Quantitative research - is a systematic and empirical approach to studying and observing a certain

phenomenon through the process of collecting and analyzing of numerical data.

Research design – is a step in the research process where it focuses on what kind of approach a
researcher should decide in which befits their research.

Data Collection – is a step in the research process where the researcher gathers data through various
instruments such as; Surveys, Questionnaires and other means of collecting data.

Sampling – is a step in the research process where the researcher chooses their participants for their
research. The selection could be random to minimize bias, criteria based and vice versa.

Data analysis – is a step in the research process where the researcher analyzes the data that they had
gathered using common statistical techniques include descriptive statistics, inferential statistics (e.g., t-
tests, ANOVA, regression analysis), and data visualization (e.g., graphs, charts).

Data Interpretation - is a step in the research process where the researcher interprets the data that they
had gathered and analyzed to determine the significance and implications of their findings.

Reporting - is a step in the research process where the researcher presents their research findings, the
limitations, and potential areas for further research

Validation and Replication - is a step in the research process where other researchers may attempt to
replicate your study using similar methods and data.

Ethical Considerations - Ensure that your research follows ethical guidelines, including obtaining
informed consent from participants, protecting their privacy, and avoiding harm.

Advantages of Quantitative Research:

 Provides objective, numerical data.

 Allows for statistical analysis, which can establish correlations and causation.
 Results are often generalizable to larger populations.
 It's well-suited for hypothesis testing and measuring relationships between variables.

Disadvantages of Quantitative Research:

 May oversimplify complex human behaviors and experiences.

 Limited in its ability to capture in-depth insights or contextual information.
 Requires a large sample size for statistical validity.
 Data collection can be time-consuming and expensive.

Quantitative research is valuable for investigating questions that can be answered with numerical data
and for making evidence-based decisions in various fields. However, it's essential to choose the right
research method (quantitative or qualitative) depending on the research objectives and the nature of
the phenomenon under investigation.
The Kinds of Quantitative Research/Research Designs

 Descriptive – is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing it as it occurs in nature.

There is no experimental manipulation unlike Experimental Design and the researcher does not
start with a hypothesis.

 Correlational Design - identifies the relationship between variables. Data is collected by

observation since it does not consider the cause and effect for example, the relationship
between the amount of physical activity done and student academic achievement.

 Ex post facto design - is a type of research design used to investigate a possible relationship
between previous and present conditions. The term “Ex post facto”, means after the fact, looks
at the possible causes of an already occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two, there is no
experimental manipulation in this design. An example of this is “how does the parent’s academic
achievement affect the children obesity?”

 A Quasi-Experimental Design - is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of variables.
Although it resembles the experimental design, the quasi-experimental has lesser validity due to
the absence of random selection and assignment of subjects. Here, the independent variable is
identified but not manipulated. The researcher does not modify preexisting groups of subjects.
The group exposed to treatment (experimental) is compared to the group unexposed to
treatment (control): example, the effects of unemployment on attitude towards following safety
protocol in ECQ declared areas.

 Experimental Design - experimental is used to establish the cause and effect relationship of two
or more variables. This design provides a more conclusive result because it uses random
assignment of subjects and experimental manipulations. For example, a comparison of the
effects of various blended learning to the reading comprehension of elementary pupils.
Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables are the type of variables used in quantitative
research because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category are discrete and
continuous variables.

A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values
between fixed points. For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or
a negative. Example: height, temperature.

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:

A. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values
are equal and meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36
degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point
does not suggest the absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is
assigned as the melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.

B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the presence of a true zero value.
The zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are
age, height, weight and distance.

II. Qualitative Variables are also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are
descriptions or categories. It can be further divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous.

C. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or values. For example, a response to
a question either be a yes or no.

D. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have more than 2 categories
of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him
from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other
examples are blood type, hair color and mode of transportation.
 E. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This
variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire
may have a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest)
or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other
examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).

Summary
 Quantitative research uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to investigate
observable phenomena.

 Characteristics of quantitative research are (1) Large sample size, (2) Objective, (3) Visual result
presentation, (4) Faster data analysis, (5) Generalized data, (6) Fast data collection, (7) Reliable
data, and (8) Replication.

 Kinds of quantitative research are (1) Descriptive, (2) Correlational, (3) Ex post facto design, (4)
quasi-experimental, and (5) experimental.

 Types of Variables: (1) Independent, (2) Dependent, (3) Extraneous, (4) Continuous, (5)
Discrete, (6) Dichotomous, (7) Nominal variable and (8) Ordinal variable.
Myco: (Greetings towards students)

Alain: How was your weekend?

Alain: Teachers' Month is a significant observance worldwide, including in the Philippines. It's a time to
recognize and appreciate the vital role teachers play in shaping the future. In the Philippines, Teachers'
Month is particularly important because it culminates in World Teachers' Day on October 5th, a day set
aside to honor educators and acknowledge their contributions to society. It serves as a reminder of the
importance of education and the need to support and empower teachers to provide quality learning
experiences for students.

Alain: with that being said, let's proceed to the singing of the national anthem in which would be
conducted by the SSLG Grade-11 representative, Warren v. Nacua and sung by the SSLG PIO John Clyde
Talili. Followed by the panunumpa sa watawat Ng Pilipinas to be lead by the SSLG PO, Bm Cejas. Lastly, a
doxology by John Clyde Talili, sslg PIO.

Myco: May I request kazzie mielle bantolinao to recite the anti-bullying oath.

Myco: Let us welcome our Barkada Kontra Droga+ President, Ms. Airah Jane C. Mosquera, for the BKD
Oath.

Alain: This time, let us call on our ever intelligent, dynamic, and supportive school principal, no other
than, Dr. Rachel Methuselah R. Cumahig, Principal 4 for the Panunumpa sa Lingkod Bayan. Around of
applause, please.

Alain: Thank you, Maam. At this very moment let us know and see the faces of our smart and good
looking set of student leaders by organization, under the youth formation unit. Pleasing, our SSLG
President to lead the introduction, this will be followed by the, BKD+, BYES-O, JDRRA, RCY, PAT, CAT, JFF,
HIRANG, and lastly, KKDAT.

Alain: This time to give us the statement of purpose for this month long celebration, let us call on a
person whom u do not know nor recognize, a person who seems foreign to all of you. No other than my
partner for today. Mr. Carl Mhycho C. Alabat, SSLG President. A resounding applause please.

Myco: To give us a gist for this celebration, and to give us an inspiration, as well realizations. This is for
our second parents, our friend, our guidance, our teacher. May I have here on stage Ms. Zane Marie
Lasay, BKD+ Advocate, and Ms. Christine Kaye P. Sacote, SSLG Asst. Secretary for their tributes. Give them
a round of applause, please.

Alain: That was a spectacular and inspiring performance by our 2 Youth Formation Officers right there.
And this time, the moment that you’ve all been waiting for. It’s time for our Galaw Pilipinas.