DON-period, 53 h DON-feeding period (measured over
lowest conc.: nd at 12, 24 and 48 h) 72 h (DON-feeding period) and
afterwards over 48 h (post-DON-period,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe, age:
lowest conc.: tr at 48 h)
1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
artificial (dose: 4.0 g DON, o., during 72 h
age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
dosing period; for detailed information
artificial (dose: 1.5 g DON, o., during 72 h
please see the article), conc. range: £110 ng/
dosing period; for detailed information
ml* **, country: Canada284, *conjugated
please see the article), conc. range:
DON, **after 53 h DON-feeding period
£336 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284,
(measured over 72 h (DON-feeding period)
*conjugated DOM-1, **after 53 h
and afterwards over 48 h
DON-feeding period (measured over 72 h
(post-DON-period, lowest conc.: nd at 48 h)
(DON-feeding period) and afterwards
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male sheep, age: over 48 h (post-DON-period, lowest conc.:
1 year, wt.: 60–70 kg, contamination: artificial 15 ng/ml at 48 h)
(dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
detailed information please see the article), age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
conc. range: ȣ5,000 ng/ml*, country: artificial (dose: 4.0 g DON, o., during 72 h
Canada620, *after 10 min (also at other min dosing period; for detailed information
intervals up to 210 min measured, lowest please see the article), conc. range:
conc.: »130 ng/ml after 210 min) £330 ng/ml*, country: Canada284, *after
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: male sheep, age: 53 h DON-feeding period (measured over
1 year, wt.: 60–70 kg, contamination: 72 h (DON-feeding period) and
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., afterwards over 48 h (post-DON-period,
once; for detailed information please see lowest conc.: tr at 48 h)
the article), conc. range: 240–520 ng/ml* incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: lactating ewe,
**, Ø conc.: 386.6 ng/ml* **, country: age: 1 year, wt.: 70–80 kg, contamination:
Canada620, *after 60 min (also at other artificial (dose: 4.0 g DON, o., during 72 h
min intervals up to 300 min measured, dosing period; for detailed information
lowest conc.: »110 ng/ml after 210 min), please see the article), conc. range:
**conjugated DON £1,330 ng/ml* **, country: Canada284,
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: male sheep, age: *conjugated DOM-1, **after 53 h
1 year, wt.: 60–70 kg, contamination: DON-feeding period (measured over 72 h
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o., (DON-feeding period) and afterwards
once; for detailed information please see over 48 h (post-DON-period, lowest conc.:
the article), conc. range: 470–760 ng/ml* **, 98 ng/ml at 48 h)
Sheep 423

Sheep rumen may contain the **after 2 h (also measured after 4, 6 and
following mycotoxins and/or their 10 h, lowest conc.: 0.18 mg/ml after 10 h),
metabolites: ***in ruminal contents
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: female sheeps
Deoxynivalenol (Suffolk), wt.: 45–65 kg, contamination:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: male sheep, age: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o.,
1 year, wt.: 60–70 kg, contamination: once; for detailed information please
artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o., see the article), conc. range: ȣ1.33 mg/
once; for detailed information please see ml* ** ***, country: Canada200,
the article), conc. range: »53 mg/ml*, *fed grain-100% = normal feed intake
country: Canada620, *after 1 h (also at (for overall information please see the
other hour intervals up to 20 h measured, article), **after 2 h (also measured after 4,
lowest conc.: »2.4 mg/ml after 20 h) 6 and 10 h, lowest conc.: 0.44 mg/ml after
Ochratoxin A 10 h), ***in ruminal contents
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: sheep, incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 ppm sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
OTA for 4 days followed by 5 ppm OTA in wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA (for
the diet for 2 days; for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc. article), conc.: nd, country: Canada482,
range: £29 ppb* **, country: Sweden199, *control
*0.5 h after final OTA-administration, incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male
**in ruminal fluid sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: sheep, wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: 9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
(dose: 2 ppm OTA for 4 days followed by 24/25 days; for detailed information
5 ppm OTA in the diet for 2 days; for please see the article), conc.
detailed information please see the range: ȣ14 ng/ml* ** (mean value),
article), conc. range: £14 ppb* **, country: country: Canada482, *1 h after final
Sweden199, *1 h after final OTA-administration (also measured after
OTA-administration, **in ruminal fluid 4, 7, 10 and 13 h, lowest conc.: nd after
incidence: 1?/1?, sa. const.: female sheep 13 h), **in ruminal fluid
(Suffolk), wt.: 45–65 kg, contamination: incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
once; for detailed information please see wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
the article), conc. range: ȣ0.58 mg/ml* ** (dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
***, country: Canada200, *fed hay (for 24/25 days; for detailed information
overall information please see the article), please see the article), conc. range:
**after 2 h (also measured after 4, 6 and ȣ36.5 ng/ml* ** (mean value), country:
10 h, lowest conc.: nd after 10 h), ***in Canada482, *1 h after final
ruminal contents OTA-administration (also measured after
incidence: 1?/1?, sa. const.: female sheep 4, 7, 10 and 13 h, lowest conc.: nd after
(Suffolk), wt.: 45–65 kg, contamination: 13 h), **in ruminal fluid
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt., o., incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male
once; for detailed information please see sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
the article), conc. range: »£1.19 mg/ wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
ml* ** ***, country: Canada200, (dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
*fed grain-30% = low feed intake (for 24/25 days; for detailed information
overall information please see the article), please see the article), conc. range:
424 Sheep

ȣ53 ng/ml* ** (mean value), country: after 1, 4, 7 and 10 h, lowest conc.:

Canada482, *1 h after final OTA- »18 ng/ml after 1 h), **in ruminal fluid
administration (also measured after incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male
4, 7, 10 and 13 h, lowest conc.: nd after sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
13 h), **in ruminal fluid wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
Ochratoxin a 24/25 days; for detailed information
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: sheep, please see the article), conc. range:
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 ppm OTA ȣ48 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
for 4 days followed by 5 ppm OTA in the Canada482, *after 10 h after final
diet for 2 days; for detailed information OTA-administration (also measured after
please see the article), conc.: pr* **, 1, 4, 7 and 13 h, lowest conc.: »32 ng/ml
country: Sweden199, *0.5 h after final after 1 h), **in ruminal fluid
OTA-administration, **in ruminal fluid
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: sheep, Sheep ruminal fluid see Sheep
contamination: artificial (dose: 2 ppm rumen
OTA for 4 days followed by 5 ppm OTA
in the diet for 2 days; for detailed Sheep serum may contain the
information please see the article), following mycotoxins and/or their
conc.: pr* **, country: Sweden199, *1 h metabolites:
after final OTA-administration, **in Ochratoxin A
ruminal fluid incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: no
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, OTA (for detailed information please see
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA the article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/
(for detailed information please see the Canada283, *control
article), conc.: nd, country: Canada482, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
*control wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg feed
male sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), (70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for
age: 1 year, wt.: »39.3 kg, 4 weeks; for detailed information please
contamination: artificial (dose: 9.5 mg see the article), conc. range: £10.8 ng/ml*
OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for 24/25 days; for (mean value), country: Germany/
detailed information please see the Canada283, *day 27 of trial (also measured
article), conc. range: ȣ13 ng/ml* at 6, 13 and 20 days, lowest conc.: 8.2 ng/ml
(mean value), country: Canada482, *10 h at day 6)
after final OTA-administration (also incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
measured after 1, 4, 7 and 13 h, lowest wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
conc.: »10 ng/ml after 1 h), **in artificial (dose: 5 mg OTA/kg feed
ruminal fluid (70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male 4 weeks; for detailed information please
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: see the article), conc. range: £111.7 ng/ml*
1 year, wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: (mean value), country: Germany/
artificial (dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./ Canada283, *day 27 of trial (also measured
day, o., for 24/25 days; for detailed at 6, 13 and 20 days, lowest conc.: 67.0 ng/
information please see the article), conc. ml at day 20)
range: ȣ29 ng/ml* (mean value),
country: Canada482, *after 13 h after final incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male
OTA-administration (also measured sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
Sheep 425

wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA see the article), conc. range: £3.4 ng/ml*
(for detailed information please see the (mean value), country: Germany/
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ Canada283, *day 6 of trial (also measured
Canada482, *control at 13, 20 and 27 days, lowest conc.:
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male 2.0 ng/ml at day 27)
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
(dose: 9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for artificial (dose: 5 mg OTA/kg feed
29 days; for detailed information please (70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for
see the article), conc.: 6.0 ng/ml* (mean 4 weeks; for detailed information please
value), country: Germany/Canada482, *at see the article), conc. range: £18.5 ng/ml*
day 23 of trial (also measured at (mean value), country: Germany/
day 1, 5, 9, 13 and 29 days after the Canada283, *day 27 of trial (also measured
1st OTA-administration, lowest conc.: at 6, 13 and 20 days, lowest conc.:
0 at day 1) 12.0 ng/ml at day 13)
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA
(dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for (for detailed information please see the
29 days; for detailed information please article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/
see the article), conc.: 12.4 ng/ml* Canada482, *control
(mean value), country: Germany/
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male
Canada482, *at day 29 of trial (also
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
measured at day 1, 5, 9, 13 and 23 days wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
after the 1st OTA-administration, lowest (dose: 9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
conc.: 0 at day 1) 29 days; for detailed information please see
incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male the article), conc.: 0.8 ng/ml* (mean value),
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, country: Germany/Canada482, *at day 9 of
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
trial (also measured at day 1, 5, 13, 23 and
(dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
29 days after the 1st OTA-administration,
29 days; for detailed information please
lowest conc.: 0 at day 1)
see the article), conc.: 18.2 ng/ml* (mean
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
value), country: Germany/Canada482,
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
*at day 23 of trial (also measured at
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
day 1, 5, 9, 13 and 29 days after the
(dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
1st OTA-administration, lowest
29 days; for detailed information please
conc.: 0 at day 1)
see the article), conc.: 2.3 ng/ml*
Ochratoxin a (mean value), country: Germany/
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred Canada482, *at day 29 of trial (also
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: no measured at day 1, 5, 9, 13 and 23 days
OTA (for detailed information please see after the 1st OTA-administration, lowest
the article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ conc.: 0 at day 1)
Canada283, *control incidence: 2?/2, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg feed (dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
(70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for 29 days; for detailed information please see
4 weeks; for detailed information please the article), conc.: 1.6 ng/ml* (mean value),
426 Sheep

country: Germany/Canada482, *at day 9 of Canada63, *DON-Gluc, **cumulative

trial (also measured at day 1, 5, 13, 23 and value(s), ***collected and measured up to
29 days after the 1st OTA-administration, 36 h after DON-administration
lowest conc.: 0 at day 1) incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination:
Sheep urine may contain the artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o.,
following mycotoxins and/or their once; for detailed information please see
metabolites: the article), conc. range: 8.1–13.5 mg* **
***, Ø conc.: 10.8 mg* ** ***, country:
Aflatoxin M1
Canada63, *DON-Gluc, **cumulative
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult sheeps,
value(s), ***collected and measured up to
total wt.: 67 kg, contamination: artificial
36 h after DON-administration
(dose: 1 mg AFs (AFB1 73% + AFB2
24% + AFG1 2% + AFG2 1%)/kg, i.p., Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
once), conc. range: »0.525 mg in total, incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
country: South Africa131 age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination:
Aflatoxin M2 artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v.,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: adult sheeps, once; for detailed information please see
total wt.: 67 kg, contamination: artificial the article), conc. range: 0.10–0.18 mg* **,
(dose: 1 mg AFs (AFB1 73% + AFB2 Ø conc.: 0.14 mg* **, country: Canada63,
24% + AFG1 2% + AFG2 1%)/kg, i.p., *cumulative value(s), **collected and
once), conc. range: »0.175 mg in total, measured up to 36 h after
country: South Africa131 DON-administration
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
Deoxynivalenol age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination:
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o.,
age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination: once; for detailed information please see
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., the article), conc. range: 0.16 mg* **,
once; for detailed information please see Ø conc.: 0.16 mg* **, country: Canada63,
the article), conc. range: 5.2–8.6 mg* **, *cumulative value(s), **collected and
Ø conc.: 6.9 mg* **, country: Canada63, measured up to 36 h after
*cumulative value(s), **collected and DON-administration
measured up to 36 h after incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
DON-administration age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.5 mg
age: 1 year, weight: 48–70 kg, DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg information please see the article), conc.
DON/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed range: 3.8–6.1 mg* ** ***, Ø conc.:
information please see the article), conc. 5 mg* ** ***, country: Canada63,
range: 4.3–8.2 mg* **, Ø conc.: 6.3 mg* **, *DOM-1-Gluc, **cumulative value(s),
country: Canada63, *cumulative value(s), ***collected and measured up to 36 h
**collected and measured up to 36 h after after DON-administration
DON-administration incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers,
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: shorn wethers, age: 1 year, wt.: 48–70 kg, contamination:
age: 1 year, wt.: 44–70 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 5.0 mg DON/kg b. wt., o.,
artificial (dose: 0.5 mg DON/kg b. wt., i.v., once; for detailed information please
once; for detailed information please see see the article), conc. range:
the article), conc. range: 4.4–7.9 mg* ** 2.9–3.8 mg* ** ***, Ø conc.:
***, Ø conc.: 6.2 mg* ** ***, country: 3.4 mg* ** ***, country: Canada63,
Sheep 427

*DOM-1-Gluc, **cumulative value(s), (mean value), country: Germany/

***collected and measured up to Canada482, *collected over 7 days
36 h after DON-administration (day 15 until day 21 after the 1st
OTA-administration, lowest conc.:
Fumonisin B1 0 at day 1)
incidence: ?/6, sa. const.: sheeps, incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated
contamination: artificial (dose: 50 mg male sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf),
FB1/g, o., once; for detailed information age: 1 year, wt.: »39.3 kg,
please see the article), conc. range: contamination: artificial (dose: 19.0 mg
0.1–3.8 mg/g (mean values), OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for 29 days; for
country: USA276 detailed information please see the
article), conc.: 48.4 ng/ml*
Ochratoxin A (mean value), country: Germany/
incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred Canada482, *collected over 7 days
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: no (day 15 until day 21 after the 1st
OTA (for detailed information please see OTA-administration, lowest conc.:
the article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ 0 at day 1)
Canada283, *control incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg feed (dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
(70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for 29 days; for detailed information please
4 weeks; for detailed information please see the article), conc.: 113.0 ng/ml*
see the article), conc.: 3.9 ng/kg* (mean value), country: Germany/
(mean value), country: Germany/ Canada482, *collected over 7 days
Canada283, *collected over a period of (day 15 until day 21 after the
7 days in the 3rd week 1st OTA-administration, lowest conc.:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred 0 at day 1)
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
artificial (dose: 5 mg OTA/kg feed Ochratoxin a
(70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for incidence: 4/4*, sa. const.: crossbred
4 weeks; for detailed information please wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination: no
see the article), conc.: 14.6 ng/kg* OTA (for detailed information please see
(mean value), country: Germany/ the article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/
Canada283, *collected over a period of Canada283, *control
7 days in the 3rd week incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male artificial (dose: 2 mg OTA/kg feed
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, (70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA 4 weeks; for detailed information please
(for detailed information please see the see the article), conc.: 68.6 ng/kg*
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/ (mean value), country: Germany/
Canada482, *control Canada283, *collected over a period of
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male 7 days in the 3rd week
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: crossbred
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial wethers, wt.: »66 kg, contamination:
(dose: 9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for artificial (dose: 5 mg OTA/kg feed
29 days; for detailed information please (70% concentrates, 30% hay), o., for
see the article), conc.: 28.4 ng/ml* 4 weeks; for detailed information please
428 Steer

see the article), conc.: 347.8 ng/kg* b-Zearalenol

(mean value), country: Germany/ incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: sheeps,
Canada283, *collected over a period of contamination: artificial (dose: 1.8 g
7 days in the 3rd week crystalline ZEA, into the esophagus, once),
conc. range: 0.020–0.050 ppm*, country:
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: castrated male
Hungary/USA123, *after 24, 48 and 72 h
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
(also at 0 h measured but conc.: nd)
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: no OTA
(for detailed information please see the Sow milk see Pig, sow milk
article), conc.: nd, country: Germany/
Canada482, *control
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male Steer
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: Steer Natural Contamination see
9.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for 29 days; for also Cattle
detailed information please see the article),
conc.: 158.6 ng/ml* (mean value), country: Steer kidney may contain the
Germany/Canada482, *collected over 7 days following mycotoxins and/or their
(day 15 until day 21 after the 1st metabolites:
OTA-administration, lowest conc.:
Aflatoxin B1
0 at day 1)
incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: kidneys from steers
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
of the USA, contamination: natural, conc.
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year,
range: 0.09 ng/g, country: USA399
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 19.0 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for Aflatoxin M1
29 days; for detailed information please incidence: 2/2, sa. const.: kidneys from
see the article), conc.: 283.4 ng/ml* (mean steers of the USA, contamination:
value), country: Germany/Canada482, natural, conc. range: 4.8 ng/g,
*collected over 7 days (day 15 until day 21 country: USA399
after the 1st OTA-administration, lowest
conc.: 0 at day 1) Steer Artificial Contamination
incidence: 3?/3, sa. const.: castrated male
sheeps (Coburger Fuchsschaf), age: 1 year, Steer bile may contain the following
wt.: »39.3 kg, contamination: artificial mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
(dose: 28.5 mg OTA/kg b. wt./day, o., for
Aflatoxin B1
29 days; for detailed information please
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Holstein-
see the article), conc.: 227.3 ng/ml*
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
(mean value), country: Germany/
contamination: no AFs (for detailed
Canada482, *collected over 7 days
information please see the article), conc.:
(day 15 until day 21 after the
nd, country: USA146, *control
1st OTA-administration, lowest conc.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
0 at day 1)
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
Zearalenone contamination: artificial (dose:
incidence: 3/4, sa. const.: sheeps, AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
contamination: artificial (dose: 1.8 g total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
crystalline ZEA, into the esophagus, once), information please see the article), conc.:
conc. range: 0.020–0.050 ppm*, country: 0.23 ng/ml* (mean value), country:
Hungary/USA123, *after 24, 48 and 72 h USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
(also at 0 h measured but conc.: nd) AF-administration
Steer 429

incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein- incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: artificial (dose: (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g detailed information please see the
total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free article), conc. range: ȣ0.5 ng/ml *,
diet; for detailed information please see country: USA72, *after »25 h during
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA146, administration (also after other hour
*after 17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks with intervals up to »103 h measured, lowest
AF-administration) conc.: »nd after »103 h)
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
Aflatoxin M1 wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: Holstein- (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, detailed information please see the
contamination: no AFs (for detailed article), conc. range: ȣ4.8 ng/ml *,
information please see the article), conc.: country: USA72, *after »48 h during
nd, country: USA146, *control administration (also after other hour
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: intervals up to »142 h measured, lowest
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, conc.: »nd after »145 h)
contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed (dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
information please see the article), conc.: detailed information please see the
3.46 ng/ml* (mean value), country: article), conc. range: ȣ21.1 ng/ml *,
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of country: USA72, *after »54 h during
AF-administration administration (also after other hour
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian intervals up to »129 h measured, lowest
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: conc.: nd after »129 h)
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
information please see the article), conc.: contamination: no AFs (for detailed
nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks information please see the article), conc.:
(thereof 15 weeks with nd, country: USA146, *control
AF-administration) incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
Steer blood may contain the contamination: artificial (dose:
following mycotoxins and/or their AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
metabolites: total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
Aflatoxin B1 range: £0.14 ng/ml* (mean value),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: country: USA146, *after 13 weeks of
155–357 kg, contamination: artificial AF-administration (also after other week
(dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for intervals up to 15 weeks measured,
detailed information please see the week 16, 17 and 17.5 na)
article), conc. range: ȣ2.0 ng/ml *, incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-
country: USA72, *after »25 h during Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
administration (also after other hour contamination: artificial (dose:
intervals up to »72 h measured, lowest AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
conc.: nd after »72 h) total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
430 Steer

diet; for detailed information please see incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
the article), conc.: tr, country: USA146, steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
*after 7 weeks of AF-administration (also artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
after other week intervals up to 15 weeks corn (800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for
measured, week 16, 17 and 17.5 na) detailed information please see the article),
conc. range: £0.38 ng/ml* (mean value),
Aflatoxin M1 country: USA146, *after 15 weeks of
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, AF-administration (also after other week
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial intervals up to 15 weeks measured,
(dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for week 16, 17 and 17.5 na)
detailed information please see the incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
article), conc. range: »£0.6 ng/ml *, Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
country: USA72, *after »8 h during contamination: artificial (dose:
administration (also after other hour AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
intervals up to »72 h measured, lowest total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
conc.: »nd after »72 h) diet; for detailed information please see
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, the article), conc. range: £0.38 ng/ml*
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial (mean value), country: USA146, *after
(dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for 15 weeks of AF-administration (also after
detailed information please see the other week intervals up to 15 weeks
article), conc. range: ȣ2.1 ng/ml *, measured, week 16, 17 and 17.5 na)
country: USA72, *after »2 h during
administration (also after other hour Steer feces may contain the following
intervals up to »104 h measured, lowest mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
conc.: »nd after »104 h) Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: 155–
155–357 kg, contamination: artificial 357 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article), conc.
article), conc. range: ȣ1.7 ng/ml *, range: ȣ30 ng/g*, country: USA72, *after
country: USA72, *after »3 h during »32 h during administration (also after
administration (also after other hour other hour intervals up to »97 h measured,
intervals up to »144 h measured, lowest lowest conc.: nd after 96 h)
conc.: »nd after »144 h)
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: ȣ130 ng/g*,
article), conc. range: ȣ4.6 ng/ml *,
country: USA72, *after »33 h during
country: USA72, *after »60 h during
administration (also after other hour
administration (also after other hour
intervals up to »152 h measured, lowest
intervals up to »144 h measured, lowest
conc.: »nd after 120 h)
conc.: nd after »144 h)
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
contamination: no AFs (for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc.: article), conc. range: ȣ230 ng/g*,
nd, country: USA146, *control country: USA72, *after »52 h during
Steer 431

administration (also after other hour (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
intervals up to »170 h measured, lowest detailed information please see the
conc.: »nd after 170 h) article), conc. range: »£1,430 ng/g *,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, country: USA72, *after »30 h during
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial administration (also after other hour
(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for intervals up to »170 h measured, lowest
detailed information please see the conc.: nd after »152 h)
article), conc. range: ȣ1,740 ng/g*, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
country: USA72, *after »22 h during wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
administration (also after other hour (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
intervals up to »142 h measured, lowest detailed information please see the article),
conc.: »nd after 142 h) conc. range: »£440 ng/g *, country: USA72,
*after »30 h during administration (also
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: after other hour intervals up to »170 h
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, measured, lowest conc.: »20 ng/g after
contamination: no AFs (for detailed »170 h)
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
nd, country: USA146, *control wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: (dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, detailed information please see the
contamination: artificial article), conc. range: ȣ1,280 ng/g *,
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn country: USA72, *after »25 h during
(800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for administration (also after other hour up
detailed information please see the to »170 h measured, lowest conc.:
article), conc.: 6.42 ng/g* (mean value), nd after »170 h)
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
AF-administration incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
contamination: no AFs (for detailed
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.:
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
nd, country: USA146, *control
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: artificial (dose:
nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
(thereof 15 weeks with
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
AF-administration)
information please see the article),
Aflatoxin M1 conc.: 42.13 ng/g* (mean value),
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial AF-administration
(dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-
detailed information please see the Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
article), conc. range: ȣ180 ng/g *, contamination: artificial (dose:
country: USA72, *after »33 h during AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
administration (also after other hour total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
intervals up to »98 h measured, lowest diet; for detailed information please see
conc.: nd after 96 h) the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA146,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, *after 17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks with
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial AF-administration)
432 Steer

Steer heart may contain the following Aflatoxin G2

mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin B1 (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: 5 consecutive days; for detailed
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: no AFs (for detailed 0.04 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day
information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: USA146, *control Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
contamination: artificial contamination: no AFs (for detailed
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn information please see the article), conc.:
(800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for nd, country: USA146, *control
detailed information please see the incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
article), conc.: 0.004 ng/g* (mean value), Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of contamination: artificial (dose:
AF-administration AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: information please see the article),
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing conc.: 0.14 ng/g* (mean value), country:
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed AF-administration
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: artificial
(thereof 15 weeks with (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn
AF-administration) (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, AF-free diet; for detailed information
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for USA146, *after 17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks
5 consecutive days; for detailed with AF-administration)
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
9.2 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin B2 (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, 5 consecutive days; for detailed
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial information please see the article), conc.:
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for 4.9 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day
5 consecutive days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: Steer kidney may contain the
0.9 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day following mycotoxins and/or their
metabolites:
Aflatoxin G1
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, Aflatoxin B1
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
5 consecutive days; for detailed (dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
information please see the article), detailed information please see the article),
conc.: 1.0 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on conc.: nd*, country: USA72, *sa. collected
6th day on day 7
Steer 433

incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, Aflatoxin B2

wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
(dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
detailed information please see the article), (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
conc.: nd*, country: USA72, *sa. collected 5 consecutive days; for detailed
on day 7 information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, 4.4 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for Aflatoxin G1
detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
article), conc.: 0.06 ng/g*, country: USA72, wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
*sa. collected on day 7 (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, 5 consecutive days; for detailed
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial information please see the article),
(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for conc.: 6.3 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on
detailed information please see the 6th day
article), conc.: 0.047 ng/g*, country: Aflatoxin G2
USA72, *sa. collected on day 7 incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
contamination: no AFs (for detailed 5 consecutive days; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: USA146, *control 0.4 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Aflatoxin M1
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers,
contamination: artificial (dose: wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
(800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed information please see the
detailed information please see the article), conc.: 0.029 ng/g*, country:
article), conc.: 0.09 ng/g* (mean value), USA72, *sa. collected on day 7
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers,
AF-administration wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: detailed information please see the
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing article), conc.: 0.035 ng/g*, country:
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then USA72, *sa. collected on day 7
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers,
information please see the article), wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
conc.: nd*, country: USA146, *after (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks with detailed information please see the
AF-administration) article), conc.: 0.26 ng/g*, country: USA72,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, *sa. collected on day 7
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers,
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
for 5 consecutive days; for detailed (dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
information please see the article), detailed information please see the
conc.: 29.3 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on article), conc.: 0.14 ng/g*, country: USA72,
6th day *sa. collected on day 7
434 Steer

incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: incidence: 1/3, sa. const.: steers,

Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, wt.: 258–270 kg, contamination: artificial
contamination: no AFs (for detailed (dose: 300 ppb AFB1 in the feed for
information please see the article), conc.: 155 days; for detailed information please
nd, country: USA146, *control see the article), conc.: 0.64 ppb*
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: in wet tissue, country: USA71, *sa.
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, collected on day 106 (also measured
contamination: artificial (dose: at 64, 151 and 163 days but lower conc.
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g recorded)
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed incidence: 1/3, sa. const.: steers,
information please see the article), wt.: 258–270 kg, contamination:
conc.: 4.82 ng/g* (mean value), country: artificial (dose: 600 ppb AFB1 in the
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of feed for 155 days; for detailed
AF-administration information please see the article),
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian conc.: 1.14 ppb* in wet tissue,
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: country: USA71, *sa. collected
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing on day 64 (also measured at
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then 106, 151 and 163 days but lower conc.
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed recorded)
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: 155–
nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks 357 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
(thereof 15 weeks with 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
AF-administration) detailed information please see the
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, article), conc.: nd*, country: USA72, *sa.
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial collected on day 7
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
5 consecutive days; for detailed wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
conc.: 105.5 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on detailed information please see the
6th day article), conc.: nd*, country: USA72, *sa.
collected on day 7
Steer liver may contain the following incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers,
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
Aflatoxin B1 detailed information please see the
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: steers, article), conc.: 0.089 ng/g*, country:
wt.: 258–270 kg, contamination: no AFB1 USA72, *sa. collected on day 7
(for detailed information please see the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers, wt.: 155–
article), conc.: nd, country: USA71, 357 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
*control 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
incidence: 1/3, sa. const.: steers, information please see the article), conc.:
wt.: 258–270 kg, contamination: artificial 0.025 ng/g*, country: USA72, *sa. collected
(dose: 60 ppb AFB1 in the feed for on day 7
155 days; for detailed information please incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
see the article), conc.: 0.29 ppb* in wet Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
tissue, country: USA71, *sa. collected on contamination: no AFs (for detailed
day 64 (also measured at 106, 151 and information please see the article), conc.:
163 days but conc.: nd) nd, country: USA146, *control
Steer 435

incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, 5 consecutive days; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article), conc.
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g range: £0.3 ng/g* **, country: USA151,
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed *different portions of the liver evaluated,
information please see the article), **on 6th day
conc.: 0.37 ng/g* (mean value), country:
Aflatoxin M1
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
incidence: 3/3*, sa. const.: steers, wt.:
AF-administration
258–270 kg, contamination: no AFB1 (for
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
detailed information please see the
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
article), conc.: nd, country: USA71,
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
*control
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
incidence: 2/3, sa. const.: steers, wt.:
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed
258–270 kg, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc.:
(dose: 60 ppb AFB1 in the feed for
nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks
155 days; for detailed information please
(thereof 15 weeks with
see the article), conc. range:
AF-administration)
0.30–0.62 ppb* in wet tissue, country:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, USA71, *sa. collected on day 106
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial (also measured at 64, 151 and 163 days
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for but conc.: nd)
5 consecutive days; for detailed incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: steers, wt.:
information please see the article), conc. 258–270 kg, contamination: artificial
range: £28.8 ng/g* **, country: USA151, (dose: 300 ppb, AFB1 in the feed for
*different portions of the liver evaluated, 155 days; for detailed information please
**on 6th day see the article), conc. range: £1.58 ppb*
in wet tissue, country: USA71, *sa.
Aflatoxin B2
collected on day 106 (also measured at
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
64, 151 and 163 days but lower conc.
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
recorded)
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
incidence: 3/3, sa. const.: steers, wt.: 258–
5 consecutive days; for detailed
270 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
information please see the article), conc.
600 ppb AFB1 in the feed for 155 days; for
range: £4.6 ng/g* **, country: USA151,
detailed information please see the
*different portions of the liver evaluated,
article), conc. range: £2.76 ppb* in wet
**on 6th day
tissue, country: USA71, *sa. collected on
Aflatoxin G1 day 106 (also measured at 64, 151 and
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, 163 days but lower conc. recorded)
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: 155–
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
357 kg, contamination: artificial (dose:
5 consecutive days; for detailed
0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.
information please see the article), conc.:
range: £3.4 ng/g* **, country: USA151,
nd*, country: USA72, *sa. collected on day
*different portions of the liver evaluated,
7
**on 6th day
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
Aflatoxin G2 wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial detailed information please see the article),
436 Steer

conc.: nd*, country: USA72, *sa. collected Aflatoxin B1

on day 7 incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers, wt.: 155– Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
357 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: contamination: no AFs (for detailed
0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA146, *control
0.061 ng/g*, country: USA72, *sa. collected incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
on day 7 Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, contamination: artificial (dose:
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
detailed information please see the article), information please see the article), conc.:
conc.: nd*, country: USA72, *sa. collected 0.014 ng/g* (mean value), country: USA146,
on day 7 *after 17.5 weeks of AF-administration
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
contamination: no AFs (for detailed artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
information please see the article), conc.: corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
nd, country: USA146, *control 2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: information please see the article), conc.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks
contamination: artificial (dose: (thereof 15 weeks with
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn AF-administration)
(800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for
Aflatoxin M1
detailed information please see the
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
article), conc.: 1.07 ng/g* (mean value),
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
contamination: no AFs (for detailed
AF-administration
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.:
nd, country: USA146, *control
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
contamination: artificial (dose:
total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
diet; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA146, total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article),
*after 17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks with
conc.: 0.29 ng/g* (mean value), country:
AF-administration)
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, wt.: AF-administration
160 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-
52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for 5 Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
consecutive days; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose:
please see the article), conc. range: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
£19.7 ng/g* **, country: USA151, *different total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
portions of the liver evaluated, **on 6th day diet; for detailed information please see
the article), conc.: nd*, country: USA146,
Steer lung may contain the following *after 17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks with
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites: AF-administration)
Steer 437

Steer muscle may contain the total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
following mycotoxins and/or their diet; for detailed information please see
metabolites: the article), conc.: nd* **, country: USA146,
*after 17.5 weeks (thereof 15 weeks with
Aflatoxin B1 AF-administration), **in semitendinous
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: (skeletal muscle)
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
contamination: no AFs (for detailed incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
information please see the article), conc.: wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
nd, country: USA146, *control (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian 5 consecutive days; for detailed
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: information please see the article), conc.:
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing 7.9 ng/g* **, country: USA151, *in round
corn (800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for muscle, **on 6th day
detailed information please see the Aflatoxin B2
article), conc.: 0.002 ng/g* ** (mean value), incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
AF-administration, **in iliopsoas (skeletal (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
muscle) 5 consecutive days; for detailed
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian information please see the article), conc.:
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: 1.1 ng/g* **, country: USA151, *in round
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing muscle, **on 6th day
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed Aflatoxin G1
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
nd* **, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
(thereof 15 weeks with (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
AF-administration), **in iliopsoas 5 consecutive days; for detailed
(skeletal muscle) information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: 1.1 ng/g* **, country: USA151, *in round
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, muscle, **on 6th day
contamination: no AFs (for detailed Aflatoxin G2
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
nd, country: USA146, *control wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: (dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, 5 consecutive days; for detailed
contamination: artificial (dose: information please see the article), conc.:
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn 0.05 ng/g* **, country: USA151, *in round
(800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for muscle, **on 6th day
detailed information please see the
article), conc.: nd* ** (mean value), Aflatoxin M1
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
AF-administration, **in semitendinous Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
(skeletal muscle) contamination: no AFs (for detailed
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein- information please see the article), conc.:
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, nd, country: USA146, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
438 Steer

contamination: artificial (dose: Steer pancreas may contain the

AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g following mycotoxins and/or their
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed metabolites:
information please see the article), conc.:
0.10 ng/g* ** (mean value), country: Aflatoxin B1
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
AF-administration, **in iliopsoas (skeletal Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
muscle) contamination: no AFs (for detailed
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian information please see the article), conc.:
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination: nd, country: USA146, *control
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc.: (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn
nd* **, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks (800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for
(thereof 15 weeks with detailed information please see the
AFs-administration), **in iliopsoas article), conc.: tr*, country: USA146, *after
(skeletal muscle) 17.5 weeks of AF-administration
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
contamination: no AFs (for detailed
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
information please see the article), conc.:
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed
nd, country: USA146, *control
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-
nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
(thereof 15 weeks with AF-administration)
contamination: artificial (dose:
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
Aflatoxin M1
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
information please see the article), conc.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
0.11 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
contamination: no AFs (for detailed
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
information please see the article), conc.:
AF-administration, **in semitendinous
nd, country: USA146, *control
(skeletal muscle)
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
contamination: artificial (dose:
artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed
information please see the article),
information please see the article), conc.:
conc.: 0.15 ng/g* (mean value), country:
nd* **, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
(thereof 15 weeks with AF-administration),
AF-administration
**in semitendinous (skeletal muscle)
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., corn (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
for 5 consecutive days; for detailed 2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.: information please see the article), conc.:
2.7 ng/g* **, country: USA151, *in round nd*, country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks
muscle, **on 6th day (thereof 15 weeks with AF-administration)
Steer 439

Steer rumen may contain the contamination: artificial (dose:

following mycotoxins and/or their AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
metabolites: total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:
Aflatoxin B1 13.05 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers, wt.: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
155–357 kg, contamination: artificial AF-administration, **in rumen contents
(dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
for detailed information please see the Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
article), conc. range: ȣ1,520 ng/g* ** contamination: artificial (dose:
dry weight, country: USA72, *after »8 h AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g
during administration (also after other total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free
hour intervals up to »96 h measured, diet; for detailed information please see
lowest conc.: »nd after 80 h), **in rumen the article), conc.: 0.09 ng/g* **, country:
contents USA146, *after 17.5 weeks (thereof
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers, 15 weeks with AF-administration), **in
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial rumen contents
(dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
detailed information please see the Aflatoxin M1
article), conc. range: ȣ1,600 ng/g* ** dry incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
weight, country: USA72, *after »8 h during 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
administration (also after other hour (dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
intervals up to 120 h measured, lowest detailed information please see the
conc.: nd after 120 h), **in rumen contents article), conc. range: ȣ38 ng/g* ** dry
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers, wt.: weight, country: USA72, *after »22 h
155–357 kg, contamination: artificial during administration (also after other
(dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for hour intervals up to »49 h measured,
detailed information please see the lowest conc.: »8 ng/g after »48 h), **in
article), conc. range: ȣ23,750 ng/g* ** rumen contents
dry weight, country: USA72, *after »1 h incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: 155–
during administration (also after other 357 kg, contamination: artificial
hour intervals up to 170 h measured, (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
lowest conc.: »40 ng/g after »120 h), **in detailed information please see the
rumen contents article), conc. range: ȣ200 ng/g* ** dry
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steers, wt.: weight, country: USA72, *after »0 h during
155–357 kg, contamination: artificial administration (also after other hour
(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for intervals up to »106 h measured, lowest
detailed information please see the article), conc.: »nd after »72 h), **in rumen
conc. range: ȣ2,750 ng/g* ** dry weight, contents
country: USA72, *after »1 h during incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: 155–
administration (also after other hour 357 kg, contamination: artificial
intervals up to 170 h measured, lowest (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
conc.: nd after »145 h), **in rumen contents detailed information please see the article),
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: conc. range: ȣ530 ng/g* ** dry weight,
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, country: USA72, *after »1 h during
contamination: no AFs (for detailed administration (also after other hour
information please see the article), conc.: intervals up to 170 h measured, lowest conc.:
nd, country: USA146, *control »5 ng/g after »120 h), **in rumen contents
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
440 Steer

(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for for 5 consecutive days; for detailed
detailed information please see the information please see the article),
article), conc. range: ȣ253 ng/g* ** dry conc.: 1.6 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on
weight, country: USA72, *after »8 h during 6th day
administration (also after other hour
intervals up to »170 h measured, lowest Aflatoxin G1
conc.: »nd after »170 h), **in rumen incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
contents wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., for
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: 5 consecutive days; for detailed
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, information please see the article), conc.:
contamination: no AFs (for detailed 0.4 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day
information please see the article), conc.:
nd, country: USA146, *control Aflatoxin M1
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer,
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o.,
contamination: artificial
for 5 consecutive days; for detailed
(dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn
information please see the article),
(800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for
conc.: 4.3 ng/g*, country: USA151,
detailed information please see the
*on 6th day
article), conc.: 1.66 ng/g* ** (mean value),
country: USA146, *after 17.5 weeks of
AF-administration, **in rumen contents Steer urine may contain the following
mycotoxins and/or their metabolites:
incidence: 5/5, sa. const.:
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, Aflatoxin B1
contamination: artificial (dose: incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
total) for 15 weeks then 2.5 weeks AF-free (dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
diet; for detailed information please see detailed information please see the
the article), conc.: nd* **, country: article), conc. range: ȣ275 ng/ml*,
USA146, *after 17.5 weeks (thereof country: USA72, *after »2 h during
15 weeks with AF-administration), **in administration (also after other hour
rumen contents intervals up to »96 h measured, lowest
conc.: nd after »96 h)
Steer spleen may contain the incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
following mycotoxins and/or their 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
metabolites: (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once;
for detailed information please see the
Aflatoxin B1
article), conc. range: ȣ25 ng/ml*,
incidence: 1/1, sa. const. Holstein steer,
country: USA72, *after »72 h during
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial
administration (also after other hour
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o.,
intervals up to »104 h measured, lowest
for 5 consecutive days; for detailed
conc.: nd after »104 h)
information please see the article), conc.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer,
12.2 ng/g*, country: USA151, *on 6th day
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
Aflatoxin B2 (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: Holstein steer, detailed information please see the
wt.: 160 kg, contamination: artificial article), conc. range: ȣ115 ng/ml*,
(dose: 52 mg AFB1 eq/kg b. wt./day, o., country: USA72, *after »48 h during
Steer 441

administration (also after other hour intervals up to »128 h measured, lowest

intervals up to 170 h measured, lowest conc.: nd after 120 h)
conc.: nd after »120 h) incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
155–357 kg, contamination: artificial (dose: 0.4 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
(dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; detailed information please see the
for detailed information please see the article), conc. range: ȣ1,090 ng/ml*,
article), conc. range: »£565 ng/ml*, country: USA72, *after »22 h during
country: USA72, *after »74 h during administration (also after other hour
administration (also after other hour intervals up to »140 h measured, lowest
intervals up to 170 h measured, lowest conc.: nd after 140 h)
conc.: nd after »144 h) incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, (dose: 0.6 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
contamination: no AFs (for detailed detailed information please see the
information please see the article), conc.: article), conc. range: ȣ730 ng/ml*,
nd, country: USA146, *control country: USA72, *after »8 h during
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: administration (also after other hour
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, intervals up to 170 h measured, lowest
contamination: artificial (dose: conc.: nd after »144 h)
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn (800 ng/g incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, wt.:
total) for 17.5 weeks; for detailed 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial
information please see the article), conc. (dose: 0.8 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for
range: £1.54 ng/ml* (mean value), detailed information please see the
country: USA146, *after 5 weeks of article), conc. range: ȣ2,320 ng/ml*,
AF-administration (also after other country: USA72, *after »22 h during
week intervals up to 17.5 weeks administration (also after other hour
measured) intervals up to 170 h measured, lowest
incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: conc.: nd after »144 h)
Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg, incidence: 5/5*, sa. const.:
contamination: artificial (dose: Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn contamination: no AFs (for detailed
(800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then information please see the article), conc.:
2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed nd, country: USA146, *control
information please see the article), conc. incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.: Holstein-Friesian
range: £2.75 ng/ml* (mean value), steers, wt.: »183 kg, contamination:
country: USA146, *after 15 weeks (thereof artificial (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing
15 weeks with AF-administration) corn (800 ng/g total) for 17.5 weeks; for
(also after other week intervals up to detailed information please see the article),
17.5 weeks measured) conc. range: £30.02 ng/ml* (mean value),
Aflatoxin M1 country: USA146, *after 5 weeks of
incidence: 1/1, sa. const.: steer, AF-administration (also after other week
wt.: 155–357 kg, contamination: artificial intervals up to 17.5 weeks measured)
(dose: 0.2 mg AFs/kg b. wt., o., once; for incidence: 5?/5, sa. const.:
detailed information please see the Holstein-Friesian steers, wt.: »183 kg,
article), conc. range: ȣ1,550 ng/ml*, contamination: artificial
country: USA72, *after »2 h during (dose: AFB1 + AFB2-containing corn
administration (also after other hour (800 ng/g total) for 15 weeks then
442 Tree Shrew

2.5 weeks AF-free diet; for detailed Aflatoxin

information please see the article), conc. incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: male and
range: £15.32 ng/ml* (mean value), female adult tree shrews, wt.t: 100–160 g,
country: USA146, *after 12 weeks contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
(15 weeks with AF-administration at all) AFB1/kg b. wt., o., daily for 4 weeks; for
(also after other week intervals up to detailed information please see the
17.5 weeks measured) article), conc. range: ȣ20 pmol
AF-albumin adducts/mg protein* **
Swine see Pig (mean value), country: People’s Republic
of China/USA167, *control, **after 5 weeks
Tree Shrew during administration (also after other
week intervals up to 11 weeks measured,
Tree Shrew Artificial Contamination lowest conc.: »5 pmol AF-albumin
adducts/mg protein after 11 weeks)
Tree shrew liver may contain the incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male and
following mycotoxins and/or their female adult tree shrews, wt.: 100–160 g,
metabolites: contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg
Aflatoxin B1 AFB1/kg b. wt., o., daily for 4 weeks and
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male tree additionally 0.5 mmol oltipraz/kg, o. by
shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: no gavage, daily for 5 weeks; for detailed
AFB1 (for detailed information please see information please see the article), conc.
the article), conc.: nr, country: USA142, range: ȣ5 pmol AF-albumin adducts/mg
*control protein (mean value), country: People’s
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male tree Republic of China/USA167, **after 5 weeks
shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: during administration (also after other
artificial (dose: 400 mg AFB1 (labeled)/ week intervals up to 11 weeks measured,
kg b. wt., by gavage, once; for detailed lowest conc.: »0.2 pmol AF-albumin
information please see the article), adducts/mg protein after 8 and 10 weeks)
conc.: 0.37 pmol/mg DNA* ** (mean
value), country: USA142, *after 24 h,
Tree shrew urine may contain the
following mycotoxins and/or their
**AFB1-N7-Gua
metabolites:
Aflatoxin M1
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male tree Aflatoxin B1
shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: no incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male tree
AFB1 (for detailed information please see shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: no
the article), conc.: nr, country: USA142, AFB1 (for detailed information please see
*control the article), conc.: nr, country: USA142,
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male tree *control
shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male tree shrews,
artificial (dose: 400 mg AFB1 (labeled)/ wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: artificial
kg b. wt., by gavage, once; for detailed (dose: 400 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg b. wt.,
information please see the article), by gavage, once; for detailed information
conc.: 0.74 pmol/mg DNA * ** (mean please see the article), conc.: 0.60 pmol/mg
value), country: USA142, *after 24 h, creatinine * ** (mean value), country:
**AFM1-N7-Gua USA142, *after 24 h, **AFB1-N7-Gua

Aflatoxin M1
Tree shrew serum may contain the
incidence: ?/?*, sa. const.: male tree
following mycotoxins and/or their
shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: no
metabolites:
Turkey 443

AFB1 (for detailed information please see Turkey plasma may contain the
the article), conc.: nr, country: USA142, following mycotoxins and/or their
*control metabolites:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: male tree
shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, contamination: Aflatoxin B1
artificial (dose: 400 mg AFB1 (labeled)/kg incidence: ?/36, sa. const.: plasma from
b. wt., by gavage, once; for detailed Shaver star cross 2,288 turkeys of Japan,
information please see the article), conc.: age: 31 weeks, contamination: natural,
0.69 pmol/mg creatinine * ** (mean conc.: 12.3 pg/ml (mean value), country:
value), country: USA142, *after 24 h, Thailand/Japan578
**AFM1-N7-Gua
Turkey Artificial Contamination
Aflatoxin
incidence: 7?/7, sa. const.: male and Turkey excreta may contain the
female adult tree shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, following mycotoxins and/or their
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg metabolites:
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., daily for 4 weeks; for
detailed information please see the Zearalenone
article), Ø conc.: 6.34 ng AF-N7-Gua/mg incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
creatinine* ** (mean value), country: Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
People’s Republic of China/USA167, contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
*control, **at week 7 (AFB1- information please see the article), conc.:
administration ends at week 7) nr, country: Sweden/USA119, *control
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male and incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
female adult tree shrews, wt.: 100–160 g, Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 400 mg contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
AFB1/kg b. wt., o., daily for 4 weeks and ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for
additionally 0.5 mmol oltipraz/kg, o. by detailed information please see the
gavage, daily for 5 weeks; for detailed article), conc. range: »£220 µg/g* **
information please see the article), (mean value), country: Sweden/USA119,
Ø conc.: 0.47 ng AF-N7-Gua/mg *on the 3rd day of treatment (also
creatinine* (mean value), country: measured on day 7 and 14,
People’s Republic of China/USA167, lowest conc.: »180 mg/g after 14 days),
*at week 7 (AFB1- and oltipraz- **free and conjugated ZEA
administration ends at week 7) a-Zearalenol
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
Turkey contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
information please see the article),
Turkey Natural Contamination
conc.: nr**, country: Sweden/USA119,
Turkey lung may contain the *control, **free and conjugated
following mycotoxins and/or their a-ZEAOL
metabolites: incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
Gliotoxin contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
incidence: 5/13, sa. const.: lungs from ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for
turkeys of the USA, contamination: detailed information please see the
natural, conc. range: 0.4–126.3 mg/g, article), conc. range: £644 ng/g*
Ø conc.: 42.16 mg/g, country: USA82 (mean value), country: Sweden/USA119, on
444 Turkey

the 14th day of treatment (also measured once), conc.: 50 mg/kg* (mean value),
on day 3 and 7, lowest conc.: »470 mg/g country: France480, *after 24 h
after 3 days), **free and conjugated a- incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
ZEAOL (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
artificial (dose: 100 mg FB1/kg b. wt., o.,
Turkey heart may contain the once), conc.: 5,785 mg/kg* (mean value),
following mycotoxins and/or their country: France480, *after 10 h
metabolites: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male turkeys
Zearalenone (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas no FB1 + FB2 (for detailed information
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed France480, *control
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
nr, country: Sweden/USA119, *control (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas artificial (dose: 5 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, o.,
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, for 9 weeks; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg please see the article), conc.: nd*,
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for country: France480, *after 8 h of final
detailed information please see the administration
article), conc.: 57 ng/g* ** (mean value), incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
country: Sweden/USA119, *free and (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
conjugated ZEA, **after 14 days of artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, o.,
ZEA-administration for 9 weeks; for detailed information
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
a-Zearalenol France480, *after 8 h of final administration
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed artificial (dose: 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet,
information please see the article), conc.: o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information
nr**, country: Sweden/USA119, *control, please see the article), conc.: 22 mg/kg*
**free and conjugated a-ZEAOL (mean value), country: France480, *after
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas 8 h of final administration
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg Zearalenone
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
detailed information please see the Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
article), conc.: 238 ng/g* ** (mean value), contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
country: Sweden/USA119, *free and information please see the article),
conjugated a-ZEAOL, **after 14 days of conc.: nr, country: Sweden/USA119,
ZEA-administration *control
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
Turkey kidney may contain the
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
following mycotoxins and/or their
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for
metabolites:
detailed information please see the
Fumonisin B1 article), conc.: 122 ng/g* ** (mean value),
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys country: Sweden/USA119, *free and
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination: conjugated ZEA, **after 14 days of
artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1/kg b. wt., i.v., ZEA-administration
Turkey 445

a-Zearalenol incidence: ?/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, no AFB1 addition (for detailed
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed information please see the article), conc.:
information please see the article), nd, country: USA105, *control
conc.: nr, country: Sweden/USA119, incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large
*control White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o.,
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, for 18 days; for detailed information
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg please see the article), conc. range:
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for £0.28 ng AFB1 eq/g* ** (mean value),
detailed information please see the country: USA105, *conjugated AFB1,
article), conc.: 477 ng/g* (mean value), **0 days after AF withdrawl
country: Sweden/USA119, *free and (also measured after 1, 2 and 3 days,
conjugated a-ZEAOL, **after 14 days of lowest conc.: 0.02 ng AFB1 eq/g after
ZEA-administration 3 days)

Turkey liver may contain the incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
following mycotoxins and/or their contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
metabolites: AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
0.10 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
Aflatoxicol USA609, *in organic phase, **after 3 weeks
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults, incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
0.70 ng/g* ** (mean value), country: 0.28 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
USA609, *in organic phase, **after 3 weeks USA609, *in aqueous phase, **after
of AFB1-administration 3 weeks
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng Aflatoxin B2
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
0.11 ng/g* ** (mean value), country: contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
USA609, *in aqueous phase, **after AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: tr* **
3 weeks of AFB1-administration (mean value), country: USA609, *in organic
phase, **after 3 weeks
Aflatoxin B1 incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
no AFB1 addition (for detailed 0.04 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
information please see the article), conc.: USA609, *in aqueous phase, **after 3 weeks
nd, country: USA105, *control
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large Aflatoxin G1
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., for contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
18 days; for detailed information please see AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: nd* **
the article), conc. range: £0.10 ng AFB1 (mean value), country: USA609, *in organic
eq/g* ** (mean value), country: USA105, phase, **after 3 weeks
*free AFB1, **0 days after AF withdrawl incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
(also measured after 1, 2 and 3 days, lowest contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
conc.: 0.02 ng AFB1 eq/g after 2 days) AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
446 Turkey

0.04 ng/g* ** (mean value), country: incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
USA609, *in aqueous phase, **after 3 weeks contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
Aflatoxin G2 0.44 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: turkey poults, USA609, *in organic phase, **after 3 weeks
contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: nd* **
contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
(mean value), country: USA609, *in organic
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.:
phase, **after 3 weeks
0.24 ng/g* ** (mean value), country:
incidence: 4?/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
USA609, *in aqueous phase, **after 3 weeks
contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: Aflatoxin Q1
0.04 ng/g* ** (mean value), country: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
USA609, *in aqueous phase, **after 3 weeks contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: nd* **
Aflatoxin M1 (mean value), country: USA609, *in organic
incidence: ?/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large phase, **after 3 weeks
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 4/4, sa. const.: turkey poults,
no AFB1 (for detailed information please contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ng
see the article), conc.: 0.04 ng/g** ***, AFB1/g diet, o., for 3 weeks), conc.: nd* **
country: USA105, *control, **free AFM1, (mean value), country: USA609, *in
***0 days after AF withdrawl (up to aqueous phase, **after 3 weeks
0 days measured)
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large Fumonisin B1
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
for 18 days; for detailed information artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1/kg b. wt., i.v.,
please see the article), conc. range: once), conc.: 46 mg/kg* (mean value),
£0.44 ng AFM1 eq/g* ** (mean values), country: France480, *after 24 h
country: USA105, *free AFM1, **0 days incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
after AF withdrawl (also measured after (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
1, 2 and 3 days, lowest conc.: 0.02 ng AFB1 artificial (dose: 100 mg FB1/kg b. wt., o.,
eq/g after 1 and 3 days) once), conc.: 5,458 mg/kg* (mean value),
incidence: ?/4–5*, sa. const.: male country: France480, *after 10 h
Large White turkeys, age: 1 day, incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male turkeys
contamination: no AFB1 (for detailed (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.: no FB1 + FB2 (for detailed information
0.03 ng/g** ***, country: USA105, *control, please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
**conjugated AFM1, ***0 days after AF France480, *control
withdrawl (up to 0 days measured) incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: 5 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, o.,
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information
for 18 days; for detailed information please see the article), conc.: 33 mg/kg*
please see the article), conc. range: (mean value), country: France480, *after
£0.42 ng AFM1 eq/g* (mean values), 8 h of final administration
country: USA105, *conjugated AFM1, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
**2 days after AF withdrawl (also (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
measured after 0, 1 and 3 days, lowest artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet,
conc.: 0.22 ng AFB1 eq/g after 3 days) o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information
Turkey 447

please see the article), conc.: 44 mg/kg* contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
(mean value), country: France480, *after 8 h information please see the article),
of final administration conc.: nr, country: Sweden/USA119,
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male turkeys *control
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
artificial (dose: 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
please see the article), conc.: 117 mg/kg* ZEA/kg diet, o, daily for 2 weeks; for
(mean value), country: France480, *after detailed information please see the
8 h of final administration article), conc.: 56 ng/g* ** (mean value),
country: Sweden/USA119, *free and
Zearalenone conjugated ZEA, **after 14 days
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas of ZEA-administration
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed a-Zearalenol
information please see the article), conc.: incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
nr, country: Sweden/USA119, *control Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
information please see the article), conc.:
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
nr, country: Sweden/USA119, *control
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
detailed information please see the Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
article), conc.: 276 ng/g* ** (mean value), contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
country: Sweden/USA119, *free and ZEA/kg diet, o, daily for 2 weeks;
for detailed information please see the
conjugated ZEA, **after 14 days of
article), conc.: 202 ng/g* ** (mean value),
ZEA-administration
country: Sweden/USA119, *free and
a-Zearalenol conjugated a-ZEAOL, **after 14 days of
ZEA-administration
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
Turkey muscle may contain the
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
following mycotoxins and/or their
information please see the article),
metabolites:
conc.: nr, country: Sweden/USA119, *control
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas Fumonisin B1
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1/kg b. wt., i.v.,
detailed information please see the once), conc.: nd*, country: France480,
article), conc.: 2,715 ng/g* ** *after 24 h
(mean value), country: Sweden/USA119, incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
*free and conjugated a-ZEAOL, **after (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
14 days of ZEA-administration artificial (dose: 100 mg FB1/kg b. wt., o.,
once), conc.: 113 mg/kg* (mean value),
Turkey lung may contain the country: France480, *after 10 h
following mycotoxins and/or their
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male turkeys
metabolites:
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
Zearalenone no FB1 + FB2 (for detailed information
incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, France480, *control
448 Turkey

incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o.,
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination: for 18 days; for detailed information
artificial (dose: 5 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, o., please see the article), conc.: nd* **
for 9 weeks; for detailed information (mean values), country: USA105,
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: *conjugated AFB1, **0 days after AF
France480, *after 8 h of final administration withdrawl (also measured after 1 and
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys 2 days, but conc.: nd)
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, Aflatoxin M1
o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large
please see the article), conc.: nd*, White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
country: France480, *after 8 h of last no AFB1 (for detailed information please
administration see the article), conc.: nd**, country:
incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys USA105, *control, **free AFM1
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large
artificial (dose: 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o.,
please see the article), conc.: nd*, country: for 18 days; for detailed information
France480, *after 8 h of final please see the article), conc.: nd* **,
administration country: USA105, *free AFM1, **0 days
after AF withdrawl (also measured after
Turkey muscle, breast may contain 1 and 2 days, but conc.: nd)
the following mycotoxins and/or their incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large
metabolites: White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
no AFB1 (for detailed information please
Aflatoxin B1 see the article), conc.: nd, country: USA105,
incidence: ?/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large *control
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large
no AFB1 addition (for detailed White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
information please see the article), conc.: artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o.,
0.01 ng/g**, country: USA105, *control, for 18 days; for detailed information
**free AFB1 please see the article), conc.: nd* **,
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large country: USA105, *conjugated AFM1,
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: **0 days after AF withdrawl (up to
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., 0 days measured)
for 18 days; for detailed information
please see the article), conc. range: Turkey muscle, thigh may contain
£0.03 ng AFB1 eq/g* ** (mean values), the following mycotoxins and/or their
country: USA105, *free AFB1, **0 days after metabolites:
AF withdrawl (also measured after 1 and
2 days, lowest conc.: nd after 2 days) Aflatoxin B1
incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
no AFB1 addition (for detailed no AFB1 (for detailed information please
information please see the article), conc.: see the article), conc.: na, country: USA105,
nd**, country: USA105, *control, *control
**conjugated AFB1 incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination:
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o.,
Turkey 449

for 18 days; for detailed information Fumonisin B1

please see the article), conc.: 0.01 ng AFB1 incidence: 8/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
eq/g* ** (mean value), country: USA105, (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
*free AFB1, **1 day after AF withdrawl artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1/kg b. wt., i.v.,
(also measured after 2 days, but conc.: nd) once), conc.: nd*, country: France480,
incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large *after 24 h
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: no incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys
AFB1 (for detailed information please see the (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
article), conc.: na, country: USA105, *control artificial (dose: 100 mg FB1/kg b. wt., o.,
incidence: 4–5/4–5, sa. const.: male Large once), conc.: 279 mg/l* (mean value),
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: country: France480, *after 10 h
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., for incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male turkeys
18 days; for detailed information please (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
see the article), conc.: nd* ** (mean value), no FB1 + FB2 (for detailed information
country: USA105, *conjugated AFB1, please see the article), conc.: nd, country:
**1 day after AF withdrawl (also measured France480, *control
after 2 days, but conc.: nd) incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
Aflatoxin M1 artificial (dose: 5 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet, o.,
incidence: 4–5/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large for 9 weeks; for detailed information
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
no AFB1 (for detailed information please France480, *after 8 h of final
see the article), conc.: na, country: USA105, administration
*control incidence: 6/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet,
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information
for 18 days; for detailed information please see the article), conc.: nd*, country:
please see the article), conc.: 0.07 ng AFM1 France480, *after 8 h of final administration
eq/g* ** (mean value), country: USA105, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male turkeys
*free AFM1, **1 day after AF withdrawl (BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination:
(also measured after 2 days, but conc.: nd) artificial (dose: 20 mg FB1 + FB2/kg diet,
incidence: ?/4–5*, sa. const.: male Large o., for 9 weeks; for detailed information
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: no please see the article), conc.: 53 mg/l*
AFB1 (for detailed information please see the (mean value), country: France480, *after
article), conc.: na, country: USA105, *control 8 h of last administration
incidence: ?/4–5, sa. const.: male Large
White turkeys, age: 1 day, contamination: Zearalenone
artificial (dose: 500 ppb AFB1/g diet, o., incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
for 18 days; for detailed information Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
please see the article), conc.: 0.11 ng AFM1 contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
eq/g* (mean value), country: USA105, information please see the article), conc.: nr,
*conjugated AFM1, **1 day after AF country: Sweden/USA119, *control
withdrawl (also measured after 2 days, incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
but conc.: nd) Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks,
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg
Turkey plasma may contain the ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for
following mycotoxins and/or their detailed information please see the
metabolites: article), conc. range: ȣ99 ng/ml
450 Woodchuck

(mean value), country: Sweden/USA119, *on (mean value), country: France480, *after
the 7th day of treatment (also measured 180 min (also at other min intervals up to
on day 3 and 14, lowest conc.: »60 ng/ml 600 min measured, except for the start value
after 3 days), **free and conjugated ZEA conc.: »280 mg/l after 600 min)

a-Zearalenol Walleye fish see Fish, walleye fish

incidence: 6/6*, sa. const.: male Nicholas
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, Woodchuck
contamination: no ZEA (for detailed
information please see the article), conc.:  oodchuck Artificial
W
nr, country: Sweden/USA119, *control Contamination
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male Nicholas
Broad White turkey poults, age: 3 weeks, Woodchuck liver may contain the
contamination: artificial (dose: 800 mg following mycotoxins and/or their
ZEA/kg diet, o., daily for 2 weeks; for metabolites:
detailed information please see the
article), conc. range: £194 ng/ml Aflatoxin B1-8,9-Epoxide
(mean value), country: Sweden/USA119, incidence: 8/8*, sa. const.: eastern
*on the 14th day of treatment woodchucks, age: agematched,
(also measured on day 3 and 7, lowest contamination: artificial (dose: AFB1
conc.: »150 ng/ml after 3 days), **free and (labeled and unlabeled) addition; for
conjugated a-ZEAOL detailed information please see the
article), conc. range:
Turkey serum may contain the 2.95–9.12 nmol/15 min/mg protein**,
following mycotoxins and/or their Ø conc.: 6.34 nmol/15 min/mg
metabolites: protein**, country: Germany547,
*WHV-free, **AFB1-8,9-epoxide
Fumonisin B1 formation rate
incidence: 6?/6, sa. const.: male turkeys incidence: 10/10*, sa. const.: eastern
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination: woodchucks, age: agematched,
artificial (dose: 10 mg FB1/kg b. wt., i.v., contamination: artificial (dose: AFB1
once), conc. range: ȣ60?* mg/l, country: (labeled and unlabeled) addition; for
France480, *after 0 min (also after other detailed information please see the
min intervals up to 1,200 min measured, article), conc. range:
lowest conc.: nd after 1,200 min) 0.72–9.74 nmol/15 min/mg protein**,
incidence: 8?/8, sa. const.: male turkeys Ø conc.: 2.89 nmol/15 min/mg
(BUT 9 strain), age: 1 day, contamination: protein**, country: Germany547,
artificial (dose: 100 mg FB1/kg b. wt., o., *WHV-positive, **AFB1-8,9-epoxide
once), conc. range: ȣ999 mg/l* formation rate
Woodchuck 451

Table 1. Mycotoxins and their metabolites in humans: natural contamination

Human aminotic fluid
Ochratoxin A
Human bile
Aflatoxin B1
Human blood
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2;
aflatoxin M1 & M2; aflatoxin; ochratoxin A; zearalenone; a-zearalenol
Human brain
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2
Human breast
Aflatoxin B1
Human breast milk
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2;
aflatoxin M1 & M2; aflatoxin; ochratoxin A
Human cervix
Aflatoxin B1
Human colon
Aflatoxin B1
Human endometrium
Zearalenone
Human feces
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin Q1; aflatoxin; fumonisin B1
Human funiculum
Ochratoxin A
Human hair
Fumonisin B1; fumonisin B2; fumonisin B3
Human heart
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2
Human intestine
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2
Human kidney
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2; ochratoxin A
Human liver
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2;
aflatoxin
Human lung
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2;
aflatoxins
Human pancreas
Aflatoxin B1
Human placenta
Aflatoxin B1; ochratoxin A
Human plasma
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; ochratoxin A
Human rectum
Aflatoxin B1
(Continued)
452 Woodchuck

Table 1. (Continued)
Human renal tissue
Ochratoxin A
Human semen
Aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2
Human serum
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin B2a; aflatoxin B; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2;
aflatoxin G2a; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2; aflatoxin P; aflatoxin Q1; aflatoxin; aflatoxins;
gliotoxin; ochratoxin A; ochratoxin A methyl; ochratoxin a; ochratoxin a methyl ester;
ochratoxin B; trichothecenes; zearalenone
Human serum/plasma
Ochratoxin A
Human spleen
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2
Human stomach
Aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2
Human stool
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2;
ochratoxin A; 4-hydroxyochratoxin A; ochratoxin B
Human urine
Aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B1; aflatoxin B2; aflatoxin B2a; aflatoxin B; aflatoxin G1; aflatoxin G2;
aflatoxin G2a; aflatoxin L; aflatoxin M1; aflatoxin M2; aflatoxin P1; aflatoxin P; aflatoxin Q1;
aflatoxin; aflatoxins; deoxynivalenol; fumonisin B1; ochratoxin A; 4-hydroxyochratoxin A;
ochratoxin B

Table 2. Mycotoxins and their metabolites in humans: artificial contamination

Human blood
Diacetoxyscirpenol; HT-2 toxin; nivalenol; T-2 toxin; verrucarol
Human esophagus
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin
Human feces
Verrucarol
Human heart
HT-2 toxin
Human intestine
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin
Human kidney
Diacetoxyscirpenol; T-2 toxin
Human lung
T-2 toxin
Human stomach
HT-2 toxin; T-2 toxin
Human urine
Diacetoxyscirpenol; HT-2 toxin; nivalenol; T-2 toxin; verrucarol
Woodchuck 453

Table 3. Mycotoxins and their metabolites in animals: natural contamination

Aflatoxin B1
Beef liver; calf liver; chicken liver; chicken muscle; cow liver; cow milk, raw; duck liver;
hare liver; hen egg; horse liver; pig liver; pig plasma; steer kidney; turkey plasma
Aflatoxin G1
Beef liver
Aflatoxin M1
Beef liver; buffalo milk, raw; camel milk; cow milk, raw; dog liver; goat milk, raw;
pig kidney; pig liver; sheep milk, raw; sheep/goat milk, raw; steer kidney
Aflatoxin M2
Cow milk, raw
Aflatoxin M
Cow milk, raw
Citrinin
Pig kidney; pig serum; pig urine
Deoxynivalenol
Hen egg; pig bile; pig digesta; pig liver; pig muscle; pig serum; pig urine
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
Hen egg; pig digesta
Fumonisin B1
Cow milk, raw
Gliotoxin
Camel fetus; camel intestine; camel rumen; cattle udder; turkey lung
Ochratoxin A
Cat kidney; cow milk, raw; dog kidney; pig blood; pig kidney; pig liver; pig meat; pig muscle;
pig plasma; pig serum; pig urine; poultry
Penicillic acid
Pig serum; pig urine
Penitrem A
Dog brain; dog kidney; dog liver; dog stomach; pig serum; pig urine
Penitrem E
Dog kidney; dog liver
Thomitrems
Dog stomach
Roquefortine C
Dog brain; dog kidney; dog liver; dog stomach
Zeranol
Cattle bile
Zearalanols
Cattle urine; deer urine; goat urine; horse urine; lamb urine; sheep urine
Zearalenone
Pig bile; pig liver; pig muscle; pig serum; pig urine
a-Zearalenol
Cattle bile; pig bile
b-Zearalenol
Cattle bile
Zearalenols
Cattle urine; deer urine; goat urine; horse urine; lamb urine; sheep urine
454 Woodchuck

Table 4. Mycotoxins and their metabolites in animals: artificial contamination

Aflatoxicol
Chicken kidney; chicken liver; chicken muscle, thigh; chicken skin; cow bile; cow kidney;
cow liver; cow milk, raw; cow plasma; cow red blood cells; cow rumen; cow urine; fish, coho
salmon bile; fish, rainbow trout bile; fish, rainbow trout egg; fish, rainbow trout embryo; fish,
rainbow trout liver; fish, rainbow trout plasma; hen egg; hen kidney; hen liver; hen muscle,
breast; hen muscle, thigh; hen ova; hen skin; lamb kidney; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle;
turkey liver
Aflatoxicol M1
Fish, coho salmon bile; fish, rainbow trout bile; fish, rainbow trout liver
Aflatoxin B1
Calf liver; chicken blood; chicken crop; chicken excreta; chicken gastrointestinal tract;
chicken gizzard; chicken heart; chicken kidney; chicken liver; chicken lung; chicken muscle;
chicken muscle, breast; chicken muscle, leg; chicken muscle, thigh; chicken skin; cow bile;
cow blood; cow brain; cow fat; cow feces; cow gallbladder; cow heart; cow intestine; cow
kidney; cow liver; cow lung; cow lymph; cow mammary gland; cow milk, raw; cow muscle;
cow plasma; cow red blood cells; cow rumen; cow spleen; cow tongue; cow urine; duck
serum; ewe feces; ewe milk, raw; ewe urine; fish, channel catfish bile; fish, channel catfish
fat; fish, channel catfish kidney; fish, channel catfish liver; fish, channel catfish muscle; fish,
channel catfish plasma; fish, channel catfish skin; fish, channel catfish spleen; fish, channel
catfish urine; fish, coho salmon bile; fish, coho salmon embryo; fish, coho salmon liver; fish,
medaka liver; fish, rainbow trout bile; fish, rainbow trout blood; fish, rainbow trout carcass;
fish, rainbow trout egg; fish, rainbow trout embryo; fish, rainbow trout liver; fish, rainbow
trout plasma; fish, rainbow trout red blood cells; fish, walleye fish muscle; fish, zebrafish
liver; guinea pig liver; guinea pig plasma; hamster kidney; hamster liver; hamster plasma;
hen blood; hen blood clot; hen egg; hen excreta; hen gizzard; hen heart; hen kidney; hen
liver; hen muscle; hen muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen muscle, thigh; hen ova; hen
serum; hen skin; lamb feces; lamb kidney; lamb liver; lamb urine; monkey, macaque bile;
monkey, macaque blood; monkey, macaque brain; monkey, macaque heart; monkey, macaque
kidney; monkey, macaque liver; monkey, macaque lung; monkey, macaque pancreas; monkey,
macaque spleen; monkey, marmoset liver; mouse kidney; mouse liver; mouse milk; mouse
plasma; mouse serum; pig bile; pig blood; pig brain; pig fat; pig gallbladder; pig heart; pig
kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig muscle; pig spleen; pig urine; pony cecum; pony kidney; pony
liver; pony muscle; pony rectum; pony stomach; rat bile; rat feces; rat kidney; rat liver; rat
lung; rat milk; rat plasma; rat serum; rat urine; steer bile; steer blood; steer feces; steer heart;
steer kidney; steer liver; steer lung; steer muscle; steer pancreas; steer rumen; steer spleen;
steer urine; tree shrew liver; tree shrew urine; turkey liver; turkey muscle, breast; turkey
muscle, thigh
Aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide
Rat liver; woodchuk liver
2,3-Dihydro-2,3-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1
Rat liver
8,9-Dihydro-8,9-dihydroxyaflatoxin B1
Rat liver
Aflatoxin B2
Chicken crop; chicken excreta; chicken gizzard; chicken heart; chicken kidney; chicken liver;
chicken muscle; chicken muscle, breast; chicken muscle, leg; cow liver; hen blood clot; hen
egg; hen gizzard; hen heart; hen kidney; hen liver; hen muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen
ova; hen serum; pig gallbladder; pig heart; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle; pig spleen; steer
heart; steer kidney; steer liver; steer muscle; steer spleen; turkey liver
(Continued)
Woodchuck 455

Table 4. (Continued)
Aflatoxin B2a
Chicken kidney; chicken liver; hen blood clot; hen egg; hen gizzard; hen heart; hen kidney;
hen liver; hen muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen ova; hen serum; lamb kidney; lamb urine;
pig heart; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle; pig spleen
Aflatoxin B
Pig liver; rat bile; rat serum; rat urine
Aflatoxin G1
Chicken excreta; chicken gizzard; chicken liver; cow feces; cow urine; ewe feces; ewe milk,
raw; ewe urine; fish, walleye fish muscle; hen egg; hen gizzard; hen liver; lamb feces; lamb
kidney; lamb liver; lamb urine; pig kidney; pig liver; rat kidney; rat liver; steer heart; steer
kidney; steer liver; steer muscle; steer spleen; turkey liver
Aflatoxin G2
Chicken excreta; fish, walleye fish muscle; hen gizzard; pig kidney; pig liver; steer heart; steer
kidney; steer liver; steer muscle; turkey liver
Aflatoxin G2a
Chicken liver
Aflatoxin M1
Buffalo milk, raw; calf kidney; calf liver; chicken crop; chicken fat; chicken gizzard; chicken
kidney; chicken liver; chicken muscle; chicken muscle, breast; chicken muscle, leg; chicken
muscle, thigh; cow bile; cow blood; cow brain; cow feces; cow gallbladder; cow heart; cow
intestine; cow kidney; cow liver; cow lung; cow lymph; cow mammary gland; cow milk,
raw; cow muscle; cow plasma; cow red blood cells; cow rumen; cow spleen; cow tongue;
cow urine; deer liver; deer muscle; ewe feces; ewe milk, raw; ewe urine; fish, rainbow trout
liver; fish, rainbow trout plasma; goat milk, raw; hen blood clot; hen egg; hen gizzard; hen
heart; hen kidney; hen liver; hen muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen muscle, thigh; hen ova;
lamb feces; lamb kidney; lamb liver; lamb urine; mouse milk; pig blood; pig gallbladder; pig
heart; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle; pig spleen; pig urine; pony kidney; pony liver; pony
muscle; rat bile; rat feces; rat liver; rat milk; rat urine; sheep milk, raw; sheep urine; steer bile;
steer blood; steer feces; steer heart; steer kidney; steer liver; steer lung; steer muscle; steer
pancreas; steer rumen; steer spleen; steer urine; tree shrew liver; tree shrew urine; turkey
liver; turkey muscle, thigh
Aflatoxin M2
Chicken gizzard; chicken heart; chicken kidney; chicken liver; chicken muscle, breast;
chicken muscle, leg; hen blood clot; hen egg; hen gizzard; hen heart; hen kidney; hen liver;
hen muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen ova; hen serum; sheep urine
Aflatoxin M
Cow milk, raw; pig gallbladder; pig heart; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle; pig spleen
Aflatoxin P1
Rat bile; rat urine
Aflatoxin Q1
Rat bile; rat feces; rat liver; rat urine; turkey liver
Aflatoxin
Chicken heart; chicken liver; chicken muscle, breast; duck liver; duck plasma; hen egg; rat;
rat liver; rat plasma; rat serum; rat urine; tree shrew serum; tree shrew urine
Aflatoxins
Hen adrenal; hen bile; hen digestive tract; hen egg; hen excreta; hen fat; hen gizzard; hen
heart; hen liver; hen lung; hen muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen muscle, wing; hen ova;
hen pancreas; hen reproductive organs; hen skin; hen spleen; rat blood; rat feces; rat kidney;
rat liver; rat lung; rat trachea; rat urine
(Continued)
456 Woodchuck

Table 4. (Continued)
Citrinin
Hen egg; hen muscle, red; hen muscle, white; pig kidney
Cyclopiazonic acid
Chicken muscle; ewe milk, raw; hen egg; pig muscle; pig plasma; rat muscle
Deoxynivalenol
Cow feces; cow urine; hen; hen bile; hen egg; hen excreta; hen fat; hen gizzard; hen kidney; hen
liver; hen plasma; mouse brain; mouse heart; mouse intestine; mouse kidney; mouse liver; mouse
lung; mouse Peyer’s patches; mouse plasma; mouse spleen; pig adrenals; pig bile; pig brain; pig
colon; pig fat; pig feces; pig heart; pig intestine; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig
muscle; pig pancreas; pig plasma; pig serum; pig skin; pig spleen; pig stomach; pig testes; pig
urine; sheep bile; sheep feces; sheep milk, raw; sheep plasma; sheep rumen; sheep urine
Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
Cow feces; cow milk, raw; cow urine; pig bile; pig feces; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle;
pig serum; pig urine; sheep bile; sheep feces; sheep milk, raw; sheep plasma; sheep urine
Deoxynivalenol + Deepoxydeoxynivalenol
Pig cecum; pig colon; pig rectum
Fumonisin B1
Cattle feces; cattle urine; cow milk, raw; cow plasma; hen plasma; monkey, vervet plasma; pig bile;
pig brain; pig eye; pig fat; pig feces; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig muscle; pig myocardium;
pig pancreas; pig spleen; pig urine; pig, sow milk; rat bile; rat feces; rat plasma; rat urine; sheep
feces; sheep urine; turkey kidney; turkey liver; turkey muscle; turkey plasma; turkey serum
Hydrolized fumonisin B1
Cattle feces; rat feces; sheep feces
Fumonisin B2
Monkey, vervet plasma; pig bile; pig fat; pig feces; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig muscle;
pig myocardium; pig spleen; pig urine
Fusarenon-X
Chicken plasma; duck plasma; hen excreta
Fusaric acid
Rat stomach
Gliotoxin
Mouse lung; mouse serum
HT-2 toxin
Cat blood; cat heart; cat kidney; cat liver; cat lung; cat urine; chicken excreta; chicken liver;
chicken lung; cow blood; cow kidney; cow lung; cow urine; dog plasma; pig bile; pig bone
marrow; pig brain; pig duodenum; pig heart; pig ileum; pig intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig
liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig muscle; pig pancreas; pig skin; pig spleen; pig stomach; rat kidney;
rat liver
Deepoxy-HT-2 toxin
Pig ileum; pig intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig stomach
3¢-Hydroxy-HT-2 toxin
Cat blood, cat heart, cat kidney, cat liver, cat lung, cat urine, chicken excreta, chicken liver,
chicken lung, cow blood, cow urine, pig bile; pig bone marrow; pig brain; pig duodenum; pig
heart; pig ileum; pig intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig
muscle; pig pancreas; pig spleen; pig stomach
Deepoxy-3¢-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin
Cow urine
3-Acetoxy-3¢-hydroxy-HT-2 toxin
Chicken excreta
(Continued)
Woodchuck 457

Table 4. (Continued)
Neosolaniol
Pig bile; pig skin
4-Deacetylneosolaniol
Pig bile; pig skin
Nivalenol
Chicken plasma; duck plasma; hen bile; hen excreta; hen liver; pig blood; pig feces; pig urine
Deepoxynivalenol
Hen excreta
Ochratoxin A
Calf feces; calf kidney; calf muscle; calf serum; calf urine; chicken chest; chicken excreta;
chicken female repro tract; chicken gizzard; chicken heart; chicken intestine; chicken kidney;
chicken liver; chicken lung; chicken muscle; chicken muscle, leg; chicken muscle, red; chicken
muscle, thigh; chicken muscle, white; chicken plasma; chicken serum; chicken skin; chicken
stomach; cow kidney; ewe milk, raw; ewe plasma; fish, carp plasma; hen blood; hen cloaca;
hen egg; hen fat; hen gizzard; hen heart; hen intestine; hen kidney; hen liver; hen lung; hen
muscle, breast; hen muscle, leg; hen muscle, red; hen muscle, thigh; hen muscle, white; hen
plasma; hen serum; hen skin; hen stomach; monkey, macaque plasma; mouse amniotic fluid;
mouse embryo; mouse kidney; mouse liver; mouse placenta; mouse plasma; mouse serum;
pig bile; pig blood; pig brain; pig fat; pig feces; pig heart; pig intestine; pig kidney; pig liver;
pig muscle; pig placenta; pig plasma; pig serum; pig spleen; pig stomach; pig urine; quail egg;
quail kidney; quail plasma; rabbit kidney; rabbit liver; rabbit mammary gland; rabbit milk;
rabbit muscle; rabbit plasma; rat bile; rat blood; rat brain; rat colon; rat duodenum; rat feces;
rat fetal extracts; rat heart; rat ileum; rat kidney; rat liver; rat lymph; rat milk; rat muscle;
rat plasma; rat serous fluid and mucus; rat serum; rat stomach; rat urine; sheep feces; sheep
rumen; sheep serum; sheep urine
Ochratoxin a
Calf feces; calf kidney; calf muscle; calf plasma; calf serum; calf urine; ewe milk, raw; ewe
plasma; pig feces; pig urine; rat bile; rat blood; rat feces; rat serous fluid and mucus; rat
urine; sheep feces; sheep rumen; sheep serum; sheep urine
Lactone opened ochratoxin A
Rat bile; rat urine
4-Hydroxyochratoxin A
Rat bile; rat urine
Ochratoxin B
Pig serum; rat bile; rat plasma; rat urine
Ochratoxin b
Pig feces; pig urine
Ochratoxin C
Rat blood
Penicillic acid
Chicken gizzard; chicken heart; chicken kidney; chicken liver
Penitrem A
Mouse brain; mouse gastrointestinal tract; mouse kidney; mouse liver
Scirpentriol
Cattle urine; pig plasma; pig serum; pig urine
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Cattle urine; pig serum; pig urine
(Continued)
458 Woodchuck

Table 4. (Continued)
Monoacetoxyscirpenol
Cattle urine; pig serum; pig urine
Taleranol
Cattle urine
Trichothecenes
Guinea pig adrenal; guinea pig bile; guinea pig brain; guinea pig fat; guinea pig heart; guinea
pig kidney; guinea pig liver; guinea pig lung; guinea pig muscle; guinea pig plasma; guinea
pig spleen; guinea pig testes
Macrocyclic trichothecene
Goat lung; goat lymph; goat serum; goat spleen
T-2 toxin
Cat heart; cat kidney; cat lung; cattle omasum; cattle plasma; cattle rumen; chicken excreta;
chicken liver; cow blood; cow heart; dog plasma; mouse blood; pig bile; pig blood; pig bone
marrow; pig brain; pig colon; pig duodenum; pig fat; pig heart; pig ileum; pig intestine; pig
jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig muscle; pig pancreas; pig plasma; pig
skin; pig spleen; pig stomach; pig tissue; pig urine
3¢-Hydroxy-T-2 toxin
Cat heart; cat kidney; cat lung; chicken excreta; cow urine; pig bile; pig bone marrow; pig
brain; pig duodenum; pig heart; pig ileum; pig intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver;
pig lung; pig lymph; pig muscle; pig pancreas; pig spleen; pig stomach
3¢-Hydroxy-Iso-T-2 toxin
Cow urine
T-2 Tetraol
Cat blood; cat heart; cat kidney; cat liver; cat lung; cat urine; chicken excreta; chicken liver;
cow blood; cow urine; pig bile; pig bone marrow; pig duodenum; pig heart; pig ileum; pig
jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig pancreas; pig skin; pig spleen; pig
stomach
Deepoxy-T-2 tetraol
Cow blood; cow urine; pig bone marrow; pig brain; pig duodenum; pig heart; pig ileum; pig
intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig muscle; pig pancreas;
pig spleen; pig stomach
4-Acetoxy-T-2 tetraol
Chicken excreta; chicken liver
8-Acetoxy-T-2 tetraol
Chicken excreta
15-Acetoxy-T-2 tetraol
Chicken excreta; chicken liver
T-2 triol
Chicken excreta; chicken liver; pig bile; pig bone marrow; pig brain; pig duodenum; pig
heart; pig ileum; pig intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig lung; pig lymph; pig
muscle; pig pancreas; pig skin; pig spleen; pig stomach
Deepoxy-T-2 triol
Pig duodenum; pig ileum; pig intestine; pig jejunum; pig kidney; pig liver; pig spleen; pig
stomach
Verrucarol
Dog plasma
Zearalanone
Cattle urine
(Continued)
Woodchuck 459

Table 4. (Continued)
Zearalenone
Cattle liver; cattle urine; chicken bile; chicken blood; chicken excreta; chicken fat; chicken gizzard;
chicken heart; chicken liver; chicken meat; chicken muscle; chicken plasma; chicken skin; cow
milk, raw; cow plasma; duck bile; hen adrenal; hen bile; hen blood; hen brain; hen clutch; hen
comb; hen egg; hen fat; hen gallbladder; hen heart; hen kidney; hen liver; hen lung; hen muscle,
breast; hen muscle, leg; hen muscle, wing; hen oviduct; hen pancreas; hen plasma; hen red blood
cells; hen spleen; pig bile; pig blood; pig feces; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle; pig plasma; pig
serum; pig spleen; pig urine; rat blood; rat brain; rat fat; rat heart; rat intestine; rat kidney; rat
liver; rat lung; rat muscle; rat serum; rat stomach; rat spleen; rat testes; rat urine; sheep milk, raw;
sheep urine; turkey excreta; turkey heart; turkey kidney; turkey liver; turkey lung; turkey plasma
a-Zearalenol
Cattle liver; cattle urine; chicken bile; chicken excreta; chicken liver; chicken meat; chicken
plasma; cow milk, raw; duck bile; pig bile; pig blood; pig fat; pig feces; pig heart; pig kidney;
pig liver; pig lymph; pig muscle; pig pancreas; pig plasma; pig serum; pig spleen; pig urine;
rat liver; rat urine; turkey excreta; turkey heart; turkey kidney; turkey liver; turkey lung;
turkey plasma
b-Zearalenol
Cattle liver; cattle urine; chicken excreta; chicken liver; chicken meat; cow milk, raw; duck
bile; pig bile; pig fat; pig feces; pig kidney; pig liver; pig muscle; pig serum; pig spleen; pig
urine; rat liver; rat urine; sheep milk, raw; sheep urine
Zearalanone
Chicken meat
b-Zearalanone
Chicken meat
Zearalenol
Pig, sow milk
Zeranol
Cattle urine
 461

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